Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pediculosis Corporis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482148/

  Pediculosis corporis is a skin condition caused by body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis) that feed on human blood. […] Body lice infestations can involve thousands of mites, each biting an average of 5 times daily. […] Unlike head and pubic lice, body lice do not live on the skin but rather live and lay their eggs in stitchings of clothing or bedding, moving to the skin only to feed. […] Infestation with body lice is typically diagnosed by finding eggs and lice in seams of clothing rather than on the skin. […] Treatment of body lice does not usually require the use of a pediculicide because improvements in hygiene, including showering and laundering clothing in hot water, will usually eradicate the infestation. […] The most significant difference between body and head lice is the distinct ability of body lice to transmit the bacterial diseases trench fever, relapsing fever, and epidemic typhus to humans. […] Symptoms like pruritus are managed with antihistamines and topical corticosteroids.

• #2 Lice Infestation – Skin Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/parasitic-skin-infections/lice-infestation

  Body lice usually infest people who have poor hygiene, people who are living in cramped, crowded conditions (such as military barracks), and places with communal beds. Body lice live on clothing and bedding that are in contact with the skin, not on people. These lice are spread by sharing contaminated clothing and bedding. […] Adult body lice and their eggs also may be found in the seams of clothing and bedding. […] Usually, no drug is used to eliminate body lice because body lice are in clothing and linens and not the person. Doctors treat a person’s symptoms and recommend replacing or decontaminating affected clothing and linens by thorough laundering or dry cleaning. It is best to expose these items to heat of at least 149 F (65 C) during drying.

• #3 CDC – Lice – Body Lice – Diagnosis

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/parasites/lice/body/diagnosis.html

  Body lice infestation is diagnosed by finding eggs and crawling lice in the seams of clothing. […] Sometimes a body louse can be seen crawling or feeding on the skin. […] Although body lice and nits can be large enough to be seen with the naked eye, a magnifying lens may be necessary to find crawling lice or eggs.

• #4 Body lice – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/body-lice/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350316

  You or your doctor can usually confirm a body lice infestation through a visual examination of your body and clothing items. The presence of eggs and moving lice confirms infestation. […] During the physical exam, your doctor will examine your skin and the seams of your clothes.

• #5 Body Lice (Pediculosis): Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17919-body-lice

  Your healthcare provider can diagnose body lice by examining your body. Theyll note any severe itching or rashes and may be able to see lice feeding on your skin. […] Your healthcare provider may also examine your clothing. They may use a magnifying glass to look in the seams of your clothing for body lice or nits. […] Most people successfully get rid of body lice infestations by regularly bathing with soap and warm water and washing their clothes. […] Many people recover without medication, focusing on keeping their bodies, clothing and bedding clean and free of lice. But if you cant regularly bathe or wash your clothes, your healthcare provider may suggest medications, including: Oral antiparasite medication, like ivermectin tablets. […] Your healthcare provider should discuss how to use these treatments and any possible side effects. […] See your healthcare provider if you see adult body lice or nits on your skin, clothing or bedding. […] They can help determine whether you have body lice.

• #6 Body lice Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/body-lice

  Body lice are tiny insects (scientific name is Pediculus humanus corporis) that are spread through close contact with other people. […] Your health care provider will look at your skin and clothing for signs of lice. […] Full-grown lice are the size of a sesame seed, have 6 legs, and are tan to grayish-white. […] Nits are lice eggs. They will most often be seen in the clothing of someone with lice, usually around the waist and in the armpits. […] You should also be checked for head and pubic lice if you have body lice.

• #7 Lice bites: Pictures, identification, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322691

  Body lice are between 2.3-3.6 mm in length and tan or gray in color. They live in bedding and clothing and crawl onto the skin several times a day to feed. […] Body lice: most often spread through close contact with infected individuals; are more common in areas with overcrowding and poor hygiene; can carry bacterial diseases, including typhus, relapsing fever, and trench fever, though these conditions are rare, except in areas where people live together in unsanitary conditions. […] People should first treat body lice by washing their towels, bedding, and clothing in hot, soapy water and drying them in a machine using a high heat setting. […] Treatment with pediculicides may also be necessary if body lice persist, despite improvements in housekeeping and personal hygiene. […] Practicing good housekeeping and personal hygiene is usually sufficient to prevent a body lice infestation. […] Accurate identification is essential for establishing the most appropriate treatment.

• #8 Body Lice | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/bodylice.html

  A diagnosis of body lice usually comes from finding nits and crawling lice in the seams of clothing. […] Sometimes a body louse can be seen crawling or feeding on the skin. […] Other times it takes a magnifying lens to see the lice or nits.

• #9 Lice-head/body/pubic (Pediculosis, phthirus infestation, lousiness) – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/lice-head-body-pubic-pediculosis-phthirus-infestation-lousiness/

  Pediculus humanus corporis, otherwise known as body lice, are similar to head lice, but slightly larger. Body lice live in the clothing and come down to the skin of the body to suck blood. They lay their eggs on clothing fibers rather than on strands of hair. The eggs have the same appearance as eggs of head lice, and they will be found particularly in seams. Body lice are rare in developed market economies but can be found on homeless people in the United States and Europe. […] Diagnosis of body lice: Confirm diagnosis by detection of eggs and climbers in clothes. Occasionally, climbers may be found on the body. […] Diagnosis confirmation: In clinical practice, it is difficult to confirm that a patient has active pediculosis. This is because most patients will have less than 10 climbers and it is difficult to differentiate between egg states.

