Wirus syncytialny dróg oddechowych
Etiologia i przyczyny

Wirus syncytialny dróg oddechowych (RSV) to jednoniciowy, negatywny RNA wirus z rodziny Paramyxoviridae, obejmujący dwa główne szczepy: A i B, z których podtyp A wywołuje zwykle cięższy przebieg choroby. Zakażenie rozpoczyna się inokulacją wirusa do błony śluzowej nosogardła lub spojówek, a następnie rozprzestrzenia się do górnych i dolnych dróg oddechowych, infekując nabłonek rzęskowy. Mechanizm zakażenia obejmuje wiązanie glikoproteiny RSV-G z receptorami komórkowymi oraz fuzję błon komórkowych za pośrednictwem glikoproteiny RSV-F, co umożliwia replikację wirusa przez około 8 dni. Infekcja wywołuje odpowiedź zapalną z aktywacją limfocytów B i T, prowadząc do martwicy nabłonka, niedrożności małych dróg oddechowych oraz nadprodukcji śluzu. Okres inkubacji wynosi 2-8 dni (średnio 4-6 dni), a zakaźność utrzymuje się zwykle przez 3-8 dni, choć u niemowląt i osób z immunosupresją może trwać do 4 tygodni. RSV jest wysoce zakaźny, z reprodukcją zakażeń na poziomie 5-25 osób na jednego chorego, co sprzyja sezonowym epidemiom, zwłaszcza w miesiącach zimowych na półkuli północnej i od maja do września na półkuli południowej.

Etiologia wirusa syncytialnego dróg oddechowych

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), w polskim tłumaczeniu znany jako wirus syncytialny dróg oddechowych, jest patogenem wywołującym zakażenia układu oddechowego. Jest to jednoniciowy, negatywny RNA wirus należący do rodziny Paramyxoviridae, z rodzaju Pneumovirus12. RSV został pierwotnie odkryty u szympansów w 1955 roku, a wkrótce potem potwierdzono jego rolę jako patogenu ludzkiego34. Nazwa wirusa wywodzi się od dużych komórek nazywanych syncytiami, które tworzą się, gdy zakażone komórki ulegają fuzji5.

Typy i podtypy wirusa RSV

Mimo że istnieje tylko jeden serotyp RSV, wirus klasyfikuje się do dwóch głównych szczepów – A i B6. Różnice między tymi szczepami polegają głównie na zmienności strukturalnej kilku białek błonowych, szczególnie białka przyłączającego7. Podtyp A zwykle wywołuje cięższy przebieg choroby8. Różnorodność genetyczna w obrębie tych podtypów jest uważana za odpowiedzialną za zdolność wirusa do wielokrotnego zakażania tej samej osoby i unikania systemu immunologicznego9. Zmienność genetyczna epitopów wirusowych i regionów przyległych wpływa na fałdowanie białek, modyfikacje potranskrypcyjne i przetwarzanie antygenowe, co wpływa na odpowiedź immunologiczną komórek B i T podczas zakażeń wirusowych10.

Mechanizm zakażenia i patogeneza

RSV jest wirusem, który atakuje przede wszystkim układ oddechowy, ale mechanizm zakażenia i patogenezy jest złożony i zależy od wielu czynników związanych z gospodarzem oraz samym wirusem11.

Infekcja komórek nabłonkowych

Zakażenie rozpoczyna się poprzez inokulację wirusa do błony śluzowej nosogardła lub spojówek12. Po wniknięciu do organizmu, RSV zakaża komórki zarówno górnych dróg oddechowych (w tym nosa, gardła i krtani), jak i dolnych dróg oddechowych (w tym tchawicy i płuc)13. To odróżnia go od przeziębienia, które głównie ogranicza się do górnych dróg oddechowych.

Wirus szybko rozprzestrzenia się do dróg oddechowych, gdzie atakuje swoje preferowane medium wzrostu: nabłonek rzęskowy14. Tam wirus wiąże się z receptorami komórkowymi za pomocą glikoproteiny RSV-G, a następnie wykorzystuje glikoproteinę fuzyjną RSV-F do fuzji z błonami komórki gospodarza i wprowadzenia swojego nukleokapsydu do komórki w celu rozpoczęcia replikacji wewnątrzkomórkowej15. RSV dalej namnaża się w tych komórkach oskrzelowych przez około 8 dni16.

Odpowiedź immunologiczna i uszkodzenie tkanek

Infekcja RSV wywołuje odpowiedź zapalną układu immunologicznego gospodarza, w tym aktywację zarówno odpowiedzi humoralnej, jak i cytotoksycznej limfocytów T17. Kombinacja cytotoksyczności wirusowej oraz cytotoksycznej odpowiedzi gospodarza powoduje martwicę komórek nabłonkowych dróg oddechowych, prowadząc do takich następstw jak niedrożność małych dróg oddechowych i zaczopowanie śluzem, odpadami komórkowymi i DNA18. W cięższych przypadkach może wystąpić również niedrożność pęcherzyków płucnych19.

Infekcja powoduje rozległe zapalenie z okołooskrzelowym naciekiem monocytów i limfocytów T, martwicą nabłonka, obrzękiem podśluzówkowym i nadprodukcją śluzu20. Objawy wynikają z odpowiedzi organizmu na wirusa w postaci zapalenia płuc21.

Istnieje dobrze udokumentowana korelacja między poziomem replikacji wirusa a ciężkością zakażenia22. Po wyzdrowieniu z chorób układu oddechowego związanych z zakażeniem RSV, wirus zakłóca ustanowienie pamięci immunologicznej, co prowadzi do nawracających ponownych zakażeń23.

Transmisja i szerzenie się wirusa

RSV jest wysoce zakaźnym wirusem, który może powodować epidemie zarówno w społeczności, jak i w środowisku szpitalnym2425. Szacuje się, że jedna osoba zakażona RSV może zakazić od 5 do 25 osób niezakażonych26.

Drogi transmisji

Wirus syncytialny dróg oddechowych przenika do organizmu przez oczy, nos lub usta2728. Łatwo rozprzestrzenia się drogą powietrzną przez zakażone kropelki oddechowe. Zakażenie może nastąpić, gdy ktoś chory na RSV kaszle lub kicha w pobliżu29. Wirus przenosi się również przez bezpośredni kontakt, na przykład przez podanie ręki3031.

RSV rozprzestrzenia się, gdy32:

  • Zakażona osoba kaszle lub kicha
  • Kropelki wirusa z kaszlu lub kichania dostają się do oczu, nosa lub ust
  • Istnieje bezpośredni kontakt z wirusem, na przykład pocałunek na twarzy dziecka z RSV
  • Dotknięcie powierzchni, na której znajduje się wirus, a następnie dotknięcie twarzy przed umyciem rąk

33

Wirus może przetrwać przez wiele godzin na powierzchniach takich jak blaty stołów, ręce i ubrania, co ułatwia przenoszenie wirusa z osoby na osobę34. Dzieci mogą łatwo zarazić się wirusem, dotykając skażonych zabawek, a następnie wkładając palce do ust35.

Okres inkubacji i zaraźliwość

Okres inkubacji po inokulacji RSV wynosi od 2 do 8 dni, ze średnim okresem inkubacji od 4 do 6 dni, w zależności od czynników związanych z gospodarzem, takich jak wiek pacjenta i czy jest to pierwotne zakażenie RSV u pacjenta3637. Osoby zakażone RSV zazwyczaj wykazują objawy w ciągu czterech do sześciu dni po zakażeniu3839.

Zakażona osoba jest najbardziej zaraźliwa przez pierwszy tydzień lub około tego po zakażeniu4041. Jednak u niemowląt i osób z osłabioną odpornością wirus może rozprzestrzeniać się nawet po ustąpieniu objawów, przez okres do czterech tygodni4243. Większość ludzi jest zakaźna przez 3 do 8 dni4445.

Epidemiologia i rozpowszechnienie

RSV jest rozpowszechnionym patogenem ludzkim, co wynika częściowo z braku długotrwałej odporności po zakażeniu, co sprawia, że ponowne zakażenia są częste46. Zakaża 90% dzieci w ciągu pierwszych 2 lat życia i często ponownie zakaża starsze dzieci i dorosłych47.

Globalne rozpowszechnienie i sezonowość

Na całym świecie szacuje się, że RSV odpowiada za około 33 miliony zakażeń dolnych dróg oddechowych, trzy miliony hospitalizacji i do 199 000 zgonów dzieci; większość zgonów następuje w krajach o ograniczonych zasobach48. RSV wywołuje około 3,6 miliona hospitalizacji związanych z RSV i około 100 000 zgonów przypisywanych RSV u dzieci poniżej 5 roku życia na całym świecie49.

Typowe sezonowe epidemie występują w miesiącach zimowych od października do lutego na półkuli północnej oraz od maja do września na półkuli południowej50. Zakażenia RSV są najczęstsze od jesieni do wiosny51.

Częstotliwość zakażeń i ponownych zakażeń

Praktycznie każdy przechodzi zakażenie RSV przynajmniej raz, a często więcej niż raz52. Ponieważ odpowiedź immunologiczna na RSV nie jest doskonała, możliwe są ponowne zakażenia53. Pierwsze zakażenie jest jednak zwykle najgorsze.

W przeciwieństwie do innych wirusów, odporność na zakażenie RSV jest niepełna i krótkotrwała, a ponowne zakażenia są powszechne przez całe życie5455. Ludzie nie tworzą długotrwałej odporności na RSV i mogą wielokrotnie ulegać zakażeniu w ciągu swojego życia56.

Niemal 100% niemowląt zarazi się RSV57. Niemal wszystkie dzieci zostają zakażone RSV przed ukończeniem 2 lat5859. Dzieci mogą być również ponownie zakażone wirusem. Zakażenie może wystąpić ponownie w dowolnym momencie przez całe życie60.

