Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Breast cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352475

  Woman undergoing mammography exam Receiving a mammogram Enlarge image Close During a mammogram, you stand in front of an X-ray machine designed for mammography. A technician places your breast on a platform and positions the platform to match your height. The technician helps you position your head, arms and torso to allow an unobstructed view of your breast. […] Breast cancer diagnosis often begins with an exam and a discussion of your symptoms. Imaging tests can look at the breast tissue for anything that’s not typical. To confirm whether there is cancer or not, a sample of tissue is removed from the breast for testing. […] A mammogram is an X-ray of the breast tissue. Mammograms are commonly used to screen for breast cancer. If a screening mammogram finds something concerning, you might have another mammogram to look at the area more closely. This more-detailed mammogram is called a diagnostic mammogram. It’s often used to look closely at both breasts.

• #1 Breast cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352475

  Breast cancer stages range from 0 to 4. A lower number means the cancer is less advanced and more likely to be cured. Stage 0 breast cancer is cancer that is contained within a breast duct. It hasn’t broken out to invade the breast tissue yet. As the cancer grows into the breast tissue and gets more advanced, the stages get higher. A stage 4 breast cancer means that the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

• #2 Diagnosing Breast Cancer | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/screening/diagnosis.html

  If a screening mammogram is abnormal, doctors use more tests to find or diagnose breast cancer. […] If breast cancer is diagnosed, other tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the breast or to other parts of the body. […] A breast cancer patient receiving an MRI Magnetic resonance imaging may be used to diagnose breast cancer. […] If a screening mammogram is abnormal, doctors use more tests to find out if it is breast cancer. […] These doctors are experts in diagnosing breast problems. […] If you have a problem in your breast, such as lumps, or if an area of the breast looks abnormal on a screening mammogram, doctors may have you get a diagnostic mammogram. This is a more detailed X-ray of the breast. […] Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A kind of body scan that uses a magnet linked to a computer. The MRI scan will make detailed pictures of areas inside the breast.

• #2 Diagnosing Breast Cancer | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/screening/diagnosis.html

  This is a test that removes tissue or fluid from the breast to be looked at under a microscope and do more testing. […] If breast cancer is diagnosed, other tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the breast or to other parts of the body. This process is called staging. […] The type and stage of breast cancer tells doctors what kind of treatment you need.

• #3 Breast Cancer Early Detection and Diagnosis | How To Detect Breast Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/screening-tests-and-early-detection.html

  Breast cancer is sometimes found after symptoms appear, but many women with breast cancer have no symptoms. This is why regular breast cancer screening is so important. […] Different tests can be used to look for and diagnose breast cancer. If your doctor finds an area of concern on a screening test (a mammogram), or if you have symptoms that could mean breast cancer, you will need more tests to know for sure if its cancer. […] A biopsy is done when mammograms, other imaging tests, or a physical exam shows a breast change that may be cancer. A biopsy is the only way to know for sure if its cancer.

• #4 Current State of Breast Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment, and Theranostics

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8156889/

  Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in women worldwide. Early diagnosis and effective treatment of all types of cancers are crucial for a positive prognosis. Patients with small tumor sizes at the time of their diagnosis have a significantly higher survival rate and a significantly reduced probability of the cancer being fatal. Therefore, many novel technologies are being developed for early detection of primary tumors, as well as distant metastases and recurrent disease, for effective breast cancer management. […] Early diagnosis of the disease is crucial for effective treatment and positive prognosis, as significantly lower probability of dying and higher survival rate is observed in patients with smaller tumors at the time of diagnosis. Early detection of breast cancer and accurate lesion assessment are, therefore, the primary focus of all imaging modalities.

• #4 Current State of Breast Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment, and Theranostics

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8156889/

  A mammogram is an x-ray of the breast that can reveal benign or malignant abnormalities. It is obtained by applying a small dose of radiation through the breast post compression between two plates to produce an x-ray image. Mammograms can be utilized for both screening and diagnosis. […] Breast MRI is a non-invasive and non-ionizing diagnostic imaging tool that employs low-energy radio frequency waves and a magnetic field to obtain detailed images of structures within the breast. MRI can be used to measure the size of the cancer and look for metastasized tumors in women who have been previously diagnosed with breast cancer. […] Dynamic contrast-agent-enhanced breast MRI works by analyzing the temporal enhancement pattern of a tissue following the intravenous injection of a paramagnetic contrast agent. This non-invasive imaging technique quantitatively determines the extent of tissue vascularization, interstitial space composition, and differentiation of lesions.

• #4 Current State of Breast Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment, and Theranostics

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8156889/

  Although mammography is a gold standard for breast cancer imaging, because of its limitations regarding dense breasts, another supplementing screening tool is required. Ultrasound is a supplemental tool that may be utilized to analyze some breast changes in women with dense breast tissues, as well as suspicious areas not seen on a mammogram. […] Breast cancer diagnosis by breast examination, mammography, breast ultrasound, MRI, and other imaging modalities can help identify tumors and other abnormalities in the tissue, as described above. These imaging modalities can help find a lump, an area of microcalcification, a suspicious area on ultrasound, or a gadolinium-enhanced area on MRI. Once breast cancer is identified using one of the diagnostic modalities discussed above, immediate and rigorous treatment must be provided to remove the tumor and prevent further spread of the cancer.

