Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Body lice: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000838.htm

  Body lice are tiny insects (scientific name is Pediculus humanus corporis) that are spread through close contact with other people. […] Body lice live in the seams and folds of clothing. They feed on human blood and lay their eggs and deposit waste matter on the skin and clothing. […] You can get body lice if you come in direct contact with someone who has lice. You can also get lice from infected clothing, towels, or bedding. […] You are more likely to get body lice if you do not bathe and wash your clothes often or live in close (overcrowded) conditions.

• #2 Body lice Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/body-lice.html

  Body lice are small, parasitic insects found mainly on the clothing of infested people, and occasionally on their bodies or bedding. […] Most body lice are found on people who are living in conditions that are overcrowded without easy access to bathing and regular changes of clean clothes and bed linens. […] In certain underdeveloped and war-torn parts of the world and places with poor sanitation and overcrowding, body lice have the potential to transmit the microbes that cause trench fever, louse-borne relapsing fever and louse-borne (epidemic) typhus.

• #3 Body lice | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/body-lice

  Body lice are small blood-sucking insects that live inside clothing, particularly the seams. […] People who live in unhygienic and crowded conditions, where personal hygiene is neglected and clothes are not changed, are most susceptible to body lice infestations. […] In overcrowded, unhygienic conditions where there is no opportunity to wash and launder clothing on a regular basis body lice can be responsible for the spread of epidemic infections such as epidemic typhus. […] In Australia, body lice are not responsible for the spread of any infectious disease-causing organisms, and are uncommon. […] Body lice can be transmitted in clothing or bedding as well as by close physical contact. […] Direct contact with an affected person or their personal belongings can spread the lice from person to person.

• #4 Lice Infestation – Skin Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/parasitic-skin-infections/lice-infestation

  Body lice usually infest people who have poor hygiene, people who are living in cramped, crowded conditions (such as military barracks), and places with communal beds. Body lice live on clothing and bedding that are in contact with the skin, not on people. These lice are spread by sharing contaminated clothing and bedding. Unlike head lice, body lice sometimes transmit serious diseases such as typhus, trench fever, and relapsing fever. […] Usually, no drug is used to eliminate body lice because body lice are in clothing and linens and not the person. Doctors treat a person’s symptoms and recommend replacing or decontaminating affected clothing and linens by thorough laundering or dry cleaning. It is best to expose these items to heat of at least 149 F (65 C) during drying.

• #5 Pediculosis Corporis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482148/

  Body lice are ectoparasites that must feed on human blood to survive and have a global distribution. […] Body lice feed 1 to 5 times daily and can live up to 60 days. […] Recently, it has been established that severe iron deficiency anemia is linked with the development of pediculosis corporis. […] Infestations are strongly correlated with poor body hygiene, lack of access to clean clothing, and crowded conditions, facilitating lice spread through direct physical contact. […] The most significant difference between body and head lice is the distinct ability of body lice to transmit the bacterial diseases trench fever, relapsing fever, and epidemic typhus to humans. […] The primary symptom of body lice infestations is severe pruritus. […] The most significant medical impact of body lice is their ability to transmit bacterial diseases, most notably trench fever caused by Bartonella quintana, relapsing fever caused by Borrelia recurrentis, and epidemic (louse-borne) typhus caused by Rickettsia prowazekii. […] While body lice infestation does not usually lead to severe complications, there can be associated issues and secondary problems. […] Body lice have been associated with transmitting diseases like trench fever, typhus, and relapsing fever.

• #6 Body Lice | Disease Outbreak Control Division

  https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/body-lice-ukus/

  Body lice are small, usually pale- to grey-colored insects that live and reproduce in clothing worn by humans. Body lice feed on human blood and can survive only on people. […] Body lice are known to transmit bacterial infections that cause three human diseases: louse-borne typhus (Rickettsia prowazeki), trench fever (Rochalimaea quintana), and louse-borne relapsing fever (Borrelia recurrentis). […] Body lice are spread through direct person-to-person contact with someone who has body lice. It can also be spread through contact of clothing, beds, bed linens, or towels that have been in contact with someone who has body lice.

• #7 Pediculosis Corporis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482148/

  Body lice are ectoparasites that must feed on human blood to survive and have a global distribution. […] Body lice feed 1 to 5 times daily and can live up to 60 days. […] Recently, it has been established that severe iron deficiency anemia is linked with the development of pediculosis corporis. […] Infestations are strongly correlated with poor body hygiene, lack of access to clean clothing, and crowded conditions, facilitating lice spread through direct physical contact. […] The most significant difference between body and head lice is the distinct ability of body lice to transmit the bacterial diseases trench fever, relapsing fever, and epidemic typhus to humans. […] The primary symptom of body lice infestations is severe pruritus. […] The most significant medical impact of body lice is their ability to transmit bacterial diseases, most notably trench fever caused by Bartonella quintana, relapsing fever caused by Borrelia recurrentis, and epidemic (louse-borne) typhus caused by Rickettsia prowazekii. […] While body lice infestation does not usually lead to severe complications, there can be associated issues and secondary problems. […] Body lice have been associated with transmitting diseases like trench fever, typhus, and relapsing fever.

• #8 Body Lice Infestation: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/body-lice

  Body lice usually infest people who arent able to bathe or change clothes regularly. […] Infestations occur worldwide and are spread via close person-to-person contact or through commonly shared bed linens, towels, and clothing. In general, infestations of body lice are limited to people who live in unhygienic or crowded living conditions and who dont have access to clean clothing. […] Body lice are only found on humans on the body. […] Other animals or pets, like dogs and cats, dont play a role in spreading human lice. Humans are the body louses only host and lice will die within five to seven days if they fall off of a person. […] Rarely, body lice can also carry other uncommon bacterial diseases. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, body lice have caused epidemics of typhus and louse-borne relapsing fever. This typically occurs in places where war, poverty, or climate has made good hygiene extremely difficult.

• #9 Pediculosis Corporis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482148/

  Body lice are ectoparasites that must feed on human blood to survive and have a global distribution. […] Body lice feed 1 to 5 times daily and can live up to 60 days. […] Recently, it has been established that severe iron deficiency anemia is linked with the development of pediculosis corporis. […] Infestations are strongly correlated with poor body hygiene, lack of access to clean clothing, and crowded conditions, facilitating lice spread through direct physical contact. […] The most significant difference between body and head lice is the distinct ability of body lice to transmit the bacterial diseases trench fever, relapsing fever, and epidemic typhus to humans. […] The primary symptom of body lice infestations is severe pruritus. […] The most significant medical impact of body lice is their ability to transmit bacterial diseases, most notably trench fever caused by Bartonella quintana, relapsing fever caused by Borrelia recurrentis, and epidemic (louse-borne) typhus caused by Rickettsia prowazekii. […] While body lice infestation does not usually lead to severe complications, there can be associated issues and secondary problems. […] Body lice have been associated with transmitting diseases like trench fever, typhus, and relapsing fever.

• #10 Human Lice and Scabies | Oklahoma State University

  https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/human-lice-and-scabies.html

  Human lice, which can establish and maintain themselves only on humans, are rarely contracted from or passed to pets or other animals. […] Infestations of body lice, which are relatively rare in the United States, are generally transmitted by contaminated clothing or bedding. Body lice survive best in conditions where clothing is not changed or washed often, and epidemic outbreaks are often associated with periods of stress such as war. […] Body lice females may deposit 200 or more eggs, usually attaching them to clothing fibers. The developmental period is similar to that of the head louse.

• #11 Human Lice and Scabies | Oklahoma State University

  https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/human-lice-and-scabies.html

  Human lice, which can establish and maintain themselves only on humans, are rarely contracted from or passed to pets or other animals. […] Infestations of body lice, which are relatively rare in the United States, are generally transmitted by contaminated clothing or bedding. Body lice survive best in conditions where clothing is not changed or washed often, and epidemic outbreaks are often associated with periods of stress such as war. […] Body lice females may deposit 200 or more eggs, usually attaching them to clothing fibers. The developmental period is similar to that of the head louse.