Czynniki ryzyka i podatność na infekcje

Chociaż RSV może zainfekować każdego, niektóre grupy są szczególnie narażone na ciężki przebieg choroby61. Czynniki ryzyka mogą być związane zarówno z gospodarzem, jak i środowiskiem62.

Czynniki ryzyka związane z gospodarzem

W przypadku niemowląt z zakażeniem RSV, następujące czynniki zostały powiązane z cięższym przebiegiem choroby i koniecznością hospitalizacji63:

  • Wcześniactwo
  • Wiek poniżej 3 miesięcy w momencie zakażenia
  • Przewlekła choroba płuc
  • Wrodzona choroba serca
  • Wrodzony niedobór odporności
  • Ciężka choroba nerwowo-mięśniowa
  • Toksyczny wygląd w momencie prezentacji
  • Częstość oddechów wyższa niż 70 oddechów/min na powietrzu
  • Niedodma lub zapalenie płuc w badaniu radiologicznym klatki piersiowej
  • Saturacja tlenem poniżej 95% na powietrzu

64

Badanie wieloośrodkowe SENTINEL 1 przeprowadzone przez Andersona i współpracowników wykazało, że wcześniaki w wieku 29-35 tygodni ciąży są szczególnie narażone na ciężkie zakażenie wirusem syncytialnym dróg oddechowych65.

Istnieje również wyraźna korelacja między wywiadem rodzinnym astmy i czynnikami genetycznymi a cięższą postacią choroby RSV, choć dokładne relacje i mechanizmy nie zostały wyjaśnione66.

Czynniki ryzyka środowiskowe

W środowisku społecznym, szereg czynników został powiązany ze zwiększonym ryzykiem zachorowania na RSV67:

  • Uczęszczanie do żłobka lub przedszkola
  • Starsze rodzeństwo w przedszkolu lub szkole
  • Przeludnienie i niższy status społeczno-ekonomiczny
  • Narażenie na zanieczyszczenia środowiska (np. dym papierosowy)
  • Wielopłodowe ciąże (zwłaszcza trojaczki lub więcej)
  • Minimalne karmienie piersią

68

Czynniki środowiskowe obejmują ekspozycję na dym tytoniowy, zanieczyszczenie powietrza i zatłoczenie w pomieszczeniach; obecność starszego rodzeństwa jest niezależnym czynnikiem ryzyka rozwoju choroby RSV w niemowlęctwie69.

Podatność genetyczna na zakażenie RSV

Polimorfizmy genetyczne, które wpływają na patogenezę RSV, często znajdują się w genach zaangażowanych w obronę wrodzoną, białka surfaktantu, receptory komórek gospodarza, odpowiedzi neutrofilów, odpowiedzi Th1/Th2 i inne składniki odporności adaptacyjnej70. Te różnice genetyczne mogą tłumaczyć, dlaczego niektóre osoby doświadczają cięższego przebiegu choroby lub opóźnionego wyzdrowienia.

Różne genotypy RSV wykazują zmienność w konformacji strukturalnej kluczowych białek, takich jak G, SH i F, co wpływa na odpowiedzi immunologiczne71. Ta zmienność genetyczna może przyczyniać się do zdolności wirusa do wielokrotnego zakażania i unikania układu odpornościowego.

Wpływ na grupy wysokiego ryzyka

Osoby o najwyższym ryzyku ciężkiej choroby związanej z zakażeniem RSV to72:

  • Wcześniaki i niemowlęta w wieku 6 miesięcy i młodsze
  • Dorośli z przewlekłą chorobą serca lub płuc lub niektórymi innymi chorobami podstawowymi, w tym cukrzycą lub otyłością
  • Dorośli z osłabionym układem odpornościowym
  • Osoby starsze, zwłaszcza te, które są słabe lub mieszkają w domu opieki

73

RSV może powodować ciężką chorobę u osób starszych i osób z chorobami podstawowymi74. Wskaźnik hospitalizacji dorosłych zakażonych RSV jest wyższy wśród osób z chorobami podstawowymi, takimi jak astma, przewlekła obturacyjna choroba płuc lub zastoinowa niewydolność serca75.

Zakażenie RSV jako czynnik ryzyka późniejszych chorób

Istnieje coraz więcej dowodów na to, że ciężkie niemowlęce zapalenie oskrzelików wywołane przez RSV, stan charakteryzujący się reakcją zapalną na wirusa, jest związane z późniejszymi świstami u niektórych podatnych dzieci, jednak bezpośredni związek przyczynowy z astmą nie został jeszcze ustalony76.

RSV u niemowląt może prowadzić do rozwoju astmy w późniejszym dzieciństwie7778. Niektóre badania sugerują, że ciężki przebieg RSV u niemowląt może zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju astmy u dziecka, ale nie jest jasne, czy związek ten ma charakter przyczynowo-skutkowy79.

RSV w dzieciństwie może również prowadzić do długotrwałych problemów z układem oddechowym, takich jak astma, które utrzymują się w dorosłości80. Osoby, które przeszły ciężkie zakażenia, mogą pozostać z długotrwałymi następstwami, w tym utrzymującymi się świstami, a w niektórych przypadkach rozwinąć zapalną chorobę dróg oddechowych81.

Podsumowanie

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), znany w Polsce jako wirus syncytialny dróg oddechowych, jest jedną z głównych przyczyn zakażeń dróg oddechowych na całym świecie. Jest to jednoniciowy, negatywny RNA wirus należący do rodziny Paramyxoviridae, z dwoma głównymi szczepami – A i B. Zakażenie RSV rozpoczyna się poprzez inokulację wirusa do błony śluzowej nosogardła lub spojówek, po czym wirus rozprzestrzenia się do dróg oddechowych, infekując komórki nabłonkowe rzęskowe8283.

RSV jest wysoce zakaźny i łatwo przenosi się przez kontakt z zakażonymi kropelkami oddechowymi lub przez bezpośredni kontakt z powierzchniami skażonymi wirusem. Okres inkubacji wynosi od 2 do 8 dni, a osoba zakażona jest najbardziej zaraźliwa w pierwszym tygodniu po zakażeniu8485.

Niemal wszystkie dzieci zostają zakażone RSV przed ukończeniem 2 lat życia, a ponowne zakażenia są powszechne przez całe życie ze względu na niepełną i krótkotrwałą odporność po zakażeniu8687. Niektóre grupy, takie jak wcześniaki, niemowlęta, osoby starsze i osoby z osłabionym układem odpornościowym, są szczególnie narażone na ciężki przebieg choroby88.

Istnieje również coraz więcej dowodów sugerujących związek między ciężkim zakażeniem RSV w niemowlęctwie a późniejszym rozwojem astmy i innych przewlekłych chorób układu oddechowego, choć bezpośredni związek przyczynowy nie został jeszcze w pełni ustalony8990.