• #4 Current State of Breast Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment, and Theranostics

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8156889/

  Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) can be used to obtain details on tissue mechanical properties in vivo. […] Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is a form of unenhanced MRI that uses the diffusion of water molecules to generate contrast in MR images to address some of the shortcomings faced by regular breast MRI. […] Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has been widely adopted as an important clinical modality for oncology. […] Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is a revolutionary, minimally-invasive method to determine whether metastasis has occurred in early-stage breast cancer patients. […] Breast specific gamma imaging (BSGI), a molecular breast imaging approach, is a specialized nuclear medicine imaging test that allows detection of sub-centimeter and mammographically occult breast cancer with a sensitivity and specificity comparable to MRI.

• #5 Breast Cancer: Symptoms, Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3986-breast-cancer

  Providers may combine surgery with one or more of the following treatments: Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, including intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT), Immunotherapy, Hormone therapy, including selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) therapy, Targeted therapy. […] You may not be able to prevent breast cancer. But you can reduce your risk of developing it. Just as important, regular self-exams and mammograms can help detect breast cancer early on, when it’s easier to treat. […] Breast cancer survival rates vary based on several factors, like whether the cancer is invasive or noninvasive, the cancer type and the cancer stage. […] According to data kept by the National Cancer Institute (U.S.), overall, 91% of people with breast cancer were alive five years after diagnosis. […] Right now, more people are being diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer meaning they’re diagnosed when it’s easier to treat and fewer people are dying of breast cancer. […] Data shows 99% of people with early-stage breast cancer were alive five years after diagnosis.

• #6 Breast Cancer Screening – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/patient/breast-screening-pdq

  Screening is looking for signs of disease, such as breast cancer, before a person has symptoms. The goal of screening tests is to find cancer at an early stage when it can be treated and may be cured. […] If a screening test result is abnormal, you may need to have more tests done to find out if you have cancer. These are called diagnostic tests, rather than screening tests. […] Mammography is the most common screening test for breast cancer. […] Mammography is an imaging test used to screen for and diagnose breast cancer. It can detect abnormal breast tissue, including cancer, sometimes before symptoms appear. […] MRI may be used as a screening test for women who have a high risk of breast cancer. […] Women with dense breasts who have supplemental screening (for example, an MRI) show higher rates of breast cancer detection, but there is limited evidence about whether this leads to better health outcomes.

• #6 Breast Cancer Screening – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/patient/breast-screening-pdq

  Women with risk factors for breast cancer, such as certain changes in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene or certain genetic syndromes, may be screened at a younger age and more often. […] Other screening tests have been or are being studied in clinical trials. […] Screening tests for breast cancer are being studied in clinical trials. […] The harms of mammography include: False-positive test results can occur. […] False-negative test results can delay diagnosis and treatment. […] Finding breast cancer may lead to breast cancer treatment and side effects, but it may not improve a woman’s health or help her live longer. […] Talk to your doctor about your risk of breast cancer and your need for screening tests.

• #7 Breast cancer diagnosis and screening – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10950215/

  Approximately 180,000 new cases of breast cancer are diagnosed annually, accounting for about 48,000 deaths per year in the United States. The screening guidelines for the diagnosis of breast cancer are continually changing. […] Because of increased awareness of the signs and symptoms of breast cancer and the use of screening mammograms, breast cancers are increasingly being diagnosed at earlier stages. Annual mammograms and clinical breast examinations are recommended for women older than 40 years. Women older than 20 years should be encouraged to do monthly breast self-examinations, and women between 20 and 39 years of age should have a clinical breast examination every three years. These guidelines are modified for women with risk factors, particularly those with a strong family history of breast cancer. Ultrasonographic studies are most useful to evaluate cystic breast masses. For solid masses, diagnostic biopsy techniques include fine-needle aspiration, core biopsy and excisional biopsy.

• #8 Recommendation: Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/breast-cancer-screening

  The Task Force now recommends that all women get screened every other year starting at age 40. This final recommendation also urgently calls for research in key areas. […] The Task Force recommends that all women get screened for breast cancer every other year, starting at age 40 and continuing through age 74, to reduce their risk of dying from this disease. This is a B grade. […] We are urgently calling for more research that will allow us to build on our existing guidance and help all women live longer and healthier lives. […] Nearly half of all women have dense breasts, which increases their risk for breast cancer and means that mammograms may not work as well for them. […] It is important to note that all women, including those with dense breasts, should be screened starting at age 40.

• #9 Breast Cancer Diagnosis | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/breast-cancer/breast-cancer-diagnosis.html

  If you notice changes to your breasts, experience symptoms of breast cancer, or have an abnormal mammogram result, your doctor will need to investigate further to make a diagnosis. Your doctor may start by performing a breast exam, which involves manually checking your breasts and armpit for lumps and abnormalities. If your doctor suspects breast cancer, they may order imaging tests to take a better look. […] Most breast imaging is carried out with a mammogram or ultrasound. […] The first diagnostic procedure for breast cancer is typically an imaging exam. Breast imaging is usually carried out with a mammogram or ultrasound. […] If the imaging exam shows an unusual or suspicious mass or skin thickening, doctors will need a tissue sample to make a definitive diagnosis. The process of retrieving and examining this tissue under a microscope is called a biopsy.

