Zespół mielodysplastyczny
Epidemiologia

Zespół mielodysplastyczny (MDS) to heterogenna grupa klonalnych nowotworów hematopoetycznych charakteryzujących się nieskuteczną hematopoezą i cytopeniami, z ryzykiem progresji do ostrej białaczki szpikowej (AML) u 30-40% pacjentów. Zapadalność MDS w USA wynosi około 4-4,9 na 100 000 osób rocznie, jednak rzeczywiste wartości mogą sięgać 5,3-13,1/100 000 z powodu niedodiagnozowania i niedostatecznego zgłaszania. Mediana wieku w chwili rozpoznania to 70-76 lat, a zapadalność rośnie znacząco z wiekiem, osiągając 20,8-36,3/100 000 u osób powyżej 70 lat. Mężczyźni są dwukrotnie bardziej narażeni niż kobiety, z wyjątkiem MDS z delecją 5q, częściej występującego u kobiet. Rasa biała wykazuje wyższy wskaźnik zachorowalności (0,03%) w porównaniu do innych grup etnicznych (0,02%). Chorobowość w USA szacuje się na 60 000-170 000 pacjentów, a globalnie przewiduje się wzrost liczby przypadków z 90 332 w 2018 do 111 861 w 2028 roku (roczny wzrost 2,38%).

Epidemiologia zespołu mielodysplastycznego

Zespół mielodysplastyczny (MDS) to heterogenna grupa klonalnych nowotworów komórek macierzystych szpiku kostnego, charakteryzujących się hematopoeza/” title=”nieskuteczna hematopoeza” class=”to-tag” data-termid=”129783″>nieskuteczną hematopoezą, cytopeniami oraz ryzykiem progresji do ostrej białaczki szpikowej. Epidemiologia MDS jest trudna do precyzyjnego określenia ze względu na ewoluujące systemy klasyfikacji, zmienne prezentacje kliniczne oraz problemy z rozpoznawaniem choroby.123

Zapadalność na MDS

Zapadalność na MDS w Stanach Zjednoczonych szacuje się na około 4 przypadki na 100 000 osób rocznie, według danych z bazy Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER).45 Dane z lat 2007-2011 wskazują na wskaźnik zapadalności skorygowany względem wieku wynoszący 4,9 na 100 000 osób rocznie.6 Istnieją jednak dowody sugerujące, że faktyczna zapadalność może być znacznie wyższa, sięgając od 5,3 do nawet 13,1 przypadków na 100 000 osób rocznie, co wynika z niedostatecznego zgłaszania i niedodiagnozowania przypadków.7

Szacunki dotyczące liczby nowych przypadków MDS w Stanach Zjednoczonych wahają się od 10 000 do 30 000-55 000 rocznie.8 Niektóre źródła podają, że rocznie diagnozuje się około 14 000-16 000 nowych przypadków.910 W skali globalnej liczba nowych rozpoznań MDS w ośmiu głównych rynkach (USA, Francja, Niemcy, Włochy, Hiszpania, Wielka Brytania, Japonia i Kanada) wynosiła 90 332 przypadki w 2018 roku i przewiduje się wzrost do 111 861 przypadków do 2028 roku, z rocznym wskaźnikiem wzrostu wynoszącym 2,38%.111213

Czynniki demograficzne

Wiek jest najważniejszym czynnikiem ryzyka rozwoju MDS. Zapadalność na MDS znacząco rośnie wraz z wiekiem, od 0,7 na 100 000 osób w czwartej dekadzie życia do 20,8-36,3 na 100 000 osób po 70. roku życia.14 Istnieje pięciokrotna różnica w ryzyku zachorowania między osobami w wieku 60 i 80 lat.15 Mediana wieku w momencie rozpoznania wynosi około 70-76 lat.161718 Około 86% przypadków MDS jest diagnozowanych u osób powyżej 60. roku życia, a jedynie 6% przypadków rozpoznaje się u osób poniżej 50. roku życia.192021

Płeć jest istotnym czynnikiem w epidemiologii MDS – choroba występuje częściej u mężczyzn niż u kobiet. Wskaźnik zapadalności jest znacząco wyższy u mężczyzn (4,5 na 100 000) niż u kobiet (2,7 na 100 000).22 Mężczyźni są prawie dwukrotnie bardziej narażeni na rozwój MDS niż kobiety.2324 Wyjątkiem jest MDS z delecją 5q, który częściej występuje u kobiet.25

Rasa również odgrywa rolę w epidemiologii MDS. Badania wykazały, że osoby rasy białej mają wyższy wskaźnik zapadalności w porównaniu z innymi grupami rasowymi/etnicznymi.2627 Analiza danych z rejestru SEER wykazała najwyższy wskaźnik zachorowalności wśród osób rasy białej (0,03%), w porównaniu do 0,02% w populacjach osób rasy czarnej, rdzennych Amerykanów/rdzennych mieszkańców Alaski oraz Azjatów/mieszkańców wysp Pacyfiku.28

Chorobowość i przewidywane trendy

Szacunkowa chorobowość MDS (liczba osób żyjących z chorobą) w Stanach Zjednoczonych waha się od 60 000 do 170 000 pacjentów.293031 Szeroki zakres tych szacunków wynika z różnic w diagnostyce, zgłaszaniu przypadków oraz metodologii badań przeprowadzanych w różnych populacjach.32

Pięcioletnia chorobowość MDS w ośmiu głównych rynkach wynosiła 236 076 przypadków w 2018 roku i przewiduje się wzrost do 291 581 przypadków do 2028 roku, z rocznym wskaźnikiem wzrostu wynoszącym 2,35%.3334 Wzrost ten jest częściowo przypisywany umiarkowanie rosnącemu trendowi zapadalności oraz zmianom demograficznym w poszczególnych krajach, w szczególności starzeniu się populacji.35

Z uwagi na obecne trendy demograficzne oczekuje się dalszego wzrostu zachorowalności i chorobowości MDS w najbliższej przyszłości.3637 Szacuje się, że zapadalność na MDS u osób powyżej 65. roku życia wzrasta około 6-krotnie (do 25 na 100 000), co czyni tę grupę pacjentów bardziej narażoną na rozwój choroby.38

Problemy z rozpoznawaniem i rejestrowaniem przypadków MDS

MDS jest często nierozpoznawany i niedodiagnozowany.39 Epidemiologia MDS jest prawdopodobnie niedoszacowana, ponieważ wielu pacjentów z MDS, którzy mają anemię lub cytopenię, nie otrzymuje ostatecznej diagnozy.40 W badaniu wykorzystującym dane z rejestru National MDS wykazano, że u nawet 40% pacjentów ze zdiagnozowanym MDS, choroba została błędnie rozpoznana, co świadczy o ogólnokrajowym problemie z interpretacją epidemiologii MDS.41

Istnieje kilka przyczyn niedoszacowania zapadalności na MDS:4243

  • Niedodiagnozowanie przypadków, szczególnie u osób starszych z cytopeniami
  • Brak świadomości, że MDS jest nowotworem złośliwym
  • Ograniczone raportowanie przez kliniki ambulatoryjne
  • Zmieniające się wytyczne dotyczące kodowania przypadków MDS

44

Dokładniejsze metody aktywnego wyszukiwania przypadków, takie jak strategie wyszukiwania słów kluczowych w elektronicznych raportach patologicznych lub inne nowatorskie metody wychwytywania przypadków, sugerują, że prawdziwa zapadalność na MDS wynosi między 5,3 a 13,1 na 100 000 osób.4546

MDS a progresja do AML

Istotnym aspektem epidemiologicznym MDS jest ryzyko progresji do ostrej białaczki szpikowej (AML). U około 30-40% pacjentów z MDS choroba może przekształcić się w AML.474849 Ryzyko to różni się w zależności od podtypu MDS i kategorii ryzyka.

Pacjenci z wyższym ryzykiem MDS (definiowanym jako pośrednie, wysokie lub bardzo wysokie w skali IPSS-R) stanowią 43% osób z rozpoznaniem MDS i mają większe prawdopodobieństwo progresji do AML.50 Jeśli nie są leczeni, mediana przeżycia wynosi od 9,6 miesiąca do 3 lat od momentu diagnozy.51

Według Międzynarodowego Systemu Prognostycznego Punktacji – Molekularnego (IPSS-M), pacjenci z MDS są klasyfikowani do jednej z sześciu kategorii ryzyka, od bardzo niskiego (2,8% ryzyko transformacji w AML w ciągu 4 lat) do bardzo wysokiego (42,8% ryzyko transformacji w AML w ciągu 4 lat).52

Nadzór i monitorowanie MDS

Znaczenie wczesnego wykrywania i monitorowania

Wczesne wykrywanie i dokładne monitorowanie MDS są kluczowe dla poprawy wyników leczenia. Średnio pacjenci zgłaszają 6-letnie opóźnienie między początkowym stwierdzeniem nieprawidłowych wartości morfologii krwi a rozpoznaniem MDS.53 Identyfikacja pacjentów we wcześniejszym okresie choroby może być szczególnie istotna, ponieważ niektórzy mogą potencjalnie zostać wyleczeni za pomocą allogenicznego przeszczepienia szpiku kostnego.54

W przypadku MDS o niższym ryzyku, lekarze często zalecają aktywne monitorowanie (strategia „obserwuj i czekaj”). Wielu pacjentów pozostaje na aktywnym monitorowaniu przez lata bez konieczności leczenia.55 Podczas każdej wizyty kontrolnej lekarz poszukuje oznak wskazujących, czy MDS postępuje i wymaga leczenia, obserwując zmiany w wynikach badań krwi, takie jak spadek liczby komórek krwi.56

Nowe metody monitorowania choroby resztkowej

Analiza mierzalnej choroby resztkowej (MRD) z wykorzystaniem specyficznych dla pacjenta wariantów genetycznych okazała się wykonalna w monitorowaniu choroby u pacjentów z MDS i może potencjalnie wskazywać na ryzyko nawrotu.57 W badaniu mającym na celu wpłynięcie na przyszłe postępowanie kliniczne w zakresie nadzoru nad MDS po przeszczepieniu komórek krwiotwórczych (HSCT) wykazano, że spersonalizowany nadzór nad MRD przy użyciu cyfrowej PCR (ddPCR) na podstawie sekwencjonowania nowej generacji (NGS) jest możliwą, czułą i solidną metodą o wysokiej zgodności między próbkami.58

Badania wykazały również, że dodatni wynik MRD był związany z krótszym przeżyciem wolnym od nawrotu (RFS) i całkowitym przeżyciem (OS), co podkreśla znaczenie monitorowania MRD w prowadzeniu pacjentów po przeszczepieniu.59

Nadzór nad populacjami wysokiego ryzyka

Rygorystyczny nadzór nad dziećmi z wysokim ryzykiem rozwoju MDS jest szczególnie uzasadniony.60 Zalecenia dotyczące nadzoru uwzględniają nowo zidentyfikowane predyspozycje do nowotworów hematologicznych i geny związane z tymi predyspozycjami, a także większe zrozumienie występowania wariantów zarodkowych zwiększających ryzyko rozwoju MDS i innych nowotworów hematologicznych u dzieci.61