• #12 Lice – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lice/symptoms-causes/syc-20374399

  Body lice that live in clothing and bedding and move onto the skin to feed. Body lice most often affect people who aren’t able to bathe or wash clothing often, such as homeless people. […] Lice feed on human blood and can be found on the human head, body and pubic area. The female louse produces a sticky substance that firmly attaches each egg to the base of a hair shaft. Eggs hatch in 6 to 9 days. […] You can get lice by coming into contact with either lice or their eggs. Lice can’t jump or fly. They spread through: […] Body lice usually spread through sexual contact. Pubic lice most commonly affect adults. Pubic lice found on children may be a sign of sexual exposure or abuse.

• #13 Body Lice Infestation: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/body-lice

  Body lice usually infest people who arent able to bathe or change clothes regularly. […] Infestations occur worldwide and are spread via close person-to-person contact or through commonly shared bed linens, towels, and clothing. In general, infestations of body lice are limited to people who live in unhygienic or crowded living conditions and who dont have access to clean clothing. […] Body lice are only found on humans on the body. […] Other animals or pets, like dogs and cats, dont play a role in spreading human lice. Humans are the body louses only host and lice will die within five to seven days if they fall off of a person. […] Rarely, body lice can also carry other uncommon bacterial diseases. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, body lice have caused epidemics of typhus and louse-borne relapsing fever. This typically occurs in places where war, poverty, or climate has made good hygiene extremely difficult.

• #14 Body Lice Infestation: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/body-lice

  Body lice usually infest people who arent able to bathe or change clothes regularly. […] Infestations occur worldwide and are spread via close person-to-person contact or through commonly shared bed linens, towels, and clothing. In general, infestations of body lice are limited to people who live in unhygienic or crowded living conditions and who dont have access to clean clothing. […] Body lice are only found on humans on the body. […] Other animals or pets, like dogs and cats, dont play a role in spreading human lice. Humans are the body louses only host and lice will die within five to seven days if they fall off of a person. […] Rarely, body lice can also carry other uncommon bacterial diseases. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, body lice have caused epidemics of typhus and louse-borne relapsing fever. This typically occurs in places where war, poverty, or climate has made good hygiene extremely difficult.

• #15 Body lice: Symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/body-lice

  Body lice lay eggs on clothing, feed on human blood, and can transmit disease to humans. […] Lice move from person to person via close skin contact. They cannot transmit from animals such as dogs or livestock to humans, as they solely feed on human blood. […] For this reason, body lice are most common in those who do not have access to bathing or laundry facilities, particularly when living in crowded conditions. […] Body lice cause itching and may spread diseases, including typhus, relapsing fever, and trench fever.

• #16 Lice | CALS

  https://cals.cornell.edu/new-york-state-integrated-pest-management/outreach-education/whats-bugging-you/lice

  Body lice likely evolved from head lice about 100,000 years ago adapting to laying eggs and living in clothing, a human advancement dating to roughly the same time period. […] Body lice are generally uncommon in America, but they can be found in places where hygiene is poor and people are vulnerable, such as among the homeless and residents of nursing homes. […] Body lice can transmit serious disease-causing organisms, including epidemic typhus (Rickettsia sp.), trench fever (Bartonella quintana, related to cat-scratch fever) and relapsing fever (Borrelia sp., similar to Lyme disease).

• #17 Pediculosis Corporis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482148/

  Body lice are ectoparasites that must feed on human blood to survive and have a global distribution. […] Body lice feed 1 to 5 times daily and can live up to 60 days. […] Recently, it has been established that severe iron deficiency anemia is linked with the development of pediculosis corporis. […] Infestations are strongly correlated with poor body hygiene, lack of access to clean clothing, and crowded conditions, facilitating lice spread through direct physical contact. […] The most significant difference between body and head lice is the distinct ability of body lice to transmit the bacterial diseases trench fever, relapsing fever, and epidemic typhus to humans. […] The primary symptom of body lice infestations is severe pruritus. […] The most significant medical impact of body lice is their ability to transmit bacterial diseases, most notably trench fever caused by Bartonella quintana, relapsing fever caused by Borrelia recurrentis, and epidemic (louse-borne) typhus caused by Rickettsia prowazekii. […] While body lice infestation does not usually lead to severe complications, there can be associated issues and secondary problems. […] Body lice have been associated with transmitting diseases like trench fever, typhus, and relapsing fever.

• #18 Lice: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options | ABC Medical Center

  https://centromedicoabc.com/en/padecimientos/lice/

  They are small hematophagous parasitic insects that live in different parts of the human body and that are easily spread through physical or sexual contact with the carrier or through their personal use objects such as clothing, towels, brushes, or caps, causing an infestation known as pediculosis. […] Body lice: they do not live on the body, but rather on clothing or sheets, from where they move to the persons skin to obtain food. […] It is widely believed that the presence of lice is due to a lack of personal hygiene, which is false, since it is possible to maintain proper hygiene and still suffer from lice infestation. […] It is not difficult to eliminate adult lice following these treatments, but the real challenge is to get rid of all the eggs or nits on the body, textiles, and bedding.

• #19 Body Lice: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment, and When to Seek Medical Help

  https://www.doctorshubnepal.com/diseases-conditions/body-lice

  Body lice infestations are primarily caused by poor hygiene and unsanitary living conditions. The following factors can contribute to their development: […] Lack of Personal Hygiene: Infrequent bathing and infrequent changes of clothing provide an environment in which body lice can thrive. […] Crowded Living Conditions: Overcrowding and shared bedding or clothing in shelters, refugee camps, or jails increase the risk of infestation. […] Homelessness: People without access to regular bathing facilities or clean clothing are at higher risk.

• #20 Body Lice Infestation: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/body-lice

  Body lice usually infest people who arent able to bathe or change clothes regularly. […] Infestations occur worldwide and are spread via close person-to-person contact or through commonly shared bed linens, towels, and clothing. In general, infestations of body lice are limited to people who live in unhygienic or crowded living conditions and who dont have access to clean clothing. […] Body lice are only found on humans on the body. […] Other animals or pets, like dogs and cats, dont play a role in spreading human lice. Humans are the body louses only host and lice will die within five to seven days if they fall off of a person. […] Rarely, body lice can also carry other uncommon bacterial diseases. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, body lice have caused epidemics of typhus and louse-borne relapsing fever. This typically occurs in places where war, poverty, or climate has made good hygiene extremely difficult.

• #21 Body lice: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000838.htm

  Body lice are tiny insects (scientific name is Pediculus humanus corporis) that are spread through close contact with other people. […] Body lice live in the seams and folds of clothing. They feed on human blood and lay their eggs and deposit waste matter on the skin and clothing. […] You can get body lice if you come in direct contact with someone who has lice. You can also get lice from infected clothing, towels, or bedding. […] You are more likely to get body lice if you do not bathe and wash your clothes often or live in close (overcrowded) conditions.

• #22 Pubic and Body Lice | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/pubic-and-body-lice-pro

  Lice are blood-sucking insects and specific parasites of human beings. […] The body louse (Pediculus humanus) is most often seen in cold climates, in poor sanitation and with overcrowding. […] Body lice also occur mainly when clothes are not changed or washed regularly. Therefore, homeless populations are predominantly affected. […] The mainstay of treatment for body lice involves laundering clothing and bedding in hot water and bathing regularly. […] The body louse acts as a vector for bartonellosis, epidemic typhus and relapsing fever.

• #23 Body lice | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/body-lice?content_id=CON-20154560

  Body lice are tiny insects that live in your clothing and feed on your blood. […] Body lice are most common in crowded and unhygienic living conditions, such as refugee camps and shelters for homeless people. They can also spread from contact with an infected person’s clothes. […] Body lice are similar to head lice but have different habits. While head lice live in your hair and feed on your scalp, body lice usually live in your clothes and bedding. […] You can become infested with body lice if you come into close contact with a person who has body lice, or with clothing or bedding that is infested with body lice. […] Body lice can carry and spread some bacterial diseases, such as typhus, relapsing fever or trench fever.

