Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Breast Cancer Prevention: Ways to Reduce Your Risk | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/breast-cancer-prevention-risk-reduction/

  When it comes to breast cancer, there are a number of ways you can protect yourself. […] For breast cancer specifically, ACS estimates that about 30 percent of postmenopausal breast cancer diagnoses are linked to modifiable risk factors. Other studies have shown that as many as 50 to 70 percent of breast cancers can be prevented depending on when people adopt risk-reducing behaviors and lifestyle changes. […] While lifestyle choices can potentially lower your overall risk of breast cancer, its important to note that there is no guaranteed breast cancer diet, exercise regimen, so-called cancer-fighting superfood, or other silver bullet that is guaranteed to lead to total breast cancer prevention. […] But below you will find 10 things you can do that may positively impact your risk of breast and other cancers, along with other serious conditions like heart disease and diabetes.

• #2 Risk determination and prevention of breast cancer | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text

  https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-014-0446-2

  The World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) has estimated that over 40% of post-menopausal breast cancer could be prevented by reductions in alcohol, excess body weight, and inactivity. […] Strong observational data indicate that weight gain in the premenopausal period and being overweight or obese after menopause increase breast cancer risk. […] Evidence from two large observational studies indicates that pre- or post-menopausal weight loss reduces the risk of post-menopausal breast cancer. […] The studies outlined above highlight the prospects of using SNPs for improved risk prediction in high-risk clinics and in the general population. Further improvements may come from introducing more SNPs and the prospects of being able to predict the risk of specific breast cancer subtypes, such as ER+, ER-, grade III, and triple-negative tumors, separately, knowledge of which could direct preventative approaches.

• #3 Primary prevention and breast health – Europa Donna

  https://www.europadonna.org/prevention-and-breast-health/primary-prevention-and-breast-health/

  Primary prevention consists of a variety of approaches that help prevent/protect an individual from developing breast cancer. A growing body of evidence shows the link between healthy lifestyle choices and a lower risk of developing breast cancer. […] According to these studies, excess body weight and physical inactivity deserve special attention, since they account for about one-third of all breast cancer cases. As a result, being active, eating a well-balanced diet and maintaining a normal body weight are three simple but crucial lifestyle choices. […] Growing evidence demonstrates that there is a protective association between physical activity and breast cancer, preferably over a lifetime, but probably beneficial even if begun after menopause. Regular physical activity at all ages reduces the risk of breast cancer. Being physically active for more than 30 minutes a day could reduce breast cancer risk by 20%.

• #4 Breast Cancer Prevention (PDQ®) – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65973/

  PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. […] This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about breast cancer prevention. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care. […] Cancer prevention is action taken to lower the chance of getting cancer. By preventing cancer, the number of new cases of cancer in a group or population is lowered. Hopefully, this will reduce the burden of cancer and lower the number of deaths caused by cancer. […] Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer. […] The following are risk factors for breast cancer: […] – Older age […] – A personal history of breast cancer or benign (noncancer) breast disease

• #5 Reducing Risk for Breast Cancer | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/prevention/index.html

  Many factors over the course of a lifetime can influence your breast cancer risk. […] You can help lower your risk of breast cancer by taking care of your health in the following ways: […] Exercising regularly and keeping a healthy weight can help lower your risk of breast cancer. […] Keep a healthy weight. […] Be physically active. […] Choose not to drink alcohol, or drink alcohol in moderation. […] If you are taking, or have been told to take, hormone replacement therapy or oral contraceptives (birth control pills), ask your doctor about the risks and find out if it is right for you. […] Breastfeed your children, if possible. […] If you have a family history of breast cancer or inherited changes in your BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, talk to your doctor about other ways to lower your risk. […] Staying healthy throughout your life can lower your risk of developing cancer, and improve your chances of surviving cancer if it occurs.

• #6 Breast Cancer Risk and Prevention | OncoLink

  https://www.oncolink.org/cancers/breast/risk-and-prevention/breast-cancer-risk-and-prevention

  Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women. About 1 in 8 women will develop breast cancer in their lifetime. […] Some risks for breast cancer can be modifiable, meaning you can change them (diet, weight, exercise, alcohol use, etc). Others are nonmodifiable, meaning they cant be changed (age, family history, starting your period at a young age). […] Because of this fact, all women should talk about screening for breast cancer with their providers. […] The following are risk factors for breast cancer and ways you can lower your risk of the disease. […] Women who have had a biopsy showing atypical hyperplasia or LCIS should have screening every year with mammography and exams by a healthcare provider 1-2 times a year. […] You should talk about this with your provider.

• #7 Can I Lower My Risk of Breast Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/risk-and-prevention/can-i-lower-my-risk.html

  There is no sure way to prevent breast cancer. But there are steps you can take that might lower your risk. […] Many risk factors for breast cancer are beyond your control, like being born female and getting older. But other risk factors can be changed. This includes lifestyle changes like being physically active and staying at a healthy weight. Making these changes may lower your chance of getting breast cancer. […] There are several things all women can do to lower the risk of developing breast cancer. […] Both increased body weight and weight gain as an adult are linked with a higher risk of breast cancer after menopause. The American Cancer Society recommends you stay at a healthy weight throughout your life and avoid gaining excess body weight by balancing your food intake with physical activity.

• #8 Breast Cancer Prevention (PDQ®) – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65973/

  PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. […] This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about breast cancer prevention. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care. […] Cancer prevention is action taken to lower the chance of getting cancer. By preventing cancer, the number of new cases of cancer in a group or population is lowered. Hopefully, this will reduce the burden of cancer and lower the number of deaths caused by cancer. […] Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer. […] The following are risk factors for breast cancer: […] – Older age […] – A personal history of breast cancer or benign (noncancer) breast disease

• #9 Breast Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Prevention – Patient Information [NCI] | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.breast-cancer-prevention-pdq%C2%AE-prevention-patient-information-nci.ncicdr0000257994

  Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer. […] Avoiding cancer risk factors may help prevent certain cancers. Risk factors include smoking, having overweight, and not getting enough exercise. Increasing protective factors such as quitting smoking and exercising may also help prevent some cancers. Talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of cancer. […] The following are risk factors for breast cancer: Older age. […] Women aged 50 to 69 years who have screening mammograms have a lower chance of dying from breast cancer than women who do not have screening mammograms. Screening by mammography decreases breast cancer mortality by identifying cases for treatment at an earlier stage. […] Taking hormone therapy for symptoms of menopause. Hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, can be made into a pill form in a laboratory. Estrogen therapy that began close to the time of menopause is associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer.

• #10 Breast Cancer Prevention and Risk Factors | NBCFNational Breast Cancer Foundation logoNational Breast Cancer Foundation logo

  https://nbcf.org.au/about-breast-cancer/prevention-and-risk/

  Physical activity is associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer. Active women of all ages have a decreased risk of breast cancer compared to women who do not exercise. […] Having children is linked to a reduced risk of breast cancer. According to Cancer Australia, the risk of breast cancer decreases by 7% for each child the women has had. […] There is evidence that suggests an association between smoking and breast cancer risk. […] While a person’s risk of breast cancer can be increased due to certain lifestyle factors, there are factors that people have no control over (known as non-modifiable risk factors). […] Non-modifiable risk factors include: 99% of breast cancer cases occur in women. […] The older women get, the higher their risk of developing breast cancer. […] A family history of breast cancer means having a first-degree relative who had or has breast cancer.

• #11 Breast Cancer Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/patient/breast-prevention-pdq

  Breast Cancer Prevention […] Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer. […] The following are risk factors for breast cancer: […] – Older age […] – A personal history of breast cancer or benign (noncancer) breast disease […] – Inherited risk of breast cancer […] – Dense breast tissue […] – Reproductive history resulting in greater exposure to estrogen […] – Taking hormone therapy for symptoms of menopause […] – Radiation therapy to the breast or chest […] – Obesity […] – Drinking alcohol […] The following are protective factors for breast cancer: […] – Reproductive history resulting in less exposure to estrogen […] – Taking selective estrogen receptor modulators or aromatase inhibitors and inactivators […] – Risk-reducing or prophylactic mastectomy

• #12 Breast Cancer Prevention and Risk Factors | NBCFNational Breast Cancer Foundation logoNational Breast Cancer Foundation logo

  https://nbcf.org.au/about-breast-cancer/prevention-and-risk/

  Having a fault (or mutation) in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes is associated with an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer. […] Starting periods at an early age (before the age of 12) is linked to a slightly increased risk of breast cancer. […] Having menopause later is linked to an increased risk of breast cancer. […] Having higher than average breast density (as detected by a mammogram) is linked to an increased risk of breast cancer. […] It’s important to remember there is no single cause of breast cancer: it’s the combination of many factors in any individual that makes up their personal risk for developing breast cancer. […] There are many ways you can reduce your risk of developing breast cancer. […] To help all Australians to know and manage their personal breast cancer risk, NBCF has funded the innovative work of Professor Kelly-Anne Phillips. Her development of web-based tool, iPrevent, was designed help all Australian women to estimate their risk of developing breast cancer so they can take appropriate action.

• #13 Breast Cancer Prevention (PDQ®) – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65973/

  – Inherited risk of breast cancer […] – Dense breast tissue […] – Reproductive history resulting in greater exposure to estrogen […] – Taking hormone therapy for symptoms of menopause […] – Radiation therapy to the breast or chest […] – Obesity […] – Drinking alcohol […] The following are protective factors for breast cancer: […] – Reproductive history resulting in less exposure to estrogen […] – Taking selective estrogen receptor modulators or aromatase inhibitors and inactivators […] – Risk-reducing or prophylactic mastectomy […] – Ovarian ablation […] – Getting enough exercise […] Avoiding cancer risk factors may help prevent certain cancers. Risk factors include smoking, having overweight, and not getting enough exercise. Increasing protective factors such as quitting smoking and exercising may also help prevent some cancers.

• #14 Breast Cancer Prevention | The University of Kansas Cancer Center

  https://www.kucancercenter.org/outreach/prevention/preventable-cancers/breast-cancer

  Certain risk factors can increase a womans chance of developing breast cancer. Being at increased risk does not definitively mean you will develop cancer, but you may need to start breast cancer screening at an earlier age, get additional imaging or be screened more often. […] Our high-risk breast cancer care specialists offer a full range of breast cancer prevention services. This includes screening services, including risk assessments, breast cancer genetic counseling and testing such as BRCA gene testing. […] Generally, women who have a first-degree relative (mother, sister or daughter) or multiple second- or third-degree relatives (grandparent, aunt or cousin) who were diagnosed with breast cancer under the age of 60 are considered at increased risk of developing the disease. […] In addition, your chance for developing the disease increases if you have 1 or more of these breast cancer risk factors: Family history of breast or ovarian cancer, Breast cancer in a male relative, Genetic testing indicating a mutation in certain genes (such as BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes), Precancerous breast biopsy, Personal history of noninvasive ductal cancer, Dense breast tissue, Chest radiation as a treatment for cancer under age 30.

• #15 Breast Cancer Prevention (PDQ®) – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65973/

  – Inherited risk of breast cancer […] – Dense breast tissue […] – Reproductive history resulting in greater exposure to estrogen […] – Taking hormone therapy for symptoms of menopause […] – Radiation therapy to the breast or chest […] – Obesity […] – Drinking alcohol […] The following are protective factors for breast cancer: […] – Reproductive history resulting in less exposure to estrogen […] – Taking selective estrogen receptor modulators or aromatase inhibitors and inactivators […] – Risk-reducing or prophylactic mastectomy […] – Ovarian ablation […] – Getting enough exercise […] Avoiding cancer risk factors may help prevent certain cancers. Risk factors include smoking, having overweight, and not getting enough exercise. Increasing protective factors such as quitting smoking and exercising may also help prevent some cancers.

• #16 Breast Cancer Prevention (PDQ®) – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65973/

  – Inherited risk of breast cancer […] – Dense breast tissue […] – Reproductive history resulting in greater exposure to estrogen […] – Taking hormone therapy for symptoms of menopause […] – Radiation therapy to the breast or chest […] – Obesity […] – Drinking alcohol […] The following are protective factors for breast cancer: […] – Reproductive history resulting in less exposure to estrogen […] – Taking selective estrogen receptor modulators or aromatase inhibitors and inactivators […] – Risk-reducing or prophylactic mastectomy […] – Ovarian ablation […] – Getting enough exercise […] Avoiding cancer risk factors may help prevent certain cancers. Risk factors include smoking, having overweight, and not getting enough exercise. Increasing protective factors such as quitting smoking and exercising may also help prevent some cancers.

• #17 Breast Cancer Prevention and Risk Factors | NBCFNational Breast Cancer Foundation logoNational Breast Cancer Foundation logo

  https://nbcf.org.au/about-breast-cancer/prevention-and-risk/

  Having a fault (or mutation) in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes is associated with an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer. […] Starting periods at an early age (before the age of 12) is linked to a slightly increased risk of breast cancer. […] Having menopause later is linked to an increased risk of breast cancer. […] Having higher than average breast density (as detected by a mammogram) is linked to an increased risk of breast cancer. […] It’s important to remember there is no single cause of breast cancer: it’s the combination of many factors in any individual that makes up their personal risk for developing breast cancer. […] There are many ways you can reduce your risk of developing breast cancer. […] To help all Australians to know and manage their personal breast cancer risk, NBCF has funded the innovative work of Professor Kelly-Anne Phillips. Her development of web-based tool, iPrevent, was designed help all Australian women to estimate their risk of developing breast cancer so they can take appropriate action.

• #18 Primary prevention and breast health – Europa Donna

  https://www.europadonna.org/prevention-and-breast-health/primary-prevention-and-breast-health/

  Women should pursue a healthy lifestyle that will reduce the known breast cancer risk factors as much as possible, including avoiding obesity and being overweight, increasing physical activity and adopting healthy habits. Recent studies indicate that women who avoid being overweight reduce their risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. […] Maintaining a healthy weight throughout life could reduce the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer by 50%. Postmenopausal women who are overweight or obese and achieve a healthy weight may decrease their risk of breast cancer by 50%. […] While studies have not linked specific diets to breast cancer risk, nutrition is still important. Eating a well-balanced diet is recommended. It should include fresh fruit and vegetables in daily food choices, while limiting consumption of red meat and avoid processed foods.

• #19 Can I Lower My Risk of Breast Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/risk-and-prevention/can-i-lower-my-risk.html

  There is no sure way to prevent breast cancer. But there are steps you can take that might lower your risk. […] Many risk factors for breast cancer are beyond your control, like being born female and getting older. But other risk factors can be changed. This includes lifestyle changes like being physically active and staying at a healthy weight. Making these changes may lower your chance of getting breast cancer. […] There are several things all women can do to lower the risk of developing breast cancer. […] Both increased body weight and weight gain as an adult are linked with a higher risk of breast cancer after menopause. The American Cancer Society recommends you stay at a healthy weight throughout your life and avoid gaining excess body weight by balancing your food intake with physical activity.

• #20 Breast Cancer Prevention (PDQ®) – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65973/

  – Inherited risk of breast cancer […] – Dense breast tissue […] – Reproductive history resulting in greater exposure to estrogen […] – Taking hormone therapy for symptoms of menopause […] – Radiation therapy to the breast or chest […] – Obesity […] – Drinking alcohol […] The following are protective factors for breast cancer: […] – Reproductive history resulting in less exposure to estrogen […] – Taking selective estrogen receptor modulators or aromatase inhibitors and inactivators […] – Risk-reducing or prophylactic mastectomy […] – Ovarian ablation […] – Getting enough exercise […] Avoiding cancer risk factors may help prevent certain cancers. Risk factors include smoking, having overweight, and not getting enough exercise. Increasing protective factors such as quitting smoking and exercising may also help prevent some cancers.

• #21 Can I Lower My Risk of Breast Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/risk-and-prevention/can-i-lower-my-risk.html

  Many studies have shown that moderate to vigorous physical activity is linked with lower breast cancer risk, so its important to get regular physical activity. […] Alcohol increases risk of breast cancer. Even drinking small amounts of alcohol has been linked with an increase in risk. It is best not to drink alcohol at all. For women who do drink, they should have no more than 1 alcoholic drink a day. […] Women who choose to breastfeed for at least several months after childbirth may also get an added benefit of reducing their breast cancer risk. […] Using hormone therapy after menopause can increase your risk of breast cancer. To avoid this, talk to your health care provider about non-hormonal options to treat menopausal symptoms. […] If you are at increased risk for breast cancer, there are some things you can consider that might help lower your chances of developing breast cancer (or help find it early): Genetic counseling and testing for breast cancer risk (if it hasnt been done already), Medicines to lower breast cancer risk, Preventive (prophylactic) surgery, Close observation to look for early signs of breast cancer.

