Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Prevention and Treatment Strategies for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/2/154

  Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease, especially in young children. Despite its global impact on healthcare, related to its high prevalence and its association with significant morbidity, the current therapy is still mostly supportive. […] In this review, we provide an update of the current treatment options for acute disease (RSV-specific and -non-specific) and different therapeutic approaches focusing on RSV prevention. […] Supportive treatment remains the mainstay of therapy. However, RSV-targeted therapy has demonstrated benefits in selected pediatric populations, such as bone marrow and lung transplant recipients. […] Treatment options that have been studied include ribavirin, palivizumab, motavizumab, and RSV-immune globulin (RSV-IVIG).

• #2 Prevention and Treatment Strategies for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9961958/

  Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease, especially in young children. […] the current therapy is still mostly supportive. […] the treatments clinical use among these populations remains a consideration. […] Treatment options that have been studied include ribavirin, palivizumab, motavizumab, and RSV-immune globulin (RSV-IVIG). […] Ribavirin is a broad-spectrum nucleoside analog that inhibits the replication of DNA and RNA viruses. […] However, overall, due to the high cost and potential adverse side effects, ribavirin is not currently recommended for previously healthy children. […] Palivizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal immunoglobulin that was approved in 1998 for prophylaxis against severe RSV disease in select high-risk groups.

• #3 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/respiratory-syncytial-virus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353104

  Treatment for respiratory syncytial virus generally involves self-care measures to make your child more comfortable (supportive care). But hospital care may be needed if severe symptoms occur. […] Your doctor may recommend an over-the-counter medication such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) to reduce fever. (Never give aspirin to a child.) Use of nasal saline drops and suctioning may help clear a stuffy nose. Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics if there’s a bacterial complication, such as bacterial pneumonia. […] If the RSV infection is severe, a hospital stay may be necessary. Treatments at the hospital may include: […] An inhaler (bronchodilator) or steroids are not proved to be helpful in treating RSV infection.

• #4 Symptoms and Care of RSV | RSV | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/symptoms/index.html

  There is no treatment for RSV, but you can manage symptoms with over-the-counter medications. […] Antiviral medication is not routinely recommended to fight RSV. Most RSV infections go away on their own in a week or two. However, RSV can cause serious illness in some people.

• #5 RSV Prevention and Treatment | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/rsv/treatment

  Mild RSV infections will go away in a week or two without treatment. You can use over-the-counter fever reducers and pain relievers to manage your symptoms. […] In severe cases, most commonly for infants younger than 6 months of age and older adults, hospitalization may be needed. The hospital will use intravenous (IV) fluids to aid in hydration, and a breathing machine or humidified oxygen to help your body receive the oxygen it needs.

• #6 How to Treat RSV at Home and When to Go to the Doctor | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/news/health-tip/how-treat-rsv-home-and-when-go-doctor

  Like all colds, there is no medication to cure RSV. However, here’s how you can ease your child’s discomfort at home: […] Stay hydrated. For infants, breast milk or formula are best for hydration because of their nutrients. For older children, mix it up. Make sure there is salt and sugar in their fluids if they are not eating. Apple juice, water, popsicles, milk, soup, and foods like watermelon and cucumbers are also great sources of hydration. Milk will not make mucus worse. […] Don’t panic! If your child is eligible, you can be proactive and take advantage of the antibody treatment to help prevent serious illness. If they do get sick, take steps to ease your child’s discomfort and get through the worst of it at home, use your judgement, and watch for the above warning signs.

• #7 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Symptoms and treatment – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv.html

  Usually, RSV infections are mild and clear up on their own in 1 to 2 weeks. […] If you or your child are infected, drink plenty of fluids and get lots of rest. You can use over-the-counter products such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen to manage fever. Speak to your health care provider if you’re unable to use these medications. […] If your child has symptoms, talk to their health care provider and give them medications as directed. […] In severe cases, a person who is having trouble breathing or becomes dehydrated may need to be admitted to the hospital. They may need oxygen and care. If you or your child are having difficulty breathing or are dehydrated, seek immediate medical care.

• #8 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV): Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention |Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv

  Since RSV is a virus, antibiotic medicines will not help. Here are some things you can do to make your baby more comfortable: […] For coughing and mucus build up (congestion), use a cool mist vaporizer. The moist air may make breathing easier and reduce coughing. Do not put medicine in the vaporizer. Change the water in it every day and clean it between uses. […] For a stuffy nose, use salt water (saline) nose drops to soften thick mucus. To get the mucus out, use a baby aspirator (suction device) like a bulb syringe or a NoseFrida. […] For a fever, give: […] Children over 2 months, acetaminophen (Childrens or Infants Tylenol). […] Children over 6 months, acetaminophen or ibuprofen (Childrens or Infants Motrin, Advil) […] Do not give cold and cough medicines. They will not help and should not be given to children younger than age 4. […] Check your childs temperature using a digital thermometer. […] Call your childs health care provider if your child: […] seems sick, shows signs of RSV and is less than 6 months of age or at high risk. […] RSV can get serious very quickly in some children.

