Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pediculosis corporis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pediculosis-corporis

  Pediculosis corporis (body lice) is a parasitic infestation caused by Pediculus humanus humanus, a hematophagus (blood-feeding) insect. In contrast to the lice responsible for pediculosis capitis (head lice) and pediculosis pubis (pubic lice), pediculosis humanus humanus primarily resides in clothing rather than on the skin or hair. Affected patients present with widespread pruritus, frequently involving the truncal areas. […] The clinical findings, diagnosis, and treatment of pediculosis corporis will be discussed here. […] Pediculus humanus humanus (the body louse) is the causative organism of pediculosis corporis. Pediculus humanus humanus is also known as Pediculosis humanus corporis.

• #1 CDC – Lice – Body Lice – Epidemiology & Risk Factors

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/parasites/lice/body/epi.html

  Body lice infestation is found worldwide but generally is limited to persons who live under conditions of crowding and poor hygiene who do not have access to regular bathing and changes of clean clothes, such as: […] Infestations can spread rapidly under such conditions. Body lice infestation can occur in people of all races. […] Body lice can transmit disease. Epidemics of typhus and louse-borne relapsing fever have been caused by body lice (typically in areas where climate, poverty, and social customs or war and social upheaval prevent regular changes and laundering of clothing).

• #1

  https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-ctd-whopes-97.8

  Historical and archeological evidence shows that human lice infestations were present throughout the world thousands of years ago. […] Infections carried by body lice, such as epidemic or louse-borne typhus and epidemic or louse-borne relapsing fever, killed millions of people. […] Infestations of body lice were common in every army during World War I. […] Though epidemic typhus and relapsing fever have disappeared from Europe and most of Asia, infections persist in the mountainous areas of eastern Africa and Central and South America. […] Furthermore, body lice are reappearing in many countries and trench fever has returned to the United States and Europe, where the infestations are clearly a manifestation of poverty and homelessness. […] Information on the current distribution of human lice, the extent of louse-borne diseases, developments in the control of lice and problems encountered in the control such as that of insecticide resistance, will therefore be examined below.

• #1 Body Lice as Tools for Diagnosis and Surveillance of Reemerging Diseases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC84482/

  Body lice are vectors of three bacteria which cause human disease: Rickettsia prowazekii, the agent of epidemic typhus; Bartonella quintana, the agent of trench fever; and Borrelia recurrentis, the agent of relapsing fever. […] A recrudescence of body lice is being observed as the numbers of individuals living under social conditions which predispose individuals to infestation have increased. […] Because this phenomenon may lead to the reemergence of infections transmitted by body lice, we aimed to assess the occurrence and prevalence of the three agents described above in more than 600 body lice collected from infested individuals in the African countries of Congo, Zimbabwe, and Burundi, in France, in Russia, and in Peru. […] Molecular approaches are convenient tools for the detection and identification of bacterial DNA in body lice and for the epidemiological study of louse-borne bacteria from countries where no medical and biological laboratory facilities are available.

• #1 Body lice of homeless people reveal the presence of several emerging bacterial pathogens in northern Algeria | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0006397

  In northern Africa, notably in Algeria, studies on body lice and the occurrence of their associated emerging pathogens bacteria has never been reported, particularly those involving marginalized people living in precarious sanitary and degraded socio-economic conditions as well as refugees from civil wars, jail population and homeless. […] Several reports have demonstrated that the study of lice-associated pathogens can be used to detect infected patients and therefore estimate the risk of outbreaks of epidemics and assume the control measures to prevent the spread of infection. […] The aim of this work is to investigate louse-borne pathogens of body lice collected from homeless populations in three localities in northern Algeria, and to study the genetic diversity of these lice. […] The present study provides for the first time the presence of several emerging bacterial pathogens in body lice collected from homeless people in three different localities in northern Algeria.

• #1 Pediculosis Corporis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482148/

  As body lice cannot jump or fly, they spread primarily by direct contact, though transmission can also occur through clothing, bed linens, and towels. […] Infestations are strongly correlated with poor body hygiene, lack of access to clean clothing, and crowded conditions, facilitating lice spread through direct physical contact. […] Outbreaks most commonly occur in situations where large groups of people live in unsanitary conditions such as prisons or camps of large groups of refugees from war, famine, or natural disasters. […] In the United States and other developed countries, body lice infestations most commonly occur in homeless populations because of the lack of access to clean clothes or showers. […] Outbreaks of body lice infestations and louse-borne diseases continue to occur globally and have been documented in jails and refugee camps in central and eastern Africa, rural areas in the Peruvian Andes, and amongst rural populations in Russia.