• #10 Body lice Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/body-lice.html

  Body lice are unable to burrow into the skin. Although a few body lice may be seen clinging to body hairs, most are on the clothing of an affected person. Body lice and their eggs are most abundant along the seams of clothes worn close to the body. […] Someone with body lice typically will have 10 or fewer active lice on their skin at any one time. But the clothing may contain many dozens or hundreds. […] If you suspect that you have body lice, consult with your doctor or public health officials to ensure proper diagnosis and to discuss treatment options.

• #11 Body lice Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/body-lice

  Body lice are tiny insects (scientific name is Pediculus humanus corporis) that are spread through close contact with other people. […] Your health care provider will look at your skin and clothing for signs of lice. […] Full-grown lice are the size of a sesame seed, have 6 legs, and are tan to grayish-white. […] Nits are lice eggs. They will most often be seen in the clothing of someone with lice, usually around the waist and in the armpits. […] You should also be checked for head and pubic lice if you have body lice.

• #12 Lice-head/body/pubic (Pediculosis, phthirus infestation, lousiness) – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/lice-head-body-pubic-pediculosis-phthirus-infestation-lousiness/

  Pediculus humanus corporis, otherwise known as body lice, are similar to head lice, but slightly larger. Body lice live in the clothing and come down to the skin of the body to suck blood. They lay their eggs on clothing fibers rather than on strands of hair. The eggs have the same appearance as eggs of head lice, and they will be found particularly in seams. Body lice are rare in developed market economies but can be found on homeless people in the United States and Europe. […] Diagnosis of body lice: Confirm diagnosis by detection of eggs and climbers in clothes. Occasionally, climbers may be found on the body. […] Diagnosis confirmation: In clinical practice, it is difficult to confirm that a patient has active pediculosis. This is because most patients will have less than 10 climbers and it is difficult to differentiate between egg states.

• #13 Lice – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/parasitic-skin-infections/lice

  Body lice primarily live on bedding and clothing, not people, and are most frequently found in cramped, crowded conditions (eg, military barracks, some households), conditions with poor hygiene, and places with communal beds. Transmission is by sharing of contaminated clothing and bedding. Body lice cause pruritus; signs are small red puncta caused by bites, usually associated with linear scratch marks, urticaria, or superficial bacterial infection. These findings are especially common on the shoulders, buttocks, and abdomen. Nits may be present on body hairs. […] Diagnosis of body lice is by demonstration of lice and nits in clothing, especially at the seams. […] Primary treatment of body lice is thorough cleaning (eg, cleaning, followed by drying at 65 C [149 F]) or replacement of clothing and bedding, which is often difficult because affected people often have few resources and little control over their environment.

• #14 Body lice Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/body-lice.html

  Body lice are unable to burrow into the skin. Although a few body lice may be seen clinging to body hairs, most are on the clothing of an affected person. Body lice and their eggs are most abundant along the seams of clothes worn close to the body. […] Someone with body lice typically will have 10 or fewer active lice on their skin at any one time. But the clothing may contain many dozens or hundreds. […] If you suspect that you have body lice, consult with your doctor or public health officials to ensure proper diagnosis and to discuss treatment options.

• #15 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-clinical

  Patients infested with P corporis experience nocturnal pruritus, particularly in the axillary, truncal, and groin regions, when the lice move from the clothing to the body to feed. […] The diagnosis of body lice depends on the close examination of the patient’s clothing for crawling lice and nits. […] Body louse infestation is also known as vagabond disease, and individuals who have an infestation for many years can develop a condition termed vagabond skin. […] The finding of maculae cerulea is believed to be pathognomonic for infestation with lice. […] The diagnosis of body lice depends on the close examination of the patient’s clothing for crawling lice and nits. […] The number of body lice per host is usually approximately 10, although as many as 1000 lice can be present in clothing. […] The diagnosis of body lice depends on the close examination of the patient’s clothing for crawling lice and nits.

• #16 Body Lice Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment| Everyday Health

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/lice/body-lice-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/

  Body lice is usually diagnosed once viable body lice eggs and live, active lice are found in the seams of clothing. […] Although body lice are small, they can be seen by the naked eye. A magnifying glass can help you zero in on body lice or lice nits. […] Symptoms of a body lice infestation include tiny red bites on the body, often in areas where clothing seams touch skin around the neck, shoulders, armpits, waist, and groin area intense itching, and a rash caused by an allergic reaction to the bites. […] Body lice can be seen by the naked eye and are generally larger than head lice. […] Body lice can spread through close physical contact with an infested person or through contact with infested clothing, beds, bed linens, or towels. […] Body lice infestations usually cause minimal problems. But under certain circumstances, body lice can spread some bacterial diseases, such as epidemic typhus, trench fever, and louse-borne relapsing fever. […] Body lice infestations are extremely unlikely to persist on any individual who bathes regularly and who has at least weekly access to freshly laundered clothing and bedding.