• #22 Women’s health

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/womens-health/in-depth/breast-cancer-prevention/art-20044676

  Breast cancer prevention starts with healthy habits such as limiting alcohol and staying physically active. Learn what you can do to lower your breast cancer risk. […] Research shows that lifestyle changes can lower the chances of getting breast cancer, even in people at high risk. To lower your risk: […] Limit or stay away from alcohol. It’s safest not to drink alcohol. But if you do drink it, enjoy it in moderation. The more alcohol you have, the greater your risk of getting breast cancer. […] Stay at a healthy weight. Ask a member of your health care team whether your weight is healthy. If it is, work to maintain that weight. If you need to lose weight, ask your health care professional how to do so. […] Get active. Physical activity can help you stay at a healthy weight, which helps prevent breast cancer.

• #23 Primary prevention and breast health – Europa Donna

  https://www.europadonna.org/prevention-and-breast-health/primary-prevention-and-breast-health/

  High-level research shows that a Mediterranean-style diet, with a high intake of fruits, vegetables, legumes, olive oil, nuts, plant protein, and whole grains, is protective against breast cancer. […] There is a link between alcohol consumption and risk of breast cancer. This risk increases with increasing alcohol intake, although any amount of alcohol has an associated risk. […] Women without a history of breast cancer are advised to discuss the risks and benefits of taking MHT with their doctor in order to make an informed decision as to whether this therapy is right for them. […] Avoiding Smoking Findings on breast cancer risk associated with tobacco smoking suggest that young women should avoid smoking.

• #24 Breast Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Prevention – Patient Information [NCI] | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.breast-cancer-prevention-pdq%C2%AE-prevention-patient-information-nci.ncicdr0000257994

  Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer. […] Avoiding cancer risk factors may help prevent certain cancers. Risk factors include smoking, having overweight, and not getting enough exercise. Increasing protective factors such as quitting smoking and exercising may also help prevent some cancers. Talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of cancer. […] The following are risk factors for breast cancer: Older age. […] Women aged 50 to 69 years who have screening mammograms have a lower chance of dying from breast cancer than women who do not have screening mammograms. Screening by mammography decreases breast cancer mortality by identifying cases for treatment at an earlier stage. […] Taking hormone therapy for symptoms of menopause. Hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, can be made into a pill form in a laboratory. Estrogen therapy that began close to the time of menopause is associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer.

• #25 Reducing your risk for breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/risks/reducing-your-risk

  You may lower your risk of developing breast cancer by doing the following. […] Drinking alcohol increases your risk of developing breast cancer. To reduce your cancer risk, it’s best not to drink alcohol. […] Research shows that being obese increases your risk of breast cancer. You can lower your risk by having a healthy body weight. […] Research shows that you can lower your risk of breast cancer by being physically active. […] Discuss the benefits and risks of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and its alternatives with your doctor. Women at high risk for breast cancer are often advised not to take HRT because of the relationship between estrogen and breast cancer. […] Research shows that breastfeeding protects against breast cancer. […] Having at least one full-term pregnancy, particularly before the age of 30, lowers the risk that a woman will develop breast cancer in her lifetime. Each additional birth further lowers the long-term risk of developing breast cancer.

• #26 Primary prevention and breast health – Europa Donna

  https://www.europadonna.org/prevention-and-breast-health/primary-prevention-and-breast-health/

  High-level research shows that a Mediterranean-style diet, with a high intake of fruits, vegetables, legumes, olive oil, nuts, plant protein, and whole grains, is protective against breast cancer. […] There is a link between alcohol consumption and risk of breast cancer. This risk increases with increasing alcohol intake, although any amount of alcohol has an associated risk. […] Women without a history of breast cancer are advised to discuss the risks and benefits of taking MHT with their doctor in order to make an informed decision as to whether this therapy is right for them. […] Avoiding Smoking Findings on breast cancer risk associated with tobacco smoking suggest that young women should avoid smoking.

• #27 Primary prevention and breast health – Europa Donna

  https://www.europadonna.org/prevention-and-breast-health/primary-prevention-and-breast-health/

  Women should pursue a healthy lifestyle that will reduce the known breast cancer risk factors as much as possible, including avoiding obesity and being overweight, increasing physical activity and adopting healthy habits. Recent studies indicate that women who avoid being overweight reduce their risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. […] Maintaining a healthy weight throughout life could reduce the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer by 50%. Postmenopausal women who are overweight or obese and achieve a healthy weight may decrease their risk of breast cancer by 50%. […] While studies have not linked specific diets to breast cancer risk, nutrition is still important. Eating a well-balanced diet is recommended. It should include fresh fruit and vegetables in daily food choices, while limiting consumption of red meat and avoid processed foods.

• #28 10 Practical Ways to Reduce Your Risk of Breast Cancer | Englewood Health

  https://www.englewoodhealth.org/news-and-stories/10-practical-ways-reduce-your-risk-breast-cancer

  Manage Night Shift Work Some studies suggest that women who work night shifts are at higher risk of developing breast cancer. If reducing night shifts isn’t an option, focus on maintaining healthy habits like keeping a sleep routine, engaging in regular exercise, and eating a balanced diet to help mitigate the risks. […] Talk to Your Doctor About Your Risk If you have a family history of breast cancer, you may need additional measures to lower your risk. Make sure you’re having open conversations with your healthcare providers about your individual risk factors.

• #29 Breast Cancer Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/patient/breast-prevention-pdq

  Breast Cancer Prevention […] Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer. […] The following are risk factors for breast cancer: […] – Older age […] – A personal history of breast cancer or benign (noncancer) breast disease […] – Inherited risk of breast cancer […] – Dense breast tissue […] – Reproductive history resulting in greater exposure to estrogen […] – Taking hormone therapy for symptoms of menopause […] – Radiation therapy to the breast or chest […] – Obesity […] – Drinking alcohol […] The following are protective factors for breast cancer: […] – Reproductive history resulting in less exposure to estrogen […] – Taking selective estrogen receptor modulators or aromatase inhibitors and inactivators […] – Risk-reducing or prophylactic mastectomy

• #30 Breast Cancer Prevention (PDQ®) – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65973/

  NCI’s Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool uses a woman’s risk factors to estimate her risk for breast cancer during the next five years and up to age 90. […] The following are protective factors for breast cancer: […] – Early pregnancy: Estrogen levels are lower during pregnancy. […] – Breast-feeding: Estrogen levels may remain lower while a woman is breast-feeding. […] Taking selective estrogen receptor modulators or aromatase inhibitors and inactivators lowers the risk of estrogen receptor-positive (ER-positive) breast cancer and DCIS in premenopausal and postmenopausal women at high risk. […] Risk-reducing or prophylactic mastectomy may be chosen by some women who have a high risk of breast cancer. After surgery, the risk of breast cancer becomes much lower in these women.

• #31 Breast Cancer Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/patient/breast-prevention-pdq

  – Ovarian ablation […] – Getting enough exercise […] Avoiding cancer risk factors may help prevent certain cancers. Risk factors include smoking, having overweight, and not getting enough exercise. Increasing protective factors such as quitting smoking and exercising may also help prevent some cancers. Talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of cancer. […] NCI’s Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool uses a woman’s risk factors to estimate her risk for breast cancer during the next five years and up to age 90. This online tool is meant to be used by a health care provider. For more information on breast cancer risk, call 1-800-4-CANCER. […] The following are protective factors for breast cancer: […] – Early pregnancy: Estrogen levels are lower during pregnancy. In one study, women who had a full-term pregnancy before age 20 had a lower risk of breast cancer than women who did not have children or who gave birth to their first child after age 35.

• #32 Breast Cancer Prevention (PDQ®) – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65973/

  NCI’s Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool uses a woman’s risk factors to estimate her risk for breast cancer during the next five years and up to age 90. […] The following are protective factors for breast cancer: […] – Early pregnancy: Estrogen levels are lower during pregnancy. […] – Breast-feeding: Estrogen levels may remain lower while a woman is breast-feeding. […] Taking selective estrogen receptor modulators or aromatase inhibitors and inactivators lowers the risk of estrogen receptor-positive (ER-positive) breast cancer and DCIS in premenopausal and postmenopausal women at high risk. […] Risk-reducing or prophylactic mastectomy may be chosen by some women who have a high risk of breast cancer. After surgery, the risk of breast cancer becomes much lower in these women.

• #33 Reducing your risk for breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/risks/reducing-your-risk

  You may lower your risk of developing breast cancer by doing the following. […] Drinking alcohol increases your risk of developing breast cancer. To reduce your cancer risk, it’s best not to drink alcohol. […] Research shows that being obese increases your risk of breast cancer. You can lower your risk by having a healthy body weight. […] Research shows that you can lower your risk of breast cancer by being physically active. […] Discuss the benefits and risks of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and its alternatives with your doctor. Women at high risk for breast cancer are often advised not to take HRT because of the relationship between estrogen and breast cancer. […] Research shows that breastfeeding protects against breast cancer. […] Having at least one full-term pregnancy, particularly before the age of 30, lowers the risk that a woman will develop breast cancer in her lifetime. Each additional birth further lowers the long-term risk of developing breast cancer.

• #34 Reducing your risk of breast cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/risks-causes/reducing-breast-cancer-risk

  Doctors may offer medicines to some moderate and high risk women to reduce the risk of breast cancer. […] Surgery to remove both breasts may be a possible option for women at very high risk. […] Having children and in particular having a child at younger age can slightly lower your risk of developing breast cancer. The risk gets lower the more children you have.

• #35 Breast Cancer Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/patient/breast-prevention-pdq

  – Breast-feeding: Estrogen levels may remain lower while a woman is breast-feeding. Women who breastfed have a lower risk of breast cancer than women who have had children but did not breastfeed. […] Taking selective estrogen receptor modulators or aromatase inhibitors and inactivators: […] – Treatment with tamoxifen lowers the risk of estrogen receptor-positive (ER-positive) breast cancer and DCIS in premenopausal and postmenopausal women at high risk. Tamoxifen is also used to treat metastatic breast cancer and to prevent cancer from recurring after surgery to remove breast tumors. Treatment with raloxifene also lowers the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. […] Risk-reducing or prophylactic mastectomy: […] Some women who have a high risk of breast cancer may choose to have a risk-reducing or prophylactic mastectomy (the removal of one or both breasts when there are no signs of cancer). After surgery, the risk of breast cancer becomes much lower in these women, and most feel less anxious about their risk of breast cancer.

• #36 Can You Prevent Breast Cancer? 10 Risk Reduction Strategies

  https://www.healthline.com/health/breast-cancer/prevention-for-breast-cancer

  The link between alcohol and breast cancer is still being studied. However, researchers know that alcohol consumption increases the risk of breast cancer. […] Breastfeeding has a protective effect. Studies have linked breastfeeding to a reduced risk of breast cancer, possibly because it decreases the total number of menstrual cycles. […] Some research links birth control and HRT to an increased risk of breast cancer. […] Your family history of breast cancer is one of the most important risk factors. […] If your personal risk is high, you and your doctor can discuss ways to reduce your risk. […] Following regular screening guidelines is one of the best ways to help reduce your risk of breast cancer. […] There are currently two medications approved by the FDA to help prevent breast cancer in women who have a 1.67% chance or greater of developing breast cancer within the next 5 years: Tamoxifen (Soltamax) and Raloxifene hydrochloride (Evista).

• #37 Breast Cancer Prevention (PDQ®) – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65973/

  Ovarian ablation decreases the amount of estrogen made by the body and lowers the risk of breast cancer. […] Women who take part in physical exercise have a lower risk of breast cancer. […] Studies have shown that some factors have little or no effect on the risk of breast cancer. […] Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to lower the risk of developing certain types of cancer. […] New ways to prevent breast cancer are being studied in clinical trials.

• #38 Breast cancer | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/breast-cancer/

  Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women globally. […] Following our Cancer Prevention Recommendations reduces your risk of breast cancer and other cancers. […] Drinking alcohol is a cause of breast cancer and other cancers. To reduce your risk of cancer, we recommend not drinking alcohol at all. […] Being physically active reduces your risk of breast cancer. We recommend at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity activity or 75 minutes of vigorous activity a week. The more active you are the better. […] Breastfeeding is good for your baby’s health and it can also help protect you against breast cancer. […] The good news is that most breast cancer cases can be successfully treated if they are detected early that’s why it is important to attend breast screening whenever you are invited.

• #39 Women’s health

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/womens-health/in-depth/breast-cancer-prevention/art-20044676

  Breast cancer prevention starts with healthy habits such as limiting alcohol and staying physically active. Learn what you can do to lower your breast cancer risk. […] Research shows that lifestyle changes can lower the chances of getting breast cancer, even in people at high risk. To lower your risk: […] Limit or stay away from alcohol. It’s safest not to drink alcohol. But if you do drink it, enjoy it in moderation. The more alcohol you have, the greater your risk of getting breast cancer. […] Stay at a healthy weight. Ask a member of your health care team whether your weight is healthy. If it is, work to maintain that weight. If you need to lose weight, ask your health care professional how to do so. […] Get active. Physical activity can help you stay at a healthy weight, which helps prevent breast cancer.

• #40 High Risk for Breast Cancer | Prevention Program | IU Health

  https://iuhealth.org/find-medical-services/high-risk-for-breast-cancer

  Yes! There are many things about your risk of breast cancer, such as your family history, that you cannot change. However, there are also many risk factors that you can change. We know from good scientific evidence that a healthy lifestyle can significantly reduce the risk of breast cancer. This includes: Maintaining a healthy body weight (or BMI); Being physically active; Regularly exercising; Eating a healthy diet; Limiting alcohol intake. Breastfeeding and limiting exposure to hormone replacement therapy can also lower your risk. In addition, there are certain prescription medications, such as Tamoxifen, that can lower risk of breast cancer in women who are at high risk.

• #41 Women’s health

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/womens-health/in-depth/breast-cancer-prevention/art-20044676

  Breastfeed. If you have a baby, breastfeeding might play a role in helping prevent breast cancer. The longer you breastfeed, the greater the protective effect. […] Limit hormone therapy after menopause. Combination hormone therapy uses estrogen and progestin. It may raise the risk of breast cancer. […] If you smoke, quit. Some research suggests that smoking tobacco raises the risk of breast cancer. […] Eating a healthy diet might lower your risk of some types of cancer. […] Some research suggests that people who eat a Mediterranean diet might have a lower risk of breast cancer, especially after menopause. […] There’s some evidence that hormonal types of birth control raise the risk of breast cancer. […] If you notice any changes in how your breasts look or feel, tell a member of your health care team right away.

• #42 Primary prevention and breast health – Europa Donna

  https://www.europadonna.org/prevention-and-breast-health/primary-prevention-and-breast-health/

  High-level research shows that a Mediterranean-style diet, with a high intake of fruits, vegetables, legumes, olive oil, nuts, plant protein, and whole grains, is protective against breast cancer. […] There is a link between alcohol consumption and risk of breast cancer. This risk increases with increasing alcohol intake, although any amount of alcohol has an associated risk. […] Women without a history of breast cancer are advised to discuss the risks and benefits of taking MHT with their doctor in order to make an informed decision as to whether this therapy is right for them. […] Avoiding Smoking Findings on breast cancer risk associated with tobacco smoking suggest that young women should avoid smoking.

• #43 Can You Prevent Breast Cancer? 10 Risk Reduction Strategies

  https://www.healthline.com/health/breast-cancer/prevention-for-breast-cancer

  Certain lifestyle recommendations, such as quitting smoking, limiting alcohol, and following a nutritious diet, may help reduce your risk of breast cancer. […] Currently, there’s no way to prevent breast cancer. However, there are several proven risk factors for breast cancer, including factors such as weight and physical activity level, that you can control. This means that it’s possible to reduce your risk of breast cancer through lifestyle changes. […] Physical activity has been shown to help reduce the risk of breast cancer. […] Obesity and excess weight are risk factors for breast cancer. […] A nutritious diet can do more than help you maintain a healthy weight. The food you eat can also help reduce your risk of breast cancer. […] Smoking is linked to an increased risk of many types of cancer, including breast cancer. If you smoke, quitting smoking can help you reduce that risk.

• #44 Tips for Prevention – Breast Cancer Prevention Partners (BCPP)

  https://www.bcpp.org/our-work/tips-for-prevention/

  What can be done to reduce your risk of breast cancer? Awareness and adoption of our tips can help redefine your daily routine and help you reduce your risk for the disease. […] You can also use an app or web browser extension like Clearya, Think Dirty, or Skin Deep to help identify harmful ingredients in products as you shop. […] Choose fresh, organic and hormone-free foods in order to avoid exposure to pesticides, added hormones, and other possible toxic chemicals in packaged foods. […] Lets change the system to make the healthy choice the easy choice for everyone. Together, we can change laws to remove toxic exposures linked to breast cancer from our environment and hold corporations responsible for the safety of the chemicals in their products. Take action to prevent breast cancer. […] We’re preventing breast cancer before it starts by eliminating our exposure to toxic chemicals and radiation.