Infekcje są główną przyczyną zgonów w MDS o niższym ryzyku, co podkreśla potrzebę czujnego monitorowania i strategii zapobiegawczych.62 Należy zauważyć, że pacjenci z MDS poddawani allogenicznemu przeszczepieniu krwiotwórczych komórek macierzystych (allo-HSCT) są starsi i mają gorsze wyniki w porównaniu z pacjentami bez MDS.63

Jakość życia i jej monitorowanie

Dla większości pacjentów z MDS głównym celem terapii jest poprawa jakości życia związanej ze zdrowiem (HRQoL).64 Systematyczna ocena HRQoL przed i w trakcie leczenia MDS jest zalecana i obecnie uwzględniana w międzynarodowych wytycznych dotyczących MDS.6566

Włączenie miar raportowanych przez pacjentów do praktyki klinicznej może być wartościowe w przypadku nowotworów hematologicznych, ponieważ mają one duży potencjał umożliwiający lekarzom lepsze monitorowanie obciążenia pacjentów związanego z leczeniem i poprawę wyników HRQoL.67 Wykazano, że pacjenci z MDS doświadczają znacznie obniżonej jakości życia, przy czym zmęczenie i duszność są częstymi, wyniszczającymi objawami fizycznymi.68

W badaniu rzeczywistej praktyki klinicznej MDS był związany z wyniszczającymi zakłóceniami codziennego życia zarówno pacjentów, jak i ich opiekunów. Potrzebne są nowe strategie terapeutyczne, które zapewnią złagodzenie objawów, szczególnie zmęczenia.69

Grupa wiekowa Zapadalność na MDS (na 100 000 osób) Odsetek przypadków MDS
<40 lat 0,14 <5%
40-49 lat 0,7 ~1%
50-59 lat ~2,0 ~8%
60-69 lat ~10,0 ~20%
70-79 lat 20,8-36,3 ~40%
≥80 lat 36,0-63,9 ~26%

707172

Wyzwania w epidemiologii MDS

Problemy metodologiczne

Ocena epidemiologiczna MDS pozostaje wyzwaniem ze względu na ewoluujące systemy klasyfikacji.7374 W przeszłości MDS był czasem określany jako preleukemia lub tlący się stan białaczkowy, obecnie jest uważany za formę raka.75 MDS został sklasyfikowany jako nowotwór złośliwy i włączony do rejestrów nowotworów dopiero w 2001 roku.76

Dokładność określania zapadalności i chorobowości MDS ma kluczowe znaczenie dla lepszego zrozumienia obciążenia związanego z MDS i odpowiedniej alokacji zasobów opieki zdrowotnej.77 Jednakże w rejestrze NAACCR/SEER tylko 4% przypadków MDS było zgłaszanych do rejestrów z gabinetów lekarskich, co wskazuje na istotne niedoszacowanie.78

Metody pasywnego wyszukiwania przypadków, takie jak rejestry, mogą rejestrować mniej pacjentów z MDS niż metody aktywnego wyszukiwania, wykorzystujące dane z roszczeń ubezpieczeniowych, patologii, badań cytogenetycznych lub innych zapisów laboratoryjnych.79 Problem ten podkreśla pilną potrzebę głębszego inwestowania w rejestry raka.80

Prognozy i kierunki monitorowania

Biorąc pod uwagę obecne trendy demograficzne, oczekuje się wzrostu zachorowalności na MDS w miarę starzenia się populacji, przy czym globalna zapadalność na MDS powinna nadal rosnąć.81 Jest to istotne wyzwanie dla systemów opieki zdrowotnej, szczególnie że MDS w starszym wieku jest prawdopodobnie najczęstszą złośliwą chorobą hematologiczną.82

Korzystne byłoby przeprowadzenie dalszych badań epidemiologicznych, które nie byłyby ograniczone kodami rozliczeniowymi, w celu walidacji obecnych ustaleń.83 Sugeruje się stosowanie zaawansowanych metod statystycznych, propagowanie zmian w polityce oraz tworzenie programów badawczych opartych na społeczności, które umożliwiają różnym społecznościom udział w badaniach i poprawiają zbieranie danych.84

Różnorodność etniczna w występowaniu MDS sugeruje potrzebę zwiększonej świadomości i edukacji dotyczącej MDS u pacjentów należących do mniejszości. Zaleca się również zwiększenie rozwoju programów przesiewowych i polityk, które pomogą skierować działania na zróżnicowaną populację pacjentów z MDS.85

Znaczenie badań epidemiologicznych w MDS

Badania epidemiologiczne mają na celu określenie zapadalności, chorobowości i czynników ryzyka związanych z MDS. Badania te często obejmują kohorty populacyjne, badania kliniczno-kontrolne i retrospektywne analizy dokumentacji medycznej w celu identyfikacji wzorców demograficznych, narażenia środowiskowego i predyspozycji genetycznych związanych z rozwojem MDS.86

Badania te są istotne, ponieważ mogą pomóc w:87

  • Rozwijaniu strategii biznesowych poprzez zrozumienie trendów kształtujących i napędzających globalny rynek MDS
  • Ilościowym określeniu populacji pacjentów na globalnym rynku MDS w celu poprawy projektowania produktów, ustalania cen i planów wprowadzania na rynek
  • Organizowaniu działań sprzedażowych i marketingowych poprzez identyfikację podtypów nowotworów, które oferują najlepsze możliwości dla terapii MDS
  • Zrozumieniu wielkości rynku MDS według biomarkerów, grup ryzyka i mutacji

88

Duże badania multi-instytucjonalne są niezbędne do oceny zapadalności i czynników ryzyka MDS.89 Ponadto, dokładniejsze dane epidemiologiczne mogą pomóc w oszacowaniu obciążenia związanego z MDS i ujawnieniu niezaspokojonych potrzeb klinicznych.90

Zrozumienie epidemiologii prekursorowych stanów MDS, takich jak klonalna hematopoeza (CH), klonalna hematopoeza o nieokreślonym potencjale (CHIP) i cytopenia o niewyjaśnionej etiologii ze zmienionym genem (CCUS), również wnosi cenny wkład do wiedzy o MDS.9192