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  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459215/
    RSV is a single-stranded, negative-strand, RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, and is in the genus Pneumovirus. RSV was discovered in chimpanzees in 1955 and subsequently confirmed to be a human pathogen shortly after that. […] There is only one serotype of RSV, but it is classified into two strains, „A” and „B,” with differences consisting of variation in the structure of several structural membrane proteins, most especially the attachment protein. […] RSV is a widespread pathogen of humans, due in part to the lack of long-term immunity after infection, making reinfection frequent. It infects 90% of children within the first 2 years of life and frequently reinfects older children and adults. […] The majority of patients with RSV will have an upper respiratory illness, but a significant minority will develop lower respiratory tract illness, predominantly in the form of bronchiolitis.
  • #2 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection | 5-Minute Clinical Consult
    https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688919/all/Respiratory_Syncytial_Virus__RSV__Infection
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a medium-sized, membrane-bound RNA virus that causes acute respiratory tract illness in patients of all ages. […] RSV is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family. […] Two subtypes, A and B, are simultaneously present in most outbreaks with A subtypes causing more severe disease. […] RSV is spread via direct contact or droplet aerosols. Incubation period ranges from 2 to 8 days, mean 4 to 6. […] Natural RSV infections result in incomplete immunity; recurrent infections are common. […] RSV causes a neutrophil-intensive inflammation of the airway. RSV develops in the cytoplasm of infected cells and matures by budding from the plasma membrane. RSV is a major cause of asthma exacerbation and COPD.
  • #3 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459215/
    RSV is a single-stranded, negative-strand, RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, and is in the genus Pneumovirus. RSV was discovered in chimpanzees in 1955 and subsequently confirmed to be a human pathogen shortly after that. […] There is only one serotype of RSV, but it is classified into two strains, „A” and „B,” with differences consisting of variation in the structure of several structural membrane proteins, most especially the attachment protein. […] RSV is a widespread pathogen of humans, due in part to the lack of long-term immunity after infection, making reinfection frequent. It infects 90% of children within the first 2 years of life and frequently reinfects older children and adults. […] The majority of patients with RSV will have an upper respiratory illness, but a significant minority will develop lower respiratory tract illness, predominantly in the form of bronchiolitis.
  • #4 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971488-overview
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in infants and young children. […] In 1956, Morris and colleagues initially isolated RSV from chimpanzees with upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and identified the virus as the causative agent of most epidemic bronchiolitis cases. […] RSV infection is limited to the respiratory tract. […] In the community setting, a number of factors have been associated with an increased risk of acquiring RSV disease, including childcare attendance, older siblings in preschool or school, crowding and lower socioeconomic status, exposure to environmental pollutants (eg, cigarette smoke), multiple birth sets (especially triplets or greater), and minimal breastfeeding. […] In infants with RSV infection, the following factors have been correlated with more severe disease and the need for hospitalization: prematurity, age younger than 3 months at the time of infection, chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease, congenital immunodeficiency, severe neuromuscular disease, toxic appearance at time of presentation, respiratory rate higher than 70 breaths/min on room air, atelectasis or pneumonitis on chest radiography, and oxygen saturation lower than 95% on room air.
  • #5 Respiratory syncytial virus – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), also called human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human orthopneumovirus, is a virus that causes infections of the respiratory tract. It is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Its name is derived from the large cells known as syncytia that form when infected cells fuse. […] RSV is a common cause of respiratory hospitalization in infants, and reinfection remains common in later life, though often with less severity. It is a notable pathogen in all age groups. […] RSV can cause outbreaks both in the community and in hospital settings. Following initial infection via the eyes or nose, the virus infects the epithelial cells of the upper and lower airway, causing inflammation, cell damage, and airway obstruction. […] RSV infection is usually not serious, but it can be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants and in adults, particularly the elderly and those with underlying heart or lung diseases.
  • #6 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459215/
    RSV is a single-stranded, negative-strand, RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, and is in the genus Pneumovirus. RSV was discovered in chimpanzees in 1955 and subsequently confirmed to be a human pathogen shortly after that. […] There is only one serotype of RSV, but it is classified into two strains, „A” and „B,” with differences consisting of variation in the structure of several structural membrane proteins, most especially the attachment protein. […] RSV is a widespread pathogen of humans, due in part to the lack of long-term immunity after infection, making reinfection frequent. It infects 90% of children within the first 2 years of life and frequently reinfects older children and adults. […] The majority of patients with RSV will have an upper respiratory illness, but a significant minority will develop lower respiratory tract illness, predominantly in the form of bronchiolitis.
  • #7 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459215/
    RSV is a single-stranded, negative-strand, RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, and is in the genus Pneumovirus. RSV was discovered in chimpanzees in 1955 and subsequently confirmed to be a human pathogen shortly after that. […] There is only one serotype of RSV, but it is classified into two strains, „A” and „B,” with differences consisting of variation in the structure of several structural membrane proteins, most especially the attachment protein. […] RSV is a widespread pathogen of humans, due in part to the lack of long-term immunity after infection, making reinfection frequent. It infects 90% of children within the first 2 years of life and frequently reinfects older children and adults. […] The majority of patients with RSV will have an upper respiratory illness, but a significant minority will develop lower respiratory tract illness, predominantly in the form of bronchiolitis.
  • #8 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0115/p141.html/1000
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an RNA virus that causes respiratory tract infections in children. […] Bronchiolitis, a lower respiratory tract infection, is often caused by RSV. […] Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes respiratory tract infections in children. […] Bronchiolitis is the most common lower respiratory tract infection in children younger than two years, and is often caused by RSV. […] RSV is an enveloped, nonsegmented, negative-stranded RNA virus and a member of the Paramyxoviridae family. […] Two subtypes, A and B, are present in most outbreaks. Subtype A usually causes more severe disease. […] An RSV infection begins with replication of the virus in the nasopharynx. […] RSV infections lead to more than 90,000 hospitalizations each year, as well as an estimated 372 respiratory- and cardiovascular-related deaths in children, with 90 percent occurring in those younger than one year.
  • #9 Respiratory Syncytial Virus | tulane
    https://tnprc.tulane.edu/respiratory-syncytial-virus
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most important causes of respiratory illness in infants and young children. […] RSV infection is caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). […] RSV viral strains can be classified into two subgroups, A and B. However, much strain variation occurs, which is thought to be responsible for the virus ability to repeatedly infect individuals and avoid the immune system.
  • #10 Respiratory syncytial virus – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus
    RSV is highly contagious and can cause outbreaks from both community and hospital transmission. For each person infected with RSV, it is estimated that an average of 5 to 25 uninfected people will become infected. […] Following transmission through the nose or eyes, RSV infects ciliated columnar epithelial cells of the upper and lower airway. RSV continues to replicate within these bronchial cells for about 8 days. […] After recovery of respiratory diseases associated with RSV infection, the virus interferes with the establishment of immunological memory, which leads to recurrent reinfections. […] RSV reinfection can happen throughout life. […] Genetic variations in viral epitopes and adjacent regions affect protein folding, post-transcriptional modifications, and antigenic processing, influencing B and T cell immunity during viral infections. […] Different genotypes of RSV exhibit variations in the structural conformation of key proteins such as G, SH, and F, impacting immune responses.
  • #11 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459215/
    Worldwide, it is estimated that RSV is responsible for approximately 33 million lower respiratory tract illnesses, three million hospitalizations, and up to 199,000 childhood deaths; the majority of deaths are in resource-limited countries. […] RSV is spread from person to person via respiratory droplet, and the incubation period after inoculation with RSV ranges from 2 to 8 days, with a mean incubation of 4 to 6 days, depending on host factors such as the age of the patient and whether it is the patient’s primary infection with RSV. […] After inoculation into the nasopharyngeal or conjunctival mucosa, the virus rapidly spreads into the respiratory tract, where it targets its preferred growth medium: apical ciliated epithelial cells. […] There it binds to cellular receptors using the RSV-G glycoprotein, then uses the RSV-F fusion glycoprotein to fuse with host cell membranes and insert its nucleocapsid into the host cell to begin its intracellular replication.
  • #12 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459215/
    Worldwide, it is estimated that RSV is responsible for approximately 33 million lower respiratory tract illnesses, three million hospitalizations, and up to 199,000 childhood deaths; the majority of deaths are in resource-limited countries. […] RSV is spread from person to person via respiratory droplet, and the incubation period after inoculation with RSV ranges from 2 to 8 days, with a mean incubation of 4 to 6 days, depending on host factors such as the age of the patient and whether it is the patient’s primary infection with RSV. […] After inoculation into the nasopharyngeal or conjunctival mucosa, the virus rapidly spreads into the respiratory tract, where it targets its preferred growth medium: apical ciliated epithelial cells. […] There it binds to cellular receptors using the RSV-G glycoprotein, then uses the RSV-F fusion glycoprotein to fuse with host cell membranes and insert its nucleocapsid into the host cell to begin its intracellular replication.
  • #13 What Causes RSV in Adults and Kids? Prevention Tips
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-causes-rsv-7570311
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a highly contagious respiratory virus that can rapidly spread through communities and hospitals. It is a pervasive virus that affects virtually all children by the age of 3 years old. It’s usually a mild and self-limiting disease (resolving without treatment). […] Once the virus enters the body, it infects cells in both the upper respiratory tract (including the nose, throat, and larynx) and lower respiratory tract (including the trachea and lungs). This differs from the common cold, which is mainly limited to the upper respiratory tract. Symptoms are due to the body’s response to the virus in the form of lung inflammation. […] RSV reinfection is common throughout life, but certain groups like infants and older adults are at high risk of lower respiratory tract complications.
  • #14 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459215/
    Worldwide, it is estimated that RSV is responsible for approximately 33 million lower respiratory tract illnesses, three million hospitalizations, and up to 199,000 childhood deaths; the majority of deaths are in resource-limited countries. […] RSV is spread from person to person via respiratory droplet, and the incubation period after inoculation with RSV ranges from 2 to 8 days, with a mean incubation of 4 to 6 days, depending on host factors such as the age of the patient and whether it is the patient’s primary infection with RSV. […] After inoculation into the nasopharyngeal or conjunctival mucosa, the virus rapidly spreads into the respiratory tract, where it targets its preferred growth medium: apical ciliated epithelial cells. […] There it binds to cellular receptors using the RSV-G glycoprotein, then uses the RSV-F fusion glycoprotein to fuse with host cell membranes and insert its nucleocapsid into the host cell to begin its intracellular replication.