• #45 10 tips for breast cancer prevention | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center

  https://www.fredhutch.org/en/news/releases/2010/10/10-tips-breast-cancer-prevention.html

  Avoid becoming overweight. Obesity raises the risk of breast cancer after menopause, the time of life when breast cancer most often occurs. Avoid gaining weight over time, and try to maintain a body-mass index of 25 or less (calculators can be found online). […] Eat healthy to avoid tipping the scale. Embrace a diet high in vegetables and fruit and low in sugared drinks, refined carbohydrates and fatty foods. Eat lean protein such as fish or chicken breast and eat red meat in moderation, if at all. Eat whole grains. Choose vegetable oils over animal fats. […] Keep physically active. Research suggests that increased physical activity, even when begun later in life, reduces overall breast-cancer risk by at least 10 percent. All it takes is moderate exercise like a 30-minute walk five days a week to get this protective effect.

• #46 Primary prevention and breast health – Europa Donna

  https://www.europadonna.org/prevention-and-breast-health/primary-prevention-and-breast-health/

  Primary prevention consists of a variety of approaches that help prevent/protect an individual from developing breast cancer. A growing body of evidence shows the link between healthy lifestyle choices and a lower risk of developing breast cancer. […] According to these studies, excess body weight and physical inactivity deserve special attention, since they account for about one-third of all breast cancer cases. As a result, being active, eating a well-balanced diet and maintaining a normal body weight are three simple but crucial lifestyle choices. […] Growing evidence demonstrates that there is a protective association between physical activity and breast cancer, preferably over a lifetime, but probably beneficial even if begun after menopause. Regular physical activity at all ages reduces the risk of breast cancer. Being physically active for more than 30 minutes a day could reduce breast cancer risk by 20%.

• #47 7 Tips to Reduce Your Breast Cancer Risk | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/blog/tips-to-reduce-breast-cancer-risk.html

  For women at increased risk of breast cancer, taking drugs that block estrogen, such as Tamoxifen and Raloxifene, can dramatically reduce their risk of developing hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer, but they come with side effects, Thompson said. […] Being overweight, particularly after menopause, increases your risk of developing breast cancer. […] The latest research suggests that your daily glass of wine may interfere with your cancer prevention efforts. […] The timing and quality of your sleep plays an important role in bolstering your immune system and supporting your metabolic health. […] Even if you follow all of these strategies, theres no guarantee you wont develop breast cancer. But in an era filled with choices that can boost or reduce your odds of developing cancer, taking steps to prioritize your health is a sound strategy.

• #48 Risk determination and prevention of breast cancer | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text

  https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-014-0446-2

  The World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) has estimated that over 40% of post-menopausal breast cancer could be prevented by reductions in alcohol, excess body weight, and inactivity. […] Strong observational data indicate that weight gain in the premenopausal period and being overweight or obese after menopause increase breast cancer risk. […] Evidence from two large observational studies indicates that pre- or post-menopausal weight loss reduces the risk of post-menopausal breast cancer. […] The studies outlined above highlight the prospects of using SNPs for improved risk prediction in high-risk clinics and in the general population. Further improvements may come from introducing more SNPs and the prospects of being able to predict the risk of specific breast cancer subtypes, such as ER+, ER-, grade III, and triple-negative tumors, separately, knowledge of which could direct preventative approaches.

• #49 Breast Cancer Prevention | Breast Cancer Trials

  https://www.breastcancertrials.org.au/breast-cancer-prevention/?srsltid=AfmBOoombkp5Qy_gA7yMuArKO8psDiaNjFke4BDzvJtzfO7uBqMTEZ4a

  Currently, there is no way to definitively prevent breast cancer from occurring. However, there are ways to manage some breast cancer risk factors to reduce the likelihood of future breast cancer. […] A prevention-based breast cancer clinical trial is a research study designed to evaluate strategies, interventions, or treatments aimed at reducing the risk of developing breast cancer, particularly in individuals identified as having an increased risk. […] Women can decrease their risk of breast cancer by engaging in regular exercise. […] Obesity is associated with a 20% to 40% increased risk of breast cancer in post-menopausal women. […] Its important to be aware of your family history with breast cancer, as a persons risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer increases if they have a close relative who has had breast cancer.

• #50 Primary prevention and breast health – Europa Donna

  https://www.europadonna.org/prevention-and-breast-health/primary-prevention-and-breast-health/

  Women should pursue a healthy lifestyle that will reduce the known breast cancer risk factors as much as possible, including avoiding obesity and being overweight, increasing physical activity and adopting healthy habits. Recent studies indicate that women who avoid being overweight reduce their risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. […] Maintaining a healthy weight throughout life could reduce the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer by 50%. Postmenopausal women who are overweight or obese and achieve a healthy weight may decrease their risk of breast cancer by 50%. […] While studies have not linked specific diets to breast cancer risk, nutrition is still important. Eating a well-balanced diet is recommended. It should include fresh fruit and vegetables in daily food choices, while limiting consumption of red meat and avoid processed foods.

• #51 Risk determination and prevention of breast cancer | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text

  https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-014-0446-2

  The World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) has estimated that over 40% of post-menopausal breast cancer could be prevented by reductions in alcohol, excess body weight, and inactivity. […] Strong observational data indicate that weight gain in the premenopausal period and being overweight or obese after menopause increase breast cancer risk. […] Evidence from two large observational studies indicates that pre- or post-menopausal weight loss reduces the risk of post-menopausal breast cancer. […] The studies outlined above highlight the prospects of using SNPs for improved risk prediction in high-risk clinics and in the general population. Further improvements may come from introducing more SNPs and the prospects of being able to predict the risk of specific breast cancer subtypes, such as ER+, ER-, grade III, and triple-negative tumors, separately, knowledge of which could direct preventative approaches.

• #52 Breast Cancer Prevention – Nutrition Services | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-clinics/cancer-nutrition-services/reducing-cancer-risk/breast-cancer-prevention.html

  There are many nutrition and lifestyle choices women can make every day to increase their protection from breast cancer. […] Being overweight is a strong risk factor for breast cancer and any weight gain beyond the age of 18, even a 10% weight gain can strongly increase the chances of breast cancer as well as a cancer recurrence. […] It is important to lose weight or maintain a healthy weight through daily exercise and a low fat plant-based diet. […] According to the National Cancer Institute, exercising for four or more hours a week may also decrease hormone levels and help lower breast cancer risk. […] Plant foods are rich sources of fiber, antioxidants and phytochemicals which have been shown to decrease the risk of cancer and protect the body from other chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease.

• #53 Primary prevention and breast health – Europa Donna

  https://www.europadonna.org/prevention-and-breast-health/primary-prevention-and-breast-health/

  Women should pursue a healthy lifestyle that will reduce the known breast cancer risk factors as much as possible, including avoiding obesity and being overweight, increasing physical activity and adopting healthy habits. Recent studies indicate that women who avoid being overweight reduce their risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. […] Maintaining a healthy weight throughout life could reduce the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer by 50%. Postmenopausal women who are overweight or obese and achieve a healthy weight may decrease their risk of breast cancer by 50%. […] While studies have not linked specific diets to breast cancer risk, nutrition is still important. Eating a well-balanced diet is recommended. It should include fresh fruit and vegetables in daily food choices, while limiting consumption of red meat and avoid processed foods.

• #54 Breast Cancer Prevention – Nutrition Services | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-clinics/cancer-nutrition-services/reducing-cancer-risk/breast-cancer-prevention.html

  Some studies suggest additional benefit from limiting dietary fats in the diet, such as: […] Soy is an excellent source of protein, fiber, B Vitamins, iron, calcium and isoflavones which can possibly help bind estrogen and may decrease the risk of hormone related cancers such as breast and prostate. […] Alcohol is a strong risk factor for many cancers, including breast cancer. […] It’s important for women of all ages to consume adequate amounts of calcium and Vitamin D to maintain bone health and this may be even more crucial for postmenopausal women due to their increased risk of osteoporosis. […] Because Vitamin D deficiency is common and may increase the risk of cancer you may want to ask your doctor to check your blood level where 35-40 ng/mL is considered an optimal level. […] Limit concentrated sweets, added sugar from processed foods, and sugary beverages as these foods provide calories, but few nutrients. A high intake of sugar can increase insulin levels as well as encourage weight gain, both possibly leading to cancer.

• #55 10 tips for breast cancer prevention | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center

  https://www.fredhutch.org/en/news/releases/2010/10/10-tips-breast-cancer-prevention.html

  Drink little or no alcohol. Alcohol use is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Women should limit intake to no more than one drink per day, regardless of the type of alcohol. […] Avoid hormone replacement therapy. Menopausal hormone therapy increases risk for breast cancer. If you must take hormones to manage menopausal symptoms, avoid those that contain progesterone and limit their use to less than three years. Bioidentical hormones and hormonal creams and gels are no safer than prescription hormones, and should also be avoided. […] Consider taking an estrogen-blocking drug. Women with a family history of breast cancer or who are over age 60 should talk to their doctor about the pros and cons of estrogen-blocking drugs such as tamoxifen and raloxifene. […] Don’t smoke. Research suggests that long-term smoking is associated with increased risk of breast cancer in some women.

• #56 Can You Prevent Breast Cancer? 10 Risk Reduction Strategies

  https://www.healthline.com/health/breast-cancer/prevention-for-breast-cancer

  The link between alcohol and breast cancer is still being studied. However, researchers know that alcohol consumption increases the risk of breast cancer. […] Breastfeeding has a protective effect. Studies have linked breastfeeding to a reduced risk of breast cancer, possibly because it decreases the total number of menstrual cycles. […] Some research links birth control and HRT to an increased risk of breast cancer. […] Your family history of breast cancer is one of the most important risk factors. […] If your personal risk is high, you and your doctor can discuss ways to reduce your risk. […] Following regular screening guidelines is one of the best ways to help reduce your risk of breast cancer. […] There are currently two medications approved by the FDA to help prevent breast cancer in women who have a 1.67% chance or greater of developing breast cancer within the next 5 years: Tamoxifen (Soltamax) and Raloxifene hydrochloride (Evista).

• #57

  https://www.advocatehealth.com/health-services/cancer-institute/cancers-we-treat/breast-cancer/prevention

  Find a cancer specialist […] Learn about ways you can help lower your risk. […] Maintain a healthy weight: Being overweight is associated with increased risk of breast cancer, especially for women after menopause. […] Eat right: Unhealthy eating habits are thought to be partly responsible for about 30% – 40% of all cancers. […] Be physically active: Research shows a link between exercising four to seven hours per week and a lower risk of breast cancer. […] Limit alcohol: Women who have three alcoholic drinks per week have a 15% higher risk of breast cancer, compared to women who don’t drink at all. […] Stop smoking: Smoking is linked to a higher risk of breast cancer in younger, premenopausal women. […] Watch your estrogen exposure: Because the female hormone estrogen stimulates breast cell growth, exposure to estrogen over long periods of time, such as with hormone replacement therapy, can increase the risk of breast cancer.

• #58 Women’s health

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/womens-health/in-depth/breast-cancer-prevention/art-20044676

  Breast cancer prevention starts with healthy habits such as limiting alcohol and staying physically active. Learn what you can do to lower your breast cancer risk. […] Research shows that lifestyle changes can lower the chances of getting breast cancer, even in people at high risk. To lower your risk: […] Limit or stay away from alcohol. It’s safest not to drink alcohol. But if you do drink it, enjoy it in moderation. The more alcohol you have, the greater your risk of getting breast cancer. […] Stay at a healthy weight. Ask a member of your health care team whether your weight is healthy. If it is, work to maintain that weight. If you need to lose weight, ask your health care professional how to do so. […] Get active. Physical activity can help you stay at a healthy weight, which helps prevent breast cancer.

• #59 Can You Prevent Breast Cancer? 10 Risk Reduction Strategies

  https://www.healthline.com/health/breast-cancer/prevention-for-breast-cancer

  The link between alcohol and breast cancer is still being studied. However, researchers know that alcohol consumption increases the risk of breast cancer. […] Breastfeeding has a protective effect. Studies have linked breastfeeding to a reduced risk of breast cancer, possibly because it decreases the total number of menstrual cycles. […] Some research links birth control and HRT to an increased risk of breast cancer. […] Your family history of breast cancer is one of the most important risk factors. […] If your personal risk is high, you and your doctor can discuss ways to reduce your risk. […] Following regular screening guidelines is one of the best ways to help reduce your risk of breast cancer. […] There are currently two medications approved by the FDA to help prevent breast cancer in women who have a 1.67% chance or greater of developing breast cancer within the next 5 years: Tamoxifen (Soltamax) and Raloxifene hydrochloride (Evista).

• #60 Reducing your risk for breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/risks/reducing-your-risk

  You may lower your risk of developing breast cancer by doing the following. […] Drinking alcohol increases your risk of developing breast cancer. To reduce your cancer risk, it’s best not to drink alcohol. […] Research shows that being obese increases your risk of breast cancer. You can lower your risk by having a healthy body weight. […] Research shows that you can lower your risk of breast cancer by being physically active. […] Discuss the benefits and risks of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and its alternatives with your doctor. Women at high risk for breast cancer are often advised not to take HRT because of the relationship between estrogen and breast cancer. […] Research shows that breastfeeding protects against breast cancer. […] Having at least one full-term pregnancy, particularly before the age of 30, lowers the risk that a woman will develop breast cancer in her lifetime. Each additional birth further lowers the long-term risk of developing breast cancer.

• #61 Breast Cancer Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/patient/breast-prevention-pdq

  – Breast-feeding: Estrogen levels may remain lower while a woman is breast-feeding. Women who breastfed have a lower risk of breast cancer than women who have had children but did not breastfeed. […] Taking selective estrogen receptor modulators or aromatase inhibitors and inactivators: […] – Treatment with tamoxifen lowers the risk of estrogen receptor-positive (ER-positive) breast cancer and DCIS in premenopausal and postmenopausal women at high risk. Tamoxifen is also used to treat metastatic breast cancer and to prevent cancer from recurring after surgery to remove breast tumors. Treatment with raloxifene also lowers the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. […] Risk-reducing or prophylactic mastectomy: […] Some women who have a high risk of breast cancer may choose to have a risk-reducing or prophylactic mastectomy (the removal of one or both breasts when there are no signs of cancer). After surgery, the risk of breast cancer becomes much lower in these women, and most feel less anxious about their risk of breast cancer.

• #62 Women’s health

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/womens-health/in-depth/breast-cancer-prevention/art-20044676

  Breastfeed. If you have a baby, breastfeeding might play a role in helping prevent breast cancer. The longer you breastfeed, the greater the protective effect. […] Limit hormone therapy after menopause. Combination hormone therapy uses estrogen and progestin. It may raise the risk of breast cancer. […] If you smoke, quit. Some research suggests that smoking tobacco raises the risk of breast cancer. […] Eating a healthy diet might lower your risk of some types of cancer. […] Some research suggests that people who eat a Mediterranean diet might have a lower risk of breast cancer, especially after menopause. […] There’s some evidence that hormonal types of birth control raise the risk of breast cancer. […] If you notice any changes in how your breasts look or feel, tell a member of your health care team right away.

• #63 10 tips for breast cancer prevention | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center

  https://www.fredhutch.org/en/news/releases/2010/10/10-tips-breast-cancer-prevention.html

  Drink little or no alcohol. Alcohol use is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Women should limit intake to no more than one drink per day, regardless of the type of alcohol. […] Avoid hormone replacement therapy. Menopausal hormone therapy increases risk for breast cancer. If you must take hormones to manage menopausal symptoms, avoid those that contain progesterone and limit their use to less than three years. Bioidentical hormones and hormonal creams and gels are no safer than prescription hormones, and should also be avoided. […] Consider taking an estrogen-blocking drug. Women with a family history of breast cancer or who are over age 60 should talk to their doctor about the pros and cons of estrogen-blocking drugs such as tamoxifen and raloxifene. […] Don’t smoke. Research suggests that long-term smoking is associated with increased risk of breast cancer in some women.