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  1. 13.04.2026
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Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Myelodysplastic Syndrome – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37195766/
    Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a clonal disorder characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and variable cytopenias with a considerable risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia. […] Epidemiological assessment of MDS remains challenging because of evolving classification systems, but the overall incidence in the United States is estimated to be approximately 4 per 100,000 and increases with age. […] We review the epidemiology of MDS and the newly described MDS precursor conditions CH, CH of indeterminate potential, and CCUS.
  • #2 Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and classification of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-the-myelodysplastic-syndromes
    Myelodysplastic syndromes/neoplasms (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of hematologic neoplasms characterized by clonal hematopoiesis, cytopenias (ie, anemia, neutropenia, and/or thrombocytopenia), and dysplastic cellular morphology. […] The epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathologic features, diagnosis, and classification of MDS are reviewed in this topic. […] MDS are seen mostly in older adults. The precise incidence of MDS is not well-defined, in part, due to variable clinical presentations and evolving diagnostic criteria. […] The annual incidence of MDS is approximately 4 per 100,000 people, according to the United States Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. […] The median age at presentation is 70 years, and the risk of developing MDS increases with age. […] Disease onset before age 50 is unusual, and presentation in children is rare, except for therapy-related MDS and MDS arising in the context of a germline predisposition. […] There is a male predominance in most categories of MDS, except for MDS with del(5q), which is more common in females.
  • #3 Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Myelodysplastic Syndrome | Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation (AAMDSIF)
    https://www.aamds.org/research-article/epidemiology-and-pathogenesis-myelodysplastic-syndrome
    Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a clonal disorder characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and variable cytopenias with a considerable risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia. Epidemiological assessment of MDS remains challenging because of evolving classification systems, but the overall incidence in the United States is estimated to be approximately 4 per 100,000 and increases with age. […] We review the epidemiology of MDS and the newly described MDS precursor conditions CH, CH of indeterminate potential, and CCUS.
  • #4 Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and classification of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-the-myelodysplastic-syndromes
    Myelodysplastic syndromes/neoplasms (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of hematologic neoplasms characterized by clonal hematopoiesis, cytopenias (ie, anemia, neutropenia, and/or thrombocytopenia), and dysplastic cellular morphology. […] The epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathologic features, diagnosis, and classification of MDS are reviewed in this topic. […] MDS are seen mostly in older adults. The precise incidence of MDS is not well-defined, in part, due to variable clinical presentations and evolving diagnostic criteria. […] The annual incidence of MDS is approximately 4 per 100,000 people, according to the United States Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. […] The median age at presentation is 70 years, and the risk of developing MDS increases with age. […] Disease onset before age 50 is unusual, and presentation in children is rare, except for therapy-related MDS and MDS arising in the context of a germline predisposition. […] There is a male predominance in most categories of MDS, except for MDS with del(5q), which is more common in females.
  • #5 Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Myelodysplastic Syndrome – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37195766/
    Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a clonal disorder characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and variable cytopenias with a considerable risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia. […] Epidemiological assessment of MDS remains challenging because of evolving classification systems, but the overall incidence in the United States is estimated to be approximately 4 per 100,000 and increases with age. […] We review the epidemiology of MDS and the newly described MDS precursor conditions CH, CH of indeterminate potential, and CCUS.
  • #6
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11899-015-0269-y
    The accuracy of determining MDS incidence and prevalence is crucial to allow for better understanding of the burden of MDS and appropriate allocation of health care resources. […] Estimated age-adjusted incidence per 100,000 significantly increased by year, from 3.1 in 2001 to 3.8 in 2004. […] However, in the NAACCR/SEER study, only 4 % of MDS cases were reported to registries from physicians offices. […] More recent data from SEER (2007-2011) estimated the age-adjusted incidence to be 4.9 per 100,000 per year. […] Despite this apparent plateau, estimates likely still underrepresent true incidence, as many cases of MDS are not reported to cancer registries due to underdiagnosis, lack of recognition of MDS as a malignancy, limited reporting by outpatient clinics, and changing guidelines for coding of MDS cases.
  • #7
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11899-015-0269-y
    Since 2001, cases of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) have been tracked by cancer registries. Examining registry data in the USA, the reported age-adjusted incidence of MDS per 100,000 was 3.3 per year for 2001-2003 and 4.9 per year for 2007-2011, with increases likely a result of growing awareness of reporting requirements. […] However, active case-finding methods repeatedly demonstrate that population-based registries have underestimated the incidence of MDS due to underreporting and underdiagnosis. Using keyword search strategies of electronic pathology reports or other novel case capture methods, the true incidence of MDS has been estimated between 5.3 and 13.1 per 100,000. […] MDS prevalence is estimated to be 60,000 and 170,000 in the USA and projected to grow. Epidemiologic data can help estimate the burden of MDS and expose unmet clinical needs.
  • #8 Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/207347-overview
    The actual incidence of MDS in the United States is unknown. MDS was first considered a separate disease in 1976, and its occurrence was estimated at 1500 new cases every year. At that time, only patients with less than 5% blasts were considered to have this disorder. MDS was not classified as neoplastic and included in cancer registries until 2001. Current estimates of the incidence of MDS in the United States vary widely, from 10,000 to 30,000-55,000 new cases each year. The higher figures have been questioned as possible overestimates resulting from inclusion of other hematopoietic conditions. […] […] The incidence of MDS has appeared to be increasing. The apparent rise is believed to reflect the increase in the elderly population, but may also reflect improvements in recognition and criteria for the diagnosis. […]
  • #9 Higher-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Lacking Treatment Advances in Over a Decade
    https://www.onclive.com/view/higher-risk-myelodysplastic-syndromes-hr-mds-lacking-treatment-advances-in-over-a-decade
    Continued research is critical to potentially bring a targeted therapeutic option to patients with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes, to improve overall survival, manage symptoms, and preserve quality of life. […] It is estimated that there are 14,000 new cases of MDS reported every year in the U.S., with most cases diagnosed in people aged 60 or older. […] Patients with higher-risk disease defined as intermediate, high or very high on the IPSS-R scale account for 43% of people diagnosed with MDS. […] While lower-risk MDS can sometimes behave indolently and be observed without treatment, it is important to realize that higher-risk MDS (HR-MDS) is a fatal bone marrow cancer that is progressive in nature, and fast diagnosis and intervention is critical. […] Because higher-risk patients have more severe symptoms, and ultimately lower rates of overall survival (OS), prompt diagnosis and treatment is critical.
  • #10 Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
    https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/myelodysplastic-syndromes
    Patients with MDS are cared for by expert oncologists in our Adult Leukemia Program. […] MDS are a group of rare blood disorders. There are an estimated 12,000 to 15,000 new cases diagnosed each year in the U.S. MDS can be diagnosed at any age, but mostly affects older adults (age 65 years or older). About 75% of MDS patients are age 60+ years. MDS can also affect children and young adults. […] Approximately 30% of patients with MDS will develop a more aggressive related condition called acute myeloid leukemia (AML). […] For many patients, MDS is not an aggressive disease, and can be managed with treatment. In about 30% of patients, MDS develops into the more aggressive acute myeloid leukemia, which requires fast attention and treatment.
  • #11 Myelodysplastic Syndrome – Epidemiology Forecast to 2028
    https://www.globaldata.com/store/report/myelodysplastic-syndrome-epidemiology-forecast-to-2028/
    MDS are rare and a diverse group of clonal hematopoietic malignancies characterized by cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities, causing bone marrow failure and risk of progression to AML. MDS can affect people of any age but usually is most common in the 70 years and older population, with approximately 86% of newly diagnosed cases in older population over the age of 60 years. […] GlobalData epidemiologists used age- and sex-specific diagnosed incidence and prevalence rates to forecast the diagnosed incident and prevalent cases, taking into account the significant relationship between age and MDS incidence and prevalence. […] In 2018, the 8MM had 90,332 diagnosed incident cases of MDS. This is expected to increase to 111,861 diagnosed incident cases by 2028, at an Annual Growth Rate (AGR) of 2.38%. This increase is partly attributed to the moderately rising trend in incidence in the 8MM, combined with underlying demographic changes in the respective markets.
  • #12 Myelodysplastic Syndrome – Epidemiology Forecast to 2028
    https://www.globaldata.com/store/report/myelodysplastic-syndrome-epidemiology-forecast-to-2028/
    The 8MM will also see an increase in five-year diagnosed prevalent cases of MDS throughout the forecast period at an AGR of 2.35%, with 236,076 cases in 2018 and 291,581 in 2028. […] Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) Epidemiology Report and Model provide an overview of the risk factors and global trends of MDS in the eight major markets (8MM: US, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK, Japan, and Canada). […] This report also includes a 10-year epidemiological forecast for the following segmentations in ages 18 years and older across the 8MM: diagnosed incident cases and five-year diagnosed prevalent cases of MDS, and diagnosed incident cases of MDS/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN); diagnosed incident cases of MDS by subtypes (MDS with single lineage dysplasia, MDS with ring sideroblasts, MDS with multilineage dysplasia, MDS excess blasts, MDS with isolated del(5q), and MDS, unclassifiable), risk groups (very low risk, low risk, intermediate risk, high risk, and very high risk), primary/secondary, and mutations (IDH1, IDH2, SF3B1, ASXL1, TET2, RUNX1, JAK2, and TP53).
  • #13 Myelodysplastic Syndrome: Epidemiology Forecast to 2028
    https://www.globenewswire.com/fr/news-release/2020/06/06/2044585/0/en/Myelodysplastic-Syndrome-Epidemiology-Forecast-to-2028.html
    MDS can affect people of any age but usually is most common in the 70 years and older population, with approximately 86% of newly diagnosed cases in older population over the age of 60 years. […] Epidemiologists used age- and sex-specific diagnosed incidence and prevalence rates to forecast the diagnosed incident and prevalent cases, taking into account the significant relationship between age and MDS incidence and prevalence. […] In 2018, the 8MM had 90,332 diagnosed incident cases of MDS. This is expected to increase to 111,861 diagnosed incident cases by 2028, at an Annual Growth Rate (AGR) of 2.38%. […] The 8MM will also see an increase in five-year diagnosed prevalent cases of MDS throughout the forecast period at an AGR of 2.35%, with 236,076 cases in 2018 and 291,581 in 2028.
  • #14 Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/207347-overview
    Although MDS may occur in persons of any age, including children, MDS primarily affects elderly people, with the median onset in the seventh decade of life. Data from 2001 through 2003 of the first National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology End Reports (SEER) indicate 86% of MDS cases were diagnosed in individuals who were 60 years of age or older (median age: 76y). […] […] Other data from SEER also show that the estimated incidence of MDS increases significantly with age, ranging from 0.7 per 100,000 population during the fourth decade of life to 20.8-36.3/100,000 after age 70 years. There is a fivefold difference in risk between age 60 and 80 years. […] […] At all ages, MDS is more common in males than in females. In SEER data from 2001-2003, the incidence rate was significantly higher in men than in women (4.5 vs 2.7 per 100,000 population). […]
  • #15 Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/207347-overview
    Although MDS may occur in persons of any age, including children, MDS primarily affects elderly people, with the median onset in the seventh decade of life. Data from 2001 through 2003 of the first National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology End Reports (SEER) indicate 86% of MDS cases were diagnosed in individuals who were 60 years of age or older (median age: 76y). […] […] Other data from SEER also show that the estimated incidence of MDS increases significantly with age, ranging from 0.7 per 100,000 population during the fourth decade of life to 20.8-36.3/100,000 after age 70 years. There is a fivefold difference in risk between age 60 and 80 years. […] […] At all ages, MDS is more common in males than in females. In SEER data from 2001-2003, the incidence rate was significantly higher in men than in women (4.5 vs 2.7 per 100,000 population). […]
  • #16 Epidemiology of MDS
    https://www.spotlightonanemia.com/understandinganemia/epidemiologyofmds.html
