Zespół mielodysplastyczny
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Zespół mielodysplastyczny (MDS) to heterogenna grupa klonalnych chorób nowotworowych charakteryzujących się nieskuteczną hematopoezą, dysplazją szpiku, cytopeniami oraz ryzykiem progresji do ostrej białaczki szpikowej (AML). Kluczowym elementem w zarządzaniu MDS jest dokładna stratyfikacja ryzyka, umożliwiająca optymalizację terapii i planowanie opieki. Najważniejsze systemy prognostyczne to IPSS, IPSS-R, WPSS oraz najnowszy IPSS-M, który integruje ocenę mutacji w 31 genach z klasycznymi parametrami (odsetek blastów, cechy cytogenetyczne, hemoglobina, liczba płytek). IPSS-R klasyfikuje pacjentów do pięciu grup ryzyka z medianą przeżycia odpowiednio: bardzo niskie 8,8 lat, niskie 5,3 lat, pośrednie 3,0 lat, wysokie 1,6 lat i bardzo wysokie 0,8 lat. IPSS-M, dzięki włączeniu profilu molekularnego, poprawia moc predykcyjną (wskaźnik C dla OS wzrósł z 0,68 do 0,71) i pozwala na bardziej precyzyjną personalizację terapii, przekategoryzowując około połowę pacjentów względem IPSS-R.

Prognostyka zespołu mielodysplastycznego (MDS)

Zespół mielodysplastyczny (MDS) to grupa klonalnych chorób nowotworowych charakteryzujących się nieskuteczną hematopoezą, dysplazją szpiku, cytopeniami obwodowymi oraz zwiększonym ryzykiem transformacji do ostrej białaczki szpikowej (AML). Przebieg kliniczny MDS jest bardzo zróżnicowany – od łagodnych postaci o powolnym przebiegu i wieloletnim przeżyciu do ciężkich postaci z szybką progresją do AML.123 Określenie rokowania pacjentów z MDS stanowi kluczowy element procesu terapeutycznego, pozwalając na optymalny dobór metod leczenia oraz planowanie przyszłej opieki medycznej.

Znaczenie systemów prognostycznych w MDS

Systemy prognostyczne są niezbędnymi narzędziami w ocenie ryzyka progresji do białaczki, przewidywanego czasu przeżycia pacjentów oraz personalizacji terapii. W przeciwieństwie do większości nowotworów, w MDS klasyfikacja nie opiera się na wielkości guza czy stopniu zaawansowania choroby, ale na wielu specyficznych czynnikach ryzyka.13 Należy pamiętać, że statystyki przeżycia stanowią jedynie szacunki i nie mogą dokładnie przewidzieć, co stanie się w indywidualnym przypadku.4

Główne systemy prognostyczne w MDS

Obecnie stosuje się kilka systemów prognostycznych w ocenie MDS, z których najważniejsze to:56

Zrewidowany Międzynarodowy System Prognostyczny (IPSS-R)

IPSS-R powstał na podstawie analizy 7012 pacjentów i opiera się na trzech klasycznych elementach: odsetku blastów w szpiku kostnym, cechach cytogenetycznych i cytopeniach. System ten znacząco poprawił stratyfikację ryzyka u pacjentów z MDS.68

IPSS-R uwzględnia następujące parametry:9

Na podstawie sumy punktów, pacjenci z MDS są klasyfikowani do pięciu grup ryzyka: bardzo niskie, niskie, pośrednie, wysokie i bardzo wysokie. Dla każdej z grup określono medianę przeżycia całkowitego:1011

  • Bardzo niskie ryzyko: 8,8 lat
  • Niskie ryzyko: 5,3 lat
  • Pośrednie ryzyko: 3,0 lat
  • Wysokie ryzyko: 1,6 lat
  • Bardzo wysokie ryzyko: 0,8 lat
  • 1011

Zaproponowano także szereg dodatkowych czynników o potencjalnej niezależnej wartości prognostycznej: ferrytyna, hipoalbuminemia, profil cytometrii przepływowej, β2-mikroglobulina, LDH czy stan sprawności pacjenta.68

Molekularny Międzynarodowy System Prognostyczny (IPSS-M)