• #17 Body Lice Infestation: Symptoms and Treatments

  https://www.wikihow.com/Recognize-Body-Lice-Symptoms

  Body lice are tiny parasitic bugs that can infest your body and feed off of your blood. […] It can be hard to detect body lice on the surface of the skin, so you’ll need to look for other symptoms of an infestation, like itching and rashes. […] Common symptoms include intense itching that gets worse at night, rashes on the skin, particularly the neck, armpit, groin, and waistline areas of the body, tiny red spots or elevated bumps on the skin, and thickened or darkened skin. […] Irritations on the skin can be caused by bites or by repeated scratching—both could be indicators of body lice. […] Adult body lice are the same approximate size, shape, and color as a sesame seed. […] If you suspect body lice, check your clothes carefully for the lice and their eggs (nits), paying special attention to the seams in the waistline and armpit areas.

• #18 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-clinical

  Patients infested with P corporis experience nocturnal pruritus, particularly in the axillary, truncal, and groin regions, when the lice move from the clothing to the body to feed. […] The diagnosis of body lice depends on the close examination of the patient’s clothing for crawling lice and nits. […] Body louse infestation is also known as vagabond disease, and individuals who have an infestation for many years can develop a condition termed vagabond skin. […] The finding of maculae cerulea is believed to be pathognomonic for infestation with lice. […] The diagnosis of body lice depends on the close examination of the patient’s clothing for crawling lice and nits. […] The number of body lice per host is usually approximately 10, although as many as 1000 lice can be present in clothing. […] The diagnosis of body lice depends on the close examination of the patient’s clothing for crawling lice and nits.

• #19 Body Lice Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment| Everyday Health

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/lice/body-lice-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/

  Body lice is usually diagnosed once viable body lice eggs and live, active lice are found in the seams of clothing. […] Although body lice are small, they can be seen by the naked eye. A magnifying glass can help you zero in on body lice or lice nits. […] Symptoms of a body lice infestation include tiny red bites on the body, often in areas where clothing seams touch skin around the neck, shoulders, armpits, waist, and groin area intense itching, and a rash caused by an allergic reaction to the bites. […] Body lice can be seen by the naked eye and are generally larger than head lice. […] Body lice can spread through close physical contact with an infested person or through contact with infested clothing, beds, bed linens, or towels. […] Body lice infestations usually cause minimal problems. But under certain circumstances, body lice can spread some bacterial diseases, such as epidemic typhus, trench fever, and louse-borne relapsing fever. […] Body lice infestations are extremely unlikely to persist on any individual who bathes regularly and who has at least weekly access to freshly laundered clothing and bedding.

• #20 Body Lice: Causes, Removal, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/body-lice-8680671

  Body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis) are different from head lice or pubic lice. Body lice bites are small, discolored, and accompanied by a rash that looks like a scrape. This article discusses how to recognize body lice bites, where body lice come from, and tips for getting rid of body lice and soothing symptoms. Body lice are the size of sesame seeds and are oblong. Bites are small and grouped together, often accompanied by a rash resembling a scrape. Bites can be found anywhere on the body, but are most often found on the upper thighs, groin, and waist. The most common symptom and sensation is intense itching (pruritus). Body lice bites can be so itchy and irritating that people often scratch them and develop sores. Since body lice carry bacteria, bites and sores are at risk of causing a bacterial infection and an allergic reaction. If body lice go untreated, the bites can cover a large area and cause skin thickening or discoloration (darkening). Body lice are transmitted through contact with someone who has body lice. This can be from skin-to-skin contact or from sharing personal items. Body lice can spread quickly in people experiencing homelessness, survivors of war or natural disasters, and refugees. In severe cases, topical lice-killing medicine known as peduculicides, such as Nix (permethrin), may be necessary. Oral medication, such as Stromectol (ivermectin), may be prescribed by your healthcare provider. Treatment for body lice skin symptoms may include using a skin cream or body wash containing permethrin (an insecticide), malathion (insecticide), or benzyl alcohol (antimicrobial). When body lice are gone, symptoms such as itching will resolve. You won’t see any lice in your clothing, bedding, or on your body. No new bites will occur. Treatments include getting rid of body lice by washing frequently, applying creams as needed, or taking prescription medication if necessary. Remedies for soothing itch can help until symptoms resolve.

• #21 Lice – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/parasitic-skin-infections/lice

  Body lice primarily live on bedding and clothing, not people, and are most frequently found in cramped, crowded conditions (eg, military barracks, some households), conditions with poor hygiene, and places with communal beds. Transmission is by sharing of contaminated clothing and bedding. Body lice cause pruritus; signs are small red puncta caused by bites, usually associated with linear scratch marks, urticaria, or superficial bacterial infection. These findings are especially common on the shoulders, buttocks, and abdomen. Nits may be present on body hairs. […] Diagnosis of body lice is by demonstration of lice and nits in clothing, especially at the seams. […] Primary treatment of body lice is thorough cleaning (eg, cleaning, followed by drying at 65 C [149 F]) or replacement of clothing and bedding, which is often difficult because affected people often have few resources and little control over their environment.