    MDS are more common with advancing ageRotter LK et al. Cancer J. 2023;29:111-121. […] 4 in 100,000 people in the United States are diagnosed with MDSRotter LK et al. Cancer J. 2023;29:111-121. Sekeres MA, Taylor J. JAMA. 2022;328:872-880. […] In patients aged 65 years, the incidence of MDS increasesSekeres MA, Taylor J. JAMA. 2022;328:872-880. […] The incidence of MDS increases progressively with age, with a median age at diagnosis of 76 yearsRotter LK et al. Cancer J. 2023;29:111-121. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Accessed November 2023. https://seer.cancer.gov/statistics-network/explorer/. […] Men are nearly twice as likely as women to have MDSRotter LK et al. Cancer J. 2023;29:111-121. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Accessed November 2023. https://seer.cancer.gov/statistics-network/explorer/.
  • #17 Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and classification of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-the-myelodysplastic-syndromes
    Myelodysplastic syndromes/neoplasms (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of hematologic neoplasms characterized by clonal hematopoiesis, cytopenias (ie, anemia, neutropenia, and/or thrombocytopenia), and dysplastic cellular morphology. […] The epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathologic features, diagnosis, and classification of MDS are reviewed in this topic. […] MDS are seen mostly in older adults. The precise incidence of MDS is not well-defined, in part, due to variable clinical presentations and evolving diagnostic criteria. […] The annual incidence of MDS is approximately 4 per 100,000 people, according to the United States Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. […] The median age at presentation is 70 years, and the risk of developing MDS increases with age. […] Disease onset before age 50 is unusual, and presentation in children is rare, except for therapy-related MDS and MDS arising in the context of a germline predisposition. […] There is a male predominance in most categories of MDS, except for MDS with del(5q), which is more common in females.
  • #18 Epidemiology of Myelodysplastic Syndromes
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3394456/
    Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) comprise a heterogeneous group of clonal hematopoietic stem cell malignancies with significant morbidity and high mortality. The incidence of MDS increases markedly with age, and the disease is most prevalent in individuals who are white and male. It is conservatively estimated that 10,000 new cases of MDS occur in the United States annually, and that 60,000 individuals with MDS currently reside in the country. […] Existing data consistently suggest that MDS is predominantly a disease of the elderly. Approximately 86% of patients with MDS were aged 60 years at the time of their diagnosis (median age, 76 years), and only 6% of cases were diagnosed in those aged 50 years. Men have a higher incidence rate than women, and white individuals have a higher incidence rate than other racial/ethnic groups. […] With the current demographic trend, increasing disease morbidity (both incidence and prevalence) is expected in the near future.
  • #19 Epidemiology of Myelodysplastic Syndromes
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3394456/
    Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) comprise a heterogeneous group of clonal hematopoietic stem cell malignancies with significant morbidity and high mortality. The incidence of MDS increases markedly with age, and the disease is most prevalent in individuals who are white and male. It is conservatively estimated that 10,000 new cases of MDS occur in the United States annually, and that 60,000 individuals with MDS currently reside in the country. […] Existing data consistently suggest that MDS is predominantly a disease of the elderly. Approximately 86% of patients with MDS were aged 60 years at the time of their diagnosis (median age, 76 years), and only 6% of cases were diagnosed in those aged 50 years. Men have a higher incidence rate than women, and white individuals have a higher incidence rate than other racial/ethnic groups. […] With the current demographic trend, increasing disease morbidity (both incidence and prevalence) is expected in the near future.
  • #20 Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/207347-overview
    Although MDS may occur in persons of any age, including children, MDS primarily affects elderly people, with the median onset in the seventh decade of life. Data from 2001 through 2003 of the first National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology End Reports (SEER) indicate 86% of MDS cases were diagnosed in individuals who were 60 years of age or older (median age: 76y). […] […] Other data from SEER also show that the estimated incidence of MDS increases significantly with age, ranging from 0.7 per 100,000 population during the fourth decade of life to 20.8-36.3/100,000 after age 70 years. There is a fivefold difference in risk between age 60 and 80 years. […] […] At all ages, MDS is more common in males than in females. In SEER data from 2001-2003, the incidence rate was significantly higher in men than in women (4.5 vs 2.7 per 100,000 population). […]
  • #21 Myelodysplastic syndrome – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelodysplastic_syndrome
    About seven per 100,000 people are affected by MDS; about four per 100,000 people newly acquire the condition each year. […] The typical age of onset is 70 years. […] The exact number of people with MDS is not known because it can go undiagnosed and no tracking of the syndrome is mandated. Some estimates are on the order of 10,000 to 20,000 new cases each year in the United States alone. […] The number of new cases each year is probably increasing as the average age of the population increases, and some authors propose that the number of new cases in those over 70 may be as high as 15 per 100,000 per year. […] The typical age at diagnosis of MDS is between 60 and 75 years; a few people are younger than 50, and diagnoses are rare in children. […] Males are slightly more commonly affected than females.
  • #22 Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/207347-overview
    Although MDS may occur in persons of any age, including children, MDS primarily affects elderly people, with the median onset in the seventh decade of life. Data from 2001 through 2003 of the first National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology End Reports (SEER) indicate 86% of MDS cases were diagnosed in individuals who were 60 years of age or older (median age: 76y). […] […] Other data from SEER also show that the estimated incidence of MDS increases significantly with age, ranging from 0.7 per 100,000 population during the fourth decade of life to 20.8-36.3/100,000 after age 70 years. There is a fivefold difference in risk between age 60 and 80 years. […] […] At all ages, MDS is more common in males than in females. In SEER data from 2001-2003, the incidence rate was significantly higher in men than in women (4.5 vs 2.7 per 100,000 population). […]
  • #23 Epidemiology of MDS
    https://www.spotlightonanemia.com/understandinganemia/epidemiologyofmds.html
    MDS are more common with advancing ageRotter LK et al. Cancer J. 2023;29:111-121. […] 4 in 100,000 people in the United States are diagnosed with MDSRotter LK et al. Cancer J. 2023;29:111-121. Sekeres MA, Taylor J. JAMA. 2022;328:872-880. […] In patients aged 65 years, the incidence of MDS increasesSekeres MA, Taylor J. JAMA. 2022;328:872-880. […] The incidence of MDS increases progressively with age, with a median age at diagnosis of 76 yearsRotter LK et al. Cancer J. 2023;29:111-121. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Accessed November 2023. https://seer.cancer.gov/statistics-network/explorer/. […] Men are nearly twice as likely as women to have MDSRotter LK et al. Cancer J. 2023;29:111-121. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Accessed November 2023. https://seer.cancer.gov/statistics-network/explorer/.
  • #24 What is MDS? | MDS Foundation
    https://www.mds-foundation.org/learn/what-is-mds/
    The risk of MDS increases as people age. It typically begins to appear in individuals over 65 and is most commonly diagnosed in those in their 70s. […] Overall, males are twice as likely to develop MDS as females. The incidence ratio of males to females is 4.5:2 per 100,000 individuals. […] In about a third of people, MDS can progress to a rapidly growing cancer of bone marrow cells called acute myeloid leukemia (AML). […] MDS is primarily a disease of the elderly (most patients are older than age 65), but MDS can affect younger patients as well. […] For roughly 30% of the patients diagnosed with MDS, this type of bone marrow failure syndrome will progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). […] Some evidence suggests that certain people are born with a tendency to develop MDS. […] Patients who take chemotherapy drugs or who receive radiation therapy for potentially curable cancers, such as breast or testicular cancers, Hodgkin’s disease and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, are at risk of developing MDS for up to 10 years following treatment.
  • #25 Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and classification of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-the-myelodysplastic-syndromes
    Myelodysplastic syndromes/neoplasms (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of hematologic neoplasms characterized by clonal hematopoiesis, cytopenias (ie, anemia, neutropenia, and/or thrombocytopenia), and dysplastic cellular morphology. […] The epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathologic features, diagnosis, and classification of MDS are reviewed in this topic. […] MDS are seen mostly in older adults. The precise incidence of MDS is not well-defined, in part, due to variable clinical presentations and evolving diagnostic criteria. […] The annual incidence of MDS is approximately 4 per 100,000 people, according to the United States Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. […] The median age at presentation is 70 years, and the risk of developing MDS increases with age. […] Disease onset before age 50 is unusual, and presentation in children is rare, except for therapy-related MDS and MDS arising in the context of a germline predisposition. […] There is a male predominance in most categories of MDS, except for MDS with del(5q), which is more common in females.
  • #26 Epidemiology of MDS
    https://www.spotlightonanemia.com/understandinganemia/epidemiologyofmds.html
    White individuals have been found to have the highest incidence rates compared with people of other racesRotter LK et al. Cancer J. 2023;29:111-121. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Accessed November 2023. https://seer.cancer.gov/statistics-network/explorer/. […] The survival rate with MDS falls behind those of many solid tumors and hematologic malignanciesSurveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Accessed November 2023. https://seer.cancer.gov/statistics-network/explorer/. Zeidan AM et al. Blood Rev 2019;34:1-15. […] Patients with MDS have poor long-term survival compared with patients who have other cancers, and the overall survival has not improved over the last 2 decades, based on an analysis of SEER dataSurveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Accessed November 2023. https://seer.cancer.gov/statistics-network/explorer/. Zeidan AM et al. Blood Rev 2019;34:1-15.
  • #27 Epidemiology of Myelodysplastic Syndromes
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3394456/
    Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) comprise a heterogeneous group of clonal hematopoietic stem cell malignancies with significant morbidity and high mortality. The incidence of MDS increases markedly with age, and the disease is most prevalent in individuals who are white and male. It is conservatively estimated that 10,000 new cases of MDS occur in the United States annually, and that 60,000 individuals with MDS currently reside in the country. […] Existing data consistently suggest that MDS is predominantly a disease of the elderly. Approximately 86% of patients with MDS were aged 60 years at the time of their diagnosis (median age, 76 years), and only 6% of cases were diagnosed in those aged 50 years. Men have a higher incidence rate than women, and white individuals have a higher incidence rate than other racial/ethnic groups. […] With the current demographic trend, increasing disease morbidity (both incidence and prevalence) is expected in the near future.
  • #28 A cross-sectional study using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program database to estimate the prevalence of Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) in the United States | Fu | Reports of Practical Oncology and Radiotherapy
    https://journals.viamedica.pl/rpor/article/view/103137
    Estimating the prevalence of MDS is important for improving healthcare planning, understanding disease burden, and guiding early intervention strategies. […] The prevalence was also estimated to be highest in White individuals at 0.03%. In Black, American Indian/Alaskan Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander populations, the prevalence was estimated to be 0.02%. […] Our data suggests that MDS is equally prevalent across various ethnic groups. It also suggests that its prevalence increases with age. […] To improve these limitations, we suggest the use of advanced statistical methods, advocating for policy change, and forming a community based research program that allows diverse communities to participate in research studies and improves data collection. Altogether, with its prevalence in all races, we recommend increased awareness and education regarding MDS in minority patients. In addition, we suggest an increase in the development of screening programs and policies that help target the diverse population of MDS patients. […] It would be beneficial to conduct further epidemiological studies that are not limited by billing codes to validate our findings.
  • #29 Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) Research Funded by LLS | Leukemia and Lymphoma Society
    https://www.lls.org/research/myelodysplastic-syndrome-mds-research-funded-lls
    Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) is a term used to encompass of family of malignant diseases where immature blood cells in the bone marrow fail to become healthy blood cells. In the US, 20,000 new cases are reported every year in the US, making MDS one of the most common blood cancers. The prevalence of MDS has been poorly assessed, but is estimated to be between 60,000 170,000 patients in the US. Advanced age is the predominate risk factor, with a median age of diagnosis of 71-76 years. Approximately 25-30% of MDS patients have high-risk disease. The disease can progress to high-risk MDS and secondary AML in approximately 30% of cases. […] LLS currently has several active grants that have a major focus on MDS in addition to many other grants also focused on AML. Beyond this, since a greater understanding of all blood cancers are likely to be relevant to MDS, LLS brings to forefront its entire 210 active grant portfolio, which represents more than a $100 M commitment (over approximately 3-5 years) to blood cancer research.