IPSS-M to najnowszy system prognostyczny dla MDS, który włącza ocenę profilu molekularnego pacjentów do stratyfikacji ryzyka. W porównaniu z IPSS-R, IPSS-M uwzględnia również status mutacji 31 genów, oprócz standardowych parametrów takich jak cechy cytogenetyczne, odsetek blastów w szpiku, poziom hemoglobiny i liczba płytek krwi.27

IPSS-M dostarcza ciągłą, spersonalizowaną ocenę ryzyka, dzieląc pacjentów na sześć kategorii ryzyka:212

  • Bardzo niskie (VL)
  • Niskie (L)
  • Umiarkowanie niskie (ML)
  • Umiarkowanie wysokie (MH)
  • Wysokie (H)
  • Bardzo wysokie (VH)
  • 212

W rzeczywistej kohorcie 626 pacjentów z MDS, rozkład wśród sześciu kategorii ryzyka IPSS-M wynosił: 15% w grupie bardzo niskiego ryzyka, 41% niskiego, 11% umiarkowanie niskiego, 7% umiarkowanie wysokiego, 12% wysokiego i 14% bardzo wysokiego.13

Badania potwierdziły, że IPSS-M zapewnia lepszą moc predykcyjną w porównaniu z IPSS-R. Wskaźnik C dla IPSS-R wynosił 0,68 (OS), 0,69 (LFS) i 0,77 (LT), a dla IPSS-M poprawił się do 0,71 (OS), 0,73 (LFS) i 0,81 (LT).13

Wykorzystując dane z IPSS-M, prawie połowa pacjentów zostaje przekategoryzowana z jednej grupy ryzyka IPSS-R do innej – wyższej lub niższej – grupy ryzyka w IPSS-M.12

Znaczenie markerów molekularnych w prognostyce MDS

Badania molekularne wykazały, że mutacje w określonych genach mają istotne znaczenie prognostyczne w MDS i wpływają na całkowity czas przeżycia pacjentów:148

  • TP53: Mutacja występuje u 10-15% pacjentów z MDS i przewiduje niekorzystny przebieg kliniczny oraz gorsze odpowiedzi na leczenie.158
  • EZH2: Związana z krótszym przeżyciem całkowitym.5
  • RUNX1: W MDS związanym z terapią wiąże się z krótszym czasem do transformacji w AML.8
  • ASXL1: Niezależnie związany z krótszym przeżyciem.1416
  • DNMT3A: Związany z krótszym przeżyciem.14
  • SF3B1: Mutacje mają wpływ na całkowite przeżycie.5
  • CBL i IDH2: Niezależnie związane z krótszym przeżyciem.14

Pacjenci w obrębie każdej grupy ryzyka IPSS-R lub klasyfikacji WHO 2016 mogą być dodatkowo stratyfikowani na dwie podgrupy ryzyka w oparciu o status mutacji pięciu genów (CBL, IDH2, ASXL1, DNMT3A i TP53). Pacjenci z tymi mutacjami wysokiego ryzyka mają krótsze całkowite przeżycie niż inni w tej samej grupie ryzyka, ale podobne do tych z następną wyższą kategorią ryzyka.14

Czynniki wpływające na rokowanie w MDS

Na rokowanie w zespole mielodysplastycznym wpływa wiele czynników, które powinny być brane pod uwagę przy ocenie indywidualnego przypadku:1718

  • Wiek: Starsi pacjenci mają zwykle gorsze rokowanie niż młodsi.1719
  • Typ MDS: Istnieje kilka podtypów MDS, niektóre z nich są bardziej agresywne niż inne.17
  • Morfologia komórek szpiku: Odsetek blastów w szpiku kostnym jest kluczowym czynnikiem prognostycznym.20
  • Cechy cytogenetyczne: Stanowią jeden z najważniejszych czynników prognostycznych w MDS. IPSS-R klasyfikuje pacjentów do pięciu kategorii cytogenetycznych o znaczeniu prognostycznym, od „bardzo dobrej” do „bardzo złej”.21
  • Cytopenie: Niskie wartości morfotyczne krwi, szczególnie niski poziom czerwonych krwinek, mogą wskazywać na gorsze rokowanie.17
  • Zmiany genetyczne: Określone mutacje genetyczne mogą wpływać na rokowanie w MDS.17
  • Wcześniejsze leczenie chemioterapią lub radioterapią: Pacjenci, którzy byli wcześniej leczeni chemioterapią lub radioterapią z powodu innych nowotworów, mają wyższe ryzyko rozwinięcia bardziej agresywnej postaci MDS.17
  • Ogólny stan zdrowia: Wpływa na tolerancję leczenia i całkowite przeżycie.18