• #1 What’s Eating You? Human Body Lice (Pediculus humanus corporis) | MDedge

  https://community.the-hospitalist.org/content/whats-eating-you-human-body-lice-pediculus-humanus-corporis

  Pediculus humanus corporis, commonly known as the human body louse, is one in a family of 3 ectoparasites of the same suborder that also encompasses pubic lice (Phthirus pubis) and head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis). […] Although clinicians in developed countries may be less familiar with body lice compared to their counterparts, body lice nevertheless remain a global health concern in impoverished, densely populated areas, as well as in homeless populations due to poor hygiene. Transmission frequently occurs via physical contact with an affected individual and his/her personal items (eg, linens) via fomites. […] Body louse infestation is more prevalent in homeless individuals who sleep outside vs in shelters; a history of pubic lice and lack of regular bathing have been reported as additional risk factors.

• #1 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  Pediculosis is not a reportable disease, exact numbers concerning incidence are unknown. Pediculosis may be underreported because of the social stigma attachednamely, the preconceived notion that lice of any kind are related to dirt and poor personal hygiene. […] Pediculosis is very common; a report from 2000 estimates that 6-12 million Americans aged 3-11 years are infested each year. […] Head louse infestation is more common in urban areas and may occur in all socioeconomic groups. […] Body louse infestation in the United States mainly affects homeless persons. […] Pediculosis has a worldwide distribution and is endemic in both developing and developed countries. […] A review of 39 studies involving 105,383 primary school children in low- and middle-income countries revealed a high prevalence of head lice infestation, estimated at 19.96%. […] The prevalence of body lice ranges from 4.1% to 35% among homeless individuals globally.

• #1 Human pediculosis, a global public health problem | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-022-00986-w

  Human pediculosis remains a public health issue affecting millions of people worldwide. […] Emerging evidence suggests that head lice and body lice should be considered conspecific, with different genotypes and ecotypes. […] Body lice are predominantly prevalent in the homeless people, refugees and people living in crowded and/or unsanitary conditions. […] Body louse outbreaks occur mostly during conflicts or natural disasters with a prevalence as high as 90-100% reported during the civil wars in Burundi, Rwanda, and Zaire in the 1990s. […] Body lice can transmit R. prowazekii, B. recurrentis and B. quintana, the causative agents of epidemic typhus, relapsing fever and trench fever, respectively. […] Body lice may also serve as a potential vector of other pathogens. […] Despite the extensive studies reported on human pediculosis in many geographical regions, the global public health and economic burden of pediculosis remains largely unknown.

• #1 The Biology and Taxonomy of Head and Body Lice—Implications for Louse-Borne Disease Prevention | PLOS Pathogens

  https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1003724

  Sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) are obligate blood-feeding ectoparasites of placental mammals including humans. Worldwide, more than 550 species have been described and many are specific to a particular host species of mammal. Three taxa uniquely parasitize humans: the head louse, body louse, and crab (pubic) louse. The body louse, in particular, has epidemiological importance because it is a vector of the causative agents of three important human diseases: epidemic typhus, trench fever, and louse-borne relapsing fever. […] However, due to 1) increasing pediculicide resistance in human lice, 2) reemergence of body louse populations in some geographic areas and demographic groups, 3) persistent head louse infestations, and 4) recent detection of body louse-borne pathogens in head lice, lice and louse-borne diseases are an emerging problem worldwide.

• #1 Body Louse Pathogen Surveillance among Persons Experiencing Homelessness, Canada, 2020–2021 – Volume 30, Number 7—July 2024 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/7/23-1660_article

  We analyzed body lice collected from persons experiencing homelessness in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, during 20202021 to confirm vector species and ecotype and to identify louseborne pathogens. Of 556 lice analyzed from 7 persons, 17 louse pools (218 lice) from 1 person were positive for the louseborne bacterium Bartonella quintana. […] In 2020, Canada’s largest cluster of Bartonella quintana endocarditis, an infection caused by a louseborne bacterium, was detected among persons experiencing homelessness in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. […] Body lice are traditionally known to transmit 3 pathogens: B. quintana, Rickettsia prowazekii (epidemic typhus), and Borrelia recurrentis (louseborne relapsing fever). […] Our study suggests a minority of body lice cases from Winnipeg are positive for pathogens, including B. quintana bacteria. […] Active case finding, contact tracing, and public health engagement are needed to clarify the epidemiology of B. quintana infection in Canada.