  • #30 What is MDS? | MDS Foundation
    https://www.mds-foundation.org/learn/what-is-mds/
    Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are an often unrecognized, under-diagnosed, rare group of bone marrow failure disorders, where the body no longer makes enough healthy, normal blood cells in the bone marrow. The disease is also recognized as a form of blood cancer. […] It’s hard to know exactly how many people are diagnosed with MDS in the United States every year. While some estimates suggest about 10,00015,000 new cases per year, other data suggest that it could be much higher. […] The estimated number of people living with MDS in the United States ranges from 60,000 to 170,000. This wide range is due to differences in how MDS is diagnosed, how cases are reported, and how studies are conducted across various populations. […] MDS is uncommon before age 50. Although MDS is rare in children, there are 1 to 4 cases per million each year, with the median age of affected children being 6.8 years.
  • #31
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11899-015-0269-y
    A retrospective study of diagnostic and procedure data from 300 hospitals in the Australian state of Victoria (1998-2008) also showed a higher estimated incidence of MDS (9.6 per 100,000) compared to Australia cancer registry data (4.8 per 100.000) in 2007. […] The true prevalence of MDS in the USA likely lies somewhere between the estimates of 60,000 and 170,000, though prevalence will continue to rise as more active therapies are available and patients are living longer with MDS. […] This underreporting highlights the urgent need for deeper investment in state cancer registries. Incidence estimates are further hindered by underdiagnosis of MDS in older patients with cytopenias.
  • #32 What is MDS? | MDS Foundation
    https://www.mds-foundation.org/learn/what-is-mds/
    Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are an often unrecognized, under-diagnosed, rare group of bone marrow failure disorders, where the body no longer makes enough healthy, normal blood cells in the bone marrow. The disease is also recognized as a form of blood cancer. […] It’s hard to know exactly how many people are diagnosed with MDS in the United States every year. While some estimates suggest about 10,00015,000 new cases per year, other data suggest that it could be much higher. […] The estimated number of people living with MDS in the United States ranges from 60,000 to 170,000. This wide range is due to differences in how MDS is diagnosed, how cases are reported, and how studies are conducted across various populations. […] MDS is uncommon before age 50. Although MDS is rare in children, there are 1 to 4 cases per million each year, with the median age of affected children being 6.8 years.
  • #33 Myelodysplastic Syndrome – Epidemiology Forecast to 2028
    https://www.globaldata.com/store/report/myelodysplastic-syndrome-epidemiology-forecast-to-2028/
    The 8MM will also see an increase in five-year diagnosed prevalent cases of MDS throughout the forecast period at an AGR of 2.35%, with 236,076 cases in 2018 and 291,581 in 2028. […] Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) Epidemiology Report and Model provide an overview of the risk factors and global trends of MDS in the eight major markets (8MM: US, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK, Japan, and Canada). […] This report also includes a 10-year epidemiological forecast for the following segmentations in ages 18 years and older across the 8MM: diagnosed incident cases and five-year diagnosed prevalent cases of MDS, and diagnosed incident cases of MDS/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN); diagnosed incident cases of MDS by subtypes (MDS with single lineage dysplasia, MDS with ring sideroblasts, MDS with multilineage dysplasia, MDS excess blasts, MDS with isolated del(5q), and MDS, unclassifiable), risk groups (very low risk, low risk, intermediate risk, high risk, and very high risk), primary/secondary, and mutations (IDH1, IDH2, SF3B1, ASXL1, TET2, RUNX1, JAK2, and TP53).
  • #34 Myelodysplastic Syndrome: Epidemiology Forecast to 2028
    https://www.globenewswire.com/fr/news-release/2020/06/06/2044585/0/en/Myelodysplastic-Syndrome-Epidemiology-Forecast-to-2028.html
    MDS can affect people of any age but usually is most common in the 70 years and older population, with approximately 86% of newly diagnosed cases in older population over the age of 60 years. […] Epidemiologists used age- and sex-specific diagnosed incidence and prevalence rates to forecast the diagnosed incident and prevalent cases, taking into account the significant relationship between age and MDS incidence and prevalence. […] In 2018, the 8MM had 90,332 diagnosed incident cases of MDS. This is expected to increase to 111,861 diagnosed incident cases by 2028, at an Annual Growth Rate (AGR) of 2.38%. […] The 8MM will also see an increase in five-year diagnosed prevalent cases of MDS throughout the forecast period at an AGR of 2.35%, with 236,076 cases in 2018 and 291,581 in 2028.
  • #35 Myelodysplastic Syndrome – Epidemiology Forecast to 2028
    https://www.globaldata.com/store/report/myelodysplastic-syndrome-epidemiology-forecast-to-2028/
    MDS are rare and a diverse group of clonal hematopoietic malignancies characterized by cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities, causing bone marrow failure and risk of progression to AML. MDS can affect people of any age but usually is most common in the 70 years and older population, with approximately 86% of newly diagnosed cases in older population over the age of 60 years. […] GlobalData epidemiologists used age- and sex-specific diagnosed incidence and prevalence rates to forecast the diagnosed incident and prevalent cases, taking into account the significant relationship between age and MDS incidence and prevalence. […] In 2018, the 8MM had 90,332 diagnosed incident cases of MDS. This is expected to increase to 111,861 diagnosed incident cases by 2028, at an Annual Growth Rate (AGR) of 2.38%. This increase is partly attributed to the moderately rising trend in incidence in the 8MM, combined with underlying demographic changes in the respective markets.
  • #36 Epidemiology of Myelodysplastic Syndromes
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3394456/
    Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) comprise a heterogeneous group of clonal hematopoietic stem cell malignancies with significant morbidity and high mortality. The incidence of MDS increases markedly with age, and the disease is most prevalent in individuals who are white and male. It is conservatively estimated that 10,000 new cases of MDS occur in the United States annually, and that 60,000 individuals with MDS currently reside in the country. […] Existing data consistently suggest that MDS is predominantly a disease of the elderly. Approximately 86% of patients with MDS were aged 60 years at the time of their diagnosis (median age, 76 years), and only 6% of cases were diagnosed in those aged 50 years. Men have a higher incidence rate than women, and white individuals have a higher incidence rate than other racial/ethnic groups. […] With the current demographic trend, increasing disease morbidity (both incidence and prevalence) is expected in the near future.
  • #37
    https://haematologica.org/article/view/1041
    The myelodysplastic syndromes are common hematological malignancies affecting predominantly elderly people. […] This review will outline current concepts of the pathobiology of MDS, putative etiological insults and the mechanisms of disease initiation as well as recent contributions to the descriptive epidemiology of these disorders. […] The importance of such studies is emphasized by the rising frequency of MDS which largely reflects improved diagnostic criteria, increased physician awareness and extended use of diagnostic procedures in the elderly. Demographic changes will lead to a marked increase in MDS over the next few decades.
  • #38 What are Myelodysplastic Syndromes? | Deeper Than MDS
    https://www.deeperthanmds.com/understanding-mds/what-is-mds
    Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), also known as myelodysplastic neoplasms, are characterized by the failure of bone marrow stem cells to mature and can lead to inefficient or incomplete hematopoiesis and peripheral cytopenias. In the United States, ~16,000 people are diagnosed with MDS each year. The risk of developing MDS increases as the population ages with the median age being 70 years old at diagnosis. The incidence of MDS increases ~6-fold in patients who are 65 and older (25 per 100,000) making these patients more vulnerable to MDS. MDS is nearly 2 times more likely in men than women. The NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) notes that as the population ages, the incidence of AML along with MDS is rising. In MDS, relative survival rates decrease with age.
  • #39 Epidemiology of MDS
    https://www.spotlightonanemia.com/understandinganemia/epidemiologyofmds.html
    MDS is often unrecognized and underdiagnosedKhan AM. Am J Med 2012;125(suppl):S15-S17. Cogle CR. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2015;10:272-281. […] The epidemiology of MDS is likely underestimated because many patients with MDS who have anemia or cytopenia do not receive a definitive diagnosisCogle CR. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2015;10:272-281.
  • #40 Epidemiology of MDS
    https://www.spotlightonanemia.com/understandinganemia/epidemiologyofmds.html
    MDS is often unrecognized and underdiagnosedKhan AM. Am J Med 2012;125(suppl):S15-S17. Cogle CR. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2015;10:272-281. […] The epidemiology of MDS is likely underestimated because many patients with MDS who have anemia or cytopenia do not receive a definitive diagnosisCogle CR. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2015;10:272-281.
  • #41 National Data Show Misdiagnoses Common for Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes
    https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/national-data-show-misdiagnoses-common-for-patients-with-myelodysplastic-syndromes
    Preliminary data from a national registry shows that as many as 40 percent of patients diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) dont actually have the disorder. This high percentage reflects a national problem with the interpretation of the epidemiology of MDS, according to Mikkael Sekeres, MD, MS, principal investigator of the study. […] Dr. Sekeres and his co-investigators found disagreements between the original diagnoses and that of the central lab in 40 percent of the 375 cases, and later analyses showed that those disagreements were clinically meaningful in 26 percent of patients. […] It also has implications for how the National Cancer Institute and Centers for Disease Control, through their Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program, classify MDS, which is similarly based on an individual treatment sites determination. Those determinations may be wrong 40 percent of the time. In other words, we have a problem with our national interpretation of the epidemiology of MDS.
  • #42
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11899-015-0269-y
    Since 2001, cases of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) have been tracked by cancer registries. Examining registry data in the USA, the reported age-adjusted incidence of MDS per 100,000 was 3.3 per year for 2001-2003 and 4.9 per year for 2007-2011, with increases likely a result of growing awareness of reporting requirements. […] However, active case-finding methods repeatedly demonstrate that population-based registries have underestimated the incidence of MDS due to underreporting and underdiagnosis. Using keyword search strategies of electronic pathology reports or other novel case capture methods, the true incidence of MDS has been estimated between 5.3 and 13.1 per 100,000. […] MDS prevalence is estimated to be 60,000 and 170,000 in the USA and projected to grow. Epidemiologic data can help estimate the burden of MDS and expose unmet clinical needs.
  • #43
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11899-015-0269-y
    The accuracy of determining MDS incidence and prevalence is crucial to allow for better understanding of the burden of MDS and appropriate allocation of health care resources. […] Estimated age-adjusted incidence per 100,000 significantly increased by year, from 3.1 in 2001 to 3.8 in 2004. […] However, in the NAACCR/SEER study, only 4 % of MDS cases were reported to registries from physicians offices. […] More recent data from SEER (2007-2011) estimated the age-adjusted incidence to be 4.9 per 100,000 per year. […] Despite this apparent plateau, estimates likely still underrepresent true incidence, as many cases of MDS are not reported to cancer registries due to underdiagnosis, lack of recognition of MDS as a malignancy, limited reporting by outpatient clinics, and changing guidelines for coding of MDS cases.
  • #44
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11899-015-0269-y
    The accuracy of determining MDS incidence and prevalence is crucial to allow for better understanding of the burden of MDS and appropriate allocation of health care resources. […] Estimated age-adjusted incidence per 100,000 significantly increased by year, from 3.1 in 2001 to 3.8 in 2004. […] However, in the NAACCR/SEER study, only 4 % of MDS cases were reported to registries from physicians offices. […] More recent data from SEER (2007-2011) estimated the age-adjusted incidence to be 4.9 per 100,000 per year. […] Despite this apparent plateau, estimates likely still underrepresent true incidence, as many cases of MDS are not reported to cancer registries due to underdiagnosis, lack of recognition of MDS as a malignancy, limited reporting by outpatient clinics, and changing guidelines for coding of MDS cases.
  • #45
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11899-015-0269-y
    Since 2001, cases of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) have been tracked by cancer registries. Examining registry data in the USA, the reported age-adjusted incidence of MDS per 100,000 was 3.3 per year for 2001-2003 and 4.9 per year for 2007-2011, with increases likely a result of growing awareness of reporting requirements. […] However, active case-finding methods repeatedly demonstrate that population-based registries have underestimated the incidence of MDS due to underreporting and underdiagnosis. Using keyword search strategies of electronic pathology reports or other novel case capture methods, the true incidence of MDS has been estimated between 5.3 and 13.1 per 100,000. […] MDS prevalence is estimated to be 60,000 and 170,000 in the USA and projected to grow. Epidemiologic data can help estimate the burden of MDS and expose unmet clinical needs.
  • #46
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11899-015-0269-y