  • #15 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459215/
    Worldwide, it is estimated that RSV is responsible for approximately 33 million lower respiratory tract illnesses, three million hospitalizations, and up to 199,000 childhood deaths; the majority of deaths are in resource-limited countries. […] RSV is spread from person to person via respiratory droplet, and the incubation period after inoculation with RSV ranges from 2 to 8 days, with a mean incubation of 4 to 6 days, depending on host factors such as the age of the patient and whether it is the patient’s primary infection with RSV. […] After inoculation into the nasopharyngeal or conjunctival mucosa, the virus rapidly spreads into the respiratory tract, where it targets its preferred growth medium: apical ciliated epithelial cells. […] There it binds to cellular receptors using the RSV-G glycoprotein, then uses the RSV-F fusion glycoprotein to fuse with host cell membranes and insert its nucleocapsid into the host cell to begin its intracellular replication.
  • #16 Respiratory syncytial virus – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus
    RSV is highly contagious and can cause outbreaks from both community and hospital transmission. For each person infected with RSV, it is estimated that an average of 5 to 25 uninfected people will become infected. […] Following transmission through the nose or eyes, RSV infects ciliated columnar epithelial cells of the upper and lower airway. RSV continues to replicate within these bronchial cells for about 8 days. […] After recovery of respiratory diseases associated with RSV infection, the virus interferes with the establishment of immunological memory, which leads to recurrent reinfections. […] RSV reinfection can happen throughout life. […] Genetic variations in viral epitopes and adjacent regions affect protein folding, post-transcriptional modifications, and antigenic processing, influencing B and T cell immunity during viral infections. […] Different genotypes of RSV exhibit variations in the structural conformation of key proteins such as G, SH, and F, impacting immune responses.
  • #17 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459215/
    Host inflammatory immune response is triggered, including both humoral and cytotoxic T-cell activation, and a combination of viral cytotoxicity and the host’s cytotoxic response cause necrosis of respiratory epithelial cells, leading to downstream consequences of small airway obstruction and plugging by mucus, cellular debris, and DNA. […] More severe cases may also include alveolar obstruction.
  • #18 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459215/
    Host inflammatory immune response is triggered, including both humoral and cytotoxic T-cell activation, and a combination of viral cytotoxicity and the host’s cytotoxic response cause necrosis of respiratory epithelial cells, leading to downstream consequences of small airway obstruction and plugging by mucus, cellular debris, and DNA. […] More severe cases may also include alveolar obstruction.
  • #19 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459215/
    Host inflammatory immune response is triggered, including both humoral and cytotoxic T-cell activation, and a combination of viral cytotoxicity and the host’s cytotoxic response cause necrosis of respiratory epithelial cells, leading to downstream consequences of small airway obstruction and plugging by mucus, cellular debris, and DNA. […] More severe cases may also include alveolar obstruction.
  • #20 Respiratory Syncytial Virus – SARS, MERS and other Viral Lung Infections – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442240/
    Infection causes widespread inflammation with peribronchial monocyte and T-cell infiltration, epithelial necrosis, sub mucosal edema and mucus-overproduction. […] Environmental factors include exposure to tobacco smoke, air pollution and indoor crowding; the presence of an older sibling is an independent risk factor for the development of RSV disease in infancy. […] There is a well-documented correlation between the level of virus replication and severity of infection. […] Unlike other viruses, immunity to RSV infection is incomplete and short-lived, and reinfection is common throughout life. […] The genetic polymorphisms that affect RSV pathogenesis often lie in genes involved in innate defences, surfactant proteins, host cell receptors, neutrophil responses, Th1/Th2 responses and other components of adaptive immunity.
  • #21 What Causes RSV in Adults and Kids? Prevention Tips
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-causes-rsv-7570311
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a highly contagious respiratory virus that can rapidly spread through communities and hospitals. It is a pervasive virus that affects virtually all children by the age of 3 years old. It’s usually a mild and self-limiting disease (resolving without treatment). […] Once the virus enters the body, it infects cells in both the upper respiratory tract (including the nose, throat, and larynx) and lower respiratory tract (including the trachea and lungs). This differs from the common cold, which is mainly limited to the upper respiratory tract. Symptoms are due to the body’s response to the virus in the form of lung inflammation. […] RSV reinfection is common throughout life, but certain groups like infants and older adults are at high risk of lower respiratory tract complications.
  • #22 Respiratory Syncytial Virus – SARS, MERS and other Viral Lung Infections – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442240/
    Infection causes widespread inflammation with peribronchial monocyte and T-cell infiltration, epithelial necrosis, sub mucosal edema and mucus-overproduction. […] Environmental factors include exposure to tobacco smoke, air pollution and indoor crowding; the presence of an older sibling is an independent risk factor for the development of RSV disease in infancy. […] There is a well-documented correlation between the level of virus replication and severity of infection. […] Unlike other viruses, immunity to RSV infection is incomplete and short-lived, and reinfection is common throughout life. […] The genetic polymorphisms that affect RSV pathogenesis often lie in genes involved in innate defences, surfactant proteins, host cell receptors, neutrophil responses, Th1/Th2 responses and other components of adaptive immunity.
  • #23 Respiratory syncytial virus – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus
    RSV is highly contagious and can cause outbreaks from both community and hospital transmission. For each person infected with RSV, it is estimated that an average of 5 to 25 uninfected people will become infected. […] Following transmission through the nose or eyes, RSV infects ciliated columnar epithelial cells of the upper and lower airway. RSV continues to replicate within these bronchial cells for about 8 days. […] After recovery of respiratory diseases associated with RSV infection, the virus interferes with the establishment of immunological memory, which leads to recurrent reinfections. […] RSV reinfection can happen throughout life. […] Genetic variations in viral epitopes and adjacent regions affect protein folding, post-transcriptional modifications, and antigenic processing, influencing B and T cell immunity during viral infections. […] Different genotypes of RSV exhibit variations in the structural conformation of key proteins such as G, SH, and F, impacting immune responses.
  • #24 Respiratory syncytial virus – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), also called human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human orthopneumovirus, is a virus that causes infections of the respiratory tract. It is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Its name is derived from the large cells known as syncytia that form when infected cells fuse. […] RSV is a common cause of respiratory hospitalization in infants, and reinfection remains common in later life, though often with less severity. It is a notable pathogen in all age groups. […] RSV can cause outbreaks both in the community and in hospital settings. Following initial infection via the eyes or nose, the virus infects the epithelial cells of the upper and lower airway, causing inflammation, cell damage, and airway obstruction. […] RSV infection is usually not serious, but it can be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants and in adults, particularly the elderly and those with underlying heart or lung diseases.
  • #25 Respiratory Syncytial Virus – SARS, MERS and other Viral Lung Infections – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442240/
    Despite these caveats, we can state with reasonable certainty that it is rare for healthy immunocompetent adults to require hospitalisation due to RSV infection. […] However, infection with RSV is so prevalent that it is estimated to cause a disease burden at least comparable to influenza in elderly persons. […] Given the aging population structure in Western countries, adult RSV-associated mortality is becoming an ever greater problem that poses a huge health and economic burden. […] RSV is a highly contagious virus and can cause outbreaks both in the community and hospital setting. […] Infection begins via inoculation of the nose or eyes via large particle or direct contact, with an incubation period of 28 days. […] RSV infects the ciliated epithelial cells of the upper and lower respiratory tract.
  • #26 Respiratory syncytial virus – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus
    RSV is highly contagious and can cause outbreaks from both community and hospital transmission. For each person infected with RSV, it is estimated that an average of 5 to 25 uninfected people will become infected. […] Following transmission through the nose or eyes, RSV infects ciliated columnar epithelial cells of the upper and lower airway. RSV continues to replicate within these bronchial cells for about 8 days. […] After recovery of respiratory diseases associated with RSV infection, the virus interferes with the establishment of immunological memory, which leads to recurrent reinfections. […] RSV reinfection can happen throughout life. […] Genetic variations in viral epitopes and adjacent regions affect protein folding, post-transcriptional modifications, and antigenic processing, influencing B and T cell immunity during viral infections. […] Different genotypes of RSV exhibit variations in the structural conformation of key proteins such as G, SH, and F, impacting immune responses.
  • #27 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/respiratory-syncytial-virus/symptoms-causes/syc-20353098
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes infections of the lungs and respiratory tract. […] Respiratory syncytial virus enters the body through the eyes, nose or mouth. It spreads easily through the air on infected respiratory droplets. You or your child can become infected if someone with RSV coughs or sneezes near you. The virus also passes to others through direct contact, such as shaking hands. […] An infected person is most contagious during the first week or so after infection. But in infants and those with weakened immunity, the virus may continue to spread even after symptoms go away, for up to four weeks.
  • #28 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
    https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20309861
    Respiratory syncytial virus enters the body through the eyes, nose or mouth. It spreads easily through the air on infected respiratory droplets. You or your child can become infected if someone with RSV coughs or sneezes near you. The virus also passes to others through direct contact, such as shaking hands. […] RSV is the most common cause of inflammation of the lungs (pneumonia) or the lungs’ airways (bronchiolitis) in infants. These complications can occur when the virus spreads to the lower respiratory tract. […] An infected person is most contagious during the first week or so after infection. But in infants and those with weakened immunity, the virus may continue to spread even after symptoms go away, for up to four weeks.
  • #29 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/respiratory-syncytial-virus/symptoms-causes/syc-20353098
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes infections of the lungs and respiratory tract. […] Respiratory syncytial virus enters the body through the eyes, nose or mouth. It spreads easily through the air on infected respiratory droplets. You or your child can become infected if someone with RSV coughs or sneezes near you. The virus also passes to others through direct contact, such as shaking hands. […] An infected person is most contagious during the first week or so after infection. But in infants and those with weakened immunity, the virus may continue to spread even after symptoms go away, for up to four weeks.
  • #30 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/respiratory-syncytial-virus/symptoms-causes/syc-20353098
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes infections of the lungs and respiratory tract. […] Respiratory syncytial virus enters the body through the eyes, nose or mouth. It spreads easily through the air on infected respiratory droplets. You or your child can become infected if someone with RSV coughs or sneezes near you. The virus also passes to others through direct contact, such as shaking hands. […] An infected person is most contagious during the first week or so after infection. But in infants and those with weakened immunity, the virus may continue to spread even after symptoms go away, for up to four weeks.
  • #31 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
    https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20309861