• #9 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV): Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv

  Most cases of RSV will clear up on their own without treatment in up to 2 weeks, according to the CDC. […] RSV is a virus, which means it cant be treated with medications like antibiotics. […] Some remedies may help you recover more quickly, including: getting plenty of rest, drinking plenty of fluids, taking over-the-counter (OTC) pain relievers. […] For babies and toddlers, regular suctioning of mucus from their nose with a rubber bulb can relieve congestion. Saline drops can also loosen mucus and help with the suction process. […] Very young infants may need to be hospitalized if they require breathing support. […] Theres no cure for RSV. Usually, the virus clears on its own without treatment. That said, drinking plenty of fluids, getting rest, and taking OTC pain relievers may help you recover more quickly.

• #10 RSV symptoms, care and treatment | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/health/rsv-respiratory-syncytial-virus

  RSV is a common virus similar to a cold. It usually causes mild symptoms. […] In babies and young children, RSV is the top cause of serious lung disease, such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis. […] Most of the time, RSV can be treated at home and goes away on its own in a week or two. OHSU experts suggest: Eating regularly. Drinking lots of fluids. Plenty of sleep. Treating pain or fever with: Acetaminophen (Tylenol). Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin or PediaCare). […] Someone with RSV should see a doctor if: They have trouble breathing or are wheezing. They have trouble eating because they aren’t breathing normally. They are very inactive or not alert. They are dehydrated: Their urine is dark yellow. Babies and toddlers stay dry longer than usual. […] Abrysvo is an RSV vaccine for pregnant people and adults 60 and over. […] RSV immunization is recommended for: Babies 8 months and under entering their first RSV season. Babies and children 8 to 19 months who are at high risk of severe RSV and entering their second RSV season.

• #11 RSV Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/rsv-respiratory-syncytial-virus

  Babies can get a monoclonal antibody treatment to help protect them. […] Theres no specific treatment for RSV. If you or your child has severe RSV, you may need to stay in the hospital to recover. There, providers might help you get better with: Oxygen therapy to get more oxygen into your body, Fluids through an IV to prevent dehydration, Mechanical ventilation (a ventilator) if you cant breathe on your own. […] Antibiotics dont treat RSV since its a virus. […] There are some things you can do to help protect yourself from RSV. Babies up to 8 months old and some toddlers at high risk can get a monoclonal antibody immunization. This gives them antibodies that can help them fight off an RSV infection. […] Pregnant women and adults 75 and older (or 60 and older with certain health conditions) are eligible for RSV vaccines.

• #12 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV): Everything You Need to Know

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/respiratory-syncytial-virus

  If your child has trouble breathing, your doctor may recommend an RSV nebulizer with albuterol to help them breathe better. […] If your baby or toddler has RSV, they may need to go to the hospital so doctors can watch them closely and give them treatment for breathing problems or dehydration. […] When you have RSV with mild, cold-like symptoms, it usually goes away on its own. […] In most cases, you dont need a special treatment like RSV medication. You can use over-the-counter medication like ibuprofen or acetaminophen to treat a fever. Staying hydrated helps, so try to drink plenty of water. […] Only 2% of people with RSV need to go to the hospital for a more serious treatment. […] If you go to the hospital, you may get: IV fluids, Mucus removed from your airways, Oxygen through a mask, nasal prongs, or a ventilator. […] RSV is a virus, so antibiotics dont help. Antibiotics fight bacteria, not viruses.

• #13 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/r/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv-in-children.html

  Treatment will depend on your child’s symptoms, age, and general health. It will also depend on how severe the condition is. […] Antibiotics are not used to treat RSV. Treatment for RSV is done to help ease symptoms. Treatment varies by how serious the symptoms are. It may include: […] More fluids. It’s very important to make sure your child drinks plenty of fluids. If needed, your child will get an IV (intravenous) line to give fluids and electrolytes. […] Oxygen. This is extra oxygen given through a mask, nasal prongs, or an oxygen tent. […] Suctioning of mucus. A thin tube is put into the lungs to remove extra mucus. […] Bronchodilator medicines. These may be used to open your child’s airways. They are often given in an aerosol mist by a mask or through an inhaler. […] Tube feeding. This may be done if a baby has trouble sucking. A thin tube is put through the baby’s nose and down into the stomach. Liquid nutrition is sent through the tube.

• #14 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/r/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv-in-children.html

  Mechanical ventilation. A child who is very ill may need to be put on a breathing machine (ventilator) to help with breathing. […] Antiviral medicine. Some children with severe infections may need treatment with an antiviral medicine. […] Treatment for RSV may include extra oxygen. This is extra oxygen given through a mask, nasal prongs, or an oxygen tent. A child who is very ill may need to be put on a breathing machine (ventilator) to help with breathing. […] Babies and children at high risk for RSV infection may get a monoclonal antibody medicine called palivizumab. This is given as a series of shots (injections) each month during RSV season.

• #15 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv

  Tube feeding. This may be done if a baby has trouble sucking. A thin tube is put through the baby’s nose and down into the stomach. Liquid nutrition is sent through the tube. […] Mechanical ventilation. A child who is very ill may need to be put on a breathing machine (ventilator) to help with breathing. […] Antiviral medicine. Some children with severe infections may need treatment with an antiviral medicine. […] Talk with your child’s healthcare providers about the risks, benefits, and possible side effects of all treatments. […] The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has approved a vaccine called Nirsevimab (Beyfortus) to protect newborns and infants under 8 months against Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV).