    It has been suggested that passive case-finding methods such as registries may capture fewer patients with MDS than active case-finding methods such as those using billing claims data, pathology, cytogenetic, or other laboratory testing records. […] Using 2006 data from the Florida Cancer Data System (FCDS) as a model, we devised a keyword search strategy to identify cases of MDS among electronic pathology (e-path) reports received by cancer registries from pathology laboratories. […] Since paper-based registry data from NAACCR/SEER estimated the age-adjusted incidence in Florida to be 3.94 per 100,000 per year (2001-2003), including the uncaptured cases found by e-path reports extrapolated the estimated MDS incidence to 6.4 per 100,000 per year in Florida and 5.3 per 100,000 per year in the entire USA.
  • #47 Myelodysplastic syndrome | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/myelodysplastic-syndrome?lang=us
    Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of clonal hematological stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia and ineffective hematopoiesis. It carries a risk of transformation to acute leukemia. […] Its overall incidence is thought to be around 3.3 per 100,000. The incidence in patients older than age 70 is greater ranging between 15 and 50 per 100,000. […] risk of transformation into acute leukaemias: 25-40%.
  • #48 What Are Myelodysplastic Syndromes? | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/myelodysplastic-syndrome/about/what-is-mds.html
    Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), also known as myelodysplastic neoplasms, are conditions that can occur when the blood-forming cells in the bone marrow become abnormal, resulting in the marrow not making enough healthy new blood cells. This leads to low levels of one or more types of blood cells. MDS is considered a type of cancer. […] In the past, MDS was sometimes referred to as pre-leukemia or smoldering leukemia. Now MDS is considered a form of cancer. […] MDS can also develop into a more serious cancer. In about 1 in 3 people with MDS, the disease can progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a fast-growing cancer of bone marrow cells.
  • #49 What is MDS? | MDS Foundation
    https://www.mds-foundation.org/learn/what-is-mds/
    The risk of MDS increases as people age. It typically begins to appear in individuals over 65 and is most commonly diagnosed in those in their 70s. […] Overall, males are twice as likely to develop MDS as females. The incidence ratio of males to females is 4.5:2 per 100,000 individuals. […] In about a third of people, MDS can progress to a rapidly growing cancer of bone marrow cells called acute myeloid leukemia (AML). […] MDS is primarily a disease of the elderly (most patients are older than age 65), but MDS can affect younger patients as well. […] For roughly 30% of the patients diagnosed with MDS, this type of bone marrow failure syndrome will progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). […] Some evidence suggests that certain people are born with a tendency to develop MDS. […] Patients who take chemotherapy drugs or who receive radiation therapy for potentially curable cancers, such as breast or testicular cancers, Hodgkin’s disease and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, are at risk of developing MDS for up to 10 years following treatment.
  • #50 Higher-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Lacking Treatment Advances in Over a Decade
    https://www.onclive.com/view/higher-risk-myelodysplastic-syndromes-hr-mds-lacking-treatment-advances-in-over-a-decade
    Continued research is critical to potentially bring a targeted therapeutic option to patients with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes, to improve overall survival, manage symptoms, and preserve quality of life. […] It is estimated that there are 14,000 new cases of MDS reported every year in the U.S., with most cases diagnosed in people aged 60 or older. […] Patients with higher-risk disease defined as intermediate, high or very high on the IPSS-R scale account for 43% of people diagnosed with MDS. […] While lower-risk MDS can sometimes behave indolently and be observed without treatment, it is important to realize that higher-risk MDS (HR-MDS) is a fatal bone marrow cancer that is progressive in nature, and fast diagnosis and intervention is critical. […] Because higher-risk patients have more severe symptoms, and ultimately lower rates of overall survival (OS), prompt diagnosis and treatment is critical.
  • #51 Higher-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Lacking Treatment Advances in Over a Decade
    https://www.onclive.com/view/higher-risk-myelodysplastic-syndromes-hr-mds-lacking-treatment-advances-in-over-a-decade
    If left untreated, the median survival rate is 9.6 months to 3 years upon diagnosis. […] Furthermore, approximately 40% of people living with HR-MDS will transform to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), another aggressive blood cancer with poor survival outcomes. […] A significant need remains for targeted therapies for those living with HR-MDS. […] For over a decade, there has been little advancement in treatment options for people living with HR-MDS despite poor patient outcomes. […] Continued research is critical to potentially bring a targeted therapeutic option to HR-MDS patients, to not only improve OS, but also to manage symptoms and preserve quality of life. […] Due to its aggressive nature and poor survival rates, people living with HR-MDS urgently require new treatment options that are more effective at inducing remission and slowing or preventing disease progression to ultimately improve the survival and quality of life of patients living with this disease.
  • #52 Orphanet: Myelodysplastic syndrome
    https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/52688
    A group of myeloid hemopathies characterized by blood cytopenias, marrow dysplasia and a high risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). […] The annual incidence is 1/17,000-25,000 people, with a median age at diagnosis of 70 years. Only 5-10% of patients are diagnosed below the age of 50. […] MDS may progress into AML in ~30% of patients. The prognosis differs depending on a set of criteria scored by the IPSS-R and IPSS-M, including the number and importance of cytopenias, marrow blast percentage, and marrow cytogenetic abnormalities. This score separates schematically patients into lower risk (mainly characterized by anemia and less often thrombocytopenia) and higher risk (with generally severe cytopenias, including also neutropenia) of progression to AML, into five (IPSS-R) or six (IPSS-M) categories going from very low risk (2.8% risk of transformation into AML by 4 years) to very high risk (42.8% risk of transformation into AML by 4 years).
  • #53 An Overview of Myelodysplastic Syndrome
    https://www.ajmc.com/view/an-overview-of-myelodysplastic-syndrome
    If you look at the most recent SEER [Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program] Registry data, the incidence per year for MDS is 4.9 per 100,000 people. The interesting thing about MDS is there is a close association between increasing age and increasing incidence. […] It is important to know that patients have MDS, and wed like to do a better job of diagnosing them earlier. […] On average, the patients reported that there is a 6-year delay between the initial finding of them having an abnormal blood count finding and being diagnosed with MDS. […] Diagnosis at an earlier time point can be critical because there are some patients who can potentially be cured with allogeneic transplantation. Identifying those patients at an earlier time period could lead to improved outcomes.
  • #54 An Overview of Myelodysplastic Syndrome
    https://www.ajmc.com/view/an-overview-of-myelodysplastic-syndrome
    If you look at the most recent SEER [Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program] Registry data, the incidence per year for MDS is 4.9 per 100,000 people. The interesting thing about MDS is there is a close association between increasing age and increasing incidence. […] It is important to know that patients have MDS, and wed like to do a better job of diagnosing them earlier. […] On average, the patients reported that there is a 6-year delay between the initial finding of them having an abnormal blood count finding and being diagnosed with MDS. […] Diagnosis at an earlier time point can be critical because there are some patients who can potentially be cured with allogeneic transplantation. Identifying those patients at an earlier time period could lead to improved outcomes.
  • #55 MDS active monitoring (watch and wait) | Blood Cancer UK
    https://bloodcancer.org.uk/understanding-blood-cancer/myelodysplastic-syndromes-mds-/active-monitoring/
    Because MDS is often slow-growing, many people dont need treatment straight away. Some people dont need treatment for many years. Instead, they may have active monitoring (watch and wait). […] Your doctor might recommend active monitoring if you have lower risk MDS and you have few or no worrying symptoms. Saving treatment for later is safe in this situation and means the treatment will have more impact if you need it later. […] Many people stay on active monitoring for years without needing any treatment. You wont start treatment until your doctor thinks its the right time. […] Each time you have a check-up, your doctor will be looking for signs that show whether the MDS is growing and needs treatment. They will look for changes in your blood test results, like your blood counts going down. […] Its important to tell your doctor if anything changes. It doesnt always mean the MDS is progressing your doctor will look at a range of things before deciding whether you need treatment.
  • #56 MDS active monitoring (watch and wait) | Blood Cancer UK
    https://bloodcancer.org.uk/understanding-blood-cancer/myelodysplastic-syndromes-mds-/active-monitoring/
    Because MDS is often slow-growing, many people dont need treatment straight away. Some people dont need treatment for many years. Instead, they may have active monitoring (watch and wait). […] Your doctor might recommend active monitoring if you have lower risk MDS and you have few or no worrying symptoms. Saving treatment for later is safe in this situation and means the treatment will have more impact if you need it later. […] Many people stay on active monitoring for years without needing any treatment. You wont start treatment until your doctor thinks its the right time. […] Each time you have a check-up, your doctor will be looking for signs that show whether the MDS is growing and needs treatment. They will look for changes in your blood test results, like your blood counts going down. […] Its important to tell your doctor if anything changes. It doesnt always mean the MDS is progressing your doctor will look at a range of things before deciding whether you need treatment.
  • #57 Individualized MRD Detection Feasible for Disease Surveillance in MDS – Hematology Advisor
    https://www.hematologyadvisor.com/news/minimal-disease-mrd-detection-feasible-surveillance-treatment-risk/
    Analysis of measurable residual disease (MRD) utilizing patient-specific genetic variants appeared feasible for disease surveillance in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and could potentially indicate relapse risk. […] In this study aiming to influence future clinical management of MDS surveillance after HSCT, we demonstrate that personalized MRD surveillance using ddPCR on the basis of pre-HSCT NGS is a feasible, sensitive, and robust method with high concordance between samples down to at least 0.1%, the study investigators wrote in their report. They also emphasized that shorter RFS and OS were associated with having MRD positivity in this study.
  • #58 Individualized MRD Detection Feasible for Disease Surveillance in MDS – Hematology Advisor
    https://www.hematologyadvisor.com/news/minimal-disease-mrd-detection-feasible-surveillance-treatment-risk/
    Analysis of measurable residual disease (MRD) utilizing patient-specific genetic variants appeared feasible for disease surveillance in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and could potentially indicate relapse risk. […] In this study aiming to influence future clinical management of MDS surveillance after HSCT, we demonstrate that personalized MRD surveillance using ddPCR on the basis of pre-HSCT NGS is a feasible, sensitive, and robust method with high concordance between samples down to at least 0.1%, the study investigators wrote in their report. They also emphasized that shorter RFS and OS were associated with having MRD positivity in this study.
  • #59 Individualized MRD Detection Feasible for Disease Surveillance in MDS – Hematology Advisor
    https://www.hematologyadvisor.com/news/minimal-disease-mrd-detection-feasible-surveillance-treatment-risk/
    Analysis of measurable residual disease (MRD) utilizing patient-specific genetic variants appeared feasible for disease surveillance in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and could potentially indicate relapse risk. […] In this study aiming to influence future clinical management of MDS surveillance after HSCT, we demonstrate that personalized MRD surveillance using ddPCR on the basis of pre-HSCT NGS is a feasible, sensitive, and robust method with high concordance between samples down to at least 0.1%, the study investigators wrote in their report. They also emphasized that shorter RFS and OS were associated with having MRD positivity in this study.
  • #60 Myelodysplastic Syndromes
    https://www.ajmc.com/compendium/myelodysplastic-syndromes
    Infection was a leading cause of death in lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), highlighting the need for vigilant monitoring and preventive strategies. […] Patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) who undergo allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) are older and face worse outcomes compared with non-MDS patients, according to posters presented at the 2024 American Society of Hematology meeting. […] The recommendations for surveillance account for newly identified hematopoietic malignancy predispositions (HMP) and HMP genes, as well as a greater understanding of the prevalence of germline variants putting children as an increased risk of MDS and other HMs. […] Rigorous surveillance of children at high risk for developing myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is especially warranted, according to researchers.
  • #61 Myelodysplastic Syndromes
    https://www.ajmc.com/compendium/myelodysplastic-syndromes
    Infection was a leading cause of death in lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), highlighting the need for vigilant monitoring and preventive strategies. […] Patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) who undergo allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) are older and face worse outcomes compared with non-MDS patients, according to posters presented at the 2024 American Society of Hematology meeting. […] The recommendations for surveillance account for newly identified hematopoietic malignancy predispositions (HMP) and HMP genes, as well as a greater understanding of the prevalence of germline variants putting children as an increased risk of MDS and other HMs. […] Rigorous surveillance of children at high risk for developing myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is especially warranted, according to researchers.
  • #62 Myelodysplastic Syndromes