• #22 Body Lice: Causes, Removal, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/body-lice-8680671

  Body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis) are different from head lice or pubic lice. Body lice bites are small, discolored, and accompanied by a rash that looks like a scrape. This article discusses how to recognize body lice bites, where body lice come from, and tips for getting rid of body lice and soothing symptoms. Body lice are the size of sesame seeds and are oblong. Bites are small and grouped together, often accompanied by a rash resembling a scrape. Bites can be found anywhere on the body, but are most often found on the upper thighs, groin, and waist. The most common symptom and sensation is intense itching (pruritus). Body lice bites can be so itchy and irritating that people often scratch them and develop sores. Since body lice carry bacteria, bites and sores are at risk of causing a bacterial infection and an allergic reaction. If body lice go untreated, the bites can cover a large area and cause skin thickening or discoloration (darkening). Body lice are transmitted through contact with someone who has body lice. This can be from skin-to-skin contact or from sharing personal items. Body lice can spread quickly in people experiencing homelessness, survivors of war or natural disasters, and refugees. In severe cases, topical lice-killing medicine known as peduculicides, such as Nix (permethrin), may be necessary. Oral medication, such as Stromectol (ivermectin), may be prescribed by your healthcare provider. Treatment for body lice skin symptoms may include using a skin cream or body wash containing permethrin (an insecticide), malathion (insecticide), or benzyl alcohol (antimicrobial). When body lice are gone, symptoms such as itching will resolve. You won’t see any lice in your clothing, bedding, or on your body. No new bites will occur. Treatments include getting rid of body lice by washing frequently, applying creams as needed, or taking prescription medication if necessary. Remedies for soothing itch can help until symptoms resolve.

• #23 Body Lice Infestation: Symptoms and Treatments

  https://www.wikihow.com/Recognize-Body-Lice-Symptoms

  Body lice are tiny parasitic bugs that can infest your body and feed off of your blood. […] It can be hard to detect body lice on the surface of the skin, so you’ll need to look for other symptoms of an infestation, like itching and rashes. […] Common symptoms include intense itching that gets worse at night, rashes on the skin, particularly the neck, armpit, groin, and waistline areas of the body, tiny red spots or elevated bumps on the skin, and thickened or darkened skin. […] Irritations on the skin can be caused by bites or by repeated scratching—both could be indicators of body lice. […] Adult body lice are the same approximate size, shape, and color as a sesame seed. […] If you suspect body lice, check your clothes carefully for the lice and their eggs (nits), paying special attention to the seams in the waistline and armpit areas.

• #24 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-clinical

  Patients infested with P corporis experience nocturnal pruritus, particularly in the axillary, truncal, and groin regions, when the lice move from the clothing to the body to feed. […] The diagnosis of body lice depends on the close examination of the patient’s clothing for crawling lice and nits. […] Body louse infestation is also known as vagabond disease, and individuals who have an infestation for many years can develop a condition termed vagabond skin. […] The finding of maculae cerulea is believed to be pathognomonic for infestation with lice. […] The diagnosis of body lice depends on the close examination of the patient’s clothing for crawling lice and nits. […] The number of body lice per host is usually approximately 10, although as many as 1000 lice can be present in clothing. […] The diagnosis of body lice depends on the close examination of the patient’s clothing for crawling lice and nits.

• #25 Lice – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lice/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374404

  During an exam, a health care provider may use a magnifying lens to look for lice. The provider may also use a special light, called a Wood’s light, to check for nits. This light makes the nits easier to spot by making them look pale blue. […] A health care provider may diagnose body lice if they find eggs or crawling lice in clothing seams or on bedding. You can see a body louse on skin if it crawls there to feed. […] If you have body lice, first bathe with soap and water. After bathing, apply permethrin (Nix) to the affected areas before bedtime and then shower in the morning. Repeat this treatment nine days after the first application. […] Also take other measures to get rid of body lice. Wash clothing and bedding with hot, soapy water at least 130 F (54 C) and dry them at high heat for at least 20 minutes. Vacuum the floors and furniture. And seal unwashable items in an airtight bag for two weeks.

• #26 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-of-head-lice.aspx

  Diagnosis of head lice infestation includes observation of eggs or lice, examination under a microscope and so forth. […] Observation of eggs or nymphs, or mature adult lice. […] Wet detection combing is done on all individual sections of hair methodically and may be repeated on wet hair after the conditioner is washed off. […] Examination under sunlight or full light is needed to identify the lice or nits over the scalp. […] Lice may also be trapped using a piece of transparent adhesive tape or cellulose tape over the infested area. […] A Wood lamp examination of the infested area shows yellow-green fluorescence of lice and nits. […] Other conditions that mimic head lice infestation have to be ruled out.

• #27 Pubic lice – Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment | Clarewell Clinics

  https://clarewellclinics.co.uk/sti/pubic-lice/

  Like with many skin conditions, Pubic lice is diagnosed from a physical examination. A magnifying glass may be used to better visualise the lice or nits. […] If any lice or nits are found, this can be sent off for a microscope examination, further confirming the diagnosis. […] In the event of finding Pubic lice, it is routinely recommended to be tested for STIs.