• #16 Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3461981/

  Ribavirin (Virazole, Valeant Pharmaceuticals International, Aliso Viejo, California) is the only drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of RSV. It inhibits the replication of DNA and RNA viruses. Clinically this agent is not utilized due to several factors. […] The AAP recommends the use of ribavirin to be based on clinical circumstances, patient factors and risks, and used in those with severe disease or those at risk for severe disease, such as immunocompromised and/or hemodynamically significant cardiopulmonary disease. […] Palivizumab (Synagis, MedImmune, Inc, Gaithersburg, Maryland) a monoclonal antibody, has been evaluated for safety and kinetics for treatment of RSV in previously healthy children but the study could not detect clinical outcome differences due to small sample size. […] These studies may lead to additional research with palivizumab and ribavirin for treatment in immunocompromised patients. […] Future vaccines could potentially decrease the economic burden of RSV in the healthcare setting.

• #16 Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3461981/

  Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a common virus that infects children and adults; however, children younger than two years of age tend to develop more serious respiratory symptoms. Treatment is primarily supportive care and the illness resolves without complications in most children. RSV prophylaxis with palivizumab is an option for high-risk infants and children, which can decrease hospitalization and length of stay. Immunocompromised patients are a special population of which ribavirin and palivizumab may be used for treatment. Currently, no medication or vaccine available has been able to show a reduction in mortality from RSV. […] Supportive care is the mainstay of treatment for RSV bronchiolitis. Most infants can be managed at home, but those who are ill appearing, dehydrated, have poor feeding, apnea, develop respiratory distress or require supplemental oxygen should be considered for hospitalization.

• #17 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971488-treatment

  Although corticosteroids are administered at times to patients with RSV infection, the available clinical data do not support the use of corticosteroids in the treatment of typical RSV bronchiolitis. […] Ribavirin, a broad-spectrum antiviral agent in vitro, is licensed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA;1985) for the aerosolized treatment of children with severe RSV disease. The recommended dose is 6 g of drug in 300 mL of distilled water via a small-particle aerosol generator (SPAG unit) over 12-20 hours per day for 3-7 days, depending on clinical response. […] The use of ribavirin has been limited by its high acquisition cost and its lack of demonstrated benefit in decreasing hospitalization or mortality. […] Palivizumab (Synagis) is approved for prophylaxis of children at high risk for severe RSV disease. Clinical trials have demonstrated efficacy and safety in premature infants younger than 6 months and those with chronic lung disease of infancy and congenital heart disease younger than 2 years at the start of the RSV season.

• #18 Prevention and Treatment Strategies for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/2/154

  Ribavirin is a broad-spectrum nucleoside analog that inhibits the replication of DNA and RNA viruses. […] The reported side effects included bronchospasm, shortness of breath, chest pain, skin rash, and conjunctivitis. […] However, overall, due to the high cost and potential adverse side effects, ribavirin is not currently recommended for previously healthy children. […] Palivizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal immunoglobulin that was approved in 1998 for prophylaxis against severe RSV disease in select high-risk groups. […] The palivizumab group did not demonstrate a significant difference from the placebo group in the hospital readmission rate, hospitalization stay duration, or pediatric intensive care unit PICU admission. […] Motavizumab is a second generation humanized anti-RSV monoclonal antibody developed from palivizumab. […] There was no difference in the duration of hospitalization, severity of illness, or future wheezing episodes in the children treated with motavizumab or placebo during the 12-month follow-up.

• #18 Prevention and Treatment Strategies for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/2/154

  Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease, especially in young children. Despite its global impact on healthcare, related to its high prevalence and its association with significant morbidity, the current therapy is still mostly supportive. […] In this review, we provide an update of the current treatment options for acute disease (RSV-specific and -non-specific) and different therapeutic approaches focusing on RSV prevention. […] Supportive treatment remains the mainstay of therapy. However, RSV-targeted therapy has demonstrated benefits in selected pediatric populations, such as bone marrow and lung transplant recipients. […] Treatment options that have been studied include ribavirin, palivizumab, motavizumab, and RSV-immune globulin (RSV-IVIG).

• #19 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection and Human Metapneumovirus Infection – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/respiratory-disorders-in-infants-and-children/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv-infection-and-human-metapneumovirus-infection

  Oxygen is given as needed. […] Nirsevimab (or palivizumab if Nirsevimab (or palivizumab ifnirsevimab is not available) is given to appropriate children to prevent respiratory syncytial virus infection. […] Children who have difficulty breathing are taken to a hospital. Depending on their condition, doctors may treat them with oxygen and fluids by vein (see treatment of bronchiolitis). […] Most children do not need to be hospitalized. Treatment at home is mainly symptom relief. For example, children may be given pain relievers and fluids to prevent dehydration. […] Ribavirin, an antiviral medication, is no longer recommended except for children whose immune system is severely weakened. […] Nirsevimab and palivizumab are two medications that contain antibodies against RSV. These medications are available in the United States for the prevention of RSV in infants and young children.