MDS związany z terapią (t-MDS)

MDS związany z terapią (t-MDS) jest wyodrębniany jako podgrupa w klasyfikacji WHO. Badania potwierdziły, że t-MDS jest równie heterogeniczny jak pierwotny MDS (p-MDS) i dlatego wymaga takiej samej starannej różnicacji pod względem ryzyka.22

Mediana całkowitego przeżycia dla pacjentów z t-MDS wynosi 18 miesięcy przy medianie obserwacji 60 miesięcy. Chociaż w każdej podgrupie t-MDS obserwowano mniej korzystny przebieg kliniczny w porównaniu z odpowiednimi podgrupami p-MDS, klasyfikacje FAB i WHO oraz skale IPSS-R i WPSS-R skutecznie dzieliły pacjentów z t-MDS na różne grupy ryzyka, co wskazuje, że wszystkie ustalone czynniki ryzyka dla p-MDS zachowują znaczenie w t-MDS, przy czym cechy cytogenetyczne mają zwiększoną moc predykcyjną.2223

Leczenie a rokowanie w MDS

Wybór metody leczenia MDS jest ściśle związany z kategorią ryzyka, do której zaliczany jest pacjent. Dla pacjentów z MDS o niskim ryzyku celem terapii jest zwykle zmniejszenie objawów choroby i poprawa jakości życia, podczas gdy dla pacjentów z MDS o wysokim ryzyku celem jest wydłużenie przeżycia i zapobieganie transformacji do AML.18

Przeszczepienie allogenicznych komórek macierzystych układu krwiotwórczego (alloHSCT) jest jedyną metodą dającą szansę na wyleczenie MDS. Badania wykazały, że alloHSCT zapewnia największe prawdopodobieństwo długoterminowego przeżycia dla pacjentów z MDS o wysokim/bardzo wysokim ryzyku.24

Wyniki wybranych badań wykazały wydłużone przeżycie wolne od choroby u około 30-50% pacjentów poddanych przeszczepieniu. Niektórzy eksperci uważają, że im wcześniej przeprowadzi się przeszczepienie w przebiegu choroby, tym lepsze są długoterminowe wyniki.24

Analiza wykazała, że pacjenci w grupach ryzyka pośredniego-2 i wyższego mieli lepsze całkowite przeżycie w porównaniu z pacjentami w grupie niskiego ryzyka (grupa niskiego ryzyka i pośredniego-1 ryzyka).24

Ograniczenia wskaźników prognostycznych

Należy pamiętać, że statystyki przeżycia stanowią jedynie uogólnienie i nie mogą dokładnie przewidzieć, co stanie się w indywidualnym przypadku. Wiele innych czynników może również wpływać na rokowanie danej osoby.418

Niektórzy pacjenci z MDS żyją znacznie dłużej niż wynosi mediana przeżycia dla ich grupy ryzyka. Każdy pacjent jest inny, a statystyki przeżycia nigdy nie mogą powiedzieć, co stanie się w indywidualnym przypadku.18

Postęp w leczeniu MDS od czasu zebrania tych danych może prowadzić do lepszego rokowania dla osób obecnie diagnozowanych z MDS.420

Podsumowanie prognostyki MDS

Zespół mielodysplastyczny charakteryzuje się dużą heterogennością przebiegu klinicznego, od łagodnych form o wieloletnim przeżyciu do agresywnych postaci szybko transformujących do ostrej białaczki szpikowej. Nowoczesne systemy prognostyczne, szczególnie IPSS-R i IPSS-M, pozwalają na dokładniejszą stratyfikację ryzyka i personalizację terapii.25

Badania potwierdziły, że włączenie analizy molekularnej znacząco poprawia predykcję rokowania w MDS w porównaniu z klasycznymi metodami. Kompleksowa analiza molekularna stała się nowym standardem w prognostyce pacjentów z MDS.25