    Respiratory syncytial virus enters the body through the eyes, nose or mouth. It spreads easily through the air on infected respiratory droplets. You or your child can become infected if someone with RSV coughs or sneezes near you. The virus also passes to others through direct contact, such as shaking hands. […] RSV is the most common cause of inflammation of the lungs (pneumonia) or the lungs’ airways (bronchiolitis) in infants. These complications can occur when the virus spreads to the lower respiratory tract. […] An infected person is most contagious during the first week or so after infection. But in infants and those with weakened immunity, the virus may continue to spread even after symptoms go away, for up to four weeks.
  • #32 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
    https://www.nj.gov/health/respiratory-viruses/rsv/
    RSV can spread when: An infected person coughs or sneezes, You get virus droplets from a cough or sneeze in your eyes, nose, or mouth, You have direct contact with the virus, such as kissing the face of a child with RSV, You touch a surface that has the virus on it and then touch your face before washing your hands. […] There are two ways to protect your baby from getting very sick from RSV. One is an RSV vaccine given during pregnancy. The other is an RSV antibody product that provides antibodies to your baby after birth. […] There is no specific treatment for illnesses caused by RSV. Most people will recover on their own.
  • #33 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
    https://www.nj.gov/health/respiratory-viruses/rsv/
    RSV can spread when: An infected person coughs or sneezes, You get virus droplets from a cough or sneeze in your eyes, nose, or mouth, You have direct contact with the virus, such as kissing the face of a child with RSV, You touch a surface that has the virus on it and then touch your face before washing your hands. […] There are two ways to protect your baby from getting very sick from RSV. One is an RSV vaccine given during pregnancy. The other is an RSV antibody product that provides antibodies to your baby after birth. […] There is no specific treatment for illnesses caused by RSV. Most people will recover on their own.
  • #34 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Causes, symptoms, and treatment
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/301632
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a contagious virus that spreads through droplets in the air or on surfaces. […] RSV is a contagious virus that affects the respiratory system. […] RSV is a contagious virus that spreads through droplets in the air or on surfaces. When a person with the infection coughs or sneezes, respiratory tract secretions containing the virus pass into the air. […] The virus can survive for hours on surfaces such as tabletops, hands, and clothing, making it easy for the virus to pass from person to person.
  • #35 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) | Sobi
    https://www.sobi.com/en/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an infection that nearly all infants will contract by the age of two. […] RSV is a respiratory virus that commonly affects the lungs and airways, especially in young children and infants. RSV is highly contagious. It spreads from person to person through close contact via coughing and sneezing or touching contaminated objects or surfaces. […] The virus can live outside of the human body for many hours. Children can easily pick up the virus when they touch contaminated toys and then put their fingers in their mouths.
  • #36 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459215/
    Worldwide, it is estimated that RSV is responsible for approximately 33 million lower respiratory tract illnesses, three million hospitalizations, and up to 199,000 childhood deaths; the majority of deaths are in resource-limited countries. […] RSV is spread from person to person via respiratory droplet, and the incubation period after inoculation with RSV ranges from 2 to 8 days, with a mean incubation of 4 to 6 days, depending on host factors such as the age of the patient and whether it is the patient’s primary infection with RSV. […] After inoculation into the nasopharyngeal or conjunctival mucosa, the virus rapidly spreads into the respiratory tract, where it targets its preferred growth medium: apical ciliated epithelial cells. […] There it binds to cellular receptors using the RSV-G glycoprotein, then uses the RSV-F fusion glycoprotein to fuse with host cell membranes and insert its nucleocapsid into the host cell to begin its intracellular replication.
  • #37 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection | 5-Minute Clinical Consult
    https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688919/all/Respiratory_Syncytial_Virus__RSV__Infection
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a medium-sized, membrane-bound RNA virus that causes acute respiratory tract illness in patients of all ages. […] RSV is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family. […] Two subtypes, A and B, are simultaneously present in most outbreaks with A subtypes causing more severe disease. […] RSV is spread via direct contact or droplet aerosols. Incubation period ranges from 2 to 8 days, mean 4 to 6. […] Natural RSV infections result in incomplete immunity; recurrent infections are common. […] RSV causes a neutrophil-intensive inflammation of the airway. RSV develops in the cytoplasm of infected cells and matures by budding from the plasma membrane. RSV is a major cause of asthma exacerbation and COPD.
  • #38 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
    https://www.nj.gov/health/respiratory-viruses/rsv/
    Respiratory syncytial (sin-SISH-uhl) virus, or RSV, is a common respiratory virus that usually causes mild, cold-like symptoms such as coughing, sneezing, wheezing, fever, runny nose, and decrease in appetite. […] Infants/young children and older adults are most at risk for severe disease that may require hospitalization. RSV can also cause severe symptoms in people with weakened immune systems or chronic heart and lung diseases. […] RSV is a common respiratory virus that usually causes mild, cold-like symptoms such as: Runny nose, Decrease in appetite, Coughing, Sneezing, Fever, Wheezing. […] People infected with RSV usually show symptoms within four to six days after getting infected. […] People at greatest risk for severe illness from RSV include: Premature infants, Infants (especially those 6 months and younger), Children younger than 2 years old with chronic lung disease or congenital (present from birth) heart disease, Children with weakened immune systems, Children who have neuromuscular disorders, including those who have difficulty swallowing or clearing mucus secretions.
  • #39 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) – Epidemiology
    https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv/
    Respiratory Syncytial (sin-SISH-uhl) Virus (RSV), is a common respiratory virus that usually causes mild, cold-like symptoms including runny nose, cough, sneezing, and fever. […] RSV is the most common cause of bronchiolitis (inflammation of the small airways in the lung) and pneumonia (infection of the lungs) in children younger than one year of age in the United States. […] Individuals infected with RSV usually show symptoms within four to six days after becoming infected. […] One of the first signs of a more serious illness can be rapid breathing or a cough with wheezing. It means that the virus has spread to the lower respiratory tract (the lungs). This can lead to inflammation of the small airways in the lungs (bronchiolitis) or a lung infection (pneumonia). […] Currently, there is no specific treatment for RSV infection, but researchers are working to find medications that will fight the virus.
  • #40 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/respiratory-syncytial-virus/symptoms-causes/syc-20353098
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes infections of the lungs and respiratory tract. […] Respiratory syncytial virus enters the body through the eyes, nose or mouth. It spreads easily through the air on infected respiratory droplets. You or your child can become infected if someone with RSV coughs or sneezes near you. The virus also passes to others through direct contact, such as shaking hands. […] An infected person is most contagious during the first week or so after infection. But in infants and those with weakened immunity, the virus may continue to spread even after symptoms go away, for up to four weeks.
  • #41 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
    https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20309861
    Respiratory syncytial virus enters the body through the eyes, nose or mouth. It spreads easily through the air on infected respiratory droplets. You or your child can become infected if someone with RSV coughs or sneezes near you. The virus also passes to others through direct contact, such as shaking hands. […] RSV is the most common cause of inflammation of the lungs (pneumonia) or the lungs’ airways (bronchiolitis) in infants. These complications can occur when the virus spreads to the lower respiratory tract. […] An infected person is most contagious during the first week or so after infection. But in infants and those with weakened immunity, the virus may continue to spread even after symptoms go away, for up to four weeks.
  • #42 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/respiratory-syncytial-virus/symptoms-causes/syc-20353098
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes infections of the lungs and respiratory tract. […] Respiratory syncytial virus enters the body through the eyes, nose or mouth. It spreads easily through the air on infected respiratory droplets. You or your child can become infected if someone with RSV coughs or sneezes near you. The virus also passes to others through direct contact, such as shaking hands. […] An infected person is most contagious during the first week or so after infection. But in infants and those with weakened immunity, the virus may continue to spread even after symptoms go away, for up to four weeks.
  • #43 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
    https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20309861
    Respiratory syncytial virus enters the body through the eyes, nose or mouth. It spreads easily through the air on infected respiratory droplets. You or your child can become infected if someone with RSV coughs or sneezes near you. The virus also passes to others through direct contact, such as shaking hands. […] RSV is the most common cause of inflammation of the lungs (pneumonia) or the lungs’ airways (bronchiolitis) in infants. These complications can occur when the virus spreads to the lower respiratory tract. […] An infected person is most contagious during the first week or so after infection. But in infants and those with weakened immunity, the virus may continue to spread even after symptoms go away, for up to four weeks.
  • #44 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv/
    RSV is spread by droplets from coughs and sneezes. It can live on surfaces or objects for several hours. […] Someone with RSV will normally be contagious for 1 to 2 days before RSV symptoms start. Most people are contagious for 3 to 8 days. Some infants and people with weakened immune systems may be contagious for up to 4 weeks. […] RSV infection can happen to anyone, but for most it will be a mild infection that is like a cold. […] Some groups are more at risk of severe infection. They are: babies who were born prematurely, children under 2 years of age, people with chronic lung disease or congenital heart disease, people with weakened immune systems, adults over 65 years of age.
  • #45 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) | Wisconsin Department of Health Services
    https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/respiratory/rsv.htm
    RSV is a major cause of respiratory illness in all age groups. […] Among infants and young children, it is the most common cause of bronchitis, croup, ear infections, and pneumonia. […] Respiratory viruses are primarily spread to others by respiratory droplets and aerosols that travel through the air when an infected person breathes, speaks, sings, coughs, or sneezes. […] People infected with RSV are usually contagious for three to eight days. […] Children are often exposed to and infected with RSV outside the home, such as in school or child-care centers. […] There is no specific treatment for illnesses caused by RSV. […] For RSV protection the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) recommends: Adults 60 years and older get one dose of Arexvy or Abrysvo vaccine. […] Infants and children can get protected through either maternal RSV vaccination or the monoclonal antibody (nirsevimab).
  • #46 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459215/
    RSV is a single-stranded, negative-strand, RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, and is in the genus Pneumovirus. RSV was discovered in chimpanzees in 1955 and subsequently confirmed to be a human pathogen shortly after that. […] There is only one serotype of RSV, but it is classified into two strains, „A” and „B,” with differences consisting of variation in the structure of several structural membrane proteins, most especially the attachment protein. […] RSV is a widespread pathogen of humans, due in part to the lack of long-term immunity after infection, making reinfection frequent. It infects 90% of children within the first 2 years of life and frequently reinfects older children and adults. […] The majority of patients with RSV will have an upper respiratory illness, but a significant minority will develop lower respiratory tract illness, predominantly in the form of bronchiolitis.
  • #47 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459215/