• #9 Breast Cancer Diagnosis | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/breast-cancer/breast-cancer-diagnosis.html

  For breast cancer, patients usually undergo an image-guided core needle biopsy. […] If the biopsy reveals cancerous tissue, additional images and biopsies may be needed to determine the exact scope of the disease. This part of the diagnosis shows whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes or other parts of the body. […] If the patient is diagnosed with breast cancer, doctors will also analyze the cancer cells to determine the diseases molecular receptor subtype. By understanding the subtype, they can develop a comprehensive, personalized treatment plan. […] A breast biopsy is a diagnostic procedure in which a doctor removes a small amount of breast tissue to examine under a microscope. If the tissue sample shows cancer, the physician can have it analyzed further to provide the most accurate diagnosis a critical first step in getting patients the best treatment possible for their particular type of breast cancer.

• #10 Male breast cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-breast-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374745

  Diagnosing male breast cancer might include: […] During this exam, a health care professional feels the breasts and surrounding areas for lumps or other changes. […] Imaging tests can create pictures of breast tissue to look for signs of cancer. […] To determine whether you have cancer, you might have a procedure to remove a sample of cells for testing in a lab. […] In the lab, specialists examine the cells under a microscope to see if they’re cancer. […] After confirming a diagnosis of breast cancer, your health care team works to find the extent of your cancer. […] Your health care team uses your cancer’s stage to understand your prognosis and to make a treatment plan. […] Male breast cancer staging often involves imaging tests. […] Results from lab tests on the cancer cells also help determine the cancer’s stage. […] Tests might show the cancer’s grade. […] Results from these tests are used to assign your cancer a stage. […] Stage 0 means the cancer is very small. […] As the cancer grows and invades the breast tissue, the stages get higher.

• #11 Breast Cancer Diagnosis – National Breast Cancer Foundation

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-diagnosis/

  Breast cancer can be diagnosed through multiple tests, including a mammogram, ultrasound, MRI, and biopsy. […] Regular screenings, including breast self-exams, mammograms, and clinical breast exams, can help detect cancer before signs or symptoms develop. […] A diagnostic mammogram is used if signs of breast cancer are present or after suspicious results are found on a screening mammogram. […] An ultrasound (or sonogram) may be used to help determine if a breast lump is a benign cyst or a solid mass that may indicate breast cancer. […] A breast MRI uses magnetic energy and radio waves to assess the size and specific location of an abnormal finding in the breast tissue. […] A biopsy removes tissue or fluid from a suspicious area in the breast tissue that is then examined to check for the presence of breast cancer. […] Lab tests, such as a hormone receptor test and HER2/neu test, are used to determine prognosis and treatment options after a breast cancer diagnosis. […] Waiting for the results of breast cancer screening or tests can be stressful, but there are ways to cope and help calm your mind and nerves.

• #12 Breast cancer screening and diagnosis | Health & wellness | UnitedHealthcare

  https://www.uhc.com/health-and-wellness/health-topics/cancer/breast-cancer/breast-cancer-screening-and-diagnosis

  This may be the best option if you have dense breasts because both dense tissue and cancer tissue show up white on a standard mammogram. […] A 3-D image may let doctors see more than just density, which may lead to a more accurate diagnosis. […] Screening mammograms used for preventive care are generally covered by insurance. […] During this hands-on exam, your doctor may check for any warning signs (like lumps or skin abnormalities) on your breasts, nipples, underarm and collarbone. […] If anything suspicious pops up during a breast exam or screening mammogram, your doctor may want you to get a breast ultrasound. […] If results from any of the diagnostic screenings confirm a suspicious looking lump, the next step may be to have a biopsy to test the breast tissue for cancer. […] Once you turn 40, you can ask your primary care provider about getting regular screening mammograms.

• #13 NCCN Guidelines® Insights: Breast Cancer Screening and Diagnosis, Version 1.2023 in: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Volume 21 Issue 9 (2023)

  https://jnccn.org/view/journals/jnccn/21/9/article-p900.xml

  For the 2023 guidelines update, the panel modified the screening algorithm to make a stronger recommendation for all annual screening mammograms to be performed with tomosynthesis, regardless of risk category. […] Tomosynthesis has been shown to decrease false-positive callback rates and improve cancer detection compared with 2D mammography in several studies, including for those with dense breasts. […] For many individuals considered at increased risk of breast cancer, annual breast MRIs with and without contrast are recommended in addition to annual screening mammograms with tomosynthesis. […] In the 2023 guideline update, the panel noted that many experts recommended alternating the mammogram and MRI every 6 months. […] The presence of increased dense breast tissue decreases the sensitivity of mammography due to the obscuration or masking of cancers by overlying dense breast tissue.