• #20 Prevention and Potential Treatment Strategies for Respiratory Syncytial Virus

  https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/3/598

  Developing an RSV vaccine is challenging due to the minimal defense provided by natural RSV infection in healthy adults. […] Currently, ribavirin is the only small molecule drug approved by the FDA for use against RSV infection. […] Thousands of RSV antiviral compounds have been tested for antiviral activity, and some have entered clinical trials. […] However, no truly effective antivirals have reached the market despite decades of research in this area. […] New targets and innovative inhibitors of anti-RSV drugs are likely to remain a major area of research. […] The NLRP3 inflammasome plays a crucial part in RSV immunopathology development and subsequent modification of the pulmonary immune environment in the long term. […] Present research indicates that the NLRP3 inflammasome plays a crucial part in RSV immunopathology development and subsequent modification of the pulmonary immune environment in the long term.

• #20 Prevention and Potential Treatment Strategies for Respiratory Syncytial Virus

  https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/3/598

  Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant viral pathogen that causes respiratory infections in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. […] Two vaccines and a monoclonal antibody therapy have been successfully marketed, and dozens of small-molecule inhibitors are in clinical trials, but effective methods to stop RSV’s virulent spread are still lacking. […] Thus far, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, and small molecule drugs have been the primary focus of research on therapeutic measures for RSV. Each strategy has its own advantages and drawbacks, and there is no doubt that more work needs to be done to develop drugs that can successfully pass clinical trials. […] Antibodies are an important prophylactic treatment for patients at risk of severe RSV infection. The F protein of RSV is highly conserved among RSV strains and is the primary target of protective neutralizing antibodies.

• #21 Prevention and Treatment Strategies for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/2/154

  In addition to antiviral and monoclonal antibodies, RSV-IVIG is another treatment option that has been studied for acute RSV infection. […] A 2019 Cochrane review examines seven trials involving 486 infants with RSV bronchiolitis and concluded that there was insufficient evidence of a difference between immunoglobulins and placebo to determine any review outcomes. […] Other promising antiviral agents are currently being investigated in randomized control trials, such as RV521 (NCT04225897) and AK0529 (ziresovir), amongst other compounds, with both agents employing the use of fusion or replication inhibition as their mechanism of action.

• #22 Respiratory syncytial virus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus

  Ribavirin is an antiviral medication licensed for the treatment of RSV in children. It is a guanosine analog that acts by inhibiting viral RNA synthesis and capping. It was approved in 1986 for treatment of RSV infection. However, the use of ribavirin remains controversial due to unclear evidence of efficacy and concerns about toxicity to exposed staff members, as well as cost. […] Presatovir, an experimental antiviral drug, has shown promising results in clinical trials but has not yet been approved for medical use. It acts as a fusion inhibitor by inhibiting the RSV F protein. […] Immunoglobins, both RSV-specific and non-specific, have historically been used for RSV-related illnesses. However, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of immunoglobins in children with RSV infection.

• #23

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40272-023-00606-6

  The most researched antiviral drug targeting RSV is ribavirin, a broad-spectrum antiviral guanosine analog that inhibits the inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase enzyme, leading to decreased levels of guanosine triphosphate, which is needed by RSV for replication. […] Novel drug therapies being investigated include an F protein binding nanobody (ALX-0171 [GontivimabAblynx], fusion inhibitors (GS-5806 [presatovirGilead Sciences], JNJ-53718678 [rilematovirJanssen Pharmaceutical], BTA-C585 [enzaplatovirAviragen Therapeutics], and AK-0529 [ziresovirArk Biopharmaceutical]), a non-fusion N protein inhibitor (EDP-938 [MavyretEnanta Pharmaceuticals]), and an RSV polymerase inhibitor (ALS-008176 [lumicitabineAlios BioPharma/Janssen Pharmaceuticals]). […] The management of RSV LRTI is mainly supportive, with oxygen therapy and nutritional support. Nebulized hypertonic saline, beta2-agonists, nebulized adrenalin, nebulized ipratropium bromide, montelukast, and corticosteroids have been shown to be largely ineffective and are not recommended. […] Recent successes, such as the licensure of nirsevimab as a preventative monoclonal antibody treatment for infants and the approval of two vaccines targeting RSV in the elderly and one in pregnant women, has led to renewed hope, with multiple other vaccine candidates also under examination.

• #24 Prevention and Potential Treatment Strategies for Respiratory Syncytial Virus

  https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/3/598

  The RSV F protein is a crucial target for pharmaceutical companies due to its role as the primary neutralization determinant of RSV and its necessity for viral entry and infection. […] GS-5806 is an inhibitor of RSV F protein. […] BMS-433771 is an orally bioavailable RSV inhibitor that acts by inhibiting membrane fusion induced by the F protein. […] KPT-335 is a novel class of Selective Inhibitors of Nuclear Export (SINE) compounds targeting XPO1-mediated export that has shown antitumor and antiviral activity in preclinical and several clinical studies. […] ALN-RSV01 is an siRNA that targets the RSV nucleocapsid messenger RNA, inhibiting the formation of the nucleocapsid protein and thus reducing virus replication. […] It has been over 60 years since the discovery of RSV, one of the primary causes of respiratory disease globally. Ongoing research is shedding light on the mechanisms RSV employs to invade the host and the roles that its various components play.