    RSV is a single-stranded, negative-strand, RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, and is in the genus Pneumovirus. RSV was discovered in chimpanzees in 1955 and subsequently confirmed to be a human pathogen shortly after that. […] There is only one serotype of RSV, but it is classified into two strains, „A” and „B,” with differences consisting of variation in the structure of several structural membrane proteins, most especially the attachment protein. […] RSV is a widespread pathogen of humans, due in part to the lack of long-term immunity after infection, making reinfection frequent. It infects 90% of children within the first 2 years of life and frequently reinfects older children and adults. […] The majority of patients with RSV will have an upper respiratory illness, but a significant minority will develop lower respiratory tract illness, predominantly in the form of bronchiolitis.
  • #48 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459215/
    Worldwide, it is estimated that RSV is responsible for approximately 33 million lower respiratory tract illnesses, three million hospitalizations, and up to 199,000 childhood deaths; the majority of deaths are in resource-limited countries. […] RSV is spread from person to person via respiratory droplet, and the incubation period after inoculation with RSV ranges from 2 to 8 days, with a mean incubation of 4 to 6 days, depending on host factors such as the age of the patient and whether it is the patient’s primary infection with RSV. […] After inoculation into the nasopharyngeal or conjunctival mucosa, the virus rapidly spreads into the respiratory tract, where it targets its preferred growth medium: apical ciliated epithelial cells. […] There it binds to cellular receptors using the RSV-G glycoprotein, then uses the RSV-F fusion glycoprotein to fuse with host cell membranes and insert its nucleocapsid into the host cell to begin its intracellular replication.
  • #49
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/respiratory-syncytial-virus-(rsv)
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most common causes of acute lower respiratory infections in children globally, as well as causing substantial burden of severe respiratory disease among elderly persons. […] RSV is specific and pathogenic for humans and infects cells along the human respiratory tract, from the nose to the lungs. RSV causes a wide spectrum of respiratory disease, from mild upper respiratory tract infections (in most cases) to life threatening lower respiratory tract infections. […] RSV can also cause severe disease among elderly people and those with underlying illnesses. […] Each year, RSV causes an estimated 3.6 million RSV-associated hospitalizations and approximatively 100 000 RSV-attributable deaths in children under 5 years of age worldwide. […] The hospitalization rate for adults infected with RSV is higher among individuals with underlying conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or congestive heart failure.
  • #50 Respiratory syncytial virus infection – Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options
    https://www.epocrates.com/online/diseases/1165/respiratory-syncytial-virus-infection
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis; nearly every child has been infected by 2 years of age. […] Typical seasonal outbreaks occur during winter months from October through February in the northern hemisphere, and from May through September in the southern hemisphere. […] The burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children. […] The epidemiology of medically attended respiratory syncytial virus in older adults in the United States: a systematic review. […] The human immune response to respiratory syncytial virus infection. […] The role of viral co-infections in the severity of acute respiratory infections among children infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): a systematic review and meta-analysis. […] Respiratory syncytial virus infections, reinfections and immunity: a prospective, longitudinal study in young children. […] Review of epidemiology and clinical risk factors for severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. […] The association of apnea and respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants. […] Risk factors for respiratory syncytial virus associated apnoea.
  • #51 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth
    https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/rsv.html
    Respiratory syncytial (sin-SISH-ul) virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory illness in children. […] RSV infections are most common from fall through spring. […] An RSV vaccine is now recommended for all pregnant women at 32-36 weeks of their pregnancy if the baby will be born during RSV season (usually fall to spring in the U.S.). This vaccine can protect the newborn from severe RSV illness. […] Doctors also can give babies a new type of shot that contains antibodies against RSV as another way to protect them.
  • #52 RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/infectious-diseases/what-is-rsv-respiratory-syncytial-virus/
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common germ that can infect the nose, throat, lungs, and breathing passages. […] RSV spreads easily. When someone who is infected coughs or sneezes, virus-containing droplets become airborne. If you’re standing within six feet of that person, the virus can enter your body through your eyes, nose, or mouth, says Dr. Michaels. […] Virtually everyone gets RSV at least once and sometimes more than once. Because you don’t develop a perfect immune response, you can get reinfected, Michaels notes. The first infection, however, is usually the worst. […] But for some babies, children, and adults, RSV can lead to serious lung infection, breathing problems, and hospitalization. Infants are particularly vulnerable to severe RSV infection in the first two months of life, Dr. McCulloch notes. Other people who are at risk for developing severe or life-threatening RSV include:
  • #53 RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/infectious-diseases/what-is-rsv-respiratory-syncytial-virus/
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common germ that can infect the nose, throat, lungs, and breathing passages. […] RSV spreads easily. When someone who is infected coughs or sneezes, virus-containing droplets become airborne. If you’re standing within six feet of that person, the virus can enter your body through your eyes, nose, or mouth, says Dr. Michaels. […] Virtually everyone gets RSV at least once and sometimes more than once. Because you don’t develop a perfect immune response, you can get reinfected, Michaels notes. The first infection, however, is usually the worst. […] But for some babies, children, and adults, RSV can lead to serious lung infection, breathing problems, and hospitalization. Infants are particularly vulnerable to severe RSV infection in the first two months of life, Dr. McCulloch notes. Other people who are at risk for developing severe or life-threatening RSV include:
  • #54 Respiratory Syncytial Virus – SARS, MERS and other Viral Lung Infections – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442240/
    Infection causes widespread inflammation with peribronchial monocyte and T-cell infiltration, epithelial necrosis, sub mucosal edema and mucus-overproduction. […] Environmental factors include exposure to tobacco smoke, air pollution and indoor crowding; the presence of an older sibling is an independent risk factor for the development of RSV disease in infancy. […] There is a well-documented correlation between the level of virus replication and severity of infection. […] Unlike other viruses, immunity to RSV infection is incomplete and short-lived, and reinfection is common throughout life. […] The genetic polymorphisms that affect RSV pathogenesis often lie in genes involved in innate defences, surfactant proteins, host cell receptors, neutrophil responses, Th1/Th2 responses and other components of adaptive immunity.
  • #55 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection | 5-Minute Clinical Consult
    https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688919/all/Respiratory_Syncytial_Virus__RSV__Infection
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a medium-sized, membrane-bound RNA virus that causes acute respiratory tract illness in patients of all ages. […] RSV is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family. […] Two subtypes, A and B, are simultaneously present in most outbreaks with A subtypes causing more severe disease. […] RSV is spread via direct contact or droplet aerosols. Incubation period ranges from 2 to 8 days, mean 4 to 6. […] Natural RSV infections result in incomplete immunity; recurrent infections are common. […] RSV causes a neutrophil-intensive inflammation of the airway. RSV develops in the cytoplasm of infected cells and matures by budding from the plasma membrane. RSV is a major cause of asthma exacerbation and COPD.
  • #56 Learn About Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) | American Lung Association
    https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/rsv/learn-about-rsv
    RSV is a common respiratory virus that causes cold-like symptoms in children and adults. […] Severe RSV can be unpredictable and is the leading cause of hospitalization in infants. […] Infants, young children and older adults are at higher risk for developing severe RSV. […] People do not form long-lasting immunity to RSV and can become infected repeatedly over their lifetime. […] RSV is spread from person to person through close contact with someone who is infected from coughing and sneezing. […] Nearly 100% of infants will contract RSV. While symptoms can be cold-like, they also can be more severe and even life threatening. […] RSV is the leading cause of hospitalization of all infants.
  • #57 Learn About Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) | American Lung Association
    https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/rsv/learn-about-rsv
    RSV is a common respiratory virus that causes cold-like symptoms in children and adults. […] Severe RSV can be unpredictable and is the leading cause of hospitalization in infants. […] Infants, young children and older adults are at higher risk for developing severe RSV. […] People do not form long-lasting immunity to RSV and can become infected repeatedly over their lifetime. […] RSV is spread from person to person through close contact with someone who is infected from coughing and sneezing. […] Nearly 100% of infants will contract RSV. While symptoms can be cold-like, they also can be more severe and even life threatening. […] RSV is the leading cause of hospitalization of all infants.
  • #58 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) | healthdirect
    https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv
    RSV is a virus that causes infection in the lungs and airways. It is one of the most common causes of respiratory (breathing) infections in children. […] RSV is a highly contagious virus, that causes lung and airway infections. It spreads through tiny droplets released when an infected person talks, coughs, or sneezes. Being in close contact with someone who has RSV increases the likelihood of you getting the virus. […] RSV is a virus that causes infection in the lungs and airways. It is highly contagious. It is one of the most common causes of respiratory (breathing) infections in children, including the common cold. […] RSV is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia among infants under one year of age.
  • #59 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV): Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention |Nationwide Children’s Hospital
    https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common virus that can cause coughing, sneezing, runny nose, fever and wheezing. […] RSV usually starts with cold symptoms and the flu usually starts with a high fever. […] Most pediatricians and those of us who study and treat respiratory viruses in children often say that respiratory syncytial virus is the most common illness that no one knows about. Called RSV for short, the virus infects almost every child at least once before the age of 2.
  • #60 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) | Loma Linda University Children’s Health
    https://lluch.org/conditions/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv
    RSV is a viral illness that causes symptoms such as trouble breathing. Its the most common cause of inflammation of the small airways in the lungs (bronchiolitis) and pneumonia in babies. […] RSV is spread when a child comes into contact with fluid from an infected persons nose or mouth. This can happen if a child touches a contaminated surface and touches their eyes, mouth, or nose. It may also happen when inhaling droplets from an infected persons sneeze or cough. […] Most babies have been infected at least once by the time they are 2 years old. Babies can also be reinfected with the virus. Infection can happen again anytime throughout life. […] In high-risk babies, RSV can lead to severe breathing illness and pneumonia. This may become life-threatening. RSV as a baby may be linked to asthma later in childhood.
  • #61
    https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/respiratory-syncytial-virus.aspx
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes respiratory infections. […] RSV can cause severe illness in babies and young children. […] RSV can lead to serious chest infections in babies under one year of age. […] RSV in childhood can also lead to long term respiratory problems such as asthma that persist into adulthood. […] RSV is very infectious. […] RSV can affect anyone. However, some people can get very sick. […] A RSV vaccine is available at cost if you are aged 60 years and over as you may be at higher risk of severe illness from RSV.
  • #62 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971488-overview