• #1 Human Pathogens in Body and head Lice

  https://www.headlice.org/news/research/human_pathogens.htm

  Using polymerase chain reaction and sequencing, we investigated the prevalence of Rickettsia prowazekii, Bartonella quintana, and Borrelia recurrentis in 841 body lice collected from various countries. We detected R. prowazekii in body lice from Burundi in 1997 and in lice from Burundi and Rwanda in 2001; B. quintana infections of body lice were widespread. The body louse, Pediculus humanus corporis, is the vector of three human pathogens: Rickettsia prowazekii, the agent of epidemic typhus; Borrelia recurrentis, the agent of relapsing fever; and Bartonella quintana, the agent of trench fever, bacillary angiomatosis, endocarditis, chronic bacteremia, and chronic lymphadenopathy. Louse-borne diseases can be associated with high incidence of disease and death, especially epidemic typhus and relapsing fever, which can be fatal in up to 40% of patients. The diseases are mostly prevalent in people living in poverty and overcrowded conditions, for example, homeless people and those involved in war situations.

• #1 What’s Eating You? Human Body Lice (Pediculus humanus corporis) | MDedge

  https://community.the-hospitalist.org/content/whats-eating-you-human-body-lice-pediculus-humanus-corporis

  Outbreaks have been noted in the wake of natural disasters, in the setting of political upheavals, and in refugee camps, as well as in individuals seeking political asylum. […] Unlike head and pubic lice, body lice can serve as vectors for infectious diseases including Rickettsia prowazekii(epidemic typhus),Borrelia recurrentis(louse-borne relapsing fever),Bartonella quintana(trench fever), andYersinia pestis(plague). […] SeveralAcinetobacter species were isolated from nearly one-third of collected body louse specimens in a French study. […] Additionally, serology for B quintana was found to be positive in up to 30% of cases in one United States urban homeless population.

• #1 Human Pathogens in Body and head Lice

  https://www.headlice.org/news/research/human_pathogens.htm

  Since 1995 louse-borne diseases have had a dramatic resurgence, and trench fever has been diagnosed in many countries including the USA, Peru, France, Russia, and Burundi. In 1997 the largest outbreak of epidemic typhus since World War II occurred in Burundi among refugees displaced by civil war. […] Our PCR may greatly facilitate the study of lice and louse-borne diseases as it can be used to survey lice for these organisms, detect infected patients, estimate the risk for outbreaks, follow the progress of epidemics, and justify the implementation of controls to prevent the spread of infections. […] Our study has demonstrated the usefulness of PCR of body lice in ongoing surveillance of louse-associated infections. When faced with outbreaks of body lice or to follow-up outbreaks of louse-borne infections, investigators should consider using PCR for R. prowazekii, Bartonella quintana, and Borrelia recurrentis in body lice collected from the study area and shipped to their laboratories.

• #1 Body Lice as Tools for Diagnosis and Surveillance of Reemerging Diseases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC84482/

  Although human louse-transmitted diseases are usually transmitted by body lice, it is theoretically possible for any species of human louse to act as a vector. […] The durability of the louse as a sample and the ease with which it can be collected and transported enhance its potential as a tool for the surveillance of louse-associated reemerging diseases. […] Investigators should consider the collection and transport of lice to a competent laboratory whenever a body louse outbreak occurs or when clinical manifestations suggestive of epidemic typhus, relapsing fever, or B. quintana-associated infections are encountered.

• #1 Lice (Phthiraptera) – Factsheet for health professionals

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/all-topics-z/disease-vectors/facts/factsheet-lice-phthiraptera

  Only the body louse is considered to be a vector of human pathogens. The diseases transmitted by body lice are usually associated with overcrowded and unsanitary conditions where basic hygiene is lacking and regular washing and changing of clothes is not possible. […] Epidemic typhus is caused by Rickettsia prowazekii, an obligate gram-negative intracellular coccobacillus transmitted between humans by body lice. […] Due to the often-high prevalence of body lice, refugee camps and prisons represent a risk factor for epidemic typhus outbreaks. […] The management of lice requires differing treatment methods, depending on the species. Delousing is considered the best way to control louse-borne diseases. To control the body lice infestation, regular showering or bathing together with regular washing and changing of clothes and linen/blankets is essential, particularly in crowded places such as refugee camps, shelters for the homeless and prisons.