• #64 10 Practical Ways to Reduce Your Risk of Breast Cancer | Englewood Health

  https://www.englewoodhealth.org/news-and-stories/10-practical-ways-reduce-your-risk-breast-cancer

  Discuss Hormonal Birth Control Hormonal birth control can slightly increase breast cancer risk. Discuss the risks and benefits of birth control options with your healthcare provider. […] Discuss Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) Long-term use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been shown to increase breast cancer risk. However, if you need HRT to manage symptoms, talk to your doctor about finding the lowest effective dose or exploring alternative options. […] Eat a Healthy Diet Eating a low-fat diet rich in fruits and vegetables while limiting red and processed meat is another way to protect yourself. Good nutrition can play a role in reducing your overall cancer risk. […] Quit Smoking Smoking is a known risk factor for many cancers, including breast cancer. Quitting smoking and avoiding secondhand smoke can significantly lower your risk.

• #65 Breast Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Prevention – Patient Information [NCI] | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.breast-cancer-prevention-pdq%C2%AE-prevention-patient-information-nci.ncicdr0000257994

  Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer. […] Avoiding cancer risk factors may help prevent certain cancers. Risk factors include smoking, having overweight, and not getting enough exercise. Increasing protective factors such as quitting smoking and exercising may also help prevent some cancers. Talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of cancer. […] The following are risk factors for breast cancer: Older age. […] Women aged 50 to 69 years who have screening mammograms have a lower chance of dying from breast cancer than women who do not have screening mammograms. Screening by mammography decreases breast cancer mortality by identifying cases for treatment at an earlier stage. […] Taking hormone therapy for symptoms of menopause. Hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, can be made into a pill form in a laboratory. Estrogen therapy that began close to the time of menopause is associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer.

• #66 10 tips for breast cancer prevention | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center

  https://www.fredhutch.org/en/news/releases/2010/10/10-tips-breast-cancer-prevention.html

  Drink little or no alcohol. Alcohol use is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Women should limit intake to no more than one drink per day, regardless of the type of alcohol. […] Avoid hormone replacement therapy. Menopausal hormone therapy increases risk for breast cancer. If you must take hormones to manage menopausal symptoms, avoid those that contain progesterone and limit their use to less than three years. Bioidentical hormones and hormonal creams and gels are no safer than prescription hormones, and should also be avoided. […] Consider taking an estrogen-blocking drug. Women with a family history of breast cancer or who are over age 60 should talk to their doctor about the pros and cons of estrogen-blocking drugs such as tamoxifen and raloxifene. […] Don’t smoke. Research suggests that long-term smoking is associated with increased risk of breast cancer in some women.

• #67 10 Practical Ways to Reduce Your Risk of Breast Cancer | Englewood Health

  https://www.englewoodhealth.org/news-and-stories/10-practical-ways-reduce-your-risk-breast-cancer

  Discuss Hormonal Birth Control Hormonal birth control can slightly increase breast cancer risk. Discuss the risks and benefits of birth control options with your healthcare provider. […] Discuss Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) Long-term use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been shown to increase breast cancer risk. However, if you need HRT to manage symptoms, talk to your doctor about finding the lowest effective dose or exploring alternative options. […] Eat a Healthy Diet Eating a low-fat diet rich in fruits and vegetables while limiting red and processed meat is another way to protect yourself. Good nutrition can play a role in reducing your overall cancer risk. […] Quit Smoking Smoking is a known risk factor for many cancers, including breast cancer. Quitting smoking and avoiding secondhand smoke can significantly lower your risk.

• #68 10 tips for breast cancer prevention | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center

  https://www.fredhutch.org/en/news/releases/2010/10/10-tips-breast-cancer-prevention.html

  Drink little or no alcohol. Alcohol use is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Women should limit intake to no more than one drink per day, regardless of the type of alcohol. […] Avoid hormone replacement therapy. Menopausal hormone therapy increases risk for breast cancer. If you must take hormones to manage menopausal symptoms, avoid those that contain progesterone and limit their use to less than three years. Bioidentical hormones and hormonal creams and gels are no safer than prescription hormones, and should also be avoided. […] Consider taking an estrogen-blocking drug. Women with a family history of breast cancer or who are over age 60 should talk to their doctor about the pros and cons of estrogen-blocking drugs such as tamoxifen and raloxifene. […] Don’t smoke. Research suggests that long-term smoking is associated with increased risk of breast cancer in some women.

• #69 Health and Economic Benefits of Breast Cancer Interventions | National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/priorities/breast-cancer.html

  Breast cancer screening can find cancers early when they are easier to treat, and reduces late-stage diagnoses, deaths, and treatment costs. […] To help find breast cancer early, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that women aged 40 to 74 who are at average risk of breast cancer get a mammogram every 2 years. […] Breast cancer screening can: […] REDUCE deaths. Compared to no screening, screening every 2 years for women aged 50 to 74 reduces breast cancer deaths by 26%, or 7 deaths averted for every 1,000 women screened. […] DECREASE the number of women diagnosed with late-stage cancer. Screening has contributed to a 29% reduction in the number of women diagnosed with breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. […] DETECT cancer sooner when it is easier to treat. Almost 99% of women diagnosed with breast cancer at the earliest stage live for 5 years or more, compared to about 32% of those diagnosed at the most advanced stage.

• #70 7 Tips to Reduce Your Breast Cancer Risk | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/blog/tips-to-reduce-breast-cancer-risk.html

  Nearly 300,000 Americans, mostly women, will be diagnosed with breast cancer in 2023. […] Only about 30% of breast cancers have a strong genetic link, said Patricia Thompson, PhD, co-director of the Cancer Prevention and Control Program, which is part of the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute at Cedars-Sinai. That leaves about 70% of breast cancers linked to other factors, some of which are modifiable. […] No one has zero risk of developing breast cancer, and the first step toward risk management and reduction is to learn about your risk factors. […] Managing your risk of developing breast cancer can feel overwhelming. But whether you have a genetic susceptibility to the disease or not, there are plenty of things you can do to safeguard your health. […] Screening wont reduce your risk of developing breast cancer, but it can improve your chances of a good outcome if you are diagnosed.

• #71 Health and Economic Benefits of Breast Cancer Interventions | National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/priorities/breast-cancer.html

  Breast cancer screening can find cancers early when they are easier to treat, and reduces late-stage diagnoses, deaths, and treatment costs. […] To help find breast cancer early, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that women aged 40 to 74 who are at average risk of breast cancer get a mammogram every 2 years. […] Breast cancer screening can: […] REDUCE deaths. Compared to no screening, screening every 2 years for women aged 50 to 74 reduces breast cancer deaths by 26%, or 7 deaths averted for every 1,000 women screened. […] DECREASE the number of women diagnosed with late-stage cancer. Screening has contributed to a 29% reduction in the number of women diagnosed with breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. […] DETECT cancer sooner when it is easier to treat. Almost 99% of women diagnosed with breast cancer at the earliest stage live for 5 years or more, compared to about 32% of those diagnosed at the most advanced stage.

• #72 Breast Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Prevention – Patient Information [NCI] | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.breast-cancer-prevention-pdq%C2%AE-prevention-patient-information-nci.ncicdr0000257994

  Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer. […] Avoiding cancer risk factors may help prevent certain cancers. Risk factors include smoking, having overweight, and not getting enough exercise. Increasing protective factors such as quitting smoking and exercising may also help prevent some cancers. Talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of cancer. […] The following are risk factors for breast cancer: Older age. […] Women aged 50 to 69 years who have screening mammograms have a lower chance of dying from breast cancer than women who do not have screening mammograms. Screening by mammography decreases breast cancer mortality by identifying cases for treatment at an earlier stage. […] Taking hormone therapy for symptoms of menopause. Hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, can be made into a pill form in a laboratory. Estrogen therapy that began close to the time of menopause is associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer.

• #73 Health and Economic Benefits of Breast Cancer Interventions | National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/priorities/breast-cancer.html

  Breast cancer screening can find cancers early when they are easier to treat, and reduces late-stage diagnoses, deaths, and treatment costs. […] To help find breast cancer early, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that women aged 40 to 74 who are at average risk of breast cancer get a mammogram every 2 years. […] Breast cancer screening can: […] REDUCE deaths. Compared to no screening, screening every 2 years for women aged 50 to 74 reduces breast cancer deaths by 26%, or 7 deaths averted for every 1,000 women screened. […] DECREASE the number of women diagnosed with late-stage cancer. Screening has contributed to a 29% reduction in the number of women diagnosed with breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. […] DETECT cancer sooner when it is easier to treat. Almost 99% of women diagnosed with breast cancer at the earliest stage live for 5 years or more, compared to about 32% of those diagnosed at the most advanced stage.

• #74 Health and Economic Benefits of Breast Cancer Interventions | National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/priorities/breast-cancer.html

  Breast cancer screening can find cancers early when they are easier to treat, and reduces late-stage diagnoses, deaths, and treatment costs. […] To help find breast cancer early, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that women aged 40 to 74 who are at average risk of breast cancer get a mammogram every 2 years. […] Breast cancer screening can: […] REDUCE deaths. Compared to no screening, screening every 2 years for women aged 50 to 74 reduces breast cancer deaths by 26%, or 7 deaths averted for every 1,000 women screened. […] DECREASE the number of women diagnosed with late-stage cancer. Screening has contributed to a 29% reduction in the number of women diagnosed with breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. […] DETECT cancer sooner when it is easier to treat. Almost 99% of women diagnosed with breast cancer at the earliest stage live for 5 years or more, compared to about 32% of those diagnosed at the most advanced stage.

• #75 What doctors wish patients knew about breast-cancer prevention | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-breast-cancer-prevention

  This is also somewhat controversial, but overall, the link between birth control and breast cancer is very small to none, Dr. Jin said. […] There has not been any good evidence to show that self-screening has any overall benefit in mortality, said Dr. Jin. […] While screening is recommended to start between 40 and 50 years old, if at any point you do notice something like a lump or you see something weird on the skin or if you have pain or any symptoms that are different than normal, that takes you out of the typical screening category, she emphasized.

• #76 Women’s health

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/womens-health/in-depth/breast-cancer-prevention/art-20044676

  Breastfeed. If you have a baby, breastfeeding might play a role in helping prevent breast cancer. The longer you breastfeed, the greater the protective effect. […] Limit hormone therapy after menopause. Combination hormone therapy uses estrogen and progestin. It may raise the risk of breast cancer. […] If you smoke, quit. Some research suggests that smoking tobacco raises the risk of breast cancer. […] Eating a healthy diet might lower your risk of some types of cancer. […] Some research suggests that people who eat a Mediterranean diet might have a lower risk of breast cancer, especially after menopause. […] There’s some evidence that hormonal types of birth control raise the risk of breast cancer. […] If you notice any changes in how your breasts look or feel, tell a member of your health care team right away.

• #77 Breast Cancer Prevention | The University of Kansas Cancer Center

  https://www.kucancercenter.org/outreach/prevention/preventable-cancers/breast-cancer

  Our specialists in high-risk breast cancer care comprise fellowship-trained medical oncologists and experts with advanced training in breast clinical oncology, breast cancer risk and survivorship. Our patients have access to innovative clinical trials designed to reduce breast cancer risk, as well as FDA-approved chemoprevention therapies and prevention strategies, including active surveillance. […] Our patients receive personalized screening recommendations, tailored to their specific needs, which may include: Abbreviated breast MRI is a sophisticated, highly sensitive screening exam that is used to detect cancer at a very early stage. It is commonly used among people who are at high risk for breast cancer. […] For prevention, there’s a lot of tools out there to reduce a woman’s risk. Most patients, I would say, are very surprised at how much we can reduce their risk, both with lifestyle modifications such as exercising, getting your weight to a healthy body weight, and limiting alcohol. But then, also, there are medications that you can take to substantially reduce your risk of breast cancer.

• #78 Breast Cancer: Symptoms, Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3986-breast-cancer

  You may not be able to prevent breast cancer. But you can reduce your risk of developing it. Just as important, regular self-exams and mammograms can help detect breast cancer early on, when its easier to treat. […] Theres no sure way to reduce breast cancer risk, but the American Cancer Society (ACS) has the following advice for all females: […] Some women have an increased risk for breast cancer because family members have it or they inherited a genetic mutation. If thats your situation, you may want to consider the following: […] Genetic screening for breast cancer genes. […] Medication that may lower breast cancer risk like tamoxifen, raloxifene or aromatase inhibitors. […] Prophylactic (preventive) mastectomy. […] Frequent breast cancer screenings and physical examinations. If you have an increased risk for breast cancer, ask your provider if you should have additional tests to detect breast cancer, particularly if youre under age 40 and have increased risk.

• #79 How to reduce your breast cancer risk | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/how-to-reduce-your-breast-cancer-risk.h00-159696756.html

  Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. So, you may be wondering how to avoid breast cancer. […] While there is no guaranteed way to prevent breast cancer, there are ways to reduce your risk. […] As a breast medical oncologist, my top advice is to practice breast awareness, follow screening guidelines and tell your doctor if you have a family history of cancer. […] In addition to practicing breast awareness, you should also get screened for breast cancer when you are eligible. […] It is important to let your doctor know if breast cancer runs in your family. […] This allows your care team to assess your risk and determine when it is appropriate for you to begin breast cancer screening. […] Additionally, those with a family history of breast cancer may be candidates for genetic counseling and testing. […] A healthy lifestyle, a balanced diet and getting your cancer screening exams are all important steps to reduce your risk of cancer.

• #80 Chemoprevention for Breast Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4550636/

  Women with a BRCA mutation should be offered bilateral prophylactic mastectomy (BPM) and risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy as these are the only risk-reducing strategies shown to be effective in this population. […] The evidence of efficacy of preventive therapy in this population is less compelling. […] When counseling women about preventive therapy, it is recommended that physicians use a shared decision-making approach with women at high or very high risk as they are most likely to benefit from risk-reduction options. […] The NCCN Breast Cancer Risk Reduction Panel has adopted the 1.7 % or greater 5-year actuarial breast cancer risk defined by the modified Gail model as the risk threshold for discussion of chemoprevention. […] Any woman with a 5-year risk of 1.7 % determined by using the Gail model can be considered for preventive therapy.

• #81 Personalized early detection and prevention of breast cancer: ENVISION consensus statement | Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-020-0388-9

  Women entering a personalized early detection programme would initially be assessed using a validated tool to determine their estimated risk of breast cancer. […] This approach might mean that some women start mammographic screening at a younger age, have different screening intervals or have supplemental screening with another imaging modality, such as MRI. […] Women deemed to be at higher risk of breast cancer could, in addition, be offered prophylactic treatment. […] Ways to better select high-risk women predisposed to breast cancer of poor prognosis need to be developed. […] Programmes should incorporate healthy lifestyle recommendations for women at all risk levels. […] Prevention-specific drug doses, schemes and schedules need to be defined, and rational drug repositioning strategies should be explored.

• #82 Breast Cancer Prevention (PDQ®) – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65973/

  – Inherited risk of breast cancer […] – Dense breast tissue […] – Reproductive history resulting in greater exposure to estrogen […] – Taking hormone therapy for symptoms of menopause […] – Radiation therapy to the breast or chest […] – Obesity […] – Drinking alcohol […] The following are protective factors for breast cancer: […] – Reproductive history resulting in less exposure to estrogen […] – Taking selective estrogen receptor modulators or aromatase inhibitors and inactivators […] – Risk-reducing or prophylactic mastectomy […] – Ovarian ablation […] – Getting enough exercise […] Avoiding cancer risk factors may help prevent certain cancers. Risk factors include smoking, having overweight, and not getting enough exercise. Increasing protective factors such as quitting smoking and exercising may also help prevent some cancers.

• #83 Breast Cancer Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/patient/breast-prevention-pdq

  – Ovarian ablation […] – Getting enough exercise […] Avoiding cancer risk factors may help prevent certain cancers. Risk factors include smoking, having overweight, and not getting enough exercise. Increasing protective factors such as quitting smoking and exercising may also help prevent some cancers. Talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of cancer. […] NCI’s Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool uses a woman’s risk factors to estimate her risk for breast cancer during the next five years and up to age 90. This online tool is meant to be used by a health care provider. For more information on breast cancer risk, call 1-800-4-CANCER. […] The following are protective factors for breast cancer: […] – Early pregnancy: Estrogen levels are lower during pregnancy. In one study, women who had a full-term pregnancy before age 20 had a lower risk of breast cancer than women who did not have children or who gave birth to their first child after age 35.

• #84 Chemoprevention for Breast Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4550636/

  In general, women with a history of AH, or women under the age of 50 years, are more likely to benefit from preventive therapy. […] The recently updated American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline on the use of pharmacological interventions for breast cancer risk reduction states that the risk for breast cancer may be determined by the aforementioned BCRAT tool or other validated models including TyrerCuzick. […] Tamoxifen and raloxifene, both SERMs, as well as two aromatase inhibitors (AIs), exemestane and anastrozole, have been shown in randomized controlled trials to significantly reduce breast cancer incidence in women at increased risk of the disease. […] The STAR demonstrated that raloxifene was equivalent to tamoxifen in reducing breast cancer risk for postmenopausal women at increased risk of the disease while on therapy.