• #24 Lice (Phthiraptera) – Factsheet for health professionals

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/all-topics-z/disease-vectors/facts/factsheet-lice-phthiraptera

  Lice (Phthiraptera) are a very diverse group of insects, exclusively adapted to parasitism. […] Only those sucking lice with humans as their host species are of relevance to public health. Apart from causing nuisance, human body lice are also important vectors of diseases. […] Pediculosis corporis (caused by Pediculus humanus humanus) is a major public health concern, mainly occurring in crowded human communities, such as refugee camps or shelters for homeless, where hygiene is poor and clothes or linen are not washed regularly. […] Due to their blood feeding behaviour, body lice can transmit a great variety of diseases, such as epidemic typhus (caused by Rickettsia prowazekii), louse-borne relapsing fever (caused by Borrelia recurrentis), or trench fever (caused by Bartonella quintana). […] Only the body louse is considered to be a vector of human pathogens. The diseases transmitted by body lice are usually associated with overcrowded and unsanitary conditions where basic hygiene is lacking and regular washing and changing of clothes is not possible.

• #25 Body and Pubic Lice (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/sexual-health/pubic-and-body-lice-leaflet

  Body lice are also passed on in close contact. They mostly occur in cold climates and in overcrowded areas where there is poor sanitation and a high rate of poverty. Being unable to wash regularly or wearing the same clothes for a long time increases the chance of catching body lice, so homeless people are at increased risk. […] You can catch body lice by coming into close physical contact with someone who has lice. This need not be sexual contact. You can also catch it from lice-infested clothing, bedding or towels. Body lice are mainly seen in homeless people who are unable to wash frequently or change their clothes regularly.

• #26 How Do You Get Lice? Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.health.com/how-do-you-get-lice-8710650

  People at the greatest risk for body lice are those who can’t bathe or clean their clothes frequently and people who live in crowded areas. In the United States, body lice are most common among people experiencing homelessness. Around the world, body lice more typically impact people in war regions, refugees, and survivors of natural disasters.

• #27 Body Lice Infestation: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/body-lice

  Body lice usually infest people who arent able to bathe or change clothes regularly. […] Infestations occur worldwide and are spread via close person-to-person contact or through commonly shared bed linens, towels, and clothing. In general, infestations of body lice are limited to people who live in unhygienic or crowded living conditions and who dont have access to clean clothing. […] Body lice are only found on humans on the body. […] Other animals or pets, like dogs and cats, dont play a role in spreading human lice. Humans are the body louses only host and lice will die within five to seven days if they fall off of a person. […] Rarely, body lice can also carry other uncommon bacterial diseases. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, body lice have caused epidemics of typhus and louse-borne relapsing fever. This typically occurs in places where war, poverty, or climate has made good hygiene extremely difficult.

• #28 Pediculosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470343/

  Body lice live, lay their eggs in clothing or bedding, and only move to the skin to feed. They spread primarily by direct contact in populations with poor hygiene. However, they can also be transmitted through clothing, bedding, and towels.[3] […] Body lice more commonly affect the homeless and displaced populations and should be suspected when there are signs of scratching, poor hygiene, and in the year’s colder months.[2][3] […] Body lice are more common in the colder months of the year.[3][7] […] Body lice can transmit trench fever, relapsing fever, and epidemic typhus to humans.[3] […] Body lice are eradicated through proper hygiene, laundering, or insecticide application to affected clothing.

• #29 Body Lice: Causes, Removal, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/body-lice-8680671

  Body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis) are different from head lice or pubic lice. […] Body lice are associated with poor hygiene, lack of sanitation, overcrowding, and damp and cold weather. […] Body lice are transmitted through contact with someone who has body lice. This can be from skin-to-skin contact or from sharing personal items. […] Body lice can spread diseases including trench fever, typhus, and relapsing fever. […] Body lice live in clothing and on skin. They are mostly found in overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions.

• #30 About Body Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/about/body-lice.html

  Body lice are parasites, or insects, that feed on human blood. […] Body lice can spread disease. […] Body lice can spread disease (epidemic typhus, Bartonella quintana infection, and epidemic relapsing fever). […] Body lice spread through direct contact with a person who has body lice. […] However, in the United States, actual infestation with body lice tends to occur only in people who do not have access to housing, regular bathing, or clean clothes. […] You can treat a body lice infestation by improving personal hygiene.

• #31 How Do You Get Lice? Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.health.com/how-do-you-get-lice-8710650

  Lice are parasites that survive on your body by living off your blood. Three types of lice impact humans: head lice, body lice, and pubic lice. […] Body lice live on your clothing and bedding and then travel periodically to your skin to feed. […] Although body lice can also spread via direct contact with someone with body lice, this type more frequently spreads through indirect contact. […] Of the three types of lice, body lice are the most likely to indirectly spread because they can survive on clothing and linens for many hours. Body lice can live up to three days without a host (a human) in most areas they fall, but they can live for up to one month in the seams of clothes. Body lice are often spread through shared towels or clothing from someone with body lice. They can also be spread through beds or bed linens.

• #32 Body Lice (Pediculosis): Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17919-body-lice

  Body lice spread by direct, person-to-person contact. You can also get body lice by sharing clothing, bedding, towels or other linens with someone who has body lice. […] Body lice can transmit diseases like: Typhus: A bacterial infection that causes a skin rash, fever and headaches. Trench fever: A bacterial infection that causes fever, weakness, dizziness, headaches and pain in your legs and back. Louse-borne relapsing fever: A bacterial infection that causes recurring fever, nausea and vomiting and muscle pains (myalgia). […] Most people with body lice recover without medication.

• #33 Body lice: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000838.htm

  Body lice are tiny insects (scientific name is Pediculus humanus corporis) that are spread through close contact with other people. […] Body lice live in the seams and folds of clothing. They feed on human blood and lay their eggs and deposit waste matter on the skin and clothing. […] You can get body lice if you come in direct contact with someone who has lice. You can also get lice from infected clothing, towels, or bedding. […] You are more likely to get body lice if you do not bathe and wash your clothes often or live in close (overcrowded) conditions.

• #34 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  Causative organisms include P humanus capitis (head louse), P humanus corporis (body louse), and P pubis (pubic louse) […] Head lice are most commonly found among girls aged 5 to 11 years, but they can affect anyone, with lower prevalence observed in Black individuals. The lice are easily spread through close contact in settings such as households and classrooms, and although they may also be transmitted via static electricity or wind, these routes have not been definitively proven. […] Risk factors for body lice infestation include close, crowded living situations (eg, crowded buses and trains, prison camps) and infrequent washing and/or changing of clothing. P corporis can be acquired via bedding, towels, or clothing recently used by an individual infested with lice; thus, individuals who are homeless, who are impoverished, or who are living in refugee camps are at high risk for infestation.

• #35 Body lice | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/body-lice

  Body lice are small blood-sucking insects that live inside clothing, particularly the seams. […] People who live in unhygienic and crowded conditions, where personal hygiene is neglected and clothes are not changed, are most susceptible to body lice infestations. […] In overcrowded, unhygienic conditions where there is no opportunity to wash and launder clothing on a regular basis body lice can be responsible for the spread of epidemic infections such as epidemic typhus. […] In Australia, body lice are not responsible for the spread of any infectious disease-causing organisms, and are uncommon. […] Body lice can be transmitted in clothing or bedding as well as by close physical contact. […] Direct contact with an affected person or their personal belongings can spread the lice from person to person.