• #14 Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Screening | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0801/p596.html

  The current ACS screening guidelines for detection of breast cancer in asymptomatic women with no increased risk factors are shown in Table 5. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends routine screening in women for breast cancer every one to two years, with mammography alone or mammography and annual clinical breast examination for women aged 50 to 69. […] Ultrasonographic screening is useful to differentiate between solid and cystic breast masses when a palpable mass is not well seen on a mammogram. […] The three breast biopsy techniques in current use are applicable to different diagnostic situations. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy generally uses a 20-gauge needle to obtain samples from a solid mass for cytology. […] Excisional biopsy is done when needle biopsies are negative but the mass is clinically suspected of malignancy.

• #15 Detection & Diagnosis of Breast Cancer | WVCI

  https://www.oregoncancer.com/breast-cancer/detection-diagnosis

  Other imaging tests may be ordered if an abnormal area is found during a clinical breast exam or with a mammogram. […] An ultrasound uses sound waves to create a picture of the breast tissue. The sound waves echo differently when bouncing off abnormal tissue and healthy tissue. An ultrasound can distinguish between a solid mass, which may be cancer, and a fluid-filled cyst, which is usually not cancer. […] A biopsy is the removal of tissue to look for cancer cells. It is the only way to tell for sure if cancer is present. If an abnormal area is found during an exam or on a mammogram, you will likely need a biopsy. […] A pathologist will check the removed breast tissue or fluid for cancer cells. If any are found, the pathologist will be able to determine what kind of cancer is present.

• #16 Diagnosis of breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/diagnosis

  Hormone receptor status testing looks for estrogen receptors (ERs) and progesterone receptors (PRs) in the breast cancer cells. This information will help your healthcare team decide which treatments will work best for you. […] HER2 status testing is done to find out if breast cancer cells are making more HER2 protein than normal (called overexpression). This information will help your healthcare team decide which treatments will work best for you. […] An x-ray uses small doses of radiation to make an image of parts of the body on film. It is used to find out if breast cancer has spread to the lungs. […] A bone scan is done if a woman has bone pain or the level of alkaline phosphatase is higher than normal. Doctors may also order a bone scan if a breast tumour is larger than 5 cm or they can feel lymph nodes under the arm (called axillary lymph nodes). They do not do bone scans for women with stage I breast cancer. […] An MRI is not used routinely to diagnose breast cancer. Doctors may use an MRI to better examine an abnormality found on mammography if they cant find it with other tests or if results from other tests are not clear.

• #17 Breast Cancer Diagnosis | Susan G. Komen®

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/diagnosis/

  If your biopsy shows breast cancer, learning about your breast cancer diagnosis will help you understand your treatment options. […] A biopsy is the only test that can diagnose breast cancer. […] A core needle biopsy is the standard and preferred way to diagnose breast cancer. […] If breast cancer is found, the next step is understanding your diagnosis. […] If a biopsy finds breast cancer, it’s important to understand the factors related to your diagnosis. […] Tests are done on the tumor and any lymph nodes removed during surgery. The results of these tests help inform your prognosis (course of disease) and guide your treatment plan. […] New tools are under study that may one day be used in breast cancer diagnosis to help plan treatment.

• #18 Testing for Breast Cancer – Breast Pathology  |  Johns Hopkins Pathology

  https://pathology.jhu.edu/breast/testing

  PR labeling adds predictive information to ER labeling. […] HER-2 status can be assessed by immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization. […] A surgical procedure to remove the abnormal area of the breast to make a definite diagnosis. Excisional biopsies are typically performed either when a core needle biopsy is not possible or when a core biopsy has given a diagnosis of atypia and additional tissue is needed to make a definite diagnosis of cancer or benign.

• #18 Testing for Breast Cancer – Breast Pathology  |  Johns Hopkins Pathology

  https://pathology.jhu.edu/breast/testing

  Learn about the different ways that pathologists test for and diagnose breast cancer. […] The treatment of breast cancer is a multidisciplinary team effort, and the role of the pathologist is to determine the correct diagnosis. The majority of breast cancers are first detected on abnormal screening imaging, such as mammography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or ultrasound. […] When a mass or a radiographic abnormality is detected, a tissue sample must be obtained to determine the correct diagnosis. The pathologist evaluates the tissue to determine if it is benign or malignant (cancerous). […] The tissue from the biopsy is processed in the pathology lab, and the tissue is cut into thin sections and transferred to glass slides. Special dyes are applied to the glass slides that stain the tissues pink and blue so that the cells are visible under the microscope. Pathologists then look at the slides under a microscope to make a diagnosis of whether the tissue sample is benign or malignant (cancer).

• #18 Testing for Breast Cancer – Breast Pathology  |  Johns Hopkins Pathology

  https://pathology.jhu.edu/breast/testing

  One important aspect of the role of pathologists in the evaluation of breast cancer is biomarker testing, specifically the accurate assessment of: the estrogen receptor (ER), the progesterone receptor (PR), the HER-2 status of a patient’s breast cancer. […] ER and PR are weak prognostic biomarkers and strong predictive biomarkers. A tumor that expresses ER and PR is called „ER and PR positive,” and these patients have a more favorable prognosis than if the tumor „ER and PR negative.” […] HER-2 overexpression is seen in approximately 15-20% of invasive breast cancers, and it is an example of both a strong prognostic and predictive biomarker. […] All primary invasive breast carcinomas should be tested for ER, PR, and HER-2. […] Endocrine therapy is highly effective for ER and PR positive carcinomas.