    https://www.ajmc.com/compendium/myelodysplastic-syndromes
    Infection was a leading cause of death in lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), highlighting the need for vigilant monitoring and preventive strategies. […] Patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) who undergo allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) are older and face worse outcomes compared with non-MDS patients, according to posters presented at the 2024 American Society of Hematology meeting. […] The recommendations for surveillance account for newly identified hematopoietic malignancy predispositions (HMP) and HMP genes, as well as a greater understanding of the prevalence of germline variants putting children as an increased risk of MDS and other HMs. […] Rigorous surveillance of children at high risk for developing myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is especially warranted, according to researchers.
  • #63 Myelodysplastic Syndromes
    https://www.ajmc.com/compendium/myelodysplastic-syndromes
    Infection was a leading cause of death in lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), highlighting the need for vigilant monitoring and preventive strategies. […] Patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) who undergo allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) are older and face worse outcomes compared with non-MDS patients, according to posters presented at the 2024 American Society of Hematology meeting. […] The recommendations for surveillance account for newly identified hematopoietic malignancy predispositions (HMP) and HMP genes, as well as a greater understanding of the prevalence of germline variants putting children as an increased risk of MDS and other HMs. […] Rigorous surveillance of children at high risk for developing myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is especially warranted, according to researchers.
  • #64 Health-Related Quality of Life Assessment in Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Evidence from Randomized Clinical Trials
    https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/17/PAGE/307/FULLTEXT/
    Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and blood cytopenia with a variable risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia. […] The main goal of therapy for the large majority of patients is to improve health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Its rigorous assessment is now recommended in international MDS guidelines. […] Given the importance of symptom relief and HRQoL improvement in the treatment of MDS patients, the assessment of the patient perspective in future RCTs is highly recommended to keep expanding the knowledge of the impact of new MDS therapies. […] Currently, several treatment options are available for patients with MDS: hypomethylating agents (e.g., azacytidine, decitabine,), hematopoietic stimulating agents (e.g., erythropoietin, G-CSF, luspatercept), supportive care (e.g., blood and platelet transfusions, antibiotics), immunomodulatory agents (e.g., lenalidomide, cyclosporine, thalidomide), low-dose or intensive chemotherapy, iron overload chelation (deferasirox), and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).
  • #65 Health-Related Quality of Life Assessment in Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Evidence from Randomized Clinical Trials
    https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/17/PAGE/307/FULLTEXT/
    Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and blood cytopenia with a variable risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia. […] The main goal of therapy for the large majority of patients is to improve health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Its rigorous assessment is now recommended in international MDS guidelines. […] Given the importance of symptom relief and HRQoL improvement in the treatment of MDS patients, the assessment of the patient perspective in future RCTs is highly recommended to keep expanding the knowledge of the impact of new MDS therapies. […] Currently, several treatment options are available for patients with MDS: hypomethylating agents (e.g., azacytidine, decitabine,), hematopoietic stimulating agents (e.g., erythropoietin, G-CSF, luspatercept), supportive care (e.g., blood and platelet transfusions, antibiotics), immunomodulatory agents (e.g., lenalidomide, cyclosporine, thalidomide), low-dose or intensive chemotherapy, iron overload chelation (deferasirox), and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).
  • #66 Health-Related Quality of Life Assessment in Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Evidence from Randomized Clinical Trials
    https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/17/PAGE/307/FULLTEXT/
    However, for many patients, especially the higher-risk MDS patients, the main purpose of therapy is to improve health-related quality of life (HRQoL). […] Therefore, the systematic assessment of HRQoL in MDS before and during treatment is recommended. […] The inclusion of PRO measures in clinical practice might be of value across several hematologic malignancies, as they have a great potential to enable physicians to better monitor patients treatment burden and improve HRQoL outcomes. […] Nevertheless, despite the improvement of the quality of HRQoL assessments in oncology over the past two decades, HRQoL measurement has rarely been included in RCTs in patients with acute leukemias and MDS. […] Overall, the HRQoL results stemming from the selected trials provide unique information on the symptom burden perceived by the patient and the effects of treatment on their HRQoL. […] Since alleviation of disease-related complications and improved HRQoL are essential goals of MDS treatment, the systematic assessment of HRQoL parameters in clinical trials should be considered for inclusion as endpoints in future studies.
  • #67 Health-Related Quality of Life Assessment in Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Evidence from Randomized Clinical Trials
    https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/17/PAGE/307/FULLTEXT/
    However, for many patients, especially the higher-risk MDS patients, the main purpose of therapy is to improve health-related quality of life (HRQoL). […] Therefore, the systematic assessment of HRQoL in MDS before and during treatment is recommended. […] The inclusion of PRO measures in clinical practice might be of value across several hematologic malignancies, as they have a great potential to enable physicians to better monitor patients treatment burden and improve HRQoL outcomes. […] Nevertheless, despite the improvement of the quality of HRQoL assessments in oncology over the past two decades, HRQoL measurement has rarely been included in RCTs in patients with acute leukemias and MDS. […] Overall, the HRQoL results stemming from the selected trials provide unique information on the symptom burden perceived by the patient and the effects of treatment on their HRQoL. […] Since alleviation of disease-related complications and improved HRQoL are essential goals of MDS treatment, the systematic assessment of HRQoL parameters in clinical trials should be considered for inclusion as endpoints in future studies.
  • #68
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40487-024-00303-5
    It is well documented that patients with MDS experience significantly diminished HRQoL, with fatigue and dyspnea being frequent debilitating physical symptoms. […] The objective of this survey was to understand the burden of MDS on patients and their caregivers in Europe and the US to assess discordance in symptom reporting between patients and their physicians and to record real-world clinical practice. […] In our real-world survey, MDS was associated with debilitating disruptions to daily life in both patients and their caregivers. […] New therapeutic strategies are required to provide symptomatic relief, particularly with the experience of fatigue.
  • #69
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40487-024-00303-5
    It is well documented that patients with MDS experience significantly diminished HRQoL, with fatigue and dyspnea being frequent debilitating physical symptoms. […] The objective of this survey was to understand the burden of MDS on patients and their caregivers in Europe and the US to assess discordance in symptom reporting between patients and their physicians and to record real-world clinical practice. […] In our real-world survey, MDS was associated with debilitating disruptions to daily life in both patients and their caregivers. […] New therapeutic strategies are required to provide symptomatic relief, particularly with the experience of fatigue.
  • #70 Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/207347-overview
    Although MDS may occur in persons of any age, including children, MDS primarily affects elderly people, with the median onset in the seventh decade of life. Data from 2001 through 2003 of the first National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology End Reports (SEER) indicate 86% of MDS cases were diagnosed in individuals who were 60 years of age or older (median age: 76y). […] […] Other data from SEER also show that the estimated incidence of MDS increases significantly with age, ranging from 0.7 per 100,000 population during the fourth decade of life to 20.8-36.3/100,000 after age 70 years. There is a fivefold difference in risk between age 60 and 80 years. […] […] At all ages, MDS is more common in males than in females. In SEER data from 2001-2003, the incidence rate was significantly higher in men than in women (4.5 vs 2.7 per 100,000 population). […]
  • #71 The Epidemiology of Myelodysplastic Syndromes | Oncohema Key
    https://oncohemakey.com/the-epidemiology-of-myelodysplastic-syndromes/
    Rates were lowest for people younger than 40 years, at 0.14 per 100,000, and highest with increasing age, at 36 per 100,000 for patients 80 years and older. […] The incidence rate in the United States is similar to that reported in England/Wales and Sweden (3.6 per 100,000), Germany (4.1 per 100,000), and France (3.2 per 100,000), but higher than is seen in Japan (1.0 per 100,000). […] Defining prevalence rates (numbers of people living with MDS, as opposed to new diagnoses) has been elusive. […] Preliminary data from Germany reveals a prevalence rate of 20.7 per 100,000 people. […] If we assume that incidence, and thus prevalence rates, between the United States and Germany are similar, this would translate to approximately 60,000 people living with MDS in the United States. […] However, even this is thought to be a gross underestimate because of failure to diagnose the disease.
  • #72 Myelodysplastic syndrome with excess blasts
    https://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/haematological/1798/myelodysplastic-syndrome-with-excess-blasts
    Myelodysplastic syndromes may affect individuals of any age, gender or ethnicity. […] Accurate measurement of the incidence of myelodysplastic syndromes, including MDS-EB, is very difficult to obtain due to underreporting and underdiagnosing, but clearly shows a marked increase incidence with age. Some estimates are as high as 63.9 / 100,000 in people 85 y.o. (Cogle et al., 2015). The median age of diagnosis is around 71 years (Pfeilstcker et al., 2016).
  • #73 Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Myelodysplastic Syndrome – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37195766/
    Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a clonal disorder characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and variable cytopenias with a considerable risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia. […] Epidemiological assessment of MDS remains challenging because of evolving classification systems, but the overall incidence in the United States is estimated to be approximately 4 per 100,000 and increases with age. […] We review the epidemiology of MDS and the newly described MDS precursor conditions CH, CH of indeterminate potential, and CCUS.
  • #74 Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Myelodysplastic Syndrome | Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation (AAMDSIF)
    https://www.aamds.org/research-article/epidemiology-and-pathogenesis-myelodysplastic-syndrome
    Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a clonal disorder characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and variable cytopenias with a considerable risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia. Epidemiological assessment of MDS remains challenging because of evolving classification systems, but the overall incidence in the United States is estimated to be approximately 4 per 100,000 and increases with age. […] We review the epidemiology of MDS and the newly described MDS precursor conditions CH, CH of indeterminate potential, and CCUS.
  • #75 What Are Myelodysplastic Syndromes? | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/myelodysplastic-syndrome/about/what-is-mds.html
    Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), also known as myelodysplastic neoplasms, are conditions that can occur when the blood-forming cells in the bone marrow become abnormal, resulting in the marrow not making enough healthy new blood cells. This leads to low levels of one or more types of blood cells. MDS is considered a type of cancer. […] In the past, MDS was sometimes referred to as pre-leukemia or smoldering leukemia. Now MDS is considered a form of cancer. […] MDS can also develop into a more serious cancer. In about 1 in 3 people with MDS, the disease can progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a fast-growing cancer of bone marrow cells.
  • #76 Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/207347-overview
    The actual incidence of MDS in the United States is unknown. MDS was first considered a separate disease in 1976, and its occurrence was estimated at 1500 new cases every year. At that time, only patients with less than 5% blasts were considered to have this disorder. MDS was not classified as neoplastic and included in cancer registries until 2001. Current estimates of the incidence of MDS in the United States vary widely, from 10,000 to 30,000-55,000 new cases each year. The higher figures have been questioned as possible overestimates resulting from inclusion of other hematopoietic conditions. […] […] The incidence of MDS has appeared to be increasing. The apparent rise is believed to reflect the increase in the elderly population, but may also reflect improvements in recognition and criteria for the diagnosis. […]
  • #77
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11899-015-0269-y
    The accuracy of determining MDS incidence and prevalence is crucial to allow for better understanding of the burden of MDS and appropriate allocation of health care resources. […] Estimated age-adjusted incidence per 100,000 significantly increased by year, from 3.1 in 2001 to 3.8 in 2004. […] However, in the NAACCR/SEER study, only 4 % of MDS cases were reported to registries from physicians offices. […] More recent data from SEER (2007-2011) estimated the age-adjusted incidence to be 4.9 per 100,000 per year. […] Despite this apparent plateau, estimates likely still underrepresent true incidence, as many cases of MDS are not reported to cancer registries due to underdiagnosis, lack of recognition of MDS as a malignancy, limited reporting by outpatient clinics, and changing guidelines for coding of MDS cases.