• #85

  https://www.advocatehealth.com/health-services/cancer-institute/cancers-we-treat/breast-cancer/prevention

  If you think you may be at higher risk for breast cancer, or just want to stay proactive, we offer comprehensive prevention and screening services at locations throughout the Chicago area. […] Mammography doesn’t prevent cancer, but it is crucial to catching the disease in its earliest and most treatable stages. […] If you have a family history of breast cancer, our comprehensive cancer risk assessment program can help address any hereditary concerns, including the BRCA gene. […] Based on the results of testing, your counselor will work closely with you and your primary care doctor on prevention and risk-reduction strategies. […] To help you understand your risk of developing breast cancer, your doctor may calculate your Tyrer-Cuzik score. […] Advocates high-risk breast clinics offer education and resources to help you monitor your breast health and cancer risk, including:

• #86 Breast Cancer Prevention and Risk Factors | NBCFNational Breast Cancer Foundation logoNational Breast Cancer Foundation logo

  https://nbcf.org.au/about-breast-cancer/prevention-and-risk/

  Having a fault (or mutation) in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes is associated with an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer. […] Starting periods at an early age (before the age of 12) is linked to a slightly increased risk of breast cancer. […] Having menopause later is linked to an increased risk of breast cancer. […] Having higher than average breast density (as detected by a mammogram) is linked to an increased risk of breast cancer. […] It’s important to remember there is no single cause of breast cancer: it’s the combination of many factors in any individual that makes up their personal risk for developing breast cancer. […] There are many ways you can reduce your risk of developing breast cancer. […] To help all Australians to know and manage their personal breast cancer risk, NBCF has funded the innovative work of Professor Kelly-Anne Phillips. Her development of web-based tool, iPrevent, was designed help all Australian women to estimate their risk of developing breast cancer so they can take appropriate action.

• #87 How to reduce your breast cancer risk | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/how-to-reduce-your-breast-cancer-risk.h00-159696756.html

  Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. So, you may be wondering how to avoid breast cancer. […] While there is no guaranteed way to prevent breast cancer, there are ways to reduce your risk. […] As a breast medical oncologist, my top advice is to practice breast awareness, follow screening guidelines and tell your doctor if you have a family history of cancer. […] In addition to practicing breast awareness, you should also get screened for breast cancer when you are eligible. […] It is important to let your doctor know if breast cancer runs in your family. […] This allows your care team to assess your risk and determine when it is appropriate for you to begin breast cancer screening. […] Additionally, those with a family history of breast cancer may be candidates for genetic counseling and testing. […] A healthy lifestyle, a balanced diet and getting your cancer screening exams are all important steps to reduce your risk of cancer.

• #88 Breast and Ovarian Cancer Prevention | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center

  https://www.fredhutch.org/en/patient-care/prevention/breast-and-ovarian-cancer-prevention.html

  The Breast and Ovarian Cancer Prevention (BOCP) Clinic at Fred Hutch Cancer Center is for people with a higher risk for breast cancer and/or gynecological cancers. We help patients reduce risk by making personalized prevention and early detection surveillance plans for them. […] The goal is to reduce your risk of developing cancer and to find cancer early when it can be more easily treated, if it does occur. […] Your BOCP multidisciplinary team will work with you to customize a plan that may include: […] Ways to lower your breast or gynecological cancer risk […] If you have a genetic risk for a breast or gynecological cancer, more frequent screening and surveillance will allow your physicians and care providers to find any abnormalities in their early stages, when they can be more easily treated. And, for some patients at risk of breast or gynecological cancer, risk reduction surgery can reduce their risk by a lot. […] Knowing your genetic test results can lead to more effective, precise treatments, which can mean better outcomes for you.

• #89 Breast and Ovarian Cancer Prevention | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center

  https://www.fredhutch.org/en/patient-care/prevention/breast-and-ovarian-cancer-prevention.html

  The Breast and Ovarian Cancer Prevention (BOCP) Clinic at Fred Hutch Cancer Center is for people with a higher risk for breast cancer and/or gynecological cancers. We help patients reduce risk by making personalized prevention and early detection surveillance plans for them. […] The goal is to reduce your risk of developing cancer and to find cancer early when it can be more easily treated, if it does occur. […] Your BOCP multidisciplinary team will work with you to customize a plan that may include: […] Ways to lower your breast or gynecological cancer risk […] If you have a genetic risk for a breast or gynecological cancer, more frequent screening and surveillance will allow your physicians and care providers to find any abnormalities in their early stages, when they can be more easily treated. And, for some patients at risk of breast or gynecological cancer, risk reduction surgery can reduce their risk by a lot. […] Knowing your genetic test results can lead to more effective, precise treatments, which can mean better outcomes for you.

• #90 Breast Cancer Prevention: Tamoxifen and Raloxifene | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/risk-and-prevention/tamoxifen-and-raloxifene-for-breast-cancer-prevention.html

  Tamoxifen and raloxifene have been shown to reduce the risk of breast cancer in women with a higher-than-average risk, but these drugs can have their own risks and side effects. […] Tamoxifen and raloxifene are the only drugs approved in the US to help lower the risk of breast cancer, although for some women, other drugs called aromatase inhibitors might be an option as well. […] Estrogen can fuel the growth of breast cancer cells. Both tamoxifen and raloxifene block estrogen in breast cells. This is why these drugs can be useful in lowering breast cancer risk. […] The effect of these drugs on breast cancer risk has varied in different studies. When the results of all the studies are taken together, the overall reduction in risk for these drugs is about 40% (more than a third). […] Both tamoxifen and raloxifene can help prevent osteoporosis, a severe weakening of the bones that can increase the risk of bone fractures and is more common after menopause. […] Because tamoxifen acts like estrogen in the uterus, it can increase your risk of cancers of the uterus, including endometrial cancer and uterine sarcoma. […] Raloxifene does not act like estrogen in the uterus and is not linked to an increased risk of uterine cancer.

• #91 Chemoprevention for Breast Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4550636/

  Many women at increased risk for breast cancer could benefit from preventive therapy. Preventive therapy options for breast cancer risk reduction have expanded in the last few years to include both selective receptor modulators (tamoxifen and raloxifene) and aromatase inhibitors (anastrozole and exemestane). […] Women most likely to benefit from preventive therapy include those at high risk under the age of 50 years and those with atypical hyperplasia. […] Published guidelines on chemoprevention for breast cancer have been updated to increase awareness and encourage discussion between patients and their physicians regarding evidence-based studies evaluating the benefits of preventive options for women at increased risk for breast cancer. […] It is prudent that these barriers be overcome to enable high-risk women with a favorable risk-to-benefit ratio to be offered chemoprevention to reduce their likelihood of developing hormone receptor-positive breast cancer.

• #92 Breast Cancer Prevention: Tamoxifen and Raloxifene | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/risk-and-prevention/tamoxifen-and-raloxifene-for-breast-cancer-prevention.html

  Tamoxifen and raloxifene have been shown to reduce the risk of breast cancer in women with a higher-than-average risk, but these drugs can have their own risks and side effects. […] Tamoxifen and raloxifene are the only drugs approved in the US to help lower the risk of breast cancer, although for some women, other drugs called aromatase inhibitors might be an option as well. […] Estrogen can fuel the growth of breast cancer cells. Both tamoxifen and raloxifene block estrogen in breast cells. This is why these drugs can be useful in lowering breast cancer risk. […] The effect of these drugs on breast cancer risk has varied in different studies. When the results of all the studies are taken together, the overall reduction in risk for these drugs is about 40% (more than a third). […] Both tamoxifen and raloxifene can help prevent osteoporosis, a severe weakening of the bones that can increase the risk of bone fractures and is more common after menopause. […] Because tamoxifen acts like estrogen in the uterus, it can increase your risk of cancers of the uterus, including endometrial cancer and uterine sarcoma. […] Raloxifene does not act like estrogen in the uterus and is not linked to an increased risk of uterine cancer.

• #93 Breast cancer chemoprevention: Drugs that reduce risk

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/in-depth/breast-cancer/art-20045353

  Preventive medications can reduce breast cancer risk. Learn about how these drugs work, who should consider taking them, plus their side effects and health risks. […] If you’re at high risk of breast cancer, you may be able to improve your odds of staying cancer-free by taking certain medicines an approach known as chemoprevention or preventive therapy. […] Medications for breast cancer chemoprevention are the subject of much ongoing research. […] Tamoxifen is used to reduce the risk of invasive breast cancer if you’re at high risk and you’re 35 and older, whether or not you’ve gone through menopause. […] Raloxifene is used to reduce the risk of invasive breast cancer if you’re at high risk and you’ve undergone menopause (postmenopausal). […] Aromatase inhibitors have been studied and shown to be effective to treat breast cancer and to prevent breast cancer recurrence after menopause.

• #94 Breast Cancer Prevention Medication | Susan G. Komen®

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/risk-factor/options-for-women-at-high-risk/drugs/

  Tamoxifen and raloxifene are the only drugs FDA-approved for breast cancer risk reduction in women who do not have breast cancer but are at higher risk. […] In women who dont have breast cancer, but are at higher risk of breast cancer, tamoxifen and raloxifene can be used to lower risk. […] Both tamoxifen and raloxifene can lower the risk of invasive breast cancer and non-invasive breast cancer, such as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). […] Tamoxifen and raloxifene only reduce the risk of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers. […] Tamoxifen is more effective than raloxifene in lowering breast cancer risk. […] Tamoxifen lowers risk by about 50% in women at high risk. […] Raloxifene lowers risk by about 38% in women at high risk. […] Women who have trouble with tamoxifen for risk reduction due to the side effects may consider taking low-dose tamoxifen for 3-5 years.

• #95 Breast Cancer Prevention Medication | Susan G. Komen®

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/risk-factor/options-for-women-at-high-risk/drugs/

  Tamoxifen and raloxifene are the only drugs FDA-approved for breast cancer risk reduction in women who do not have breast cancer but are at higher risk. […] In women who dont have breast cancer, but are at higher risk of breast cancer, tamoxifen and raloxifene can be used to lower risk. […] Both tamoxifen and raloxifene can lower the risk of invasive breast cancer and non-invasive breast cancer, such as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). […] Tamoxifen and raloxifene only reduce the risk of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers. […] Tamoxifen is more effective than raloxifene in lowering breast cancer risk. […] Tamoxifen lowers risk by about 50% in women at high risk. […] Raloxifene lowers risk by about 38% in women at high risk. […] Women who have trouble with tamoxifen for risk reduction due to the side effects may consider taking low-dose tamoxifen for 3-5 years.

• #96 Key steps for effective breast cancer prevention | Nature Reviews Cancer

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41568-020-0266-x

  This paper describes the long-term follow-up of the IBIS-I trial participants who received 5 years of preventive tamoxifen and shows that the protection against breast cancer is maintained for at least 20 years. […] This paper describes the long-term follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of anastrozole or placebo for breast cancer prevention and shows that 5 years of anastrozole confers at least 10 years of preventive benefit. […] This meta-analysis shows that uptake of therapeutic agents for the prevention of breast cancer is low and persistent long-term use is often insufficient, meaning that women do not experience the full preventive effect.

• #97 Breast Cancer Prevention: Tamoxifen and Raloxifene | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/risk-and-prevention/tamoxifen-and-raloxifene-for-breast-cancer-prevention.html

  Tamoxifen and raloxifene have been shown to reduce the risk of breast cancer in women with a higher-than-average risk, but these drugs can have their own risks and side effects. […] Tamoxifen and raloxifene are the only drugs approved in the US to help lower the risk of breast cancer, although for some women, other drugs called aromatase inhibitors might be an option as well. […] Estrogen can fuel the growth of breast cancer cells. Both tamoxifen and raloxifene block estrogen in breast cells. This is why these drugs can be useful in lowering breast cancer risk. […] The effect of these drugs on breast cancer risk has varied in different studies. When the results of all the studies are taken together, the overall reduction in risk for these drugs is about 40% (more than a third). […] Both tamoxifen and raloxifene can help prevent osteoporosis, a severe weakening of the bones that can increase the risk of bone fractures and is more common after menopause. […] Because tamoxifen acts like estrogen in the uterus, it can increase your risk of cancers of the uterus, including endometrial cancer and uterine sarcoma. […] Raloxifene does not act like estrogen in the uterus and is not linked to an increased risk of uterine cancer.

• #98 BCRF’S Precision Prevention Initiative | Breast Cancer Research Foundation

  https://www.bcrf.org/precision-prevention-initiative/

  Dr. De Censi anticipates that the results of this study will inform new approaches to breast cancer prevention that are better tolerated and have potential for broader uptake and impact. […] Dr. dos Santos is leveraging her finding that specific subtypes of immune cells that suppress tumorigenesis are present post-pregnancy and determining if milk-associated probiotics may mediate their anti-tumorigenic function. […] Dr. Finn has been testing one such vaccine based on the tumor antigen MUC1 that is expressed on early, precancerous cells. […] Dr. Ligibel has demonstrated that irisin, a substance released by muscle during exercise, slows breast cancer development potentially through immune system activation. […] Tamoxifen is the only preventive drug available to high-risk premenopausal women and can reduce their risk of ER-positive breast cancer risk by half.

• #99 Breast Cancer Prevention Medication | Susan G. Komen®

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/risk-factor/options-for-women-at-high-risk/drugs/

  Tamoxifen and raloxifene are the only drugs FDA-approved for breast cancer risk reduction in women who do not have breast cancer but are at higher risk. […] In women who dont have breast cancer, but are at higher risk of breast cancer, tamoxifen and raloxifene can be used to lower risk. […] Both tamoxifen and raloxifene can lower the risk of invasive breast cancer and non-invasive breast cancer, such as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). […] Tamoxifen and raloxifene only reduce the risk of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers. […] Tamoxifen is more effective than raloxifene in lowering breast cancer risk. […] Tamoxifen lowers risk by about 50% in women at high risk. […] Raloxifene lowers risk by about 38% in women at high risk. […] Women who have trouble with tamoxifen for risk reduction due to the side effects may consider taking low-dose tamoxifen for 3-5 years.

• #100 Breast cancer chemoprevention: Drugs that reduce risk

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/in-depth/breast-cancer/art-20045353

  Preventive medications can reduce breast cancer risk. Learn about how these drugs work, who should consider taking them, plus their side effects and health risks. […] If you’re at high risk of breast cancer, you may be able to improve your odds of staying cancer-free by taking certain medicines an approach known as chemoprevention or preventive therapy. […] Medications for breast cancer chemoprevention are the subject of much ongoing research. […] Tamoxifen is used to reduce the risk of invasive breast cancer if you’re at high risk and you’re 35 and older, whether or not you’ve gone through menopause. […] Raloxifene is used to reduce the risk of invasive breast cancer if you’re at high risk and you’ve undergone menopause (postmenopausal). […] Aromatase inhibitors have been studied and shown to be effective to treat breast cancer and to prevent breast cancer recurrence after menopause.

• #101 Breast Cancer Prevention Medication | Susan G. Komen®

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/risk-factor/options-for-women-at-high-risk/drugs/

  Tamoxifen and raloxifene are the only drugs FDA-approved for breast cancer risk reduction in women who do not have breast cancer but are at higher risk. […] In women who dont have breast cancer, but are at higher risk of breast cancer, tamoxifen and raloxifene can be used to lower risk. […] Both tamoxifen and raloxifene can lower the risk of invasive breast cancer and non-invasive breast cancer, such as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). […] Tamoxifen and raloxifene only reduce the risk of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers. […] Tamoxifen is more effective than raloxifene in lowering breast cancer risk. […] Tamoxifen lowers risk by about 50% in women at high risk. […] Raloxifene lowers risk by about 38% in women at high risk. […] Women who have trouble with tamoxifen for risk reduction due to the side effects may consider taking low-dose tamoxifen for 3-5 years.