• #25 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971488-treatment

  The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines for RSV prophylaxis attempted to address these issues by grading the indications for preventive therapy according to degree of prematurity or risk factor. […] According to the 2022 modification of these guidelines, the following are candidates for palivizumab prophylaxis: Infants younger than 24 months who have hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease (cyanotic or acyanotic lesions) or who have chronic lung disease and are off oxygen or pulmonary medications for less than 6 months at the start of the RSV season. […] Currently, passive protection against RSV is achieved successfully through injection of the humanized monoclonal anti-RSV antibody palivizumab at a dosage of 15 mg/kg/month intramuscularly (IM) per month. This product demonstrated a 55% reduction in RSV hospitalization in premature infants born at less than 35 weeks gestation who were younger than 6 months chronological age and in infants who had bronchopulmonary dysplasia and were younger than 24 months chronological age.

• #26

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/respiratory-syncytial-virus-(rsv)

  There is no specific treatment for RSV. Management of severe RSV disease involves supportive care, such as nasal suction of secretions, intravenous fluids for hydration, and most importantly supplemental oxygen to help breathing. […] Several immunization products are currently available to prevent severe RSV disease in infants and elderly adults. To protect infants, there is a vaccine given to pregnant women and persons late in pregnancy (WHO recommends third trimester vaccination, defined from 28 weeks gestational age in most settings). Maternal immunization allows transfer of antibodies against RSV through the placenta to the unborn baby, who is then protected for approximately 6 months after birth. […] Another immunization product to protect babies is a long-acting monoclonal antibody that targets the RSV virus. It is given as an intramuscular injection to protect against severe RSV lower respiratory tract infection lung disease during RSV infection. This product can be administrated to all neonates and infants entering their first RSV season. In addition, countries could consider administering monoclonal antibody to young children (up to 24 months) with high risk of severe RSV disease (e.g. chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease, immunocompromised) entering their second RSV season.

• #27 Methods of Treating and Preventing RSV | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/chronic-pulmonary-disorders/asthma/methods-of-treating-and-preventing-rsv/

  RSVIG is made from the plasma of healthy individuals and contains a high concentration of protective RSV antibodies. […] The release of RSVIG marked a new era in the management of RSV; at-risk populations could now be given passive immunization throughout peak infection months in an effort to prevent severe RSV infections. […] Although the usefulness of RSVIG as prophylaxis has been established, it appears to be ineffective as a treatment for infants and children with documented RSV infections. […] In 1998, the FDA approved an intramuscular version of RSVIG known as palivizumab, the first monoclonal antibody to be licensed in the United States for the treatment of any infectious disease. […] A placebo-controlled, randomized study of palivizumab showed a 55% reduction in the risk of hospitalization due to RSV.

• #28

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40121-020-00383-6

  Palivizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb), is the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved IP for severe RSV LRTI in specific high-risk pediatric populations, including infants born at 35 weeks gestational age (wGA), children with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease (CHD), and children with chronic lung disease of prematurity (CLDP). […] Palivizumab is only recommended for prophylactic use; it is not indicated for the treatment of RSV infection. […] The efficacy and safety of palivizumab for prevention of RSV infection in high-risk pediatric populations are well established through randomized, placebo-controlled trials and post-licensure effectiveness studies. […] Currently, there is no vaccine available to prevent RSV infection. […] There is an unmet need for clinically effective, safe, and cost-effective prevention and treatment options, including antiviral treatments, vaccines, and extended half-life mAbs. […] Until new interventions become available, it is important to optimize the use of palivizumab in high-risk infants and children.

• #29 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Medication: Antiviral agents, Beta2 Agonists, Monoclonal Antibodies, Vaccines, Vaccines, Inactivated, Viral

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971488-medication

  Humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the F (fusion) protein of RSV are indicated for prophylaxis of newborns and young infants during or entering RSV season. […] Administered as a single IM dose per season. It is indicated for prevention of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) lower respiratory tract disease in neonates and infants born during or entering their first RSV season, and in children up to 24 months of age who remain vulnerable to severe RSV disease through their second RSV season. […] Administered as a monthly IM injection through the RSV season, it has been demonstrated to decrease the chances of RSV hospitalization in premature babies who are at increased risk for severe RSV-related illness. […] Active immunization for infants via maternal vaccination has been approved by the FDA.

• #30 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Medication: Antiviral agents, Beta2 Agonists, Monoclonal Antibodies, Vaccines, Vaccines, Inactivated, Viral

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971488-medication

  Medications to treat respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection include the antiviral drug ribavirin, which can be used in severe high-risk cases, and bronchodilators. The efficacy of bronchodilators or racemic epinephrine in treating RSV disease remains unproved. If these agents are given, attempts to measure response to therapy should be documented. If these treatments have no demonstrable benefit, they should be discontinued. […] Nirsevimab is a long-acting monoclonal antibody administered as a single IM injection. Results from the MELODY study of nearly 1500 infants showed a 74.5% reduced incidence of medically attended LRTIs associated with RSV in those who received nirsevimab compared with those who received placebo. […] Palivizumab may be given for prophylaxis. A study evaluated the effectiveness of current regimens for palivizumab injections across different cities in order to design an optimized regimen. The study found that a 5-injection regimen using city-specific initiation dates would reduce the risk of RSV hospitalization by a median of 6.8%.