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in infants and young children. […] In 1956, Morris and colleagues initially isolated RSV from chimpanzees with upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and identified the virus as the causative agent of most epidemic bronchiolitis cases. […] RSV infection is limited to the respiratory tract. […] In the community setting, a number of factors have been associated with an increased risk of acquiring RSV disease, including childcare attendance, older siblings in preschool or school, crowding and lower socioeconomic status, exposure to environmental pollutants (eg, cigarette smoke), multiple birth sets (especially triplets or greater), and minimal breastfeeding. […] In infants with RSV infection, the following factors have been correlated with more severe disease and the need for hospitalization: prematurity, age younger than 3 months at the time of infection, chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease, congenital immunodeficiency, severe neuromuscular disease, toxic appearance at time of presentation, respiratory rate higher than 70 breaths/min on room air, atelectasis or pneumonitis on chest radiography, and oxygen saturation lower than 95% on room air.
  • #63 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971488-overview
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in infants and young children. […] In 1956, Morris and colleagues initially isolated RSV from chimpanzees with upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and identified the virus as the causative agent of most epidemic bronchiolitis cases. […] RSV infection is limited to the respiratory tract. […] In the community setting, a number of factors have been associated with an increased risk of acquiring RSV disease, including childcare attendance, older siblings in preschool or school, crowding and lower socioeconomic status, exposure to environmental pollutants (eg, cigarette smoke), multiple birth sets (especially triplets or greater), and minimal breastfeeding. […] In infants with RSV infection, the following factors have been correlated with more severe disease and the need for hospitalization: prematurity, age younger than 3 months at the time of infection, chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease, congenital immunodeficiency, severe neuromuscular disease, toxic appearance at time of presentation, respiratory rate higher than 70 breaths/min on room air, atelectasis or pneumonitis on chest radiography, and oxygen saturation lower than 95% on room air.
  • #64 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971488-overview
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in infants and young children. […] In 1956, Morris and colleagues initially isolated RSV from chimpanzees with upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and identified the virus as the causative agent of most epidemic bronchiolitis cases. […] RSV infection is limited to the respiratory tract. […] In the community setting, a number of factors have been associated with an increased risk of acquiring RSV disease, including childcare attendance, older siblings in preschool or school, crowding and lower socioeconomic status, exposure to environmental pollutants (eg, cigarette smoke), multiple birth sets (especially triplets or greater), and minimal breastfeeding. […] In infants with RSV infection, the following factors have been correlated with more severe disease and the need for hospitalization: prematurity, age younger than 3 months at the time of infection, chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease, congenital immunodeficiency, severe neuromuscular disease, toxic appearance at time of presentation, respiratory rate higher than 70 breaths/min on room air, atelectasis or pneumonitis on chest radiography, and oxygen saturation lower than 95% on room air.
  • #65 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971488-overview
    A family history of asthma and genetic factors are also correlated with more severe RSV disease, though the exact relations and mechanisms have not been elucidated. […] A multicenter SENTINEL 1 study by Anderson et al reported that preterm infants 29 to 35 weeks gestational age are at high risk for severe respiratory syncytial virus.
  • #66 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971488-overview
    A family history of asthma and genetic factors are also correlated with more severe RSV disease, though the exact relations and mechanisms have not been elucidated. […] A multicenter SENTINEL 1 study by Anderson et al reported that preterm infants 29 to 35 weeks gestational age are at high risk for severe respiratory syncytial virus.
  • #67 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971488-overview
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in infants and young children. […] In 1956, Morris and colleagues initially isolated RSV from chimpanzees with upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and identified the virus as the causative agent of most epidemic bronchiolitis cases. […] RSV infection is limited to the respiratory tract. […] In the community setting, a number of factors have been associated with an increased risk of acquiring RSV disease, including childcare attendance, older siblings in preschool or school, crowding and lower socioeconomic status, exposure to environmental pollutants (eg, cigarette smoke), multiple birth sets (especially triplets or greater), and minimal breastfeeding. […] In infants with RSV infection, the following factors have been correlated with more severe disease and the need for hospitalization: prematurity, age younger than 3 months at the time of infection, chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease, congenital immunodeficiency, severe neuromuscular disease, toxic appearance at time of presentation, respiratory rate higher than 70 breaths/min on room air, atelectasis or pneumonitis on chest radiography, and oxygen saturation lower than 95% on room air.
  • #68 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971488-overview
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in infants and young children. […] In 1956, Morris and colleagues initially isolated RSV from chimpanzees with upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and identified the virus as the causative agent of most epidemic bronchiolitis cases. […] RSV infection is limited to the respiratory tract. […] In the community setting, a number of factors have been associated with an increased risk of acquiring RSV disease, including childcare attendance, older siblings in preschool or school, crowding and lower socioeconomic status, exposure to environmental pollutants (eg, cigarette smoke), multiple birth sets (especially triplets or greater), and minimal breastfeeding. […] In infants with RSV infection, the following factors have been correlated with more severe disease and the need for hospitalization: prematurity, age younger than 3 months at the time of infection, chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease, congenital immunodeficiency, severe neuromuscular disease, toxic appearance at time of presentation, respiratory rate higher than 70 breaths/min on room air, atelectasis or pneumonitis on chest radiography, and oxygen saturation lower than 95% on room air.
  • #69 Respiratory Syncytial Virus – SARS, MERS and other Viral Lung Infections – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442240/
    Infection causes widespread inflammation with peribronchial monocyte and T-cell infiltration, epithelial necrosis, sub mucosal edema and mucus-overproduction. […] Environmental factors include exposure to tobacco smoke, air pollution and indoor crowding; the presence of an older sibling is an independent risk factor for the development of RSV disease in infancy. […] There is a well-documented correlation between the level of virus replication and severity of infection. […] Unlike other viruses, immunity to RSV infection is incomplete and short-lived, and reinfection is common throughout life. […] The genetic polymorphisms that affect RSV pathogenesis often lie in genes involved in innate defences, surfactant proteins, host cell receptors, neutrophil responses, Th1/Th2 responses and other components of adaptive immunity.
  • #70 Respiratory Syncytial Virus – SARS, MERS and other Viral Lung Infections – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442240/
    Infection causes widespread inflammation with peribronchial monocyte and T-cell infiltration, epithelial necrosis, sub mucosal edema and mucus-overproduction. […] Environmental factors include exposure to tobacco smoke, air pollution and indoor crowding; the presence of an older sibling is an independent risk factor for the development of RSV disease in infancy. […] There is a well-documented correlation between the level of virus replication and severity of infection. […] Unlike other viruses, immunity to RSV infection is incomplete and short-lived, and reinfection is common throughout life. […] The genetic polymorphisms that affect RSV pathogenesis often lie in genes involved in innate defences, surfactant proteins, host cell receptors, neutrophil responses, Th1/Th2 responses and other components of adaptive immunity.
  • #71 Respiratory syncytial virus – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus
    RSV is highly contagious and can cause outbreaks from both community and hospital transmission. For each person infected with RSV, it is estimated that an average of 5 to 25 uninfected people will become infected. […] Following transmission through the nose or eyes, RSV infects ciliated columnar epithelial cells of the upper and lower airway. RSV continues to replicate within these bronchial cells for about 8 days. […] After recovery of respiratory diseases associated with RSV infection, the virus interferes with the establishment of immunological memory, which leads to recurrent reinfections. […] RSV reinfection can happen throughout life. […] Genetic variations in viral epitopes and adjacent regions affect protein folding, post-transcriptional modifications, and antigenic processing, influencing B and T cell immunity during viral infections. […] Different genotypes of RSV exhibit variations in the structural conformation of key proteins such as G, SH, and F, impacting immune responses.
  • #72 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) – NFID
    https://www.nfid.org/infectious-disease/rsv/
    RSV is a respiratory virus that infects the lungs and breathing passages. […] Respiratory syncytial (sin-SISH-uhl) virus (RSV) is a common virus that infects the nose, throat, lungs, and breathing passages. […] RSV is so common that almost all children will have had it by their 2nd birthday. […] RSV is the most common cause of hospitalization in children under 1 year old. […] RSV is also becoming more recognized as a major cause of respiratory illness in adults. […] Each year in the US, RSV is estimated to cause 100,000-160,000 hospitalizations in adults age 60 years and older. […] Those at highest risk for severe disease from an RSV infection include premature infants and infants age 6 months and younger, adults with chronic heart or lung disease or certain other underlying medical conditions, including diabetes or obesity, adults with weakened immune systems, and older adults, especially those who are frail or live in a nursing home. […] There are currently no specific antiviral medications or treatments for RSV disease.
  • #73 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) – NFID
    https://www.nfid.org/infectious-disease/rsv/
    RSV is a respiratory virus that infects the lungs and breathing passages. […] Respiratory syncytial (sin-SISH-uhl) virus (RSV) is a common virus that infects the nose, throat, lungs, and breathing passages. […] RSV is so common that almost all children will have had it by their 2nd birthday. […] RSV is the most common cause of hospitalization in children under 1 year old. […] RSV is also becoming more recognized as a major cause of respiratory illness in adults. […] Each year in the US, RSV is estimated to cause 100,000-160,000 hospitalizations in adults age 60 years and older. […] Those at highest risk for severe disease from an RSV infection include premature infants and infants age 6 months and younger, adults with chronic heart or lung disease or certain other underlying medical conditions, including diabetes or obesity, adults with weakened immune systems, and older adults, especially those who are frail or live in a nursing home. […] There are currently no specific antiviral medications or treatments for RSV disease.
  • #74
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/respiratory-syncytial-virus-(rsv)
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most common causes of acute lower respiratory infections in children globally, as well as causing substantial burden of severe respiratory disease among elderly persons. […] RSV is specific and pathogenic for humans and infects cells along the human respiratory tract, from the nose to the lungs. RSV causes a wide spectrum of respiratory disease, from mild upper respiratory tract infections (in most cases) to life threatening lower respiratory tract infections. […] RSV can also cause severe disease among elderly people and those with underlying illnesses. […] Each year, RSV causes an estimated 3.6 million RSV-associated hospitalizations and approximatively 100 000 RSV-attributable deaths in children under 5 years of age worldwide. […] The hospitalization rate for adults infected with RSV is higher among individuals with underlying conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or congestive heart failure.
  • #75
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/respiratory-syncytial-virus-(rsv)