• #19 Patient education: Breast cancer guide to diagnosis and treatment (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/breast-cancer-guide-to-diagnosis-and-treatment-beyond-the-basics

  To evaluate a breast lump, a mammogram and a breast ultrasound are usually recommended. If suspicious, a breast biopsy may also be recommended. […] A mammogram is a very low-dose X-ray of the breast. […] Mammograms are currently the best screening method to detect breast cancer. […] Breast MRI is not usually used to screen for breast cancer but can aid in the diagnosis of breast cancer in select situations. […] If breast cancer is suspected, the next step is to sample the abnormal area to confirm the diagnosis. […] The presence or absence of lymph node involvement is one of the most important factors in determining the long-term outcome of the cancer (prognosis), and it often guides decisions about treatment. […] The axillary lymph nodes should be examined for tumor spread. […] Oncologists (doctors who care for people with cancer) use a standard set of abbreviations, called the TNM staging system, to describe the stage of individual cancers.

• #20 Diagnosis and Stages of Breast Cancer – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/surgery/breast-surgery/breast-cancer-diagnosis-and-stages

  After receiving a diagnosis of breast cancer, our team will try to determine your stage of cancer. The stage of cancer is based on the tumor size, location and degree to which the cancer has spread in your body to lymph nodes and/or other parts of your body. It is one of the most important things to know when deciding how to best treat your cancer, including whether your cancer can be removed (resected) with surgery. […] The AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer) TNM staging system (Stages 0IV) is commonly used for breast cancer. The AJCC staging system for breast cancer now includes details about breast cancer biology in its staging.

• #21 Breast Cancer Diagnosis, Types & Stages | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-conditions/breast-cancer/diagnosis

  There are a few types of breast biopsies. Your doctor will recommend the best biopsy method for you. […] Genetic testing is a medical test. It looks at your DNA to see if you were born with changes (mutations or variants) in genes. These changes raise your chances of getting breast and sometimes other cancers. […] The cancer stage describes traits such as the tumors size, location, and whether it has spread. The stage tells us how advanced the cancer is. The stage guides the choice of treatment. […] Knowing the stage of the cancer helps you and your doctor decide on the best treatment options for you. […] The stage tells us how advanced the cancer is and guides treatment. There are 5 stages, from 0 to 4 (0 to IV). The lower the number, the less the cancer has spread. […] If your tumor has certain proteins, it may respond to targeted treatments. These are treatments that stop how well the cancer can grow and spread. This is called the hormone or protein receptor status.

• #21 Breast Cancer Diagnosis, Types & Stages | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-conditions/breast-cancer/diagnosis

  Breast cancer is: Estrogen receptor positive (ER+) if it has estrogen receptors. […] HER2-positive breast cancer is cancer that tests positive for a protein called HER2. This protein helps control the growth of healthy breast cells. Tumors like this respond best to treatment that targets this protein. […] If you learn you have breast cancer, we recommend you get a second opinion right away. This will confirm youre getting an accurate diagnosis and detailed information about the cancer. […] The information in your diagnosis describes important details about the type of breast cancer you have. Your doctors use that information to create the best plan of care for you.

• #22 caret_down icon

  https://www.spectrumhealth.org/services/cancer/breast-cancer/diagnosis-and-treatment/learn-about-this-diagnosis

  Stage 0 is used when there are abnormal cells in the tissue, but they have not spread to other areas of the breast. […] Stages I, II and III are used when the cancer has started to spread into other parts of the breast. […] Stage IV is used when the cancer has spread beyond the breast to other parts of the body. […] The treatments we recommend will depend on the specific kind of breast cancer you have and if it has spread. […] Your doctor will provide more details for each of these treatments and will let you know what is best for you, it is common for a combination of these treatments to be used. […] Surgery is a common treatment option for breast cancer and may involve either breast-conserving surgery, such as lumpectomy, or mastectomy, which involves the removal of the entire breast.

• #22 caret_down icon

  https://www.spectrumhealth.org/services/cancer/breast-cancer/diagnosis-and-treatment/learn-about-this-diagnosis

  Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment for breast cancer that uses powerful medications to kill cancer cells throughout the body. […] Hormonal therapy, also known as endocrine therapy, is a systemic treatment option for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. […] Biological therapy, also known as targeted therapy, is a treatment approach for breast cancer that focuses on specific molecules or pathways involved in cancer growth. […] Radiation therapy is a localized treatment for breast cancer that uses high-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells and prevent their growth. […] Understanding your diagnosis, how well treat it, and the resources we have in place to help you during your treatment. […] Getting a second opinion with a thorough examination, careful diagnosis, and clear treatment options. […] We are here for you no matter where you are in your breast cancer journey.