• #31 Respiratory syncytial virus RSV – CHOC – Children’s health hub

  https://health.choc.org/guide/rsv/

  Intravenous fluids (to prevent dehydration). […] Tube feedings (if the baby has difficulty sucking). […] Children with very serious breathing problems are intubated and put on ventilators, or breathing tubes are inserted and attached to machines that assist with breathing. […] For most children, an RSV infection will be like a cold, and they will recover on their own. […] If nirsevimab is not available for your eligible child, the AAP suggests the continued use of a medicine called palivizumab (Synagis), which has been given in the past to prevent RSV in babies who are at high risk for infection and complications. […] In clinical trials, the nirsevimab injection has shown to been proven to lower the need for medical care from RSV for babies by 70% to 75%.

• #32 RSV: Symptoms & Treatment | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/rsv

  If you or your child is at high risk, make sure to: […] Drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration. […] Manage fever and pain with over-the-counter fever reducers and pain relievers, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen. […] Talk to your doctor or a clinician before giving your child over-the-counter cold medicines. […] Use nasal saline and a nasal aspirator or bulb syringe if your child is too young to blow their nose. This removes sticky nasal fluid and can help your child breathe more comfortably. […] Yes, for certain populations: […] The CDC recommends nirsevimab for: […] Nirsevimab blocks RSV from entering healthy cells, especially cells in the lungs. One dose helps to prevent RSV infection for 5 months, which is the length of a typical RSV season. […] Nirsevimab isnt technically a vaccine. Its an injection that provides protection against RSV. […] According to the CDC, nirsevimab reduces the risk of severe RSV disease by about 70%. One dose of nirsevimab protects infants for at least 5 months.

• #33 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/consumers/covid-19-flu-and-rsv/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv

  FDA has approved vaccines and monoclonal antibodies to protect against RSV. […] ABRYSVO is a vaccine approved by the FDA for pregnant individuals at 32 through 36 weeks gestational age to prevent LRTD and severe LRTD caused by RSV in infants from birth through 6 months of age. […] Two FDA-approved monoclonal antibodies can help protect infants from RSV LRTD. Monoclonal antibodies are not vaccines. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-made proteins that mimic the immune systems ability to fight off harmful pathogens such as viruses. FDA-approved monoclonal antibodies to protect certain infants and young children from RSV LRTD are nirsevimab and palivizumab. […] There are three FDA-approved vaccines to prevent RSV LRTD in adults ages 60 and older – ABRYSVO, Arexvy, and mRESVIA. […] Most RSV infections go away on their own within two weeks.

• #34 How to Treat RSV at Home and When to Go to the Doctor | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/news/health-tip/how-treat-rsv-home-and-when-go-doctor

  RSV is a virus that causes a miserable cold with thick mucus and a cough that can last a month. […] In most cases, RSV symptoms are mild enough to be managed at home. But there are some red flags to watch out for that might require a trip to the doctor. […] Get any available preventive medications or vaccinations before the RSV season starts. In addition to vaccines available for pregnant people and adults over 60, a new preventive medication is now recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for babies before or during their first RSV season. The medication’s name is Beyfortus (Nirsevimab). It is a single dose monoclonal antibody given in one shot into the muscle. It puts antibodies into the bloodstream that will help babies fight the virus. It decreases the chances of getting very sick and landing in the hospital from RSV.

• #35 Prevention and Treatment Strategies for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9961958/

  In addition to antiviral and monoclonal antibodies, RSV-IVIG is another treatment option that has been studied for acute RSV infection. […] RSV-IGIV was administered in a relatively large volume intravenously, since it is associated with the potential risk of blood-born product transmission and possible interference with the administration of routine live vaccines. […] There are several proposed reasons for this difference. […] Despite these mechanistic paradigms, the administration of 3% hypertonic saline was not shown to improve wheezing or the airflow when assessed both clinically and with computerized acoustic airflow techniques. […] Therefore, it is still not a recommended standard treatment for RSV bronchiolitis. […] The best treatment for RSV infection remains supportive care.

• #36 What doctors wish patients knew about RSV infection | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-rsv-infection

  RSV is especially dangerous for those with underlying medical conditions including heart or lung problems, as well as weakened immune systems. […] The first ever vaccines to prevent lower respiratory tract disease caused by RSV were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2023 for older adults and have are recommended for those 75 or older and for adults 6074 years who are at increased risk of severe RSV. […] Additionally, the FDA has approved, and the CDC has recommended, use of nirsevimab, a long-acting monoclonal antibody product intended for use in newborns and infants to protect against RSV disease. […] For RSV, some infantsespecially those under 6 months old and older adultsmay require hospitalization if breathing problems are severe, she explained. In those instances, treatment is supportive with oxygen, IV fluids, and for some, intubation and mechanical ventilation.