  • #78
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11899-015-0269-y
    The accuracy of determining MDS incidence and prevalence is crucial to allow for better understanding of the burden of MDS and appropriate allocation of health care resources. […] Estimated age-adjusted incidence per 100,000 significantly increased by year, from 3.1 in 2001 to 3.8 in 2004. […] However, in the NAACCR/SEER study, only 4 % of MDS cases were reported to registries from physicians offices. […] More recent data from SEER (2007-2011) estimated the age-adjusted incidence to be 4.9 per 100,000 per year. […] Despite this apparent plateau, estimates likely still underrepresent true incidence, as many cases of MDS are not reported to cancer registries due to underdiagnosis, lack of recognition of MDS as a malignancy, limited reporting by outpatient clinics, and changing guidelines for coding of MDS cases.
  • #79
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11899-015-0269-y
    It has been suggested that passive case-finding methods such as registries may capture fewer patients with MDS than active case-finding methods such as those using billing claims data, pathology, cytogenetic, or other laboratory testing records. […] Using 2006 data from the Florida Cancer Data System (FCDS) as a model, we devised a keyword search strategy to identify cases of MDS among electronic pathology (e-path) reports received by cancer registries from pathology laboratories. […] Since paper-based registry data from NAACCR/SEER estimated the age-adjusted incidence in Florida to be 3.94 per 100,000 per year (2001-2003), including the uncaptured cases found by e-path reports extrapolated the estimated MDS incidence to 6.4 per 100,000 per year in Florida and 5.3 per 100,000 per year in the entire USA.
  • #80
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11899-015-0269-y
    A retrospective study of diagnostic and procedure data from 300 hospitals in the Australian state of Victoria (1998-2008) also showed a higher estimated incidence of MDS (9.6 per 100,000) compared to Australia cancer registry data (4.8 per 100.000) in 2007. […] The true prevalence of MDS in the USA likely lies somewhere between the estimates of 60,000 and 170,000, though prevalence will continue to rise as more active therapies are available and patients are living longer with MDS. […] This underreporting highlights the urgent need for deeper investment in state cancer registries. Incidence estimates are further hindered by underdiagnosis of MDS in older patients with cytopenias.
  • #81
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40487-024-00303-5
    Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are characterized by bone marrow failure, peripheral blood cytopenias and a high risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which is associated with a poor prognosis and low survival rates. […] With a median age at diagnosis of 70 years, and an estimated incidence of 4/100,000 persons/year, increasing to 4050/100,000 in those aged 70 years and older, the global incidence of MDS is expected to increase further as the population continues to age. […] The prognosis in MDS based on the IPSS-R classifies patients into lower risk (LR-MDS) and higher risk (HR-MDS) of leukemic transformation and overall survival. […] The risk stratification of MDS according to the IPSS-R at diagnosis remains a major subject of interest due to the unpredictable course of the disease, while the more comprehensive International Prognostic Scoring System-Molecular (IPSS-M) offers an improved risk stratification that allows for more tailored therapeutic decision-making in view of the expanding treatment options in MDS.
  • #82
    https://advances.umw.edu.pl/en/article/2009/18/5/415/
    The crude annual incidence of MDS is 3.212.4/100,000. An incidence of 24.5/100,000 was estimated among those older than 70 years. At that age, MDS is probably the most frequent hematological malignant disease. […] There are some epidemiological and clinical differences between Asian and Western myelodysplastic syndrome cases. […] Cigarette smoking, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and exposure to benzene, solvents, and other toxic factors have been linked with increased risk of MDS. […] Familial MDS is scarce. […] Large multiinstitutional studies are necessary to assess the incidence and risk factors for MDS.
  • #83 A cross-sectional study using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program database to estimate the prevalence of Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) in the United States | Fu | Reports of Practical Oncology and Radiotherapy
    https://journals.viamedica.pl/rpor/article/view/103137
    Estimating the prevalence of MDS is important for improving healthcare planning, understanding disease burden, and guiding early intervention strategies. […] The prevalence was also estimated to be highest in White individuals at 0.03%. In Black, American Indian/Alaskan Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander populations, the prevalence was estimated to be 0.02%. […] Our data suggests that MDS is equally prevalent across various ethnic groups. It also suggests that its prevalence increases with age. […] To improve these limitations, we suggest the use of advanced statistical methods, advocating for policy change, and forming a community based research program that allows diverse communities to participate in research studies and improves data collection. Altogether, with its prevalence in all races, we recommend increased awareness and education regarding MDS in minority patients. In addition, we suggest an increase in the development of screening programs and policies that help target the diverse population of MDS patients. […] It would be beneficial to conduct further epidemiological studies that are not limited by billing codes to validate our findings.
  • #84 A cross-sectional study using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program database to estimate the prevalence of Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) in the United States | Fu | Reports of Practical Oncology and Radiotherapy
    https://journals.viamedica.pl/rpor/article/view/103137
    Estimating the prevalence of MDS is important for improving healthcare planning, understanding disease burden, and guiding early intervention strategies. […] The prevalence was also estimated to be highest in White individuals at 0.03%. In Black, American Indian/Alaskan Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander populations, the prevalence was estimated to be 0.02%. […] Our data suggests that MDS is equally prevalent across various ethnic groups. It also suggests that its prevalence increases with age. […] To improve these limitations, we suggest the use of advanced statistical methods, advocating for policy change, and forming a community based research program that allows diverse communities to participate in research studies and improves data collection. Altogether, with its prevalence in all races, we recommend increased awareness and education regarding MDS in minority patients. In addition, we suggest an increase in the development of screening programs and policies that help target the diverse population of MDS patients. […] It would be beneficial to conduct further epidemiological studies that are not limited by billing codes to validate our findings.
  • #85 A cross-sectional study using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program database to estimate the prevalence of Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) in the United States | Fu | Reports of Practical Oncology and Radiotherapy
    https://journals.viamedica.pl/rpor/article/view/103137
    Estimating the prevalence of MDS is important for improving healthcare planning, understanding disease burden, and guiding early intervention strategies. […] The prevalence was also estimated to be highest in White individuals at 0.03%. In Black, American Indian/Alaskan Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander populations, the prevalence was estimated to be 0.02%. […] Our data suggests that MDS is equally prevalent across various ethnic groups. It also suggests that its prevalence increases with age. […] To improve these limitations, we suggest the use of advanced statistical methods, advocating for policy change, and forming a community based research program that allows diverse communities to participate in research studies and improves data collection. Altogether, with its prevalence in all races, we recommend increased awareness and education regarding MDS in minority patients. In addition, we suggest an increase in the development of screening programs and policies that help target the diverse population of MDS patients. […] It would be beneficial to conduct further epidemiological studies that are not limited by billing codes to validate our findings.
  • #86 A Case Report on Myelodysplastic Syndrome with the Dysplasia of Two Cell Lineage – ASCLS
    https://ascls.org/a-case-report-on-myelodysplastic-syndrome/
    Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a group of blood cancers which interfere with the bodys ability to produce normal healthy blood cells. It was once thought to be a rare disorder, now recognized as the common hematologic neoplasm affecting more than 30,000 persons per year in the United States. This disease affects mostly the elderly population, and men are more commonly affected than women. […] MDS is primarily a disease of the elderly, though it can affect individuals of any age. MDS constitutes a group of clonal disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis, resulting in dysregulated production of blood cells. […] Epidemiological studies aim to determine the incidence, prevalence, and risk factors associated with MDS. These studies often involve population-based cohorts, case-control studies, and retrospective analyses of medical records to identify demographic patterns, environmental exposures, and genetic predispositions linked to MDS development.
  • #87 Myelodysplastic Syndrome – Epidemiology Forecast to 2028
    https://www.globaldata.com/store/report/myelodysplastic-syndrome-epidemiology-forecast-to-2028/
    The MDS Epidemiology Report and Model were written and developed by Masters- and PhD-level epidemiologists. […] The Epidemiology Report is in-depth, high quality, transparent and market-driven, providing expert analysis of disease trends in the 8MM. […] The MDS Epidemiology series will allow you to: Develop business strategies by understanding the trends shaping and driving the global MDS market. […] Quantify patient populations in the global MDS market to improve product design, pricing, and launch plans. […] Organize sales and marketing efforts by identifying the cancer subtypes that present the best opportunities for MDS therapeutics in each of the markets covered. […] Understand magnitude of MDS market by biomarkers, risk group, and mutations.
  • #88 Myelodysplastic Syndrome – Epidemiology Forecast to 2028
    https://www.globaldata.com/store/report/myelodysplastic-syndrome-epidemiology-forecast-to-2028/
    The MDS Epidemiology Report and Model were written and developed by Masters- and PhD-level epidemiologists. […] The Epidemiology Report is in-depth, high quality, transparent and market-driven, providing expert analysis of disease trends in the 8MM. […] The MDS Epidemiology series will allow you to: Develop business strategies by understanding the trends shaping and driving the global MDS market. […] Quantify patient populations in the global MDS market to improve product design, pricing, and launch plans. […] Organize sales and marketing efforts by identifying the cancer subtypes that present the best opportunities for MDS therapeutics in each of the markets covered. […] Understand magnitude of MDS market by biomarkers, risk group, and mutations.
  • #89
    https://advances.umw.edu.pl/en/article/2009/18/5/415/
    The crude annual incidence of MDS is 3.212.4/100,000. An incidence of 24.5/100,000 was estimated among those older than 70 years. At that age, MDS is probably the most frequent hematological malignant disease. […] There are some epidemiological and clinical differences between Asian and Western myelodysplastic syndrome cases. […] Cigarette smoking, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and exposure to benzene, solvents, and other toxic factors have been linked with increased risk of MDS. […] Familial MDS is scarce. […] Large multiinstitutional studies are necessary to assess the incidence and risk factors for MDS.
  • #90
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11899-015-0269-y
    Since 2001, cases of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) have been tracked by cancer registries. Examining registry data in the USA, the reported age-adjusted incidence of MDS per 100,000 was 3.3 per year for 2001-2003 and 4.9 per year for 2007-2011, with increases likely a result of growing awareness of reporting requirements. […] However, active case-finding methods repeatedly demonstrate that population-based registries have underestimated the incidence of MDS due to underreporting and underdiagnosis. Using keyword search strategies of electronic pathology reports or other novel case capture methods, the true incidence of MDS has been estimated between 5.3 and 13.1 per 100,000. […] MDS prevalence is estimated to be 60,000 and 170,000 in the USA and projected to grow. Epidemiologic data can help estimate the burden of MDS and expose unmet clinical needs.
  • #91 Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Myelodysplastic Syndrome – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37195766/
    Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a clonal disorder characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and variable cytopenias with a considerable risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia. […] Epidemiological assessment of MDS remains challenging because of evolving classification systems, but the overall incidence in the United States is estimated to be approximately 4 per 100,000 and increases with age. […] We review the epidemiology of MDS and the newly described MDS precursor conditions CH, CH of indeterminate potential, and CCUS.
  • #92 Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Myelodysplastic Syndrome | Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation (AAMDSIF)
    https://www.aamds.org/research-article/epidemiology-and-pathogenesis-myelodysplastic-syndrome
    Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a clonal disorder characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and variable cytopenias with a considerable risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia. Epidemiological assessment of MDS remains challenging because of evolving classification systems, but the overall incidence in the United States is estimated to be approximately 4 per 100,000 and increases with age. […] We review the epidemiology of MDS and the newly described MDS precursor conditions CH, CH of indeterminate potential, and CCUS.