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most common causes of acute lower respiratory infections in children globally, as well as causing substantial burden of severe respiratory disease among elderly persons. […] RSV is specific and pathogenic for humans and infects cells along the human respiratory tract, from the nose to the lungs. RSV causes a wide spectrum of respiratory disease, from mild upper respiratory tract infections (in most cases) to life threatening lower respiratory tract infections. […] RSV can also cause severe disease among elderly people and those with underlying illnesses. […] Each year, RSV causes an estimated 3.6 million RSV-associated hospitalizations and approximatively 100 000 RSV-attributable deaths in children under 5 years of age worldwide. […] The hospitalization rate for adults infected with RSV is higher among individuals with underlying conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or congestive heart failure.
  • #76 Respiratory Syncytial Virus – SARS, MERS and other Viral Lung Infections – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442240/
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection has an estimated global incidence of 33 million cases in children younger than 5 years, with 10% requiring hospital admission and up to 199,000 dying of the disease. […] There is growing evidence that severe infantile RSV bronchiolitis, a condition characterised by an inflammatory reaction to the virus, is associated with later childhood wheeze in some vulnerable children; however, a direct causal relationship with asthma has not yet been established. […] It is also increasingly recognised as a cause of morbidity and mortality in those with underlying airway disease, immunocompromise and frail elderly persons. […] Since its discovery in 1956, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has become recognized as a leading global cause of morbidity and mortality, especially amongst infants in the first six months life.
  • #77
  • #78 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
    https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv
    RSV is the most common cause of bronchiolitis (inflammation of the small airways in the lungs) and pneumonia in babies. […] RSV spreads when infected people cough or sneeze, releasing infected droplets into the air or onto surfaces or objects. […] The incubation period (time from exposure to symptoms) of RSV is about four to six days. […] Most babies will get infected at least once by the time they are 2 years old. […] Recurrence throughout life is common. […] In babies born premature, infection with RSV can lead to severe respiratory illness and pneumonia. […] RSV in infancy may lead to development of asthma later in childhood. […] There are no medications used to treat the virus itself. […] Because a virus causes this illness, antibiotics are not useful. […] In the fall of 2023, the FDA approved a preventive monoclonal antibody medication called Beyfortus (or Nirsevimab) that protects babies from developing severe RSV. […] It provides an extra layer of defense against RSV and decreases the chances of getting very sick and landing in the hospital.
  • #79 RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/infectious-diseases/what-is-rsv-respiratory-syncytial-virus/
    RSV is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children younger than 1 year old, according to the CDC. […] RSV can also make chronic health problems worse. For example, those with asthma may experience asthma attacks as a result of RSV infection, notes McCulloch. […] While some research suggests that having severe RSV as a baby can increase a child’s risk of developing asthma, it’s not clear if the connection is one of cause and effect.
  • #80
    https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/respiratory-syncytial-virus.aspx
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes respiratory infections. […] RSV can cause severe illness in babies and young children. […] RSV can lead to serious chest infections in babies under one year of age. […] RSV in childhood can also lead to long term respiratory problems such as asthma that persist into adulthood. […] RSV is very infectious. […] RSV can affect anyone. However, some people can get very sick. […] A RSV vaccine is available at cost if you are aged 60 years and over as you may be at higher risk of severe illness from RSV.
  • #81 Respiratory Syncytial Virus – SARS, MERS and other Viral Lung Infections – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442240/
    These include persistent wheeze and in some cases established inflammatory airway disease, highlighting the importance of understanding which immune responses correlate with protection and what makes some individuals at risk of severe or delayed disease. […] RSV causes significant morbidity and mortality across the globe and is the leading cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants. […] The main burden of disease is in the under 5 age group but RSV has considerable impact on various at risk adult populations. […] In the USA, RSV is estimated to cause 17,358 deaths per year, 22 % of which are in persons less than 65 years of age. […] There remains no globally accepted definition or reliable classification of acute respiratory infection, making it difficult to compare studies and to make accurate estimates of disease burden.
  • #82 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459215/
    Worldwide, it is estimated that RSV is responsible for approximately 33 million lower respiratory tract illnesses, three million hospitalizations, and up to 199,000 childhood deaths; the majority of deaths are in resource-limited countries. […] RSV is spread from person to person via respiratory droplet, and the incubation period after inoculation with RSV ranges from 2 to 8 days, with a mean incubation of 4 to 6 days, depending on host factors such as the age of the patient and whether it is the patient’s primary infection with RSV. […] After inoculation into the nasopharyngeal or conjunctival mucosa, the virus rapidly spreads into the respiratory tract, where it targets its preferred growth medium: apical ciliated epithelial cells. […] There it binds to cellular receptors using the RSV-G glycoprotein, then uses the RSV-F fusion glycoprotein to fuse with host cell membranes and insert its nucleocapsid into the host cell to begin its intracellular replication.
  • #83 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971488-overview
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in infants and young children. […] In 1956, Morris and colleagues initially isolated RSV from chimpanzees with upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and identified the virus as the causative agent of most epidemic bronchiolitis cases. […] RSV infection is limited to the respiratory tract. […] In the community setting, a number of factors have been associated with an increased risk of acquiring RSV disease, including childcare attendance, older siblings in preschool or school, crowding and lower socioeconomic status, exposure to environmental pollutants (eg, cigarette smoke), multiple birth sets (especially triplets or greater), and minimal breastfeeding. […] In infants with RSV infection, the following factors have been correlated with more severe disease and the need for hospitalization: prematurity, age younger than 3 months at the time of infection, chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease, congenital immunodeficiency, severe neuromuscular disease, toxic appearance at time of presentation, respiratory rate higher than 70 breaths/min on room air, atelectasis or pneumonitis on chest radiography, and oxygen saturation lower than 95% on room air.
  • #84 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459215/
    Worldwide, it is estimated that RSV is responsible for approximately 33 million lower respiratory tract illnesses, three million hospitalizations, and up to 199,000 childhood deaths; the majority of deaths are in resource-limited countries. […] RSV is spread from person to person via respiratory droplet, and the incubation period after inoculation with RSV ranges from 2 to 8 days, with a mean incubation of 4 to 6 days, depending on host factors such as the age of the patient and whether it is the patient’s primary infection with RSV. […] After inoculation into the nasopharyngeal or conjunctival mucosa, the virus rapidly spreads into the respiratory tract, where it targets its preferred growth medium: apical ciliated epithelial cells. […] There it binds to cellular receptors using the RSV-G glycoprotein, then uses the RSV-F fusion glycoprotein to fuse with host cell membranes and insert its nucleocapsid into the host cell to begin its intracellular replication.
  • #85 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/respiratory-syncytial-virus/symptoms-causes/syc-20353098
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes infections of the lungs and respiratory tract. […] Respiratory syncytial virus enters the body through the eyes, nose or mouth. It spreads easily through the air on infected respiratory droplets. You or your child can become infected if someone with RSV coughs or sneezes near you. The virus also passes to others through direct contact, such as shaking hands. […] An infected person is most contagious during the first week or so after infection. But in infants and those with weakened immunity, the virus may continue to spread even after symptoms go away, for up to four weeks.
  • #86 Learn About Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) | American Lung Association
    https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/rsv/learn-about-rsv
    RSV is a common respiratory virus that causes cold-like symptoms in children and adults. […] Severe RSV can be unpredictable and is the leading cause of hospitalization in infants. […] Infants, young children and older adults are at higher risk for developing severe RSV. […] People do not form long-lasting immunity to RSV and can become infected repeatedly over their lifetime. […] RSV is spread from person to person through close contact with someone who is infected from coughing and sneezing. […] Nearly 100% of infants will contract RSV. While symptoms can be cold-like, they also can be more severe and even life threatening. […] RSV is the leading cause of hospitalization of all infants.
  • #87 Respiratory Syncytial Virus – SARS, MERS and other Viral Lung Infections – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442240/
    Infection causes widespread inflammation with peribronchial monocyte and T-cell infiltration, epithelial necrosis, sub mucosal edema and mucus-overproduction. […] Environmental factors include exposure to tobacco smoke, air pollution and indoor crowding; the presence of an older sibling is an independent risk factor for the development of RSV disease in infancy. […] There is a well-documented correlation between the level of virus replication and severity of infection. […] Unlike other viruses, immunity to RSV infection is incomplete and short-lived, and reinfection is common throughout life. […] The genetic polymorphisms that affect RSV pathogenesis often lie in genes involved in innate defences, surfactant proteins, host cell receptors, neutrophil responses, Th1/Th2 responses and other components of adaptive immunity.
  • #88 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) – NFID
    https://www.nfid.org/infectious-disease/rsv/
    RSV is a respiratory virus that infects the lungs and breathing passages. […] Respiratory syncytial (sin-SISH-uhl) virus (RSV) is a common virus that infects the nose, throat, lungs, and breathing passages. […] RSV is so common that almost all children will have had it by their 2nd birthday. […] RSV is the most common cause of hospitalization in children under 1 year old. […] RSV is also becoming more recognized as a major cause of respiratory illness in adults. […] Each year in the US, RSV is estimated to cause 100,000-160,000 hospitalizations in adults age 60 years and older. […] Those at highest risk for severe disease from an RSV infection include premature infants and infants age 6 months and younger, adults with chronic heart or lung disease or certain other underlying medical conditions, including diabetes or obesity, adults with weakened immune systems, and older adults, especially those who are frail or live in a nursing home. […] There are currently no specific antiviral medications or treatments for RSV disease.
  • #89 Respiratory Syncytial Virus – SARS, MERS and other Viral Lung Infections – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442240/
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection has an estimated global incidence of 33 million cases in children younger than 5 years, with 10% requiring hospital admission and up to 199,000 dying of the disease. […] There is growing evidence that severe infantile RSV bronchiolitis, a condition characterised by an inflammatory reaction to the virus, is associated with later childhood wheeze in some vulnerable children; however, a direct causal relationship with asthma has not yet been established. […] It is also increasingly recognised as a cause of morbidity and mortality in those with underlying airway disease, immunocompromise and frail elderly persons. […] Since its discovery in 1956, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has become recognized as a leading global cause of morbidity and mortality, especially amongst infants in the first six months life.
  • #90 RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/infectious-diseases/what-is-rsv-respiratory-syncytial-virus/
    RSV is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children younger than 1 year old, according to the CDC. […] RSV can also make chronic health problems worse. For example, those with asthma may experience asthma attacks as a result of RSV infection, notes McCulloch. […] While some research suggests that having severe RSV as a baby can increase a child’s risk of developing asthma, it’s not clear if the connection is one of cause and effect.