• #1 Body Lice – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/body-lice

  Body lice are tiny insects (scientific name is Pediculus humanus corporis) that are spread through close contact with other people. […] Lice may also carry organisms that cause relapsing fever, typhus, and trench fever. […] You can get body lice if you come in direct contact with someone who has lice. You can also get lice from infected clothing, towels, or bedding. […] Lice are unlikely to last if you: Bathe regularly, Wash clothes and bedding at least once a week. […] Your health care provider will look at your skin and clothing for signs of lice. […] You should also be checked for head and pubic lice if you have body lice. […] Because body lice spread easily to others, people you live with and sexual partners need to be treated as well. […] If you know someone is infested with body lice, avoid direct contact with that person, the person’s clothing, and bedding.

• #1 Pediculosis and Scabies | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0115/p341.html

  Body lice infestation should be suspected when symptoms of generalized itching occur in persons who do not change or wash their clothing or bedding regularly; lice may be found in the seams of their clothing. […] Patients with body lice infestations should wash their entire body thoroughly and then put on clean clothing. If the infestation is severe, topically administered permethrin, pyrethrin, or malathion also may help. Oral ivermectin is an alternative to topical treatment. Clothing and bedding should be decontaminated by hot-water washing (60C) and heated drying, or by dry cleaning. […] Body lice may transmit typhus and trench fever. Outbreaks of trench fever have occurred in homeless persons in the United States.

• #1 Lice infestation – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/lice-infestation/

  Epidemiology: most common in people living in crowded, unsanitary living conditions [2] […] Body lice are most often found in clothing seams rather than on the skin. [2] […] Fumigation may be necessary if there is potential for transmission of louse-borne disease. […] Chemical environmental sprays are not routinely recommended for lice management and should only be used if there is potential for transmission of louse-borne disease from body lice. [2]

• #1 Pediculosis – NICD

  https://www.nicd.ac.za/diseases-a-z-index/pediculosis/

  Lice is an infection of the hair and skin of humans with arthropods (insects) called Pediculus capitis (head lice), Pediculus humanus (body), and Phthiris pubis (pubic lice). […] Infestation with body lice is of public health importance because three diseases are transmitted by bacteria that are able to infect Pediculus humanus, namely, trench fever (agent, Bartonella quintana), relapsing fever (Borrelia recurrentis), and epidemic typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii). […] Body lice infestations have been associated with wars, overcrowding, extreme poverty, and homelessness. […] Body lice are transmitted through shared clothing or physical contact with infected persons. […] Body lice infestation may be treated by washing clothes at a temperature of 50C, which eliminates nits, and washing with a scabicidal lotion (Ascabiol). […] Body lice infestation may be prevented through personal hygiene, and washing and/or ironing of clothes.

• #1 The Biology and Taxonomy of Head and Body Lice—Implications for Louse-Borne Disease Prevention | PLOS Pathogens

  https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1003724

  At present, there are no commercial vaccines against louse-borne diseases of humans. Therefore, louse-borne disease suppression has typically involved elimination and control of lice and, secondarily, treatment of infected patients with doxycycline. […] In the 21st century, the prevalence of human louse infestation is still very high worldwide. New molecular tools have been developed and applied to head and body louse ecotypes and to the bacterial agents they transmit. Surprising and novel insights into the evolution of lice, their bacterial disease agents, and the epidemiology of louse-borne diseases have stimulated a renewal of interest in these arthropods.

• #1 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/BodyLice.aspx

  Body lice are small insects that live on the clothing or bedding of humans and feed on human blood. People who live in crowded, unsanitary conditions and do not shower or have access to clean clothing are more likely to get body lice. Body lice can cause intense itching and a rash caused by an allergic reaction to the bites of the lice. Scratching can cause sores, which may lead to bacterial or fungal infections. Body lice can spread diseases to humans, including epidemic typhus, trench fever, and louse-borne relapsing fever, but these diseases are rare in the United States. […] The signs of body lice include finding lice and their eggs (called nits) in the seams of clothing, or sometimes crawling or biting and feeding on the skin. To prevent or get rid of body lice, clothing, bedding, and towels should be washed at least once per week in hot water and then placed in a clothes dryer on the hot cycle. It is also important to shower or bathe regularly and avoid sharing clothing and other items with someone who has body lice.