• #23 Lab Tests – National Breast Cancer Foundation

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-lab-tests/

  If you are diagnosed with breast cancer, your doctor will order additional lab tests to assist with prognosis. The two most common lab tests are the hormone receptor test and the HER2/neu test. Results from these tests can provide insight into which cancer treatment options may be most effective for you. […] Hormone receptor testing is generally recommended for all breast cancers, including DCIS. If your doctor orders this test, you may be asked to discontinue taking any prescribed hormones for a period of time before the breast tissue sample is obtained. […] The HER2/neu test can discover whether the sample is normal or whether it has too much of the HER2/neu protein or an excessive number of copies of its gene. If you have been diagnosed with invasive breast cancer or have had recurrent breast cancer, your doctor may recommend this test. It will help your oncology team determine your prognosis, characteristics of the tumor including how aggressive the tumor is likely to be, and the best treatment options. […] When all three of the tests come back negative for receptors for hormones (progesterone and estrogen) and negative for HER2, triple negative breast cancer may be the diagnosis.

• #24 Breast Cancer Gene, Protein, and Blood Tests | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/understanding-a-breast-cancer-diagnosis/other-breast-cancer-gene-protein-blood-tests.html

  When breast cancer is diagnosed, samples that have been collected during biopsies, bloodwork, or other tests are sent to a pathology lab. A pathologist (a doctor who uses lab tests to diagnose diseases such as cancer) will look at the samples and may do other special tests to help better classify the cancer. […] These tests can also help choose certain drugs that might work better for your cancer. This is sometimes called precision or personalized medicine because it is precise (or specific) for the features of your cancer. […] The results of these tests are described in a pathology report, which is usually available within a week or two. […] Lab tests might be done to look for certain proteins on the cancer cells. […] All breast cancers are tested for hormone receptors (proteins). Specifically, the cancer is tested for estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR).

• #24 Breast Cancer Gene, Protein, and Blood Tests | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/understanding-a-breast-cancer-diagnosis/other-breast-cancer-gene-protein-blood-tests.html

  All invasive breast cancers are tested for the HER2 protein to see if too much is being made. […] People with advanced or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer might have their cancer tissue tested for the PD-L1 protein, which can show if the cancer is more likely to respond to treatment with certain immunotherapy drugs along with chemotherapy. […] In some cases, doctors may test for specific gene changes in the breast cancer cells that could mean certain targeted drugs or immunotherapy drugs might help treat the cancer. […] These molecular tests (also known as genomic tests or biomarker tests) can be done on tissue taken during a biopsy or surgery for breast cancer. […] Blood tests are not used to diagnose breast cancer, but they can help to get a sense of a person’s overall health.

• #24 Breast Cancer Gene, Protein, and Blood Tests | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/understanding-a-breast-cancer-diagnosis/other-breast-cancer-gene-protein-blood-tests.html

  A complete blood count (CBC) looks at whether your blood has normal numbers of different types of blood cells. […] Breast cancer cells sometimes make substances called tumor markers that can be found in the blood. For breast cancer that has spread to other organs, tumor markers that might be checked include carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3), and cancer antigen 27-29 (CA 27-29). Blood tests for these tumor markers are not used by themselves to diagnose or follow breast cancer.

• #25 Breast Cancer Diagnosis, Tests and Early Detection

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/diagnosis-and-detection

  In some cases, certain types of lab tests, called genomic tests, are used to learn more about the genetic makeup of breast cancer cells. Genomic tests can help the care team examine specific genes and proteins in the cancer cells and develop a treatment plan that is specifically geared to disrupt and fight the specific cancer. […] The Oncotype DX test (also called the 21-gene test) is used to determine whether breast cancer chemotherapy is likely to benefit women with early-stage breast cancer. […] The MammaPrint and BluePrint genomic lab tests are used to decode a breast tumor’s unique traits to help us craft a targeted treatment plan specific to each patient’s individual needs. […] Interventional radiologists use specific imaging and radio wave tests to detect metastasis in various parts of the body. […] The care team may perform a bone scan to reveal whether breast cancer has spread to the bone. […] Other types of imaging tests, such as PET scan or MRI may be used to determine if cancer has spread to other locations in the body.

• #26 How We Diagnose Breast Cancer | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/breast-cancer/diagnosis

  Once a biopsy is completed, tissue samples are examined by pathologists who specialize exclusively in breast cancer. […] Researchers at Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center and elsewhere have discovered that breast cancers differ not only in their size, location, and behavior, but also in their genetic and hormonal characteristics. […] Cancer is staged based on tumor size, location, and the degree to which the cancer has spread, either to the lymph nodes and/or to other parts of the body. […] At Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center, breast pathologists collaborate closely with other members of your team to evaluate breast tissue and determine your tumor’s specific characteristics. […] The ability to distinguish between different subtypes of breast cancer has led to more refined treatments, allowing doctors to prescribe treatment likely to provide benefit, and reduce the use of therapies that may not be as effective an important consideration for patients’ quality of life.

• #27 Tests for breast cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/getting-diagnosed/tests

  You may have a CT scan to find out whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. […] A tumour marker that is sometimes used in breast cancer is a protein called CA 15-3. […] The tests you have help your doctor find out if you have breast cancer and how far it has grown. This is the stage of the cancer.