• #102 Breast Cancer Prevention: Tamoxifen and Raloxifene | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/risk-and-prevention/tamoxifen-and-raloxifene-for-breast-cancer-prevention.html

  Tamoxifen and raloxifene have been shown to reduce the risk of breast cancer in women with a higher-than-average risk, but these drugs can have their own risks and side effects. […] Tamoxifen and raloxifene are the only drugs approved in the US to help lower the risk of breast cancer, although for some women, other drugs called aromatase inhibitors might be an option as well. […] Estrogen can fuel the growth of breast cancer cells. Both tamoxifen and raloxifene block estrogen in breast cells. This is why these drugs can be useful in lowering breast cancer risk. […] The effect of these drugs on breast cancer risk has varied in different studies. When the results of all the studies are taken together, the overall reduction in risk for these drugs is about 40% (more than a third). […] Both tamoxifen and raloxifene can help prevent osteoporosis, a severe weakening of the bones that can increase the risk of bone fractures and is more common after menopause. […] Because tamoxifen acts like estrogen in the uterus, it can increase your risk of cancers of the uterus, including endometrial cancer and uterine sarcoma. […] Raloxifene does not act like estrogen in the uterus and is not linked to an increased risk of uterine cancer.

• #103 Patient education: Medications for the prevention of breast cancer (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/medications-for-the-prevention-of-breast-cancer-beyond-the-basics

  Who should consider medication for breast cancer prevention? — Guidelines from expert groups recommend that the risks and benefits of breast cancer prevention be discussed with premenopausal and postmenopausal females who are at high risk for the disease. […] If a SERM is chosen, tamoxifen appears to be more effective than raloxifene in preventing breast cancer. However, raloxifene has fewer serious side effects. Tamoxifen is the only option for premenopausal females who choose to pursue breast cancer prevention.

• #104 Patient education: Medications for the prevention of breast cancer (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/medications-for-the-prevention-of-breast-cancer-beyond-the-basics

  Selective estrogen receptor modulators […] Tamoxifen — Multiple studies have examined the effectiveness of tamoxifen for the prevention of breast cancer. Overall, these studies suggest that tamoxifen can prevent hormone-positive breast cancers from developing in females at risk for the disease. In general, tamoxifen reduces the risk of developing breast cancer by at least one-third. […] Raloxifene — Raloxifene is used for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis (low bone density) in postmenopausal females. Several studies suggest that in postmenopausal females at high risk of developing breast cancer, raloxifene can reduce the risk of developing an invasive hormone-positive (estrogen receptor-positive) breast cancer. […] Aromatase inhibitors — Two aromatase inhibitors (AIs), anastrozole and exemestane, have been studied for breast cancer prevention in postmenopausal females and found to reduce the risk of breast cancer when compared with placebo by at least 50 percent.

• #105 Preventive Treatments for Breast Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/breast-cancer/prevention

  Aromatase inhibitors block the enzyme aromatase, preventing a womans body from producing estrogen. These hormone therapies, which include anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, prevent breast cancer in postmenopausal women by blocking the small amount of estrogen that their bodies still make. […] Doctors can help women decide whether to have surgery to reduce their risk of developing breast cancer. This option is most often recommended for women with genetic mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, although some women with a strong family history of breast cancer may also consider it. […] A bilateral mastectomy involves removing both breasts. This procedure can greatly reduce the risk of breast cancer in women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. […] Women with BRCA mutations who have completed their childbearing may be candidates for surgery to remove the ovaries and fallopian tubes. This procedure is called a bilateral prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy. Ovaries produce estrogen, which can increase the risk of breast cancer. Removing them can slow or prevent the growth of cancer.

• #106 Breast cancer chemoprevention: Drugs that reduce risk

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/in-depth/breast-cancer/art-20045353

  Aromatase inhibitors, specifically exemestane and anastrozole, have also been studied to see if they may reduce the risk of breast cancer in people at high risk, such as those with a family history of breast cancer or a history of precancerous breast lesions. […] Based on these results, you and your health care provider may choose to use aromatase inhibitors to reduce the risk of breast cancer, though these drugs aren’t approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for this use. […] As more results from research studies become available, health care providers will have a better idea of the long-term health implications for these drugs and their effectiveness in breast cancer chemoprevention.

• #107 Patient education: Medications for the prevention of breast cancer (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/medications-for-the-prevention-of-breast-cancer-beyond-the-basics

  Selective estrogen receptor modulators […] Tamoxifen — Multiple studies have examined the effectiveness of tamoxifen for the prevention of breast cancer. Overall, these studies suggest that tamoxifen can prevent hormone-positive breast cancers from developing in females at risk for the disease. In general, tamoxifen reduces the risk of developing breast cancer by at least one-third. […] Raloxifene — Raloxifene is used for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis (low bone density) in postmenopausal females. Several studies suggest that in postmenopausal females at high risk of developing breast cancer, raloxifene can reduce the risk of developing an invasive hormone-positive (estrogen receptor-positive) breast cancer. […] Aromatase inhibitors — Two aromatase inhibitors (AIs), anastrozole and exemestane, have been studied for breast cancer prevention in postmenopausal females and found to reduce the risk of breast cancer when compared with placebo by at least 50 percent.

• #108 Breast Cancer Risk Assessment and Prevention | Duke Health

  https://www.dukehealth.org/treatments/cancer/breast-cancer/breast-cancer-risk-assessment

  Knowing your risk for developing breast cancer is important for everyone, but it is essential if you have one or more factors that put you at high risk. […] Based on this assessment, we create a personalized plan to address your needs. […] If you’re at above average or at high risk for developing breast cancer, we may recommend a schedule for long-term follow-up in our clinic to help manage your risk and provide close monitoring if you develop breast cancer. This may include regular mammograms and other advanced breast imaging techniques so we can monitor for changes and detect tumors earlier in your breasts. […] Our team can help you make diet, exercise, and/or other lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking that can lower your risk. […] Tamoxifen, raloxifene, and aromatase inhibitors have been shown to lower some women’s risk of breast cancer. Sometimes these risk-reducing medications are referred to as chemoprevention.

• #109 Chemoprevention for Breast Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4550636/

  Women with a BRCA mutation should be offered bilateral prophylactic mastectomy (BPM) and risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy as these are the only risk-reducing strategies shown to be effective in this population. […] The evidence of efficacy of preventive therapy in this population is less compelling. […] When counseling women about preventive therapy, it is recommended that physicians use a shared decision-making approach with women at high or very high risk as they are most likely to benefit from risk-reduction options. […] The NCCN Breast Cancer Risk Reduction Panel has adopted the 1.7 % or greater 5-year actuarial breast cancer risk defined by the modified Gail model as the risk threshold for discussion of chemoprevention. […] Any woman with a 5-year risk of 1.7 % determined by using the Gail model can be considered for preventive therapy.

• #110 Recommendation: Breast Cancer: Medication Use to Reduce Risk | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/breast-cancer-medications-for-risk-reduction

  Women at increased risk for breast cancer aged 35 years or older The USPSTF recommends that clinicians offer to prescribe risk-reducing medications, such as tamoxifen, raloxifene, or aromatase inhibitors, to women who are at increased risk for breast cancer and at low risk for adverse medication effects. B […] Women not at increased risk for breast cancer aged 35 years or older The USPSTF recommends against the routine use of risk-reducing medications, such as tamoxifen, raloxifene, or aromatase inhibitors, in women who are not at increased risk for breast cancer. D […] The USPSTF found convincing evidence that risk-reducing medications (tamoxifen, raloxifene, or aromatase inhibitors) provide at least a moderate benefit in reducing risk for invasive estrogen receptor (ER)positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women at increased risk for breast cancer.

• #111 Recommendation: Breast Cancer: Medication Use to Reduce Risk | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/breast-cancer-medications-for-risk-reduction

  The USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that there is a moderate net benefit from taking tamoxifen, raloxifene, or aromatase inhibitors to reduce risk of invasive breast cancer in women at increased risk. […] The USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that the potential harms of taking tamoxifen, raloxifene, and aromatase inhibitors to reduce risk of breast cancer outweigh the potential benefits in women not at increased risk for the disease. […] Women not at increased risk for breast cancer, such as women younger than 60 years with no additional risk factors for breast cancer, or women with a low 5-year risk of breast cancer should not be routinely offered medications to reduce risk of breast cancer, since the risk of harms from these medications likely outweighs their potential benefit. […] Tamoxifen, raloxifene, and aromatase inhibitors all reduce primary breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. Use of raloxifene and aromatase inhibitors is indicated only in postmenopausal women; only tamoxifen is indicated for risk-reduction of primary breast cancer in premenopausal women.

• #112 Chemoprevention for Breast Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4550636/

  Women with a BRCA mutation should be offered bilateral prophylactic mastectomy (BPM) and risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy as these are the only risk-reducing strategies shown to be effective in this population. […] The evidence of efficacy of preventive therapy in this population is less compelling. […] When counseling women about preventive therapy, it is recommended that physicians use a shared decision-making approach with women at high or very high risk as they are most likely to benefit from risk-reduction options. […] The NCCN Breast Cancer Risk Reduction Panel has adopted the 1.7 % or greater 5-year actuarial breast cancer risk defined by the modified Gail model as the risk threshold for discussion of chemoprevention. […] Any woman with a 5-year risk of 1.7 % determined by using the Gail model can be considered for preventive therapy.

• #113 Patient education: Medications for the prevention of breast cancer (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/medications-for-the-prevention-of-breast-cancer-beyond-the-basics

  Who should consider medication for breast cancer prevention? — Guidelines from expert groups recommend that the risks and benefits of breast cancer prevention be discussed with premenopausal and postmenopausal females who are at high risk for the disease. […] If a SERM is chosen, tamoxifen appears to be more effective than raloxifene in preventing breast cancer. However, raloxifene has fewer serious side effects. Tamoxifen is the only option for premenopausal females who choose to pursue breast cancer prevention.

• #114 Surgery to Reduce the Risk of Breast Cancer Fact Sheet – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/risk-reducing-surgery-fact-sheet

  Yes. Risk-reducing (also called preventive or prophylactic) surgery can lower the risk of breast cancer in people who are at very high risk, such as women who carry a harmful mutation in a breast cancer susceptibility gene such as BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53, or PTEN. […] The main type of surgery to reduce breast cancer risk is the removal of both breasts, called bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy (or bilateral prophylactic mastectomy). […] Bilateral mastectomy has been shown to reduce the risk of breast cancer by at least 95% in women who have a harmful (disease-causing) variant in the BRCA1 gene or the BRCA2 gene and up to 90% in women who have a strong family history of breast cancer. […] People who are known to have inherited a harmful mutation that greatly increases their risk of developing breast cancer may consider having bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy to reduce this risk.

• #115 Systemic and Local Strategies for Primary Prevention of Breast Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/2/248

  Current interventions for breast–cancer prevention are associated with adverse side effects that frequently deter women from selecting these evidence-based risk-reducing procedures. […] For high-risk (>20%) women, such as BRCA mutation carriers, primary prevention strategies are limited to evidence-based surgical removal of breasts and/or ovaries and anti-estrogen treatment. […] Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy is currently the most effective procedure for preventing BC: it can reduce the incidence of BC by up to 90% in high-risk individuals. […] Anti-estrogen treatments have been shown to reduce BC risk by up to 50% in high-risk women. […] These prevention interventions are readily available but may be underused due to a lack of clinician or patient information regarding risk level, lack of clinical confidence to discuss appropriate prevention options, personal social dynamics, and fully informed choice, which can result in a low uptake of prevention methods.

• #116 Surgery to Reduce the Risk of Breast Cancer Fact Sheet – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/risk-reducing-surgery-fact-sheet

  Yes. Risk-reducing (also called preventive or prophylactic) surgery can lower the risk of breast cancer in people who are at very high risk, such as women who carry a harmful mutation in a breast cancer susceptibility gene such as BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53, or PTEN. […] The main type of surgery to reduce breast cancer risk is the removal of both breasts, called bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy (or bilateral prophylactic mastectomy). […] Bilateral mastectomy has been shown to reduce the risk of breast cancer by at least 95% in women who have a harmful (disease-causing) variant in the BRCA1 gene or the BRCA2 gene and up to 90% in women who have a strong family history of breast cancer. […] People who are known to have inherited a harmful mutation that greatly increases their risk of developing breast cancer may consider having bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy to reduce this risk.

• #117 Breast Cancer Prevention | Breast Cancer Trials

  https://www.breastcancertrials.org.au/breast-cancer-prevention/?srsltid=AfmBOoombkp5Qy_gA7yMuArKO8psDiaNjFke4BDzvJtzfO7uBqMTEZ4a

  A prophylactic mastectomy is the surgical removal of one or both breasts in individuals who do not have breast cancer but are at high risk of developing it. […] Breastfeeding has been shown to lower the risk of breast cancer, particularly for hormone-receptor-positive types. […] Breast massage does not prevent breast cancer. […] Breast implants do not prevent breast cancer. […] Breast reduction surgery does not prevent breast cancer, but it may reduce some of the risks associated with the disease.

• #118 Surgery to Reduce the Risk of Breast Cancer Fact Sheet – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/risk-reducing-surgery-fact-sheet

  Yes. Risk-reducing (also called preventive or prophylactic) surgery can lower the risk of breast cancer in people who are at very high risk, such as women who carry a harmful mutation in a breast cancer susceptibility gene such as BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53, or PTEN. […] The main type of surgery to reduce breast cancer risk is the removal of both breasts, called bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy (or bilateral prophylactic mastectomy). […] Bilateral mastectomy has been shown to reduce the risk of breast cancer by at least 95% in women who have a harmful (disease-causing) variant in the BRCA1 gene or the BRCA2 gene and up to 90% in women who have a strong family history of breast cancer. […] People who are known to have inherited a harmful mutation that greatly increases their risk of developing breast cancer may consider having bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy to reduce this risk.

• #119

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/breast-cancer-women/prevention/

  A mastectomy is surgery to remove your breast. It can also be offered to you if you have a very high risk of developing breast cancer. This is to try and reduce your chances of developing breast cancer. […] By removing as much breast tissue as possible, a mastectomy can reduce your risk of breast cancer by up to 95%. […] Medicine is available for women at an increased risk of breast cancer. […] They can reduce your risk of breast cancer while you’re taking it and possibly for several years afterwards.

• #120 Systemic and Local Strategies for Primary Prevention of Breast Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/2/248

  Surgical interventions target areas of the breast that are associated with a higher risk of BC development through the complete removal of the tissue. […] Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy is a highly invasive procedure that can be executed as a total mastectomy, skin-sparing mastectomy, or total skin-sparing mastectomy. […] Surgical removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries is a commonly recommended BC prevention for premenopausal BRCA mutation carriers that had a previously reported risk reduction of up to 50%. […] Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), tamoxifen and raloxifene, are commonly used in the treatment of various diseases including BC and osteoporosis, and are the only two FDA-approved compounds for primary prevention of BC. […] Despite the evidence-based effectiveness of these surgical procedures and hormonal interventions, up to 50–70% of women presented with prevention and treatment options choose a watchful waiting strategy with enhanced surveillance.

• #121 Breast Cancer Risk Reduction | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/cancer-care/breast-health-program/breast-cancer-risk-assessment-and-prevention/breast-risk-assessment-and-prevention-program/breast-cancer-risk-reduction

  Tobacco use has been linked to 15 different cancers, including breast cancer. […] At Northwestern Medicine, you have options for surgical methods to reduce breast cancer risk. […] If you have high-risk genetic variants, like those in BRCA1 or BRCA2, but you have not had breast cancer, bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy may help reduce your breast cancer risk. […] You should discuss this option carefully with your physician and care team. […] If you have risk-reducing mastectomy, you may wish to have breast reconstruction. Our plastic surgery team will help you learn more about the many breast reconstruction options. You may also decide to have a risk-reducing mastectomy without reconstruction. […] After a risk-reducing mastectomy, you may still have a small amount of breast tissue. You should continue to be aware of what’s normal for your breasts. You should also follow your physician’s recommendations for examination and screening.

• #122 Taking Charge: If You Are at High Risk for Breast Cancer | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/taking-charge-if-you-are-at-high-risk-for-breast-cancer

  This anti-estrogen drug has been used for many years to treat breast cancer. A recent study the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial found that women at high risk for breast cancer who took the drug were less likely to develop tumors. After an average of four years of taking tamoxifen, these women had 45 percent fewer breast cancers than women with the same risk factors who did not take the drug. […] A woman’s decision about whether to take tamoxifen should consider both these benefits and the risks associated with the drug, which include an increased chance of developing uterine cancer. […] Some women with a very high risk of developing breast cancer may choose to have one or both breasts surgically removed. These include women with mutations of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, a previous history of breast cancer, breast cancer in several close relatives, or a biopsy showing Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (a condition that is a marker for the potential development of invasive cancer). […] The decision to have this type of surgery must be made with a great deal of thought to the individual woman’s situation. Women who consider this prevention strategy should be sure to talk to several doctors before proceeding, and evaluate the medical and emotional consequences of the surgery.