Należy jednak pamiętać, że wszystkie systemy prognostyczne dostarczają jedynie statystycznych prawdopodobieństw i nie mogą dokładnie przewidzieć przebiegu choroby u konkretnego pacjenta. Indywidualna ocena kliniczna, uwzględniająca szereg czynników specyficznych dla pacjenta, pozostaje niezbędnym elementem opieki medycznej nad chorymi z MDS.418

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  1. 09.04.2026
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Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Prognostic Markers of Myelodysplastic Syndromes
    https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/56/8/376
    Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a clonal disease characterized by multilineage dysplasia, peripheral blood cytopenias, and a high risk of transformation to acute myeloid leukemia. […] In practice, karyotype analysis assigns patients to different prognostic groups, and mutations are often associated with a particular disease phenotype. […] Analysis of cytogenetic and morphological data allows MDS patients to be assigned to different groups according to the outcome predictions. […] However, the course of this disease may be variable even between patients of the same prognostic subgroup. […] To improve diagnostic and prognostic accuracy in assessing MDS, the search for additional molecular-genetic markers is required. […] Prognostic systems are useful instruments for assessing the risk of leukemia, patients’ lifespan and for personalizing therapy in the most precise manner.
  • #2 Risk prediction in MDS: independent validation of the IPSS-M—ready for routine? | Leukemia
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41375-023-01831-1
    Myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS) are clonal disorders of hematopoietic cells characterized by peripheral cytopenias, morphologic dysplasia, ineffective hematopoiesis and risk of leukemic transformation (LT). […] Prognostic scoring systems are used for risk prediction in MDS, and the current Revised-International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R) is based on clinical variables and cytogenetic aberrations. […] The new Molecular International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-M) includes the mutation status of 31 genes in addition to cytogenetics, bone marrow blasts, hemoglobin level, and platelet count. […] The IPSS-M provides a continuous patient-specific risk score grouped into six risk categories, defined as very low (VL), low (L), moderate low (ML), moderate high (MH), high (H) and very high (VH).
  • #3 Myelodysplastic Syndrome Prognostic Scores | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/myelodysplastic-syndrome/detection-diagnosis-staging/staging.html
    For most types of cancer, the stage of the cancer a measure of how far it has spread is one of the most important factors in selecting treatment options and in determining a persons outlook (prognosis). […] The outlook for these cancers isn’t based on the size of a tumor or whether the cancer has spread. Because of this, doctors use other factors to help predict the outlook (prognosis) for people with MDS and to decide when (and how) to treat them. […] Some of these factors have been combined to develop scoring systems that can help predict a persons risk of the MDS progressing. […] These risk groups can be used to help predict a persons outlook, including how likely the MDS is to progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). […] The IPSS-R is helpful and is still used widely, although its likely to be replaced over time with systems that also take into account more of the gene and chromosome changes that can happen in MDS cells, such as the IPSS-M.
  • #4 Survival Rates for Myelodysplastic Syndromes | MDS Prognosis | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/myelodysplastic-syndrome/detection-diagnosis-staging/survival.html
    Survival statistics are a way for doctors and patients to get a general idea of the outlook (prognosis) for people with a certain type of cancer. […] Median survival is one way to look at outcomes. It is how long after diagnosis half the patients in a certain group are still alive. […] Survival stats are often based on previous outcomes of large numbers of people who had the disease, but they cant predict what will happen in any particular persons case. […] The numbers are based on people diagnosed with a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) some time ago. Improvements in treatment since these numbers were gathered may result in a better outlook for people now being diagnosed with MDS. […] The following survival statistics for myelodysplastic syndromes are divided by the Molecular International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-M) risk groups. […] Remember, these survival statistics are only estimates they cant predict what will happen to any individual person. Many other factors can also affect a persons outlook.
  • #5 Prognostic Markers of Myelodysplastic Syndromes
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7466347/