• #28 Metastatic Breast Cancer Diagnosis | Young Adults Facing Breast Cancer Together | Young Survival Coalition

  https://youngsurvival.org/metastatic-breast-cancer-diagnosis

  Diagnostic scans are performed to find out if you have MBC and to measure response to treatment or progression of metastatic tumors. […] The most typical scans are: […] Bone scans reveal if cancer has spread to the bones. In most MBC cases, metastases first occur in the bones. […] A chest x-ray may reveal if breast cancer has spread to the lungs. […] This scan provides a more-detailed x-ray of the body, usually in order to look for metastases in the brain, lungs and/or liver. […] A liver scan involves having a contrast dye injected into the vein. […] Before an MRI, you will receive an injection of a contrast dye, then lie down inside a tube-like machine that uses radio waves and a powerful magnet linked to a computer to take three-dimensional pictures of your body. […] This scan works by monitoring the use of glucose (a source of energy) throughout the body. Cancer cells use more glucose than normal cells do.

• #28 Metastatic Breast Cancer Diagnosis | Young Adults Facing Breast Cancer Together | Young Survival Coalition

  https://youngsurvival.org/metastatic-breast-cancer-diagnosis

  A combination of the PET and CT Scans, performed at the same time, can present a more detailed image of the presence or extent of cancer in the body. […] Different blood tests may be used to detect breast cancer: The CA 27.29 blood test measures the level of a protein called the CA 27.29 antigen. In theory, the level rises as there is more breast cancer in the body. […] Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may also be measured through a blood test. CTCs are extremely rare in healthy individuals and patients with nonmalignant diseases but are often present in people with metastatic cancer.

• #29 8 Standard Tests in Breast Cancer Diagnosis | ACTC

  https://actchealth.com/blogs/8-standard-tests-and-procedures-in-breast-cancer-diagnosis

  An ultrasound uses sound waves that do not affect the breast tissue to create a clear picture of the deep breast tissues. If a suspicious site or lump is detected in the breast on a screening mammogram, experts may ask for a breast tissue ultrasound. It also provides help in distinguishing between a solid mass and a fluid-filled cyst. […] Also known as MRI, these tests are used as a screening tool for people with a higher risk of breast cancer and help in identifying cancer, the extent of the disease, and other abnormalities. MRI can be recommended as a follow-up to a mammogram or an ultrasound. […] This is an imaging test, also identified as nuclear medicine breast imaging. This test investigates a breast abnormality discovered during mammography. The procedure is non-invasive, and the patient requires an injection of a radioactivity-emitting drug for this test. This test helps a physician determine the presence of cancer and clear the necessity of a biopsy or additional follow-ups.

• #30 Deep learning empowered breast cancer diagnosis: Advancements in detection and classification | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0304757

  Recent advancements in AI, driven by big data technologies, have reshaped various industries, with a strong focus on data-driven approaches. […] Notably, the intersection of oncology and computer science has given rise to Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) systems, offering vital tools to aid medical professionals in tumor detection, classification, recurrence tracking, and prognosis prediction. […] Early detection through mammography screening is critical, but the accuracy of mammograms can vary due to factors like breast composition and tumor characteristics, leading to potential misdiagnoses. […] To address this, an innovative CAD system leveraging deep learning and computer vision techniques was introduced. This system enhances breast cancer diagnosis by independently identifying and categorizing breast lesions, segmenting mass lesions, and classifying them based on pathology.

• #31 AI Breast Cancer Detection and Diagnosis| Breast Cancer Research Foundation

  https://www.bcrf.org/blog/ai-breast-cancer-detection-screening/

  When it comes to breast cancer, artificial Intelligence (AI) has already made headlines as a powerful tool for early and accurate breast cancer detectionan essential goal that improves outcomes and saves lives. […] Regular screeningmost commonly through mammographyis currently the most effective way to detect breast cancer early, when its more likely to be smaller and contained in the breast. […] Mammography has long been the gold standard for breast cancer screening and is highly effective in detecting abnormalities in breast tissue that could be cancer long before patients experience lumps and other symptoms. […] AI algorithms may make radiologists workflow far more efficient, and they can provide quantitative analyses that are not subject to human bias, making data-driven calls for questionable mammograms that could be interpreted differently.

• #31 AI Breast Cancer Detection and Diagnosis| Breast Cancer Research Foundation

  https://www.bcrf.org/blog/ai-breast-cancer-detection-screening/

  AI techniques can help radiologists identify breast cancer that would have otherwise been undetectable in its early stages. […] AI-powered breast imaging may also improve breast cancer care in low-resourced or rural areas, where women often lack easy access to specialists and experts. […] BCRF investigators Drs. Constance Lehman and Regina Barzilay developed and tested a mammography-based deep learning model called MIRAI. […] BCRF investigator Dr. Adam Yala and Dr. Barzilay are now conducting a BCRF-supported prospective study testing MIRAIs ability to predict which patients are high-risk and follow their progress through MRI screening. […] If screening reveals a malignancy, timely and accurate diagnosis by breast tissue biopsy is critical to get a patient into treatment. […] Integrating AI into digital pathology is proving to be a revolutionary tool to improve imaging sensitivity and specificity and help pathologists work faster, while diagnosing breast cancers accurately.