• #123 Breast Cancer Prevention (PDQ®) – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65973/

  Ovarian ablation decreases the amount of estrogen made by the body and lowers the risk of breast cancer. […] Women who take part in physical exercise have a lower risk of breast cancer. […] Studies have shown that some factors have little or no effect on the risk of breast cancer. […] Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to lower the risk of developing certain types of cancer. […] New ways to prevent breast cancer are being studied in clinical trials.

• #124 Breast Cancer Prevention | Breast Cancer Trials

  https://www.breastcancertrials.org.au/breast-cancer-prevention/?srsltid=AfmBOoombkp5Qy_gA7yMuArKO8psDiaNjFke4BDzvJtzfO7uBqMTEZ4a

  Alcohol is identified as a risk factor for a range of soft tissue cancers, including breast cancer. […] Several studies have shown there is an association between tobacco smoking and the risk of breast cancer. […] Tamoxifen, a medication that is commonly used to treat breast cancer, also helps prevent breast cancer from occurring. […] The earlier breast cancer is found, the better the chance of survival. […] There are several medical interventions available to help prevent breast cancer, particularly for individuals at higher risk due to genetic factors, family history, or other risk factors. […] For individuals with a very high risk (e.g., BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers), surgery can dramatically reduce the risk of breast cancer. […] A Prophylactic Oophorectomy is the removal of the ovaries and fallopian tubes to lower estrogen levels, reducing the risk of both breast and ovarian cancers.

• #125 Systemic and Local Strategies for Primary Prevention of Breast Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/2/248

  Surgical interventions target areas of the breast that are associated with a higher risk of BC development through the complete removal of the tissue. […] Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy is a highly invasive procedure that can be executed as a total mastectomy, skin-sparing mastectomy, or total skin-sparing mastectomy. […] Surgical removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries is a commonly recommended BC prevention for premenopausal BRCA mutation carriers that had a previously reported risk reduction of up to 50%. […] Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), tamoxifen and raloxifene, are commonly used in the treatment of various diseases including BC and osteoporosis, and are the only two FDA-approved compounds for primary prevention of BC. […] Despite the evidence-based effectiveness of these surgical procedures and hormonal interventions, up to 50–70% of women presented with prevention and treatment options choose a watchful waiting strategy with enhanced surveillance.

• #126 Preventive Treatments for Breast Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/breast-cancer/prevention

  Aromatase inhibitors block the enzyme aromatase, preventing a womans body from producing estrogen. These hormone therapies, which include anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, prevent breast cancer in postmenopausal women by blocking the small amount of estrogen that their bodies still make. […] Doctors can help women decide whether to have surgery to reduce their risk of developing breast cancer. This option is most often recommended for women with genetic mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, although some women with a strong family history of breast cancer may also consider it. […] A bilateral mastectomy involves removing both breasts. This procedure can greatly reduce the risk of breast cancer in women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. […] Women with BRCA mutations who have completed their childbearing may be candidates for surgery to remove the ovaries and fallopian tubes. This procedure is called a bilateral prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy. Ovaries produce estrogen, which can increase the risk of breast cancer. Removing them can slow or prevent the growth of cancer.

• #127 Surgery to Reduce the Risk of Breast Cancer Fact Sheet – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/risk-reducing-surgery-fact-sheet

  Yes. Some people who have been diagnosed with cancer in one breast, particularly those who are known to be at very high risk, may consider having the other breast (called the contralateral breast) removed as well, even if there is no sign of cancer in that breast. Removal of the contralateral breast during breast cancer surgery (known as contralateral prophylactic mastectomy) reduces the risk of breast cancer in that breast. […] People with a harmful BRCA variant who have surgery to treat breast cancer may also consider having risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy to improve their long-term outcomes. […] Options for some people who are at very high risk of breast cancer (or of contralateral breast cancer, if they have previously been treated for breast cancer) and wish to avoid risk-reducing surgery include: More frequent breast cancer screening (also called enhanced surveillance). […] Risk-reducing medications (sometimes called chemoprevention). Tamoxifen and raloxifene are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to reduce breast cancer risk in women who, based on their personal and family medical history, have an increased risk of breast cancer.

• #128 Breast Cancer Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/patient/breast-prevention-pdq

  – Breast-feeding: Estrogen levels may remain lower while a woman is breast-feeding. Women who breastfed have a lower risk of breast cancer than women who have had children but did not breastfeed. […] Taking selective estrogen receptor modulators or aromatase inhibitors and inactivators: […] – Treatment with tamoxifen lowers the risk of estrogen receptor-positive (ER-positive) breast cancer and DCIS in premenopausal and postmenopausal women at high risk. Tamoxifen is also used to treat metastatic breast cancer and to prevent cancer from recurring after surgery to remove breast tumors. Treatment with raloxifene also lowers the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. […] Risk-reducing or prophylactic mastectomy: […] Some women who have a high risk of breast cancer may choose to have a risk-reducing or prophylactic mastectomy (the removal of one or both breasts when there are no signs of cancer). After surgery, the risk of breast cancer becomes much lower in these women, and most feel less anxious about their risk of breast cancer.

• #129 Surgery to Reduce the Risk of Breast Cancer Fact Sheet – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/risk-reducing-surgery-fact-sheet

  Yes. Risk-reducing (also called preventive or prophylactic) surgery can lower the risk of breast cancer in people who are at very high risk, such as women who carry a harmful mutation in a breast cancer susceptibility gene such as BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53, or PTEN. […] The main type of surgery to reduce breast cancer risk is the removal of both breasts, called bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy (or bilateral prophylactic mastectomy). […] Bilateral mastectomy has been shown to reduce the risk of breast cancer by at least 95% in women who have a harmful (disease-causing) variant in the BRCA1 gene or the BRCA2 gene and up to 90% in women who have a strong family history of breast cancer. […] People who are known to have inherited a harmful mutation that greatly increases their risk of developing breast cancer may consider having bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy to reduce this risk.

• #130 Taking Charge: If You Are at High Risk for Breast Cancer | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/taking-charge-if-you-are-at-high-risk-for-breast-cancer

  This anti-estrogen drug has been used for many years to treat breast cancer. A recent study the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial found that women at high risk for breast cancer who took the drug were less likely to develop tumors. After an average of four years of taking tamoxifen, these women had 45 percent fewer breast cancers than women with the same risk factors who did not take the drug. […] A woman’s decision about whether to take tamoxifen should consider both these benefits and the risks associated with the drug, which include an increased chance of developing uterine cancer. […] Some women with a very high risk of developing breast cancer may choose to have one or both breasts surgically removed. These include women with mutations of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, a previous history of breast cancer, breast cancer in several close relatives, or a biopsy showing Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (a condition that is a marker for the potential development of invasive cancer). […] The decision to have this type of surgery must be made with a great deal of thought to the individual woman’s situation. Women who consider this prevention strategy should be sure to talk to several doctors before proceeding, and evaluate the medical and emotional consequences of the surgery.

• #131 Breast Cancer Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/patient/breast-prevention-pdq

  Ovarian ablation: […] The ovaries make most of the estrogen that is made by the body. Treatments that stop or lower the amount of estrogen made by the ovaries include surgery to remove the ovaries, radiation therapy, or taking certain drugs. This is called ovarian ablation. […] Getting enough exercise: […] Women who take part in physical exercise have a lower risk of breast cancer. […] It is not clear whether the following affect the risk of breast cancer: […] – Hormonal contraceptives […] – Chemicals in the environment […] Studies have shown that some factors have little or no effect on the risk of breast cancer. […] Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer. […] New ways to prevent breast cancer are being studied in clinical trials.

• #132 Breast Cancer Prevention (PDQ®) – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65973/

  Ovarian ablation decreases the amount of estrogen made by the body and lowers the risk of breast cancer. […] Women who take part in physical exercise have a lower risk of breast cancer. […] Studies have shown that some factors have little or no effect on the risk of breast cancer. […] Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to lower the risk of developing certain types of cancer. […] New ways to prevent breast cancer are being studied in clinical trials.

• #133 BCRF’S Precision Prevention Initiative | Breast Cancer Research Foundation

  https://www.bcrf.org/precision-prevention-initiative/

  Dr. De Censi anticipates that the results of this study will inform new approaches to breast cancer prevention that are better tolerated and have potential for broader uptake and impact. […] Dr. dos Santos is leveraging her finding that specific subtypes of immune cells that suppress tumorigenesis are present post-pregnancy and determining if milk-associated probiotics may mediate their anti-tumorigenic function. […] Dr. Finn has been testing one such vaccine based on the tumor antigen MUC1 that is expressed on early, precancerous cells. […] Dr. Ligibel has demonstrated that irisin, a substance released by muscle during exercise, slows breast cancer development potentially through immune system activation. […] Tamoxifen is the only preventive drug available to high-risk premenopausal women and can reduce their risk of ER-positive breast cancer risk by half.

• #134 BCRF’S Precision Prevention Initiative | Breast Cancer Research Foundation

  https://www.bcrf.org/precision-prevention-initiative/

  Dr. De Censi anticipates that the results of this study will inform new approaches to breast cancer prevention that are better tolerated and have potential for broader uptake and impact. […] Dr. dos Santos is leveraging her finding that specific subtypes of immune cells that suppress tumorigenesis are present post-pregnancy and determining if milk-associated probiotics may mediate their anti-tumorigenic function. […] Dr. Finn has been testing one such vaccine based on the tumor antigen MUC1 that is expressed on early, precancerous cells. […] Dr. Ligibel has demonstrated that irisin, a substance released by muscle during exercise, slows breast cancer development potentially through immune system activation. […] Tamoxifen is the only preventive drug available to high-risk premenopausal women and can reduce their risk of ER-positive breast cancer risk by half.

• #135 Systemic and Local Strategies for Primary Prevention of Breast Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/2/248

  There are several investigational approaches that aim to reduce or limit adverse side effects of current interventions and/or develop novel interventions with a high safety profile that may be offered more broadly to women seeking proactive options for primary prevention of BC. […] Local delivery methods include topical transdermal gel application, ID injection, and slow-releasing drug implants. […] Intraductal delivery of tamoxifen did not provide a protective effect on an MNU-induced rat model of BC most likely due to the lack of active metabolite production in the liver. […] ID delivery of fulvestrant in a mammary intraductal (MIND) ER+ MCF7 xenograft model provided superior protection than intramuscular injection. […] Our approach aims at combining the effectiveness of prophylactic mastectomy, with the universality of an ideal vaccine and delivery method of ID chemotherapy. […] We have demonstrated in preclinical rodent models the feasibility of ablating the entire ductal tree system before epithelial cells become malignant.

• #136 Systemic and Local Strategies for Primary Prevention of Breast Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/2/248

  There are several investigational approaches that aim to reduce or limit adverse side effects of current interventions and/or develop novel interventions with a high safety profile that may be offered more broadly to women seeking proactive options for primary prevention of BC. […] Local delivery methods include topical transdermal gel application, ID injection, and slow-releasing drug implants. […] Intraductal delivery of tamoxifen did not provide a protective effect on an MNU-induced rat model of BC most likely due to the lack of active metabolite production in the liver. […] ID delivery of fulvestrant in a mammary intraductal (MIND) ER+ MCF7 xenograft model provided superior protection than intramuscular injection. […] Our approach aims at combining the effectiveness of prophylactic mastectomy, with the universality of an ideal vaccine and delivery method of ID chemotherapy. […] We have demonstrated in preclinical rodent models the feasibility of ablating the entire ductal tree system before epithelial cells become malignant.

• #137 Harnessing Micronutrient Power: Vitamins, Antioxidants and Probiotics in Breast Cancer Prevention | Anticancer Research

  https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/44/6/2287

  Breast cancer remains a global health challenge, prompting a search for preventive strategies beyond conventional approaches. This review explores the potential of specific micronutrients, including antioxidants, vitamins, and probiotics, in breast cancer prevention. […] Understanding the efficacy of these micronutrients could pave the way for personalized preventive interventions, offering new avenues for reducing breast cancer incidence and improving public health outcomes. […] In the pursuit of effective breast cancer prevention strategies, researchers have turned their attention to specific micronutrients. […] These include 5 vitamins: folate, vitamin D, vitamin B6, beta carotene, and vitamin C, along with 9 other micronutrients: curcumin, piperine, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, quercetin, sulforaphane, indole-3-carbinol, lactobacillus, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and lycopene.

• #138 Harnessing Micronutrient Power: Vitamins, Antioxidants and Probiotics in Breast Cancer Prevention | Anticancer Research

  https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/44/6/2287

  Breast cancer remains a global health challenge, prompting a search for preventive strategies beyond conventional approaches. This review explores the potential of specific micronutrients, including antioxidants, vitamins, and probiotics, in breast cancer prevention. […] Understanding the efficacy of these micronutrients could pave the way for personalized preventive interventions, offering new avenues for reducing breast cancer incidence and improving public health outcomes. […] In the pursuit of effective breast cancer prevention strategies, researchers have turned their attention to specific micronutrients. […] These include 5 vitamins: folate, vitamin D, vitamin B6, beta carotene, and vitamin C, along with 9 other micronutrients: curcumin, piperine, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, quercetin, sulforaphane, indole-3-carbinol, lactobacillus, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and lycopene.

• #139 Harnessing Micronutrient Power: Vitamins, Antioxidants and Probiotics in Breast Cancer Prevention | Anticancer Research

  https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/44/6/2287

  A pooled analysis of data from five studies conducted in the United States, involving 2509 breast cancer cases, demonstrated that high serum pyridoxal 5-phosphate levels (PLP, the active form of vitamin B6) were associated with a 20% reduction in breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women compared with low levels. […] A more recent systematic review comprising 25 articles demonstrated a notable association between B6 vitamin supplementation and a diminished risk of breast cancer among middle-aged women. […] Research was undertaken to explore the impact of lycopene and beta-carotene on the cell cycle and survival of human breast cancer cells. […] A meta-analysis involving 10 studies (eight cohort, one clinical trial, and one pooled studies), with 19,450 breast cancer cases, demonstrated a significant association between dietary intake of -carotene and enhanced breast cancer survival, with a 30% reduction in the odds of breast cancer mortality.

• #140 Scientists Find “Key” To Potential Breast Cancer Prevention, Treatment | Newsroom

  https://news.unchealthcare.org/2024/01/scientists-find-key-to-potential-breast-cancer-prevention-treatment/

  A research team led by Gaorav Gupta, MD, PhD, associate professor in the Department of Radiation Oncology at the UNC School of Medicine and member of UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, discovered the inner workings of an immune response pathway that could aid in cancer prevention and treatment. […] Our findings suggest that loss of this pathway may be whats allowing breast cancer cells to withstand high levels of DNA damage without being recognized by the immune system, said Gupta, who is also an associate professor in the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and member of UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. Were very interested in identifying ways to reactivate this pathway to treat and potentially even prevent cancer development. […] Linking Mre11 and cGAS to necroptosis activation is a very effective way for suppressing tumor formation, said Gupta. When MRE11 and cGAS are activated by a damaged precancerous cell, they cooperate to activate an immune-boosting form of cell death, to help our bodies eliminate the cells before they develop into a cancer. […] Gupta and colleagues in the UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center are actively enrolling patients for a clinical trial at UNC to examine the combination of radiation and immunotherapy as a means of treating certain types of breast cancer.

• #141 Scientists Find “Key” To Potential Breast Cancer Prevention, Treatment | Newsroom

  https://news.unchealthcare.org/2024/01/scientists-find-key-to-potential-breast-cancer-prevention-treatment/

  A research team led by Gaorav Gupta, MD, PhD, associate professor in the Department of Radiation Oncology at the UNC School of Medicine and member of UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, discovered the inner workings of an immune response pathway that could aid in cancer prevention and treatment. […] Our findings suggest that loss of this pathway may be whats allowing breast cancer cells to withstand high levels of DNA damage without being recognized by the immune system, said Gupta, who is also an associate professor in the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and member of UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. Were very interested in identifying ways to reactivate this pathway to treat and potentially even prevent cancer development. […] Linking Mre11 and cGAS to necroptosis activation is a very effective way for suppressing tumor formation, said Gupta. When MRE11 and cGAS are activated by a damaged precancerous cell, they cooperate to activate an immune-boosting form of cell death, to help our bodies eliminate the cells before they develop into a cancer. […] Gupta and colleagues in the UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center are actively enrolling patients for a clinical trial at UNC to examine the combination of radiation and immunotherapy as a means of treating certain types of breast cancer.

• #142 Key steps for effective breast cancer prevention | Nature Reviews Cancer

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41568-020-0266-x

  Despite decades of laboratory, epidemiological and clinical research, breast cancer incidence continues to rise. […] Reducing breast cancer incidence will likely require both a population-based approach of reducing exposure to modifiable risk factors and a precision-prevention approach of identifying women at increased risk and targeting them for specific interventions, such as risk-reducing medication. […] Evidence-based risk-reducing medications are cheap, widely available and recommended by professional health bodies; however, widespread implementation of these has proven challenging. […] The barriers to uptake of, and adherence to, current medications will need to be considered as we deepen our understanding of breast cancer initiation and begin developing and testing novel preventives.