• #28 Body Lice as Tools for Diagnosis and Surveillance of Reemerging Diseases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC84482/

  Body lice are vectors of three bacteria which cause human disease: Rickettsia prowazekii, the agent of epidemic typhus; Bartonella quintana, the agent of trench fever; and Borrelia recurrentis, the agent of relapsing fever. […] The presence of the three bacteria in each louse was determined by specific PCR amplification, and the identities of the organisms detected were confirmed by determination of the nucleotide base sequences of the amplification products. […] Using this approach, we were able to confirm the presence of R. prowazekii in lice collected from refugees in Burundi, among whom typhus was epidemic, and the presence of B. quintana in lice collected from all locations except the Congo. […] Molecular approaches are convenient tools for the detection and identification of bacterial DNA in body lice and for the epidemiological study of louse-borne bacteria from countries where no medical and biological laboratory facilities are available.

• #29 Body Lice: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/body-lice/

  Diagnosis is made by finding lice or nits on clothing or body hair. […] Body lice bites are often mistaken for other insect bites or skin conditions. They typically appear in clusters and are most common around the waist, groin, and armpitsareas where clothing is tight. The bites can become infected if scratched excessively.

• #30 Pediculosis and Scabies | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0115/p341.html

  Body lice infestation should be suspected when symptoms of generalized itching occur in persons who do not change or wash their clothing or bedding regularly; lice may be found in the seams of their clothing. […] The diagnosis of body lice may be suggested by the presence of pruritus in homeless persons or in persons who live in situations in which bedding and clothing are not changed regularly. Examination may show generalized excoriations. In addition, body lice should be confirmed in the seams of clothing. […] Patients with body lice infestations should wash their entire body thoroughly and then put on clean clothing. If the infestation is severe, topically administered permethrin, pyrethrin, or malathion also may help. Oral ivermectin is an alternative to topical treatment. Clothing and bedding should be decontaminated by hot-water washing (60C) and heated drying, or by dry cleaning. […] Body lice may transmit typhus and trench fever. Outbreaks of trench fever have occurred in homeless persons in the United States.

• #31 Body Lice as Tools for Diagnosis and Surveillance of Reemerging Diseases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC84482/

  Body lice are vectors of three bacteria which cause human disease: Rickettsia prowazekii, the agent of epidemic typhus; Bartonella quintana, the agent of trench fever; and Borrelia recurrentis, the agent of relapsing fever. […] The presence of the three bacteria in each louse was determined by specific PCR amplification, and the identities of the organisms detected were confirmed by determination of the nucleotide base sequences of the amplification products. […] Using this approach, we were able to confirm the presence of R. prowazekii in lice collected from refugees in Burundi, among whom typhus was epidemic, and the presence of B. quintana in lice collected from all locations except the Congo. […] Molecular approaches are convenient tools for the detection and identification of bacterial DNA in body lice and for the epidemiological study of louse-borne bacteria from countries where no medical and biological laboratory facilities are available.

• #32 What Diseases Can Be Caused by Lice Infestation | LiceDoctors

  https://www.licedoctors.com/blog/what-diseases-can-be-caused-by-lice-infestation

  Body lice, larger than head lice, reside in clothing and bedding, venturing onto the skin to feed. Unlike head lice, body lice are known carriers of several serious diseases, such as typhus, trench fever, and relapsing fever. These diseases are caused by bacteria transmitted through body lice bites. […] Unlike the most common louse infestation, which can be diagnosed by anyone familiar with head lice, healthcare providers diagnose a case of body lice by inspecting the body or clothing, bedding, or linens for the presence of body lice and their eggs. […] Body lice can transmit serious diseases. From typhus, known for causing widespread outbreaks throughout history, to relapsing fever and trench fever, these tiny parasites pose a significant health risk. Understanding how body lice spread and the diseases they carry emphasizes the importance of effective lice treatment and prevention.

• #33 Body Lice as Tools for Diagnosis and Surveillance of Reemerging Diseases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC84482/

  The diagnosis of epidemic typhus is traditionally done by microimmunofluorescence. […] Although culture is the most valuable approach to the characterization of bacteria, all three louse-borne bacterial agents are fastidious. […] The usefulness of bacterial DNA detection in lice by PCR has been demonstrated by recent investigations. […] Detection of rickettsial DNA in lice is a useful tool for the detection of whether the illness is spreading as red lice, which occurs as a result of the rupture of the gut due to the intracellular multiplication of the rickettsia and the mix of the blood from the gut with the hemolymph. […] The durability of the louse as a sample and the ease with which it can be collected and transported enhance its potential as a tool for the surveillance of louse-associated reemerging diseases.

• #34 What Diseases Can Be Caused by Lice Infestation | LiceDoctors

  https://www.licedoctors.com/blog/what-diseases-can-be-caused-by-lice-infestation

  Epidemic typhus (AKA louse-borne typhus) is caused by an intracellular strain of bacteria called Rickettsia prowazekii. It is spread among humans from infected body lice bites (not lice on the head). […] Human lice also act as vectors for the transmission of Borrelia recurrentis, the bacteria that causes louse-borne relapsing fever, or LBRF. […] Trench fever is another louse-borne disease caused by Bartonella Quintana, a bacterium endemic to Mexico, Tunisia, Eritrea, Poland, and the former Soviet Union.