• #36 Body Lice | Disease Outbreak Control Division

  https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/body-lice-ukus/

  Body lice are small, usually pale- to grey-colored insects that live and reproduce in clothing worn by humans. Body lice feed on human blood and can survive only on people. […] Body lice are known to transmit bacterial infections that cause three human diseases: louse-borne typhus (Rickettsia prowazeki), trench fever (Rochalimaea quintana), and louse-borne relapsing fever (Borrelia recurrentis). […] Body lice are spread through direct person-to-person contact with someone who has body lice. It can also be spread through contact of clothing, beds, bed linens, or towels that have been in contact with someone who has body lice.

• #37 Body lice: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000838.htm

  Body lice are tiny insects (scientific name is Pediculus humanus corporis) that are spread through close contact with other people. […] Body lice live in the seams and folds of clothing. They feed on human blood and lay their eggs and deposit waste matter on the skin and clothing. […] You can get body lice if you come in direct contact with someone who has lice. You can also get lice from infected clothing, towels, or bedding. […] You are more likely to get body lice if you do not bathe and wash your clothes often or live in close (overcrowded) conditions.

• #38 Body Lice – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/body-lice

  Body lice live in the seams and folds of clothing. They feed on human blood and lay their eggs and deposit waste matter on the skin and clothing. […] You can get body lice if you come in direct contact with someone who has lice. You can also get lice from infected clothing, towels, or bedding. […] Lice may also carry organisms that cause relapsing fever, typhus, and trench fever. […] In rare cases, lice carry uncommon diseases, such as trench fever, which may be spread to humans.

• #39 Body lice | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/body-lice

  Body lice are small blood-sucking insects that live inside clothing, particularly the seams. […] People who live in unhygienic and crowded conditions, where personal hygiene is neglected and clothes are not changed, are most susceptible to body lice infestations. […] In overcrowded, unhygienic conditions where there is no opportunity to wash and launder clothing on a regular basis body lice can be responsible for the spread of epidemic infections such as epidemic typhus. […] In Australia, body lice are not responsible for the spread of any infectious disease-causing organisms, and are uncommon. […] Body lice can be transmitted in clothing or bedding as well as by close physical contact. […] Direct contact with an affected person or their personal belongings can spread the lice from person to person.

• #40 How Do You Get Lice?

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/how_do_you_get_lice/article_em.htm

  Lice are parasites that feed on human blood and can be found on peoples bodies. […] Body lice are the only type known to spread disease. […] Lice are transmitted through direct contact with an infested person, or by sharing items from an infested person such as clothing, bed linens, furniture, brushes and combs, towels, pillows, and toys.

• #41 How Do You Get Lice? Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.health.com/how-do-you-get-lice-8710650

  Lice are parasites that survive on your body by living off your blood. Three types of lice impact humans: head lice, body lice, and pubic lice. […] Body lice live on your clothing and bedding and then travel periodically to your skin to feed. […] Although body lice can also spread via direct contact with someone with body lice, this type more frequently spreads through indirect contact. […] Of the three types of lice, body lice are the most likely to indirectly spread because they can survive on clothing and linens for many hours. Body lice can live up to three days without a host (a human) in most areas they fall, but they can live for up to one month in the seams of clothes. Body lice are often spread through shared towels or clothing from someone with body lice. They can also be spread through beds or bed linens.

• #42 How Do You Get Lice? Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.health.com/how-do-you-get-lice-8710650

  Lice are parasites that survive on your body by living off your blood. Three types of lice impact humans: head lice, body lice, and pubic lice. […] Body lice live on your clothing and bedding and then travel periodically to your skin to feed. […] Although body lice can also spread via direct contact with someone with body lice, this type more frequently spreads through indirect contact. […] Of the three types of lice, body lice are the most likely to indirectly spread because they can survive on clothing and linens for many hours. Body lice can live up to three days without a host (a human) in most areas they fall, but they can live for up to one month in the seams of clothes. Body lice are often spread through shared towels or clothing from someone with body lice. They can also be spread through beds or bed linens.

• #43 Pediculosis Corporis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482148/

  Body lice are ectoparasites that must feed on human blood to survive and have a global distribution. […] Body lice feed 1 to 5 times daily and can live up to 60 days. […] Recently, it has been established that severe iron deficiency anemia is linked with the development of pediculosis corporis. […] Infestations are strongly correlated with poor body hygiene, lack of access to clean clothing, and crowded conditions, facilitating lice spread through direct physical contact. […] The most significant difference between body and head lice is the distinct ability of body lice to transmit the bacterial diseases trench fever, relapsing fever, and epidemic typhus to humans. […] The primary symptom of body lice infestations is severe pruritus. […] The most significant medical impact of body lice is their ability to transmit bacterial diseases, most notably trench fever caused by Bartonella quintana, relapsing fever caused by Borrelia recurrentis, and epidemic (louse-borne) typhus caused by Rickettsia prowazekii. […] While body lice infestation does not usually lead to severe complications, there can be associated issues and secondary problems. […] Body lice have been associated with transmitting diseases like trench fever, typhus, and relapsing fever.

• #44 Why do Body Lice Spread Disease, While Head Lice do not?

  http://entomologytoday.org/2014/01/11/why-do-body-lice-spread-disease-while-head-lice-do-not/

  The human head louse, left, and body louse, right, are the same species, but differ in their ability to transmit disease to their host. […] Why then do body lice spread diseases such as trench fever or typhus, while head lice do not? […] Our experiments suggest that the head louse immune system is fairly effective in fighting off the bacteria that cause trench fever, Pittendrigh said. However, the body lice don’t seem to have as good an immune response. […] The researchers discovered that several immune genes were regulated differently in head and body lice after infection with the bacteria, and the infection progressed further in body lice over time. […] By eight days post-infection, head lice had killed or contained the invading B. quintana, whereas the bacteria were still proliferating and spreading in body lice, the researchers reported.

• #45 Why do Body Lice Spread Disease, While Head Lice do not?

  http://entomologytoday.org/2014/01/11/why-do-body-lice-spread-disease-while-head-lice-do-not/

  The body louse’s dampened immune response would allow other invading bacteria, such as those that cause disease in humans, to also survive in its gut, he said. […] So body lice may grow bigger, but they also are more likely to get sick with the trench fever bacteria and pass the disease to humans, Pittendrigh said.

• #46 Pediculosis Corporis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482148/

  Body lice are ectoparasites that must feed on human blood to survive and have a global distribution. […] Body lice feed 1 to 5 times daily and can live up to 60 days. […] Recently, it has been established that severe iron deficiency anemia is linked with the development of pediculosis corporis. […] Infestations are strongly correlated with poor body hygiene, lack of access to clean clothing, and crowded conditions, facilitating lice spread through direct physical contact. […] The most significant difference between body and head lice is the distinct ability of body lice to transmit the bacterial diseases trench fever, relapsing fever, and epidemic typhus to humans. […] The primary symptom of body lice infestations is severe pruritus. […] The most significant medical impact of body lice is their ability to transmit bacterial diseases, most notably trench fever caused by Bartonella quintana, relapsing fever caused by Borrelia recurrentis, and epidemic (louse-borne) typhus caused by Rickettsia prowazekii. […] While body lice infestation does not usually lead to severe complications, there can be associated issues and secondary problems. […] Body lice have been associated with transmitting diseases like trench fever, typhus, and relapsing fever.

• #47 Body louse – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_louse

  The body louse (Pediculus humanus humanus, also known as Pediculus humanus corporis) or the cootie is a hematophagic ectoparasite louse that infests humans. […] Body lice are disease vectors and can transmit pathogens that cause human diseases such as epidemic typhus, trench fever, and relapsing fever. […] Unlike other species of lice, body lice can act as vectors of disease. The most important pathogens which are transmitted by them are Rickettsia prowazekii (causes epidemic typhus), Borrelia recurrentis (causes relapsing fever), and Bartonella quintana (causes trench fever).