• #37 RSV in Pregnancy: Vaccinations, Prevention, and Treatment Recommendations – Pulmonology Advisor

  https://www.pulmonologyadvisor.com/features/rsv-and-pregnancy/

  RSV Treatment During Pregnancy […] Treatments for RSV are mostly interventions to reduce symptoms, like supplemental oxygen and rehydration with intravenous fluids. For patients who are immunocompromised, ribavirin (Virazole), an aerosolized antiviral medication, is recommended. […] RSV seasonal prevention includes 2 injectables, palivizumab (Synagis) and nirsevimab (Beyfortus). Once-monthly palivizumab is given to infants under 2 years of age with serious comorbidities or born at less than 32 weeks gestation. Single-dose nirsevimab is approved for use in infants who are preterm and full-term with a high risk for infection. […] […] […] In 2023, the FDA approved a new RSV vaccine, Abrysvo. The 1-dose RSVpreF vaccine is recommended for pregnant individuals between 32 to 36 weeks of gestation. The vaccine provides immunity to the mother for 2 years. After administration, it takes 14 days for the mother to develop antibodies that then pass immunity to the baby. The vaccine is intended both to lower the mothers risk for getting RSV and to protect the infant; the vaccine prevents RSV and lowers the risk for respiratory tract infections in infants up to 6 months of age. With the advent of the new vaccine, infants will only need prophylactic medications in rare circumstances, such as when the infant is born less than 14 days after the mother received the vaccine, or when the mother has HIV.

• #38 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) FAQs | NCIRS

  https://ncirs.org.au/ncirs-fact-sheets-faqs-and-other-resources/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv-frequently-asked

  In 2025, Beyfortus (nirsevimab) will be made available (in all states and territories) through state- and territory-based programs to infants who are not protected through maternal vaccination and at-risk infants and children. […] Clinical trials for Abyrsvo have shown that use of the Abrysvo vaccine in pregnant women provided infants with good protection from severe RSV; the risk of hospitalisation from RSV infection was reduced by around 60% in infants during their first 6 months of life. […] Effectiveness data for Beyfortus (nirsevimab) from Spain, France, and the US showed a 70-90% reduction in the incidence of RSV-related lower respiratory tract infection hospitalisation among infants during their first RSV season. […] Clinical trials of Synagis (palivizumab) in infants showed the risk of hospitalisation from RSV infection reduced by around 50%. Synagis (palivizumab) requires up to five monthly injections, whereas Beyfortus (nirsevimab) protects for 5 months with a single injection.

• #39 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Medication: Antiviral agents, Beta2 Agonists, Monoclonal Antibodies, Vaccines, Vaccines, Inactivated, Viral

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971488-medication

  Indicated for active immunization of pregnant individuals at 32 through 36 weeks gestation for the prevention of lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD) and severe LRTD caused by RSV in infants from birth through 6 months of age. […] Also indicated for prevention of LRTD caused by RSV in adults aged 18-59 years who are at increased risk for LRTD caused by RSV. […] Active immunization for prevention of lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD) caused by RSV infection in adults aged 60 years or individuals aged 50-59 years who are at increased risk for LRTD caused by RSV. […] Indicated for active immunization for prevention of lower respiratory tract disease caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in adults aged 60 years.

• #40 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/respiratory-syncytial-virus/symptoms-causes/syc-20353098

  Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes infections of the lungs and respiratory tract. […] Self-care measures are usually all that’s needed to relieve any discomfort. […] Most children and adults recover in one to two weeks, although some might have repeated wheezing. Severe or life-threatening infection requiring a hospital stay may occur in premature infants or in anyone who has chronic heart or lung problems. […] Two main options exist to help prevent young infants from getting severe RSV. One is an antibody product given to the infant. The other is an RSV vaccine for pregnant people to help protect their baby from birth through 6 months of age. […] This antibody product is a single-dose shot given in the month before or during RSV season. […] The FDA approved an RSV vaccine called Abrysvo for pregnant people to prevent RSV in infants from birth through 6 months of age. […] To help prevent RSV infection, the FDA approved RSV vaccines for adults age 60 and older. […] The CDC recommends that adults age 60 and older talk with their healthcare professional about getting an RSV vaccine, especially if they’re at higher risk of getting severe RSV.

• #41 RSV in Adults | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/rsv/rsv-in-adults

  If you are admitted to the hospital for severe disease, you will likely be put on IV fluids if you are dehydrated. You may be put on supplemental oxygen to improve your oxygen saturation. Antibiotics may be given if you develop a secondary infection such as bacterial pneumonia. […] An RSV vaccine is recommended for: All adults 75 years or older; Adults 60-74 at high risk for severe RSV disease.

• #41 RSV in Adults | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/rsv/rsv-in-adults

  Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common respiratory virus that can infect people of all ages. Older adults are at increased risk for severe RSV illness and are encouraged to talk to their healthcare provider about whether RSV vaccination is recommended for them. […] RSV usually begins with mild cold-like symptoms but can progress and causes 60,000-160,000 hospitalizations in older adults each year. Vaccines are available to help prevent severe RSV in eligible adults. […] An RSV vaccine is recommended for adults at increased risk. Talk to your healthcare provider about protecting yourself against serious RSV illness. […] There is no specific treatment for RSV infection, so fluids and rest are the best advice for mild symptoms. If you have COPD or asthma, be sure to maintain use of prescribed medications to reduce breathing difficulties and speak with your healthcare provider if you think your medications might need to be adjusted.