• #35 Body Lice as Tools for Diagnosis and Surveillance of Reemerging Diseases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC84482/

  Body lice are vectors of three bacteria which cause human disease: Rickettsia prowazekii, the agent of epidemic typhus; Bartonella quintana, the agent of trench fever; and Borrelia recurrentis, the agent of relapsing fever. […] The presence of the three bacteria in each louse was determined by specific PCR amplification, and the identities of the organisms detected were confirmed by determination of the nucleotide base sequences of the amplification products. […] Using this approach, we were able to confirm the presence of R. prowazekii in lice collected from refugees in Burundi, among whom typhus was epidemic, and the presence of B. quintana in lice collected from all locations except the Congo. […] Molecular approaches are convenient tools for the detection and identification of bacterial DNA in body lice and for the epidemiological study of louse-borne bacteria from countries where no medical and biological laboratory facilities are available.

• #36 Body Lice as Tools for Diagnosis and Surveillance of Reemerging Diseases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC84482/

  The diagnosis of epidemic typhus is traditionally done by microimmunofluorescence. […] Although culture is the most valuable approach to the characterization of bacteria, all three louse-borne bacterial agents are fastidious. […] The usefulness of bacterial DNA detection in lice by PCR has been demonstrated by recent investigations. […] Detection of rickettsial DNA in lice is a useful tool for the detection of whether the illness is spreading as red lice, which occurs as a result of the rupture of the gut due to the intracellular multiplication of the rickettsia and the mix of the blood from the gut with the hemolymph. […] The durability of the louse as a sample and the ease with which it can be collected and transported enhance its potential as a tool for the surveillance of louse-associated reemerging diseases.

• #37 Body Lice (Pediculosis): Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17919-body-lice

  Your healthcare provider can diagnose body lice by examining your body. Theyll note any severe itching or rashes and may be able to see lice feeding on your skin. […] Your healthcare provider may also examine your clothing. They may use a magnifying glass to look in the seams of your clothing for body lice or nits. […] Most people successfully get rid of body lice infestations by regularly bathing with soap and warm water and washing their clothes. […] Many people recover without medication, focusing on keeping their bodies, clothing and bedding clean and free of lice. But if you cant regularly bathe or wash your clothes, your healthcare provider may suggest medications, including: Oral antiparasite medication, like ivermectin tablets. […] Your healthcare provider should discuss how to use these treatments and any possible side effects. […] See your healthcare provider if you see adult body lice or nits on your skin, clothing or bedding. […] They can help determine whether you have body lice.

• #38 Body Lice Infestation: Symptoms and Treatments

  https://www.wikihow.com/Recognize-Body-Lice-Symptoms

  Most cases of body lice will go away once the body has been cleansed of any nits or lice. […] However, your doctor can prescribe creams and body washes to help reduce any skin irritations or allergic reactions due to the bites or excessive scratching. […] In extreme cases, your doctor may recommend using a pediculicide (louse killer). […] Be sure to wash all articles of clothing, bedding, and towels in water that is at least 130 F (54 C). […] Vacuuming will remove any lice or nits that may have made their way into the seams and cracks of furniture. […] A body lice infestation should be taken care of as soon as possible.

• #39 Body Lice Infestation: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/body-lice

  An infestation by body lice is typically diagnosed by looking at the skin and clothing and observing eggs and crawling lice. The insects are about the size of a sesame seed. They are big enough to see with the naked eye, but a magnifying lens can be used to help find them. The eggs (called nits) are usually found in the seams of clothing. […] Good hygiene and regularly washing clothing and bed linens are generally enough to treat and prevent infestations of body lice.

• #40 Lice – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lice/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374404

  During an exam, a health care provider may use a magnifying lens to look for lice. The provider may also use a special light, called a Wood’s light, to check for nits. This light makes the nits easier to spot by making them look pale blue. […] A health care provider may diagnose body lice if they find eggs or crawling lice in clothing seams or on bedding. You can see a body louse on skin if it crawls there to feed. […] If you have body lice, first bathe with soap and water. After bathing, apply permethrin (Nix) to the affected areas before bedtime and then shower in the morning. Repeat this treatment nine days after the first application. […] Also take other measures to get rid of body lice. Wash clothing and bedding with hot, soapy water at least 130 F (54 C) and dry them at high heat for at least 20 minutes. Vacuum the floors and furniture. And seal unwashable items in an airtight bag for two weeks.

• #41 Lice Infestation – Skin Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/parasitic-skin-infections/lice-infestation

  Body lice usually infest people who have poor hygiene, people who are living in cramped, crowded conditions (such as military barracks), and places with communal beds. Body lice live on clothing and bedding that are in contact with the skin, not on people. These lice are spread by sharing contaminated clothing and bedding. […] Adult body lice and their eggs also may be found in the seams of clothing and bedding. […] Usually, no drug is used to eliminate body lice because body lice are in clothing and linens and not the person. Doctors treat a person’s symptoms and recommend replacing or decontaminating affected clothing and linens by thorough laundering or dry cleaning. It is best to expose these items to heat of at least 149 F (65 C) during drying.