• #31 AI Breast Cancer Detection and Diagnosis| Breast Cancer Research Foundation

  https://www.bcrf.org/blog/ai-breast-cancer-detection-screening/

  AI can identify subtle patterns and features in digitized pathology images that may be overlooked by human eyes. […] AI has improved MRI detection and characterization of breast cancer and will improve the use of imaging biomarkers in clinical decision-making. […] AI tools are enabling more accurate detection of these biomarkers, including low and ultra-low levels of HER2, so patients can get the right diagnosis and treatment. […] By harnessing the power of AI-driven analytics and automation, healthcare providers can deliver more precise, efficient, and tailored breast cancer care. […] Despite its transformative potential, there are challenges for AI on the road to widespread adoption in imaging. […] This is why AI-related research is essential in breast cancer.

• #32 Breast cancer | Diagnosis | UK Healthcare

  https://ukhealthcare.uky.edu/markey-cancer-center/cancer-types/breast-cancer/diagnosis

  If your health care provider believes you may have breast cancer, you will need certain exams and tests to be sure. […] Your provider will also give you a physical exam, including an exam of your breasts. You may have one or more of the tests outlined here. […] A screening mammogram is an X-ray of the breast. This imaging is used is to find cancer early. If an abnormality is detected, a diagnostic mammogram is performed when more imaging is needed. […] A biopsy removes tissue or cells from the breast to be checked by a pathologist under a microscope. Results from a biopsy help determine if cells are cancerous. […] After a biopsy is performed, patients will be contacted by a Markey team member to review results. Further management will be recommended at that time. […] When you are diagnosed with breast cancer, it is common to feel a sense of urgency around starting treatment. However, in most cases, there is time to do the needed research to ensure that your diagnosis is correct. […] A second opinion can help to ensure that you get the latest and most effective therapy for treating breast cancer. […] Our specialized team is happy to work with your doctors and communicate to ensure confidence in your diagnosis.

• #33 Breast Cancer Screening & Diagnosis – cCARE

  https://ccare.com/breast-screening-diagnosis/

  When physicians suspect breast cancer, either due to symptoms or when a screening indicates the presence of cancer, they take a sample of the suspect tissue and have a lab confirm or deny the presence of cancer cells. If cancer is present, the oncologist gives the patient a diagnosis of breast cancer and conducts further evaluations to determine the cancer’s stage. […] Oncologists primarily use a mammogram to screen women for breast cancer. […] Mammograms are not perfect and can return incomplete or faulty screening results, such as false-positives (cancer is reported present when it actually isn’t) and false negatives (the report says there is no cancer when there actually is cancer present). […] If screening results or symptoms indicate the presence of breast cancer, oncologists generally take a biopsy, which is a sample of the affected tissue, and have it analyzed by a laboratory. Presence of cancerous cells will result in the oncologist delivering a diagnosis of breast cancer to the patient and her or his family members.

• #34 Can a breast cancer diagnosis be wrong? | LBBC

  https://www.lbbc.org/about-breast-cancer/testing/can-diagnosis-be-wrong

  Each breast cancer test has strengths and limitations. This includes the test’s sensitivity and specificity. […] The most effective screening tests have both high sensitivity and high specificity. […] Even though mammograms are the best screening tool we have, they are not perfect, and additional tests are often needed to confirm a diagnosis. […] Data gathered by the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium report digital mammography screening mammogram sensitivity rates to be as high as 87.6% and specificity rates to be as high as 90.2%. […] However, the sensitivity and specificity of mammography depend on many factors, including how dense the breasts are and how complex the breasts are, meaning how certain tissues are arranged. […] Certain types of breast cancer, such as invasive lobular cancer, may not easily be found with mammography.

• #34 Can a breast cancer diagnosis be wrong? | LBBC

  https://www.lbbc.org/about-breast-cancer/testing/can-diagnosis-be-wrong

  It is unusual, but possible, for breast cancer tests and even a breast cancer diagnosis to be inaccurate. […] It is less common for a breast cancer diagnosis to be incorrect. No test is perfect. It is possible that an expert has looked at tissue taken from a biopsy and said you had cancer when you do not or has said you do not have cancer when you do. […] If you have concerns about whether your diagnosis is accurate, seeking a second opinion with another doctor can help you better understand and feel more confident about your diagnosis. […] While an abnormal test result can cause feelings of anxiety, if you have an abnormal result, it is important to follow up with your doctor for next steps. […] Some breast cancers found by screening mammogram turn out not to be life-threatening. […] Technology to diagnose breast cancer is continuing to improve and helping to reduce possible overdiagnosis.

• #35 Breast Cancer Mammograms | The University of Kansas Cancer Center

  https://www.kucancercenter.org/cancer/cancer-types/breast-cancer/breast-cancer-diagnosis-screening

  This reflects many missed opportunities for early detection of breast cancer on mammogram and instead, we’re seeing some patients present with a delayed diagnosis and larger tumors or tumors that may have spread elsewhere from the breast, and those are harder to treat and have worse outcomes. […] We continue to recommend all women have a breast cancer screening mammogram every year, beginning at age 40. […] We now actually recommend that all women have a risk assessment for breast cancer by the age of 30. […] Dense breast tissue is actually something that’s diagnosed by a radiologist who reads your screening mammogram. […] Patients who have dense breast tissue and more fibroglandular tissue in their breasts have a higher lifetime risk of developing breast cancer as compared to women that do not have dense breast tissue.

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