    There are three MDS assessment and prognostic systems currently most in use: International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS), Revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R) and WHO-classification based prognostic scoring system (WPSS). […] Noteworthy, prognostic models handling MDS target de novo MDS rather than secondary MDS. […] Nevertheless, Zeidan and the co-workers showed that IPSS-R can make accurate predictions even for secondary MDS. […] Nazha et al., created a new model that incorporates mutational data to improve the predictive capacity of the IPSS-R in treated MDS patients. […] Independent significant prognostic factors for survival included age, IPSS-R and mutations EZH2, SF3B1, TP53, which associated with worse overall survival (OS). […] Gene mutations have not yet been included in the 2016 WHO classification and IPSS-R.
  • #6 Prognosis in Myelodysplastic Syndromes: The Clinical Challenge of Genomic Integration
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8151135/
    Each prognostic score developed in the MDS setting has its strengths and weaknesses. […] The indisputable prognostic value and simplicity of its use made the IPSS to be widely adopted. […] Several modified IPSS models were proposed to improve its applicability, and extend its utility to other groups of patients and disease contexts. […] The revised IPSS (IPSS-R) was generated from the evaluation of 7012 patients, and the three classical IPSS building blocks remained: bone-marrow blast percentage, cytogenetics, and cytopenias. […] It soon became apparent that the revised version significantly improved risk stratification in MDS patients. […] Some factors were proposed to add independent prognostic value to the IPSS-R: ferritin, hypoalbuminemia, flow-cytometry profile, b2-microglobulin, LDH, or performance status were shown by different groups to be of value.
  • #7 Prognosis Calculators | MDS Foundation
    https://www.mds-foundation.org/professional/resources/prognosis-calculators
    Enhance your professional approach to Myelodysplastic Syndromes with our specialized IPSS-R and IPSS-M calculators. […] The IPSS-R App is an advanced tool designed to enhance the prognosis assessment for patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). […] This innovative tool aids healthcare professionals in predicting clinical outcomes more accurately, facilitating better-informed decisions in the management and treatment of MDS patients. […] The IPSS-M is the newest MDS prognosis calculator that combines genomic profiling with hematologic and cytogenetic parameters, improving the risk stratification of patients with MDS. […] This is a valuable tool for clinical decision-making, offering the prospect of tailoring diagnosis and therapeutic interventions to each patients molecular profile.
  • #8 Prognosis in Myelodysplastic Syndromes: The Clinical Challenge of Genomic Integration
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/10/2052
    Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of clonal hematopoietic neoplasms characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and myelodysplasia with a variable spectrum of clinical–biological features that can be used to build a prognostic estimation. […] This review summarizes the current most widely used prognostic scoring systems and gives a general view of the prognostic impact of somatic mutations in MDS patients. […] In daily clinical practice, current prognostic scoring systems are built up from two types of factors: patient (or host) and MDS-related. […] Each prognostic score developed in the MDS setting has its strengths and weaknesses. […] The indisputable prognostic value and simplicity of its use made the IPSS to be widely adopted. […] The revised IPSS (IPSS-R) was generated from the evaluation of 7012 patients, and the three classical IPSS building blocks remained: bone-marrow blast percentage, cytogenetics, and cytopenias.
  • #8 Prognosis in Myelodysplastic Syndromes: The Clinical Challenge of Genomic Integration
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/10/2052
    It soon became apparent that the revised version significantly improved risk stratification in MDS patients. […] Some factors were proposed to add independent prognostic value to the IPSS-R: ferritin, hypoalbuminemia, flow-cytometry profile, b2-microglobulin, LDH, or performance status were shown by different groups to be of value. […] Seven genes were previously reported to harbor independent prognostic significance in MDS and impact on OS: TP53, EZH2, RUNX1, NRAS, ASXL1 and SF3B1. […] The mutation of TP53 is observed in approximately 10–15% of patients with MDS, and predicts for a dismal clinical outcome and poorer responses to treatment. […] The presence of a RUNX1 mutation in therapy-related MDS was related to shorter time to AML, but not to impact on OS. […] The co-occurrence of a determined set of mutations predict for a specific outcome? […] The answers to these questions will guide us to the final goal of personalized prognostication in a disease that urgently needs new and satisfactory treatments.
  • #9 Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/207347-overview