• #42 Pediculosis and Scabies | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0115/p341.html

  Body lice infestation should be suspected when symptoms of generalized itching occur in persons who do not change or wash their clothing or bedding regularly; lice may be found in the seams of their clothing. […] The diagnosis of body lice may be suggested by the presence of pruritus in homeless persons or in persons who live in situations in which bedding and clothing are not changed regularly. Examination may show generalized excoriations. In addition, body lice should be confirmed in the seams of clothing. […] Patients with body lice infestations should wash their entire body thoroughly and then put on clean clothing. If the infestation is severe, topically administered permethrin, pyrethrin, or malathion also may help. Oral ivermectin is an alternative to topical treatment. Clothing and bedding should be decontaminated by hot-water washing (60C) and heated drying, or by dry cleaning. […] Body lice may transmit typhus and trench fever. Outbreaks of trench fever have occurred in homeless persons in the United States.

• #43 Body Lice: Causes, Removal, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/body-lice-8680671

  Body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis) are different from head lice or pubic lice. Body lice bites are small, discolored, and accompanied by a rash that looks like a scrape. This article discusses how to recognize body lice bites, where body lice come from, and tips for getting rid of body lice and soothing symptoms. Body lice are the size of sesame seeds and are oblong. Bites are small and grouped together, often accompanied by a rash resembling a scrape. Bites can be found anywhere on the body, but are most often found on the upper thighs, groin, and waist. The most common symptom and sensation is intense itching (pruritus). Body lice bites can be so itchy and irritating that people often scratch them and develop sores. Since body lice carry bacteria, bites and sores are at risk of causing a bacterial infection and an allergic reaction. If body lice go untreated, the bites can cover a large area and cause skin thickening or discoloration (darkening). Body lice are transmitted through contact with someone who has body lice. This can be from skin-to-skin contact or from sharing personal items. Body lice can spread quickly in people experiencing homelessness, survivors of war or natural disasters, and refugees. In severe cases, topical lice-killing medicine known as peduculicides, such as Nix (permethrin), may be necessary. Oral medication, such as Stromectol (ivermectin), may be prescribed by your healthcare provider. Treatment for body lice skin symptoms may include using a skin cream or body wash containing permethrin (an insecticide), malathion (insecticide), or benzyl alcohol (antimicrobial). When body lice are gone, symptoms such as itching will resolve. You won’t see any lice in your clothing, bedding, or on your body. No new bites will occur. Treatments include getting rid of body lice by washing frequently, applying creams as needed, or taking prescription medication if necessary. Remedies for soothing itch can help until symptoms resolve.

• #44 Pediculosis Corporis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482148/

  Pediculosis corporis is a skin condition caused by body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis) that feed on human blood. […] Body lice infestations can involve thousands of mites, each biting an average of 5 times daily. […] Unlike head and pubic lice, body lice do not live on the skin but rather live and lay their eggs in stitchings of clothing or bedding, moving to the skin only to feed. […] Infestation with body lice is typically diagnosed by finding eggs and lice in seams of clothing rather than on the skin. […] Treatment of body lice does not usually require the use of a pediculicide because improvements in hygiene, including showering and laundering clothing in hot water, will usually eradicate the infestation. […] The most significant difference between body and head lice is the distinct ability of body lice to transmit the bacterial diseases trench fever, relapsing fever, and epidemic typhus to humans. […] Symptoms like pruritus are managed with antihistamines and topical corticosteroids.

• #45

• #46 Body lice | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/body-lice

  Body lice can spread from person to person and are normally associated with crowded and unhygienic living conditions, particularly in conditions of social upheaval such as natural disasters or wartime. […] In Australia, body lice are not responsible for the spread of any infectious disease-causing organisms, and are uncommon. […] To treat body lice: increase personal hygiene bathe or shower regularly (at least weekly) change and launder clothes, especially underwear, regularly (at least weekly), or throw away affected clothing wash clothing and bedding recently used by an infested person in hot water (greater than 70C). […] To prevent body lice infestation, avoid close contact with infested persons, their clothing and bedding. […] To avoid bringing body lice into your home, check the seams of any second-hand clothing or bedding for the presence of body lice.

• #47 Pediculosis Corporis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482148/

  Pediculosis corporis is a skin condition caused by body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis) that feed on human blood. […] Body lice infestations can involve thousands of mites, each biting an average of 5 times daily. […] Unlike head and pubic lice, body lice do not live on the skin but rather live and lay their eggs in stitchings of clothing or bedding, moving to the skin only to feed. […] Infestation with body lice is typically diagnosed by finding eggs and lice in seams of clothing rather than on the skin. […] Treatment of body lice does not usually require the use of a pediculicide because improvements in hygiene, including showering and laundering clothing in hot water, will usually eradicate the infestation. […] The most significant difference between body and head lice is the distinct ability of body lice to transmit the bacterial diseases trench fever, relapsing fever, and epidemic typhus to humans. […] Symptoms like pruritus are managed with antihistamines and topical corticosteroids.

• #48 Body lice Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/body-lice

  Body lice are tiny insects (scientific name is Pediculus humanus corporis) that are spread through close contact with other people. […] Your health care provider will look at your skin and clothing for signs of lice. […] Full-grown lice are the size of a sesame seed, have 6 legs, and are tan to grayish-white. […] Nits are lice eggs. They will most often be seen in the clothing of someone with lice, usually around the waist and in the armpits. […] You should also be checked for head and pubic lice if you have body lice.