• #48 Body Lice (Pediculosis): Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17919-body-lice

  Body lice spread by direct, person-to-person contact. You can also get body lice by sharing clothing, bedding, towels or other linens with someone who has body lice. […] Body lice can transmit diseases like: Typhus: A bacterial infection that causes a skin rash, fever and headaches. Trench fever: A bacterial infection that causes fever, weakness, dizziness, headaches and pain in your legs and back. Louse-borne relapsing fever: A bacterial infection that causes recurring fever, nausea and vomiting and muscle pains (myalgia). […] Most people with body lice recover without medication.

• #49 What Diseases Can Be Caused by Lice Infestation | LiceDoctors

  https://www.licedoctors.com/blog/what-diseases-can-be-caused-by-lice-infestation

  Body lice, larger than head lice, reside in clothing and bedding, venturing onto the skin to feed. Unlike head lice, body lice are known carriers of several serious diseases, such as typhus, trench fever, and relapsing fever. These diseases are caused by bacteria transmitted through body lice bites. Body lice infestations are often linked to poor hygiene and overcrowded living conditions. […] Body lice can transmit serious diseases. From typhus, known for causing widespread outbreaks throughout history, to relapsing fever and trench fever, these tiny parasites pose a significant health risk. Understanding how body lice spread and the diseases they carry emphasizes the importance of effective lice treatment and prevention. […] Epidemic typhus (AKA louse-borne typhus) is caused by an intracellular strain of bacteria called Rickettsia prowazekii. It is spread among humans from infected body lice bites (not lice on the head).

• #50 Body Lice (Pediculosis): Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17919-body-lice

  Body lice spread by direct, person-to-person contact. You can also get body lice by sharing clothing, bedding, towels or other linens with someone who has body lice. […] Body lice can transmit diseases like: Typhus: A bacterial infection that causes a skin rash, fever and headaches. Trench fever: A bacterial infection that causes fever, weakness, dizziness, headaches and pain in your legs and back. Louse-borne relapsing fever: A bacterial infection that causes recurring fever, nausea and vomiting and muscle pains (myalgia). […] Most people with body lice recover without medication.

• #51 What Diseases Can Be Caused by Lice Infestation | LiceDoctors

  https://www.licedoctors.com/blog/what-diseases-can-be-caused-by-lice-infestation

  Human lice also act as vectors for the transmission of Borrelia recurrentis, the bacteria that causes louse-borne relapsing fever, or LBRF. […] Trench fever is another louse-borne disease caused by Bartonella Quintana, a bacterium endemic to Mexico, Tunisia, Eritrea, Poland, and the former Soviet Union.

• #52 Body Lice (Pediculosis): Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17919-body-lice

  Body lice spread by direct, person-to-person contact. You can also get body lice by sharing clothing, bedding, towels or other linens with someone who has body lice. […] Body lice can transmit diseases like: Typhus: A bacterial infection that causes a skin rash, fever and headaches. Trench fever: A bacterial infection that causes fever, weakness, dizziness, headaches and pain in your legs and back. Louse-borne relapsing fever: A bacterial infection that causes recurring fever, nausea and vomiting and muscle pains (myalgia). […] Most people with body lice recover without medication.

• #53 What Diseases Can Be Caused by Lice Infestation | LiceDoctors

  https://www.licedoctors.com/blog/what-diseases-can-be-caused-by-lice-infestation

  Human lice also act as vectors for the transmission of Borrelia recurrentis, the bacteria that causes louse-borne relapsing fever, or LBRF. […] Trench fever is another louse-borne disease caused by Bartonella Quintana, a bacterium endemic to Mexico, Tunisia, Eritrea, Poland, and the former Soviet Union.

• #54 Body Lice Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment| Everyday Health

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/lice/body-lice-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/

  There are three types of lice that live off of humans: head lice, pubic lice, and body lice. While they are all flat, wingless, parasitic insects, there are some key differences. Body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis), for instance, are the only variety of lice known to spread disease. […] Body lice lay their eggs on or near the seams of clothing and bedding, and simply crawl onto the skin several times a day to feed. […] Body lice infestations usually cause minimal problems. But under certain circumstances, body lice can spread some bacterial diseases, such as epidemic typhus, trench fever, and louse-borne relapsing fever. […] These diseases are spread when an infested person scratches parasite feces into their skin. […] While louse-borne typhus isn’t a common issue, outbreaks do still happen where chronic poverty, social customs, natural or man-made disasters, or war prevent regular laundering and changing of clothes.

• #55 Bedbugs vs. Lice Pictures, Bites, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/bedbugs_bed_bugs_vs__lice/article.htm

  Lice are parasitic insects that feed on human blood and can be found on people’s bodies. […] Body lice is the only type of lice known to spread disease. […] Lice are transmitted through direct contact with an infected person, or by sharing clothing or bed linens with an infected person. […] Body lice can spread certain illnesses including epidemic typhus, trench fever, and louse-borne relapsing fever. These diseases are not common in more developed countries but can be a problem in places where there are chronic poverty and people live together in unsanitary conditions.

• #56 Body Lice Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment| Everyday Health

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/lice/body-lice-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/

  There are three types of lice that live off of humans: head lice, pubic lice, and body lice. While they are all flat, wingless, parasitic insects, there are some key differences. Body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis), for instance, are the only variety of lice known to spread disease. […] Body lice lay their eggs on or near the seams of clothing and bedding, and simply crawl onto the skin several times a day to feed. […] Body lice infestations usually cause minimal problems. But under certain circumstances, body lice can spread some bacterial diseases, such as epidemic typhus, trench fever, and louse-borne relapsing fever. […] These diseases are spread when an infested person scratches parasite feces into their skin. […] While louse-borne typhus isn’t a common issue, outbreaks do still happen where chronic poverty, social customs, natural or man-made disasters, or war prevent regular laundering and changing of clothes.

• #57 Body lice: Symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/body-lice

  Body lice lay eggs on clothing, feed on human blood, and can transmit disease to humans. […] Lice move from person to person via close skin contact. They cannot transmit from animals such as dogs or livestock to humans, as they solely feed on human blood. […] For this reason, body lice are most common in those who do not have access to bathing or laundry facilities, particularly when living in crowded conditions. […] Body lice cause itching and may spread diseases, including typhus, relapsing fever, and trench fever.

• #58 Body Lice Infestation: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/body-lice

  Body lice usually infest people who arent able to bathe or change clothes regularly. […] Infestations occur worldwide and are spread via close person-to-person contact or through commonly shared bed linens, towels, and clothing. In general, infestations of body lice are limited to people who live in unhygienic or crowded living conditions and who dont have access to clean clothing. […] Body lice are only found on humans on the body. […] Other animals or pets, like dogs and cats, dont play a role in spreading human lice. Humans are the body louses only host and lice will die within five to seven days if they fall off of a person. […] Rarely, body lice can also carry other uncommon bacterial diseases. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, body lice have caused epidemics of typhus and louse-borne relapsing fever. This typically occurs in places where war, poverty, or climate has made good hygiene extremely difficult.

• #59 Human pediculosis, a global public health problem | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-022-00986-w

  Human pediculosis is caused by hematophagous lice, which are transmitted between individuals via direct and/or indirect contact. […] Human blood-sucking lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Anoplura) comprise two families Pediculidae and Pthiridae, with the corresponding genera Pediculus and Pthirus, respectively. […] While head lice spend their entire life on the host, body lice live mainly on the folds of the host’s clothing and bedding. […] Transmission of head and body lice occurs via close contact, such as head-to-head or exchanging hats, sharing pillowcases, and clothes. […] Body lice are predominantly prevalent in the homeless people, refugees and people living in crowded and/or unsanitary conditions. […] They are transmitted among humans via close body-to-body contact, and their prevalence often reflects the socioeconomic status of the infested population.

• #60 Human pediculosis, a global public health problem | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-022-00986-w

  Body louse outbreaks occur mostly during conflicts or natural disasters with a prevalence as high as 90-100% reported during the civil wars in Burundi, Rwanda, and Zaire in the 1990s. […] Body lice can transmit R. prowazekii, B. recurrentis and B. quintana, the causative agents of epidemic typhus, relapsing fever and trench fever, respectively. […] Body lice may also serve as a potential vector of other pathogens. […] Body lice have significantly fewer protein-coding genes associated with environmental sensing compared with other insects genomes and fewer gene-coding proteins necessary for host location and selection, such as odorant and gustatory receptors, odorant-binding proteins, and chemosensory proteins.