    The revised IPPS (IPSS-R) score is calculated on the basis of five variables: Hemoglobin level, Absolute neutrophil count, Platelet count, Percentage of bone marrow blasts, Cytogenetic category. […] Mean survival is 18-24 months or longer in patients with the following features: Single or mild cytopenias, Normal chromosomes or a single chromosomal abnormality (except those involving chromosome 7), Fewer than 10% myeloblasts in the bone marrow. […] Mean survival is 6-12 months in patients with the following features: Pancytopenia requiring red blood cell or platelet transfusions, Chromosome 7 abnormalities or multiple chromosomal abnormalities, Greater than 10% myeloblasts. […] Using artificial intelligence, Razha and colleagues developed a personalized prognostic model for patients with MDS that is based on clinical and genomic data. […] The IPSS-M has six risk categories: very low, low, moderate low, moderate high, high, very high.
  • #10 How long will I live with MDS? – HealthTree for Myelodysplastic Syndromes
    https://healthtree.org/mds/community/how-long-will-i-live-with-myelodysplastic-syndrome
    Survival statistics are useful tools for understanding the general prognosis of MDS. According to the American Cancer Society, median survival times for patients with MDS vary based on the subtype. For example, patients with low-risk MDS might have a median survival time of up to 5.5 years, while those with high-risk MDS may have a median survival time of less than a year. However, its essential to recognize that these are median values, meaning that half of the patients will live longer than the median time, while the other half may have a shorter survival time. […] According to the IPSS-R if you were diagnosed with very low risk the median overall survival is 8.8 years contrasting to very high risk which is 0.8 years. It is very important to consider that this estimate was calculated before many current clinical trials (with the main objective of prolonging life expectancy and quality of life) were started. Most of these trials are focused on high-risk and very-high-risk MDS patients.
  • #11 Myelodysplastic Syndromes
    https://patient.info/doctor/myelodysplastic-syndromes-pro
    The natural course of MDS is very variable, depending on several factors, including cytogenetics and severity of cytopenia. Patients categorised by the IPSS-R system as very high-risk have a median overall survival rate of 0.8 years compared with those in the very low-risk category who have a median overall survival rate of 8.8 years. […] Patients with isolated 5q deletion may have longer survival than other types of MDS, One study noted five-year survival of 40% if they did not receive treatment and 54% if they received treatment.
  • #12 Myelodysplastic Syndromes Staging: Classification and Prognosis of Myelodysplastic Syndromes
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2007806-overview
    The IPSS-M stratifies patients into six (rather than five) prognostic categories: very low, low, moderate low, moderate high, high and very high risk, each discriminating risk of leukemia-free survival, overall survival and leukemic transformation. […] Using somatic mutation data, almost half of patients are re-categorized from one IPSS-R risk stratum to a different higher or lower risk stratum in IPSS-M. […] Table 3. IPSS-R risk groups, by sum of score [3] […] Table 4. Prognosis of IPSS-M risk groups.
  • #13 Risk prediction in MDS: independent validation of the IPSS-M—ready for routine? | Leukemia
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41375-023-01831-1
    Our real-world cohort of 626 MDS patients showed a distribution among the six IPSS-M risk categories of 15% VL, 41% L, 11% ML, 7% MH, 12% H and 14% VH. […] We also found a clear prognostic separation for overall survival (OS), leukemia free survival (LFS) and LT according to IPSS-M categories which is comparable with the initial publication but shows a slightly worse discrimination e.g., of the MH risk category probably due to the lower number of patients in this group. […] Exploratory analysis of patients up- or down-staged more than one level suggests that the new IPSS-M category better reflects the individual survival. […] The c-index for the IPSS-R was 0.68 (OS), 0.69 (LFS) and 0.77 (LT), and improved to 0.71 (OS), 0.73 (LFS) and 0.81 (LT) for the IPSS-M. […] Our results closely match the values of the original IPSS-M publication and highlight the benefit of incorporating molecular genetic variables.
  • #14 Prognostic Markers of Myelodysplastic Syndromes
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7466347/
    Mutational analyses showed that mutations of CBL, IDH2, ASXL1, DNMT3A, and TP53 were independently associated with shorter survival. […] Patients within each IPSS-R or 2016 WHO classification-defined risk group could be stratified into two risk subgroups based on the mutational status of these five genes; patients with these poor-risk mutations had an OS shorter than others in the same risk group, but similar to those with the next higher risk category.
  • #15 Prognosis in Myelodysplastic Syndromes: The Clinical Challenge of Genomic Integration