• #42 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971488-treatment

  Supportive care is the mainstay of therapy for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. If the child can take fluids by mouth and tolerate room air, outpatient management (with close physician contact as needed) is reasonable, especially in the absence of significant underlying risk factors. The Clinical Practice Guidelines published by the American Academy of Pediatrics in 2014 does not recommend medications such as bronchodilators, epinephrine, and corticosteroids, as the available clinical data does not support their use in the treatment of typical RSV bronchiolitis. […] For children who require hospitalization for RSV infection, supportive therapy is still the mainstay of care. Such therapy may include administration of supplemental oxygen (guided by respiratory rates, work of breathing, oxygen saturation, and arterial blood gas values, as indicated), mechanical ventilation, and fluid replacement, as necessary. Additionally, bronchodilator therapy with beta agonists is frequently used, though data on potential beneficial effects of such agents in this condition are not convincing.

• #43 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0115/p141.html/1000

  Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an RNA virus that causes respiratory tract infections in children. […] Treatment of an RSV infection is supportive, with particular attention to maintaining hydration and oxygenation. […] Neither antibiotics nor corticosteroids are helpful for bronchiolitis. […] A bronchodilator trial is appropriate for children with wheezing, but should not be continued unless there is a prompt favorable response. […] Routine use of bronchodilators is not recommended for the treatment of bronchiolitis. […] Corticosteroids (oral and inhaled) should not be used routinely to treat bronchiolitis. […] Antibiotics do not have a role in the treatment of an RSV infection unless there is a concurrent bacterial infection. […] Ribavirin (Virazole) is not recommended for routine use, and should be reserved for immunosuppressed children with severe RSV infection.

• #44 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0115/p141.html/1000

  Nasal suctioning can provide symptomatic relief in children with RSV infection; however, excessive suctioning may worsen nasal edema and obstruction. […] The treatment of RSV infection is primarily supportive. Multiple regimens have been tried, including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antiviral agents, nasal suctioning, and decongestants. However, none of these treatments has had a significant impact on symptoms or the course of the illness. […] Oxygen supplementation should be used in children with saturations below 90 percent. […] If a child responds to bronchodilator therapy, treatment should be continued every four to six hours until respiratory distress improves. […] Nebulized 3% hypertonic saline can reduce hospital length of stay and improve clinical severity scores.

• #45 Respiratory syncytial virus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus

  Corticosteroids (systemic or inhaled) have not been found to decrease hospitalization length or disease severity in viral bronchiolitis. Their use may also prolong viral shedding, and thus is not commonly recommended. However, the use of oral corticosteroids remains common in adults with RSV-related exacerbation of underlying lung disease. […] Antibiotic therapy is not appropriate for the treatment of RSV-related bronchiolitis or viral pneumonia. Antibiotics target bacterial pathogens, not viral pathogens such as RSV. However, antibiotics may be considered if there is clear evidence that a secondary bacterial infection has developed.

• #46 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/rsv.html

  Most cases of respiratory syncytial virus infection are mild and don’t need medical treatment. Antibiotics aren’t used because RSV is a virus antibiotics work only against bacteria. […] RSV infection can be more serious in babies and toddlers, though. Some might need treatment in a hospital where they can be watched closely and get supportive treatment for any breathing problems or dehydration. […] At home: Make your child as comfortable as possible. Allow time for recovery. Provide plenty of fluids. Babies may not feel like drinking, so offer fluids in small amounts often. […] Treat discomfort from a fever using a non-aspirin fever medicine like acetaminophen or, if your child is older than 6 months, ibuprofen. Do not give aspirin to children who have a viral illness. Such use is linked to Reye syndrome, which can be life-threatening. Do not use over-the-counter cold medicines, which can be dangerous for young children.

• #47 How to Treat RSV at Home for Children and Adults

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/lung-respiratory/what-are-the-best-home-remedies-for-rsv/

  Nachman doesnt recommend nebulizer treatments for RSV. They dont seem to make you get better faster and they can be difficult to use, she says. […] Adults and babies hospitalized with RSV may receive: Intravenous (IV) fluids, Humidified oxygen, Mechanical ventilation (from a so-called breathing machine). […] For immunocompromised patients, doctors might opt to use the antiviral medication ribavirin or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG).

• #48 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Symptoms, Treatment, Prognosis

  https://www.medicinenet.com/respiratory_syncytial_virus/article.htm

  What is the treatment for RSV? […] For children with mild RSV disease, no specific treatment is necessary other than the treatment of symptoms (such as acetaminophen [Tylenol] to reduce fever). RSV infection is a viral illness and antibiotic therapy will not be helpful. […] Children with more severe disease may require supplemental oxygen and sometimes mechanical ventilation (respiratory support via a breathing machine). Health care providers may use ribavirin aerosol (Virazole) in the treatment of some hospitalized patients with severe disease. Some investigators have used a combination of intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) with high titers of neutralizing RSV antibody (RSV-IVIG) and ribavirin to treat patients with compromised immune systems. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics has recently published guidelines for children from one month of age through 23 months of age dealing with bronchiolitis (most commonly caused by RVS). Previous recommendations were updated and recommend against nebulizer (inhalation) therapy employing albuterol, steroids, or hypertonic (highly concentrated) saline.

Zobacz więcej