• #49 Body lice: Symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/body-lice

  Body lice lay eggs on clothing, feed on human blood, and can transmit disease to humans. […] This article explains the causes, symptoms, and treatment of body lice. […] Body lice can only crawl instead of jumping or flying. […] People who believe they may have body lice need to consult a healthcare professional to confirm the diagnosis. […] The NHCHC suggests that homeless people with body lice should not receive instruction to leave the shelter. […] Treatment and prevention involve washing bedding and clothes at a high temperature, maintaining personal hygiene, and avoiding sharing linens and clothes with those who have a confirmed body lice infestation. […] People who suspect they have a body lice infestation need to speak with a medical professional or shelter staff.

• #50 Body lice: Symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/body-lice

  Body lice lay eggs on clothing, feed on human blood, and can transmit disease to humans. […] This article explains the causes, symptoms, and treatment of body lice. […] Body lice can only crawl instead of jumping or flying. […] People who believe they may have body lice need to consult a healthcare professional to confirm the diagnosis. […] The NHCHC suggests that homeless people with body lice should not receive instruction to leave the shelter. […] Treatment and prevention involve washing bedding and clothes at a high temperature, maintaining personal hygiene, and avoiding sharing linens and clothes with those who have a confirmed body lice infestation. […] People who suspect they have a body lice infestation need to speak with a medical professional or shelter staff.

• #51 Body lice | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/body-lice

  Body lice can spread from person to person and are normally associated with crowded and unhygienic living conditions, particularly in conditions of social upheaval such as natural disasters or wartime. […] In Australia, body lice are not responsible for the spread of any infectious disease-causing organisms, and are uncommon. […] To treat body lice: increase personal hygiene bathe or shower regularly (at least weekly) change and launder clothes, especially underwear, regularly (at least weekly), or throw away affected clothing wash clothing and bedding recently used by an infested person in hot water (greater than 70C). […] To prevent body lice infestation, avoid close contact with infested persons, their clothing and bedding. […] To avoid bringing body lice into your home, check the seams of any second-hand clothing or bedding for the presence of body lice.

• #52 Body Lice as Tools for Diagnosis and Surveillance of Reemerging Diseases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC84482/

  Body lice are vectors of three bacteria which cause human disease: Rickettsia prowazekii, the agent of epidemic typhus; Bartonella quintana, the agent of trench fever; and Borrelia recurrentis, the agent of relapsing fever. […] The presence of the three bacteria in each louse was determined by specific PCR amplification, and the identities of the organisms detected were confirmed by determination of the nucleotide base sequences of the amplification products. […] Using this approach, we were able to confirm the presence of R. prowazekii in lice collected from refugees in Burundi, among whom typhus was epidemic, and the presence of B. quintana in lice collected from all locations except the Congo. […] Molecular approaches are convenient tools for the detection and identification of bacterial DNA in body lice and for the epidemiological study of louse-borne bacteria from countries where no medical and biological laboratory facilities are available.

• #53 Body Lice (Pediculosis): Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17919-body-lice

  Your healthcare provider can diagnose body lice by examining your body. Theyll note any severe itching or rashes and may be able to see lice feeding on your skin. […] Your healthcare provider may also examine your clothing. They may use a magnifying glass to look in the seams of your clothing for body lice or nits. […] Most people successfully get rid of body lice infestations by regularly bathing with soap and warm water and washing their clothes. […] Many people recover without medication, focusing on keeping their bodies, clothing and bedding clean and free of lice. But if you cant regularly bathe or wash your clothes, your healthcare provider may suggest medications, including: Oral antiparasite medication, like ivermectin tablets. […] Your healthcare provider should discuss how to use these treatments and any possible side effects. […] See your healthcare provider if you see adult body lice or nits on your skin, clothing or bedding. […] They can help determine whether you have body lice.

• #54 Body Lice: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments | SELF

  https://www.self.com/story/understanding-body-lice

  Body lice are tiny insects, about the size of a sesame seed. […] You or your doctor can usually confirm a body lice infestation through a visual examination of your body and clothing items. The presence of eggs and moving lice confirms infestation. […] Body lice infestations usually cause minimal problems. However, a body lice infestation sometimes leads to complications such as secondary infections. […] If you can’t get rid of body lice on your own, you may need to talk to your family doctor.

• #55 Body lice: Symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/body-lice

  Body lice lay eggs on clothing, feed on human blood, and can transmit disease to humans. […] This article explains the causes, symptoms, and treatment of body lice. […] Body lice can only crawl instead of jumping or flying. […] People who believe they may have body lice need to consult a healthcare professional to confirm the diagnosis. […] The NHCHC suggests that homeless people with body lice should not receive instruction to leave the shelter. […] Treatment and prevention involve washing bedding and clothes at a high temperature, maintaining personal hygiene, and avoiding sharing linens and clothes with those who have a confirmed body lice infestation. […] People who suspect they have a body lice infestation need to speak with a medical professional or shelter staff.

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