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8151135/
    Seven genes were previously reported to harbor independent prognostic significance in MDS and impact on OS: TP53, EZH2, RUNX1, NRAS, ASXL1 and SF3B1. […] The mutation of TP53 is observed in approximately 10-15% of patients with MDS, and predicts for a dismal clinical outcome and poorer responses to treatment. […] The isolated deletion of the long arm of chromosome 5 is generally considered a favorable feature and key for a good response to lenalidomide. […] The co-occurrence of a determined set of mutations predict for a specific outcome? […] The success or failure of emerging targeted therapies (i.e., IDH1/2 or spliceosome inhibitors) may accelerate the implementation of new genes in the workup on MDS patients.
  • #16 Prognostic Markers of Myelodysplastic Syndromes
    https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/56/8/376
    A comprehensive approach to the diagnosis of MDS, with a thorough understanding of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of tumor development, will allow treatment to be personalized in the most precise manner. […] Gene mutations have not yet been included in the 2016 WHO classification and IPSS-R. […] Mutational analyses showed that mutations of CBL, IDH2, ASXL1, DNMT3A, and TP53 were independently associated with shorter survival.
  • #17 How long will I live with MDS? – HealthTree for Myelodysplastic Syndromes
    https://healthtree.org/mds/community/how-long-will-i-live-with-myelodysplastic-syndrome
    The life expectancy for someone with Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) can vary greatly depending on a number of factors. On average, many patients live with MDS for several years. However, in some cases, the disease can progress rapidly and become life-threatening within a short period of time. It’s important to note that these are averages and individual prognosis can vary. […] Several key factors influence the prognosis for someone with MDS: Age: Older patients generally have a poorer prognosis than younger ones. Type of MDS: There are several subtypes of MDS, some of which are more aggressive than others. Blood counts: Low blood counts, particularly low red blood cell counts, can indicate a poorer prognosis. Genetic changes: Certain genetic mutations can affect the prognosis of MDS. Prior treatment with chemotherapy or radiation: Patients who have been treated with chemotherapy or radiation for other cancers have a higher risk of developing a more aggressive form of MDS.
  • #18 Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) prognosis | Blood Cancer UK
    https://bloodcancer.org.uk/understanding-blood-cancer/myelodysplastic-syndromes-mds-/prognosis/
    This is important, as there are different approaches to treatment for lower and higher risk MDS. […] When they talk to you about your risk group, your doctor might give you information about the average survival time for people in that group. […] The survival time for each MDS risk group is usually given as the median survival in years. This means that of the people studied in that risk group, half lived for less time than the median number of years, and half lived for longer. […] Some people with MDS live many years longer than the median survival time for their risk group. Everyone is different, and survival statistics can never tell you what will happen to you personally. […] If you want to know more about your prognosis, your healthcare team can explain which risk group you are in, and what this may mean for you. Your individual prognosis will be affected by many things, including: your age, your general fitness and health, the type of MDS you have, the MDS risk group you are in. […] Remember what you read online cant tell you what will happen to you as an individual. Every person is different, and the statistics you read online do not necessarily apply to you.
  • #19 Patient education: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/myelodysplastic-syndromes-mds-in-adults-beyond-the-basics
    For people who are diagnosed with MDS, the estimated length of survival is influenced by the risk category, the presence of underlying medical problems, and age. However, these numbers represent averages and do not necessarily predict what will happen in your situation. There is considerable variation from person to person, especially in the lower-risk group. Your doctor can help you understand your situation and options.
  • #20 MDS Prognosis: Life Expectancy and Outlook
    https://www.healthline.com/health/mds-prognosis
    The lower the percentage of abnormal blast cells, the lower the score. […] The scores for each factor are added together to find your total score. Each score can be given a risk rating, from low risk to high risk. The risk rating indicates how likely it is that the MDS will become leukemia. […] The following median survival statistics for MDS, based on the IPSS-R (revised International Prognostic Scoring System) risk groups, were published in 2018. […] Median survival rates refers to the average number of years that people in each risk group survive after being diagnosed with MDS. […] Its also important to note that the available information about these survival rates is several years out of date. There have been many advances in treatment since these figures were compiled. […] Another way to gauge life expectancy with MDS is with the WHO Prognostic Scoring System (WPSS).