• #61 Body lice | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/body-lice

  Body lice are small blood-sucking insects that live inside clothing, particularly the seams. […] People who live in unhygienic and crowded conditions, where personal hygiene is neglected and clothes are not changed, are most susceptible to body lice infestations. […] In overcrowded, unhygienic conditions where there is no opportunity to wash and launder clothing on a regular basis body lice can be responsible for the spread of epidemic infections such as epidemic typhus. […] In Australia, body lice are not responsible for the spread of any infectious disease-causing organisms, and are uncommon. […] Body lice can be transmitted in clothing or bedding as well as by close physical contact. […] Direct contact with an affected person or their personal belongings can spread the lice from person to person.

• #62 Pediculosis Corporis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482148/

  Body lice are ectoparasites that must feed on human blood to survive and have a global distribution. […] Body lice feed 1 to 5 times daily and can live up to 60 days. […] Recently, it has been established that severe iron deficiency anemia is linked with the development of pediculosis corporis. […] Infestations are strongly correlated with poor body hygiene, lack of access to clean clothing, and crowded conditions, facilitating lice spread through direct physical contact. […] The most significant difference between body and head lice is the distinct ability of body lice to transmit the bacterial diseases trench fever, relapsing fever, and epidemic typhus to humans. […] The primary symptom of body lice infestations is severe pruritus. […] The most significant medical impact of body lice is their ability to transmit bacterial diseases, most notably trench fever caused by Bartonella quintana, relapsing fever caused by Borrelia recurrentis, and epidemic (louse-borne) typhus caused by Rickettsia prowazekii. […] While body lice infestation does not usually lead to severe complications, there can be associated issues and secondary problems. […] Body lice have been associated with transmitting diseases like trench fever, typhus, and relapsing fever.

• #63 Pediculosis Corporis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482148/

  Body lice are ectoparasites that must feed on human blood to survive and have a global distribution. […] Body lice feed 1 to 5 times daily and can live up to 60 days. […] Recently, it has been established that severe iron deficiency anemia is linked with the development of pediculosis corporis. […] Infestations are strongly correlated with poor body hygiene, lack of access to clean clothing, and crowded conditions, facilitating lice spread through direct physical contact. […] The most significant difference between body and head lice is the distinct ability of body lice to transmit the bacterial diseases trench fever, relapsing fever, and epidemic typhus to humans. […] The primary symptom of body lice infestations is severe pruritus. […] The most significant medical impact of body lice is their ability to transmit bacterial diseases, most notably trench fever caused by Bartonella quintana, relapsing fever caused by Borrelia recurrentis, and epidemic (louse-borne) typhus caused by Rickettsia prowazekii. […] While body lice infestation does not usually lead to severe complications, there can be associated issues and secondary problems. […] Body lice have been associated with transmitting diseases like trench fever, typhus, and relapsing fever.

• #64 Body Lice: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/body-lice/

  Body lice are typically spread through close person-to-person contact or contact with infested clothing, bedding, or towels. They are more common in crowded living conditions where hygiene is poor. […] Body lice are tiny parasites that live in clothing and feed on human blood, causing intense itching and discomfort. […] Chronic infestations can result in thickened, darkened skin, a condition known as vagabond’s disease. Body lice complications can also include allergic reactions to lice bites, leading to severe itching and swelling. […] In some cases, body lice act as carriers of diseases like trench fever, relapsing fever, and epidemic typhus, which require immediate medical attention.

• #65 Body Lice: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/body-lice/

  Body lice are typically spread through close person-to-person contact or contact with infested clothing, bedding, or towels. They are more common in crowded living conditions where hygiene is poor. […] Body lice are tiny parasites that live in clothing and feed on human blood, causing intense itching and discomfort. […] Chronic infestations can result in thickened, darkened skin, a condition known as vagabond’s disease. Body lice complications can also include allergic reactions to lice bites, leading to severe itching and swelling. […] In some cases, body lice act as carriers of diseases like trench fever, relapsing fever, and epidemic typhus, which require immediate medical attention.

• #66 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-clinical

  Patients infested with P corporis experience nocturnal pruritus, particularly in the axillary, truncal, and groin regions, when the lice move from the clothing to the body to feed. […] The diagnosis of body lice depends on the close examination of the patient’s clothing for crawling lice and nits. […] Body louse infestation is also known as vagabond disease, and individuals who have an infestation for many years can develop a condition termed vagabond skin. The skin becomes thickened and darkened after years of bites and subsequent rubbing and excoriations. […] Louse-borne disease is a potential problem whenever body lice spread through a population. The body louse, P humanus corporis, is a known vector of 3 major bacterial diseases, all of which have caused epidemics: louse-borne typhus, trench fever, and louse-borne relapsing fever.

• #67 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-clinical

  Patients infested with P corporis experience nocturnal pruritus, particularly in the axillary, truncal, and groin regions, when the lice move from the clothing to the body to feed. […] The diagnosis of body lice depends on the close examination of the patient’s clothing for crawling lice and nits. […] Body louse infestation is also known as vagabond disease, and individuals who have an infestation for many years can develop a condition termed vagabond skin. The skin becomes thickened and darkened after years of bites and subsequent rubbing and excoriations. […] Louse-borne disease is a potential problem whenever body lice spread through a population. The body louse, P humanus corporis, is a known vector of 3 major bacterial diseases, all of which have caused epidemics: louse-borne typhus, trench fever, and louse-borne relapsing fever.

• #68 Body Lice: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/body-lice/

  Body lice are typically spread through close person-to-person contact or contact with infested clothing, bedding, or towels. They are more common in crowded living conditions where hygiene is poor. […] Body lice are tiny parasites that live in clothing and feed on human blood, causing intense itching and discomfort. […] Chronic infestations can result in thickened, darkened skin, a condition known as vagabond’s disease. Body lice complications can also include allergic reactions to lice bites, leading to severe itching and swelling. […] In some cases, body lice act as carriers of diseases like trench fever, relapsing fever, and epidemic typhus, which require immediate medical attention.

• #69 Lice – Dermatologic Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/parasitic-skin-infections/lice

  Body lice primarily live on bedding and clothing, not people, and are most frequently found in cramped, crowded conditions (eg, military barracks, some households), conditions with poor hygiene, and places with communal beds. Transmission is by sharing of contaminated clothing and bedding. Body lice are main vectors of epidemic typhus, trench fever, and relapsing fever. […] Body lice cause pruritus; signs are small red puncta caused by bites, usually associated with linear scratch marks, urticaria, or superficial bacterial infection. These findings are especially common on the shoulders, buttocks, and abdomen. Nits may be present on body hairs. […] Diagnosis of body lice is by demonstration of lice and nits in clothing, especially at the seams. […] Primary treatment of body lice is thorough cleaning (eg, cleaning, followed by drying at 65 C [149 F]) or replacement of clothing and bedding, which is often difficult because affected people often have few resources and little control over their environment.

• #70

  https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/lice

  Body lice are usually seen in people with poor hygiene. […] Body lice cause severe itching, which is often worse at night. […] With body lice, in some cases, lice and eggs can be found in the seams of clothes. […] Medications are usually not needed to treat body lice. […] Treatment for body lice usually consists of improving hygiene and washing clothes. […] Bed sheets and blankets should be washed in hot water and dried in a hot dryer.