• #1 Lice-head/body/pubic (Pediculosis, phthirus infestation, lousiness) – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/lice-head-body-pubic-pediculosis-phthirus-infestation-lousiness/

  BODY LICE […] Pediculus humanus corporis, otherwise known as body lice, are similar to head lice, but slightly larger. Body lice live in the clothing and come down to the skin of the body to suck blood. They lay their eggs on clothing fibers rather than on strands of hair. The eggs have the same appearance as eggs of head lice, and they will be found particularly in seams. Body lice are rare in developed market economies but can be found on homeless people in the United States and Europe. […] Diagnosis of body lice: Confirm diagnosis by detection of eggs and climbers in clothes. Occasionally, climbers may be found on the body. […] […] […] In rural Brazil, bacterial superinfection was diagnosed in 3% of pediculosis patients. In urban areas of France and Germany the rate was one percent or less. Persistent superinfection leads to the development of regional lymphadenopathy and repeated group A streptococci infections, which are a risk factor for post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. In two populations with persistent pediculosis and limited health care access, 12% and 15% cervical lymphadenopathy was observed, respectively.

• #1 Body lice of homeless people reveal the presence of several emerging bacterial pathogens in northern Algeria | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0006397

  Body lice, Pediculus h. humanus, occur in two divergent mitochondrial clades (A and D) each exhibiting a particular geographic distribution. […] Currently, the body louse is recognized as the only vector for louse-borne diseases. […] In this study, we aimed to study the genetic diversity of body lice collected from homeless populations in three localities of northern Algeria, and to investigate louse-borne pathogens in these lice. […] To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to show the genetic diversity and presence of several emerging pathogenic bacteria in homeless body lice from Algeria. […] Our results highlight the fact that body lice may be suspected as being a much broader vector of several pathogenic agents than previously thought. […] Nevertheless, other studies are needed to encourage epidemiological investigations and surveys of louse-associated infections.

• #2 Body Lice | Disease Outbreak Control Division

  https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/body-lice-ukus/

  Body lice are small, usually pale- to grey-colored insects that live and reproduce in clothing worn by humans. […] Body lice are known to transmit bacterial infections that cause three human diseases: louse-borne typhus (Rickettsia prowazeki), trench fever (Rochalimaea quintana), and louse-borne relapsing fever (Borrelia recurrentis). […] Body lice are spread through direct person-to-person contact with someone who has body lice. […] In the United States, body lice infestations are only found in homeless or transient populations who do not have access to regular bathing or clean clothes.

• #2 Body lice of homeless people reveal the presence of several emerging bacterial pathogens in northern Algeria | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0006397

  Body lice, Pediculus h. humanus, occur in two divergent mitochondrial clades (A and D) each exhibiting a particular geographic distribution. […] Currently, the body louse is recognized as the only vector for louse-borne diseases. […] In this study, we aimed to study the genetic diversity of body lice collected from homeless populations in three localities of northern Algeria, and to investigate louse-borne pathogens in these lice. […] To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to show the genetic diversity and presence of several emerging pathogenic bacteria in homeless body lice from Algeria. […] Our results highlight the fact that body lice may be suspected as being a much broader vector of several pathogenic agents than previously thought. […] Nevertheless, other studies are needed to encourage epidemiological investigations and surveys of louse-associated infections.

• #2 Pediculosis Corporis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/26843

  Body lice are ectoparasites that must feed on human blood to survive and have a global distribution. […] As body lice cannot jump or fly, they spread primarily by direct contact, though transmission can also occur through clothing, bed linens, and towels. Infestations are strongly correlated with poor body hygiene, lack of access to clean clothing, and crowded conditions, facilitating lice spread through direct physical contact. Outbreaks most commonly occur in situations where large groups of people live in unsanitary conditions such as prisons or camps of large groups of refugees from war, famine, or natural disasters. […] In the United States and other developed countries, body lice infestations most commonly occur in homeless populations because of the lack of access to clean clothes or showers. Outbreaks of body lice infestations and louse-borne diseases continue to occur globally and have been documented in jails and refugee camps in central and eastern Africa, rural areas in the Peruvian Andes, and amongst rural populations in Russia.

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