  • #21 Prognostic Markers of Myelodysplastic Syndromes
    https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/56/8/376
    Noteworthy, prognostic models handling MDS target de novo MDS rather than secondary MDS. […] Nevertheless, Zeidan and the co-workers showed that IPSS-R can make accurate predictions even for secondary MDS. […] Independent significant prognostic factors for survival included age, IPSS-R and mutations EZH2, SF3B1, TP53, which associated with worse overall survival (OS). […] The IPSS separates MDS patients into four different risk subgroups: low, intermediate-1, intermediate-2 and high. […] Karyotype has become one of the most important prognostic factors in MDS. […] The IPSS-R classifies patients into five cytogenetic categories, which have prognostic relevance based on overall survival and the risk of transformation to AML from “very good” to “very poor.” […] The WPSS is a “time-dependent” scoring system, which dynamically analyzes the situation as the disease progresses and a patient is going through treatment.
  • #22 Therapy-related myelodysplastic syndromes deserve specific diagnostic sub-classification and risk-stratification—an approach to classification of patients with t-MDS | Leukemia
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41375-020-0917-7
    In the current World Health Organization (WHO)-classification, therapy-related myelodysplastic syndromes (t-MDS) are categorized together with therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and t-myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms into one subgroup independent of morphologic or prognostic features. […] The results regarding carefully reviewed cytogenetic data, classifications, and prognostic scores confirmed that t-MDS are similarly heterogeneous as p-MDS and therefore deserve the same careful differentiation regarding risk. […] Although a less favorable clinical outcome occurred in each t-MDS subset compared with p-MDS subgroups, FAB and WHO-classification, IPSS-R, and WPSS-R separated t-MDS patients into differing risk groups effectively, indicating that all established risk factors for p-MDS maintained relevance in t-MDS, with cytogenetic features having enhanced predictive power.
  • #23 Therapy-related myelodysplastic syndromes deserve specific diagnostic sub-classification and risk-stratification—an approach to classification of patients with t-MDS | Leukemia
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41375-020-0917-7
    The median overall survival was 18 months with a median follow up of 60 months for the t-MDS patients. […] Our data demonstrated that t-MDS patients can be subdivided by diagnostic procedures into groups with clearly varying prognoses. […] Our data demonstrated that classification tools established in p-MDS were effective for stratifying subgroups in t-MDS and indicated the high prognostic relevance of cytogenetics in t-MDS.
  • #24 NCA – Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) for Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) (CAG-00415R) – Decision Memo
    https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/view/ncacal-decision-memo.aspx?proposed=N&ncaid=312
    For these patients, the evidence demonstrates that the treatment is reasonable and necessary under section 1862(a)(1)(A) of the Social Security Act. […] Studies have shown that allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation provides the highest likelihood of long-term survival for patients with high/very high-risk MDS. […] The use of RIC is an attempt to ameliorate symptoms associated with the toxic effect of cytoreduction. […] Results from selected studies have reported prolonged disease-free survival in about 30 to 50% of patients who receive the transplant. […] It is the only approach that offers a substantial possibility of cure, and some believe that the earlier the transplantation is carried out in the disease course, the better are the long-term results. […] The analysis revealed that patients in the Intermediate-2 and higher risk groups had better OS compared to those in the low-risk group (low-risk and Intermediate-1 risk group).
  • #25 Risk prediction in MDS: independent validation of the IPSS-M—ready for routine? | Leukemia
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41375-023-01831-1
    In conclusion, we independently confirm the increased predictive power of the IPSS-M in MDS as compared to IPSS-R. […] In line with the age-adjusted IPSS-R, age adjustment of the IPSS-M may improve the prediction of OS. […] While all new molecular risk prediction tools for MDS have been shown to be superior to the IPSS-R, the objective of the given tool should be tailored to the application (e.g., personal therapeutic decision making or clinical study design). […] In summary, a comprehensive molecular analysis has become new standard for prognostication of patients with MDS.