• #71 Lice: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options | ABC Medical Center

  https://centromedicoabc.com/en/padecimientos/lice/

  They are small hematophagous parasitic insects that live in different parts of the human body and that are easily spread through physical or sexual contact with the carrier or through their personal use objects such as clothing, towels, brushes, or caps, causing an infestation known as pediculosis. […] Body lice: they do not live on the body, but rather on clothing or sheets, from where they move to the persons skin to obtain food. […] It is widely believed that the presence of lice is due to a lack of personal hygiene, which is false, since it is possible to maintain proper hygiene and still suffer from lice infestation. […] It is not difficult to eliminate adult lice following these treatments, but the real challenge is to get rid of all the eggs or nits on the body, textiles, and bedding.

• #72 Body Lice | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/bodylice.html

  Body lice (also called clothes lice) are tiny insects which live and lay nits (lice eggs) on clothing. They are parasites, and they need to feed on human blood to survive. […] Body lice can spread diseases, such as typhus, trench fever, and relapsing fever. […] Body lice is most common in people who cannot bathe and wash their clothes regularly, especially if they live in crowded conditions. […] In other countries, body lice can also affect refugees and victims of war or natural disasters.

• #73 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  Causative organisms include P humanus capitis (head louse), P humanus corporis (body louse), and P pubis (pubic louse) […] Head lice are most commonly found among girls aged 5 to 11 years, but they can affect anyone, with lower prevalence observed in Black individuals. The lice are easily spread through close contact in settings such as households and classrooms, and although they may also be transmitted via static electricity or wind, these routes have not been definitively proven. […] Risk factors for body lice infestation include close, crowded living situations (eg, crowded buses and trains, prison camps) and infrequent washing and/or changing of clothing. P corporis can be acquired via bedding, towels, or clothing recently used by an individual infested with lice; thus, individuals who are homeless, who are impoverished, or who are living in refugee camps are at high risk for infestation.

• #74 About Body Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/about/body-lice.html

  Body lice are parasites, or insects, that feed on human blood. […] Body lice can spread disease. […] Body lice can spread disease (epidemic typhus, Bartonella quintana infection, and epidemic relapsing fever). […] Body lice spread through direct contact with a person who has body lice. […] However, in the United States, actual infestation with body lice tends to occur only in people who do not have access to housing, regular bathing, or clean clothes. […] You can treat a body lice infestation by improving personal hygiene.

• #75 How Do You Get Lice? Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.health.com/how-do-you-get-lice-8710650

  People at the greatest risk for body lice are those who can’t bathe or clean their clothes frequently and people who live in crowded areas. In the United States, body lice are most common among people experiencing homelessness. Around the world, body lice more typically impact people in war regions, refugees, and survivors of natural disasters.

• #76 Body and Pubic Lice (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/sexual-health/pubic-and-body-lice-leaflet

  Body lice are also passed on in close contact. They mostly occur in cold climates and in overcrowded areas where there is poor sanitation and a high rate of poverty. Being unable to wash regularly or wearing the same clothes for a long time increases the chance of catching body lice, so homeless people are at increased risk. […] You can catch body lice by coming into close physical contact with someone who has lice. This need not be sexual contact. You can also catch it from lice-infested clothing, bedding or towels. Body lice are mainly seen in homeless people who are unable to wash frequently or change their clothes regularly.

• #77 Body Lice | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/bodylice.html

  Body lice (also called clothes lice) are tiny insects which live and lay nits (lice eggs) on clothing. They are parasites, and they need to feed on human blood to survive. […] Body lice can spread diseases, such as typhus, trench fever, and relapsing fever. […] Body lice is most common in people who cannot bathe and wash their clothes regularly, especially if they live in crowded conditions. […] In other countries, body lice can also affect refugees and victims of war or natural disasters.

• #78 Body Lice | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/bodylice.html

  Body lice (also called clothes lice) are tiny insects which live and lay nits (lice eggs) on clothing. They are parasites, and they need to feed on human blood to survive. […] Body lice can spread diseases, such as typhus, trench fever, and relapsing fever. […] Body lice is most common in people who cannot bathe and wash their clothes regularly, especially if they live in crowded conditions. […] In other countries, body lice can also affect refugees and victims of war or natural disasters.

• #79 Lice | CALS

  https://cals.cornell.edu/new-york-state-integrated-pest-management/outreach-education/whats-bugging-you/lice

  Body lice likely evolved from head lice about 100,000 years ago adapting to laying eggs and living in clothing, a human advancement dating to roughly the same time period. […] Body lice are generally uncommon in America, but they can be found in places where hygiene is poor and people are vulnerable, such as among the homeless and residents of nursing homes. […] Body lice can transmit serious disease-causing organisms, including epidemic typhus (Rickettsia sp.), trench fever (Bartonella quintana, related to cat-scratch fever) and relapsing fever (Borrelia sp., similar to Lyme disease).

• #80 Body Lice: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment, and When to Seek Medical Help

  https://www.doctorshubnepal.com/diseases-conditions/body-lice

  Body lice infestations are primarily caused by poor hygiene and unsanitary living conditions. The following factors can contribute to their development: […] Lack of Personal Hygiene: Infrequent bathing and infrequent changes of clothing provide an environment in which body lice can thrive. […] Crowded Living Conditions: Overcrowding and shared bedding or clothing in shelters, refugee camps, or jails increase the risk of infestation. […] Homelessness: People without access to regular bathing facilities or clean clothing are at higher risk.

• #81 About Body Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/about/body-lice.html

  Body lice are parasites, or insects, that feed on human blood. […] Body lice can spread disease. […] Body lice can spread disease (epidemic typhus, Bartonella quintana infection, and epidemic relapsing fever). […] Body lice spread through direct contact with a person who has body lice. […] However, in the United States, actual infestation with body lice tends to occur only in people who do not have access to housing, regular bathing, or clean clothes. […] You can treat a body lice infestation by improving personal hygiene.

• #82 Body lice | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/body-lice

  Body lice are small blood-sucking insects that live inside clothing, particularly the seams. […] People who live in unhygienic and crowded conditions, where personal hygiene is neglected and clothes are not changed, are most susceptible to body lice infestations. […] In overcrowded, unhygienic conditions where there is no opportunity to wash and launder clothing on a regular basis body lice can be responsible for the spread of epidemic infections such as epidemic typhus. […] In Australia, body lice are not responsible for the spread of any infectious disease-causing organisms, and are uncommon. […] Body lice can be transmitted in clothing or bedding as well as by close physical contact. […] Direct contact with an affected person or their personal belongings can spread the lice from person to person.

• #83 About Body Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/about/body-lice.html

  Body lice are parasites, or insects, that feed on human blood. […] Body lice can spread disease. […] Body lice can spread disease (epidemic typhus, Bartonella quintana infection, and epidemic relapsing fever). […] Body lice spread through direct contact with a person who has body lice. […] However, in the United States, actual infestation with body lice tends to occur only in people who do not have access to housing, regular bathing, or clean clothes. […] You can treat a body lice infestation by improving personal hygiene.

• #84 Body lice Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/body-lice.html

  Body lice are small, parasitic insects found mainly on the clothing of infested people, and occasionally on their bodies or bedding. […] Most body lice are found on people who are living in conditions that are overcrowded without easy access to bathing and regular changes of clean clothes and bed linens. […] In certain underdeveloped and war-torn parts of the world and places with poor sanitation and overcrowding, body lice have the potential to transmit the microbes that cause trench fever, louse-borne relapsing fever and louse-borne (epidemic) typhus.

• #85 Pediculosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470343/

  Body lice live, lay their eggs in clothing or bedding, and only move to the skin to feed. They spread primarily by direct contact in populations with poor hygiene. However, they can also be transmitted through clothing, bedding, and towels.[3] […] Body lice more commonly affect the homeless and displaced populations and should be suspected when there are signs of scratching, poor hygiene, and in the year’s colder months.[2][3] […] Body lice are more common in the colder months of the year.[3][7] […] Body lice can transmit trench fever, relapsing fever, and epidemic typhus to humans.[3] […] Body lice are eradicated through proper hygiene, laundering, or insecticide application to affected clothing.

• #86 Pubic and Body Lice | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/pubic-and-body-lice-pro

  Lice are blood-sucking insects and specific parasites of human beings. […] The body louse (Pediculus humanus) is most often seen in cold climates, in poor sanitation and with overcrowding. […] Body lice also occur mainly when clothes are not changed or washed regularly. Therefore, homeless populations are predominantly affected. […] The mainstay of treatment for body lice involves laundering clothing and bedding in hot water and bathing regularly. […] The body louse acts as a vector for bartonellosis, epidemic typhus and relapsing fever.

• #87 About Body Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/about/body-lice.html

  Body lice are parasites, or insects, that feed on human blood. […] Body lice can spread disease. […] Body lice can spread disease (epidemic typhus, Bartonella quintana infection, and epidemic relapsing fever). […] Body lice spread through direct contact with a person who has body lice. […] However, in the United States, actual infestation with body lice tends to occur only in people who do not have access to housing, regular bathing, or clean clothes. […] You can treat a body lice infestation by improving personal hygiene.

• #88 How Do You Get Lice? Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.health.com/how-do-you-get-lice-8710650

  People at the greatest risk for body lice are those who can’t bathe or clean their clothes frequently and people who live in crowded areas. In the United States, body lice are most common among people experiencing homelessness. Around the world, body lice more typically impact people in war regions, refugees, and survivors of natural disasters.

• #89 Why do Body Lice Spread Disease, While Head Lice do not?

  http://entomologytoday.org/2014/01/11/why-do-body-lice-spread-disease-while-head-lice-do-not/

  The human head louse, left, and body louse, right, are the same species, but differ in their ability to transmit disease to their host. […] Why then do body lice spread diseases such as trench fever or typhus, while head lice do not? […] Our experiments suggest that the head louse immune system is fairly effective in fighting off the bacteria that cause trench fever, Pittendrigh said. However, the body lice don’t seem to have as good an immune response. […] The researchers discovered that several immune genes were regulated differently in head and body lice after infection with the bacteria, and the infection progressed further in body lice over time. […] By eight days post-infection, head lice had killed or contained the invading B. quintana, whereas the bacteria were still proliferating and spreading in body lice, the researchers reported.

• #90 Human pediculosis, a global public health problem | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-022-00986-w

  Body louse outbreaks occur mostly during conflicts or natural disasters with a prevalence as high as 90-100% reported during the civil wars in Burundi, Rwanda, and Zaire in the 1990s. […] Body lice can transmit R. prowazekii, B. recurrentis and B. quintana, the causative agents of epidemic typhus, relapsing fever and trench fever, respectively. […] Body lice may also serve as a potential vector of other pathogens. […] Body lice have significantly fewer protein-coding genes associated with environmental sensing compared with other insects genomes and fewer gene-coding proteins necessary for host location and selection, such as odorant and gustatory receptors, odorant-binding proteins, and chemosensory proteins.

• #91 Human pediculosis, a global public health problem | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-022-00986-w

  Body louse outbreaks occur mostly during conflicts or natural disasters with a prevalence as high as 90-100% reported during the civil wars in Burundi, Rwanda, and Zaire in the 1990s. […] Body lice can transmit R. prowazekii, B. recurrentis and B. quintana, the causative agents of epidemic typhus, relapsing fever and trench fever, respectively. […] Body lice may also serve as a potential vector of other pathogens. […] Body lice have significantly fewer protein-coding genes associated with environmental sensing compared with other insects genomes and fewer gene-coding proteins necessary for host location and selection, such as odorant and gustatory receptors, odorant-binding proteins, and chemosensory proteins.

• #92 Why do Body Lice Spread Disease, While Head Lice do not?

  http://entomologytoday.org/2014/01/11/why-do-body-lice-spread-disease-while-head-lice-do-not/

  The human head louse, left, and body louse, right, are the same species, but differ in their ability to transmit disease to their host. […] Why then do body lice spread diseases such as trench fever or typhus, while head lice do not? […] Our experiments suggest that the head louse immune system is fairly effective in fighting off the bacteria that cause trench fever, Pittendrigh said. However, the body lice don’t seem to have as good an immune response. […] The researchers discovered that several immune genes were regulated differently in head and body lice after infection with the bacteria, and the infection progressed further in body lice over time. […] By eight days post-infection, head lice had killed or contained the invading B. quintana, whereas the bacteria were still proliferating and spreading in body lice, the researchers reported.

• #93 Why do Body Lice Spread Disease, While Head Lice do not?

  http://entomologytoday.org/2014/01/11/why-do-body-lice-spread-disease-while-head-lice-do-not/

  The human head louse, left, and body louse, right, are the same species, but differ in their ability to transmit disease to their host. […] Why then do body lice spread diseases such as trench fever or typhus, while head lice do not? […] Our experiments suggest that the head louse immune system is fairly effective in fighting off the bacteria that cause trench fever, Pittendrigh said. However, the body lice don’t seem to have as good an immune response. […] The researchers discovered that several immune genes were regulated differently in head and body lice after infection with the bacteria, and the infection progressed further in body lice over time. […] By eight days post-infection, head lice had killed or contained the invading B. quintana, whereas the bacteria were still proliferating and spreading in body lice, the researchers reported.

• #94 Why do Body Lice Spread Disease, While Head Lice do not?

  http://entomologytoday.org/2014/01/11/why-do-body-lice-spread-disease-while-head-lice-do-not/

  The human head louse, left, and body louse, right, are the same species, but differ in their ability to transmit disease to their host. […] Why then do body lice spread diseases such as trench fever or typhus, while head lice do not? […] Our experiments suggest that the head louse immune system is fairly effective in fighting off the bacteria that cause trench fever, Pittendrigh said. However, the body lice don’t seem to have as good an immune response. […] The researchers discovered that several immune genes were regulated differently in head and body lice after infection with the bacteria, and the infection progressed further in body lice over time. […] By eight days post-infection, head lice had killed or contained the invading B. quintana, whereas the bacteria were still proliferating and spreading in body lice, the researchers reported.

• #95 Why do Body Lice Spread Disease, While Head Lice do not?

  http://entomologytoday.org/2014/01/11/why-do-body-lice-spread-disease-while-head-lice-do-not/

  The human head louse, left, and body louse, right, are the same species, but differ in their ability to transmit disease to their host. […] Why then do body lice spread diseases such as trench fever or typhus, while head lice do not? […] Our experiments suggest that the head louse immune system is fairly effective in fighting off the bacteria that cause trench fever, Pittendrigh said. However, the body lice don’t seem to have as good an immune response. […] The researchers discovered that several immune genes were regulated differently in head and body lice after infection with the bacteria, and the infection progressed further in body lice over time. […] By eight days post-infection, head lice had killed or contained the invading B. quintana, whereas the bacteria were still proliferating and spreading in body lice, the researchers reported.

• #96 Why do Body Lice Spread Disease, While Head Lice do not?

  http://entomologytoday.org/2014/01/11/why-do-body-lice-spread-disease-while-head-lice-do-not/

  The body louse’s dampened immune response would allow other invading bacteria, such as those that cause disease in humans, to also survive in its gut, he said. […] So body lice may grow bigger, but they also are more likely to get sick with the trench fever bacteria and pass the disease to humans, Pittendrigh said.

• #97 Why do Body Lice Spread Disease, While Head Lice do not?

  http://entomologytoday.org/2014/01/11/why-do-body-lice-spread-disease-while-head-lice-do-not/

  The human head louse, left, and body louse, right, are the same species, but differ in their ability to transmit disease to their host. […] Why then do body lice spread diseases such as trench fever or typhus, while head lice do not? […] Our experiments suggest that the head louse immune system is fairly effective in fighting off the bacteria that cause trench fever, Pittendrigh said. However, the body lice don’t seem to have as good an immune response. […] The researchers discovered that several immune genes were regulated differently in head and body lice after infection with the bacteria, and the infection progressed further in body lice over time. […] By eight days post-infection, head lice had killed or contained the invading B. quintana, whereas the bacteria were still proliferating and spreading in body lice, the researchers reported.

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