• #143 Personalized early detection and prevention of breast cancer: ENVISION consensus statement | Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-020-0388-9

  The European Collaborative on Personalized Early Detection and Prevention of Breast Cancer (ENVISION) brings together several international research consortia working on different aspects of the personalized early detection and prevention of breast cancer. […] The priority areas identified were: 1) breast cancer subtype-specific risk assessment tools applicable to women of all ancestries; 2) intermediate surrogate markers of response to preventive measures; 3) novel non-surgical preventive measures to reduce the incidence of breast cancer of poor prognosis; and 4) hybrid effectiveness-implementation research combined with modelling studies to evaluate the long-term population outcomes of risk-based early detection strategies. […] Personalized approaches to the prevention or early detection of breast cancer have emerged as highly promising strategies.

• #144 Personalized early detection and prevention of breast cancer: ENVISION consensus statement | Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-020-0388-9

  Women entering a personalized early detection programme would initially be assessed using a validated tool to determine their estimated risk of breast cancer. […] This approach might mean that some women start mammographic screening at a younger age, have different screening intervals or have supplemental screening with another imaging modality, such as MRI. […] Women deemed to be at higher risk of breast cancer could, in addition, be offered prophylactic treatment. […] Ways to better select high-risk women predisposed to breast cancer of poor prognosis need to be developed. […] Programmes should incorporate healthy lifestyle recommendations for women at all risk levels. […] Prevention-specific drug doses, schemes and schedules need to be defined, and rational drug repositioning strategies should be explored.

• #145 Risk determination and prevention of breast cancer | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text

  https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-014-0446-2

  The World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) has estimated that over 40% of post-menopausal breast cancer could be prevented by reductions in alcohol, excess body weight, and inactivity. […] Strong observational data indicate that weight gain in the premenopausal period and being overweight or obese after menopause increase breast cancer risk. […] Evidence from two large observational studies indicates that pre- or post-menopausal weight loss reduces the risk of post-menopausal breast cancer. […] The studies outlined above highlight the prospects of using SNPs for improved risk prediction in high-risk clinics and in the general population. Further improvements may come from introducing more SNPs and the prospects of being able to predict the risk of specific breast cancer subtypes, such as ER+, ER-, grade III, and triple-negative tumors, separately, knowledge of which could direct preventative approaches.

• #146 Chemoprevention for Breast Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4550636/

  In general, women with a history of AH, or women under the age of 50 years, are more likely to benefit from preventive therapy. […] The recently updated American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline on the use of pharmacological interventions for breast cancer risk reduction states that the risk for breast cancer may be determined by the aforementioned BCRAT tool or other validated models including TyrerCuzick. […] Tamoxifen and raloxifene, both SERMs, as well as two aromatase inhibitors (AIs), exemestane and anastrozole, have been shown in randomized controlled trials to significantly reduce breast cancer incidence in women at increased risk of the disease. […] The STAR demonstrated that raloxifene was equivalent to tamoxifen in reducing breast cancer risk for postmenopausal women at increased risk of the disease while on therapy.

• #147 High Risk for Breast Cancer | Prevention Program | IU Health

  https://iuhealth.org/find-medical-services/high-risk-for-breast-cancer

  Being a „high-risk” patient does not mean you are certain to develop breast cancer. […] If you are considered at risk of developing breast cancer, you can take charge of your health. At IU Health, our oncology specialists will help you understand your risk for breast cancer. Then, we’ll help you develop a personalized plan for prevention. Always talk to your doctor and follow the recommendations for receiving regular mammograms and other examinations. […] Depending on your level of risk, your physician could refer you to the high-risk breast cancer prevention program. […] The physician will discuss ways in which you can reduce risk, including exercise, lifestyle behaviors and medications. […] Our highly-skilled physicians will provide you with a personalized breast cancer prevention plan that fits your individual needs. This plan consists of a 360 degree approach that provides: State-of-the-art screening options, like mammograms and MRIs, and recommended frequency based on your level of risk; Detailed discussion of your family history and genetic counseling, if indicated; Support for lifestyle changes to reduce your personal risk of breast cancer; Education on preventative therapies, medication and mastectomy; Opportunities to engage in clinical research, if appropriate.

• #148 Breast Cancer Risk-reducing Strategies – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/surgery/breast-surgery/risk-reducing-strategies-prevention-and-prophylactic-surgery

  The Breast cancer Personalized Risk assessment, Education and Prevention (B-PREP) Program will educate you about the many ways you can take control of your breast health minimizing your chances of developing cancer. […] You will gain a better understanding of breast cancer and learn risk-reducing strategies, from simple lifestyle changes to medical and surgical options. […] Healthy lifestyle choices can dramatically reduce your risk of developing breast cancer while also improving your emotional well-being. […] Women concerned about developing breast cancer should: […] Risk-reducing medications, also referred to as chemoprevention, include the drugs tamoxifen and raloxifene. […] They have been shown to lower breast cancer risk in certain women. […] Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy, the removal of both breasts to prevent breast cancer, can significantly lower the risk of breast cancer in women at high risk. […] Women who carry the BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation and those with a strong family history of breast cancer may consider this surgical procedure.

• #149 Breast Cancer Prevention | The University of Kansas Cancer Center

  https://www.kucancercenter.org/outreach/prevention/preventable-cancers/breast-cancer

  Our specialists in high-risk breast cancer care comprise fellowship-trained medical oncologists and experts with advanced training in breast clinical oncology, breast cancer risk and survivorship. Our patients have access to innovative clinical trials designed to reduce breast cancer risk, as well as FDA-approved chemoprevention therapies and prevention strategies, including active surveillance. […] Our patients receive personalized screening recommendations, tailored to their specific needs, which may include: Abbreviated breast MRI is a sophisticated, highly sensitive screening exam that is used to detect cancer at a very early stage. It is commonly used among people who are at high risk for breast cancer. […] For prevention, there’s a lot of tools out there to reduce a woman’s risk. Most patients, I would say, are very surprised at how much we can reduce their risk, both with lifestyle modifications such as exercising, getting your weight to a healthy body weight, and limiting alcohol. But then, also, there are medications that you can take to substantially reduce your risk of breast cancer.

• #150 Preventive Treatments for Breast Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/breast-cancer/prevention

  Preventive Treatments for Breast Cancer […] NYU Langones Perlmutter Cancer Center offers a screening and prevention program for women and men who are at a particularly high risk of developing breast cancer. In addition to regular screening, doctors can recommend several preventive treatments that help reduce this risk. […] Certain hormone therapies can be used preventively if doctors determine you are at high risk of developing breast tumors that have certain hormone receptors. These types of cancers are known as estrogen receptor positive and progesterone receptor positive. […] Doctors may prescribe selective estrogen receptor modulators to lower a womans risk of developing breast cancer. The medication tamoxifen is used in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. While it decreases the risk of breast cancer, it can increase the risk of uterine cancer, more commonly in postmenopausal women.

• #151 Breast and Ovarian Cancer Prevention | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center

  https://www.fredhutch.org/en/patient-care/prevention/breast-and-ovarian-cancer-prevention.html

  The Breast and Ovarian Cancer Prevention (BOCP) Clinic at Fred Hutch Cancer Center is for people with a higher risk for breast cancer and/or gynecological cancers. We help patients reduce risk by making personalized prevention and early detection surveillance plans for them. […] The goal is to reduce your risk of developing cancer and to find cancer early when it can be more easily treated, if it does occur. […] Your BOCP multidisciplinary team will work with you to customize a plan that may include: […] Ways to lower your breast or gynecological cancer risk […] If you have a genetic risk for a breast or gynecological cancer, more frequent screening and surveillance will allow your physicians and care providers to find any abnormalities in their early stages, when they can be more easily treated. And, for some patients at risk of breast or gynecological cancer, risk reduction surgery can reduce their risk by a lot. […] Knowing your genetic test results can lead to more effective, precise treatments, which can mean better outcomes for you.

• #152 Breast Cancer Prevention Clinic | Baptist Health Miami Cancer Institute

  https://baptisthealth.net/services/cancer-care/miami-cancer-institute/our-approach/treatments-and-services/breast-cancer-prevention-clinic

  At the Breast Cancer Prevention Clinic at Miami Cancer Institute, we are dedicated to helping people who have a high risk of developing breast cancer. This includes people with high-risk breast disorders and people who have certain genetic mutations that are specific to the development of breast cancer. […] Our team uses advanced breast imaging technology and innovative procedures to help monitor your risk for developing breast cancer. […] Our Breast Cancer Prevention Clinic provides the following services: […] Treatments that follow the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines for breast health, including enhanced monitoring, lifestyle modifications, risk-reducing surgical therapies and chemoprevention.

• #153 Breast Cancer Risk Assessment and Prevention | Duke Health

  https://www.dukehealth.org/treatments/cancer/breast-cancer/breast-cancer-risk-assessment

  If this is right for you, you’ll meet with one of our breast surgeons to understand your options, such as going flat or undergoing breast reconstruction. […] Patients at our breast risk assessment clinics can participate in monthly interactive, educational webinars that are held online using Zoom. […] We will let you know if you are eligible to participate in clinical trials related to your breast cancer risk factors, such as new ways to prevent or diagnose breast cancer. […] We offer the full range of services to give you the support you need to cope with the emotional and psychological effects that may be associated with learning your breast cancer risk. […] Women ages 45 and younger may face additional considerations such as fertility preservation. If needed, we can refer you to our oncofertility specialists who can discuss your options and recommend an approach that is right for you.

• #154 Chemoprevention for Breast Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4550636/

  Although it is important that high-risk women be considered for chemoprevention, several barriers have been identified that impact uptake, compliance, and adherence. […] Physicians are strongly encouraged to assess breast cancer risk and appropriately identify high-risk women with a positive risk-benefit ratio eligible for chemoprevention.

• #155 Key steps for effective breast cancer prevention | Nature Reviews Cancer

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41568-020-0266-x

  Despite decades of laboratory, epidemiological and clinical research, breast cancer incidence continues to rise. […] Reducing breast cancer incidence will likely require both a population-based approach of reducing exposure to modifiable risk factors and a precision-prevention approach of identifying women at increased risk and targeting them for specific interventions, such as risk-reducing medication. […] Evidence-based risk-reducing medications are cheap, widely available and recommended by professional health bodies; however, widespread implementation of these has proven challenging. […] The barriers to uptake of, and adherence to, current medications will need to be considered as we deepen our understanding of breast cancer initiation and begin developing and testing novel preventives.

• #156 Key steps for effective breast cancer prevention | Nature Reviews Cancer

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41568-020-0266-x

  This paper describes the long-term follow-up of the IBIS-I trial participants who received 5 years of preventive tamoxifen and shows that the protection against breast cancer is maintained for at least 20 years. […] This paper describes the long-term follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of anastrozole or placebo for breast cancer prevention and shows that 5 years of anastrozole confers at least 10 years of preventive benefit. […] This meta-analysis shows that uptake of therapeutic agents for the prevention of breast cancer is low and persistent long-term use is often insufficient, meaning that women do not experience the full preventive effect.

• #157 Chemoprevention for Breast Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4550636/

  Although it is important that high-risk women be considered for chemoprevention, several barriers have been identified that impact uptake, compliance, and adherence. […] Physicians are strongly encouraged to assess breast cancer risk and appropriately identify high-risk women with a positive risk-benefit ratio eligible for chemoprevention.

• #158 Personalized early detection and prevention of breast cancer: ENVISION consensus statement | Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-020-0388-9

  Chemoprevention with anti-oestrogens has consistently shown a reduced incidence in hormone receptor-positive subtypes of the disease. […] Prophylactic bilateral mastectomy is certainly the most effective way of preventing breast cancer and reducing breast cancer-specific deaths in the small minority of women (perhaps 3%) with a germline pathogenic BRCA1/2 variant. […] Several new targets of potential preventive interventions for breast cancer have been discovered. […] To date, clinical trial evidence supporting these chemoprevention strategies is lacking. […] Strategies should be developed to increase the acceptability and accessibility of interventions used for breast cancer prevention.

• #159 Systemic and Local Strategies for Primary Prevention of Breast Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/2/248

  Therefore, prevention interventions, either currently approved or investigational, should take into consideration education and informed decision-making in addition to clinically established risk reduction and management of adverse side effects. […] These primary prevention interventions treat the entire breast as a unit, but neoplasia originates in discrete regions within one or more ductal tree systems. […] This review focuses on preclinical and clinical approaches that target the premalignant epithelial niche and minimize adverse side effects while maintaining the effectiveness of current surgical and systemic interventions for women with non-modifiable risk. […] We briefly review the limited number of FDA-approved drugs and interventions for primary prevention of BC. […] Due to adverse side effects, recommendation for these interventions is generally restricted to high-risk individuals.

• #160 Systemic and Local Strategies for Primary Prevention of Breast Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/2/248

  Therefore, prevention interventions, either currently approved or investigational, should take into consideration education and informed decision-making in addition to clinically established risk reduction and management of adverse side effects. […] These primary prevention interventions treat the entire breast as a unit, but neoplasia originates in discrete regions within one or more ductal tree systems. […] This review focuses on preclinical and clinical approaches that target the premalignant epithelial niche and minimize adverse side effects while maintaining the effectiveness of current surgical and systemic interventions for women with non-modifiable risk. […] We briefly review the limited number of FDA-approved drugs and interventions for primary prevention of BC. […] Due to adverse side effects, recommendation for these interventions is generally restricted to high-risk individuals.

• #161 Key steps for effective breast cancer prevention | Nature Reviews Cancer

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41568-020-0266-x

  Despite decades of laboratory, epidemiological and clinical research, breast cancer incidence continues to rise. […] Reducing breast cancer incidence will likely require both a population-based approach of reducing exposure to modifiable risk factors and a precision-prevention approach of identifying women at increased risk and targeting them for specific interventions, such as risk-reducing medication. […] Evidence-based risk-reducing medications are cheap, widely available and recommended by professional health bodies; however, widespread implementation of these has proven challenging. […] The barriers to uptake of, and adherence to, current medications will need to be considered as we deepen our understanding of breast cancer initiation and begin developing and testing novel preventives.

• #162 Personalized early detection and prevention of breast cancer: ENVISION consensus statement | Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-020-0388-9

  Chemoprevention with anti-oestrogens has consistently shown a reduced incidence in hormone receptor-positive subtypes of the disease. […] Prophylactic bilateral mastectomy is certainly the most effective way of preventing breast cancer and reducing breast cancer-specific deaths in the small minority of women (perhaps 3%) with a germline pathogenic BRCA1/2 variant. […] Several new targets of potential preventive interventions for breast cancer have been discovered. […] To date, clinical trial evidence supporting these chemoprevention strategies is lacking. […] Strategies should be developed to increase the acceptability and accessibility of interventions used for breast cancer prevention.

• #163 Rethinking Breast Cancer: Illuminating New Paths to Treatment and Prevention – Dana-Farber

  https://physicianresources.dana-farber.org/news/rethinking-breast-cancer-illuminating-new-paths-to-treatment-and-prevention

  „It’s much more difficult to test the effect of weight loss or other lifestyle factors on breast cancer risk or outcomes in people than it is in mice,” Dr. Ligibel says. […] Yet, lifestyle change holds promise in preventing and treating breast and other cancers. […] „Many patients would prefer to avoid medications and to take an active role in cancer prevention,” Dr. Ligibel says. „We are hoping to be able to determine which lifestyle strategies work best for which patients, to develop personalized prevention tools to help patients avoid and survive cancer.” […] Together, Drs. King, Garber, and Ligibel, and other Dana-Farber breast specialists are establishing a new timeline for breast cancer interception an era when it’s possible to eliminate breast cancer before it begins.

• #164 BCRF’S Precision Prevention Initiative | Breast Cancer Research Foundation

  https://www.bcrf.org/precision-prevention-initiative/

  Dr. Khan will explore personalized dosing of tamoxifen to improve compliance and expand its use in more women at risk for breast cancer. […] This trial will provide the first proof-of-concept of personalized dosing for cancer prevention. […] Counter marketing designed to offset industry marketing is effective for reducing cancer risk behaviors such as tobacco use. It may also be effective for reducing alcohol use to prevent breast cancer, but it has not yet been studied for this purpose.

• #165 Personalized early detection and prevention of breast cancer: ENVISION consensus statement | Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-020-0388-9

  Chemoprevention with anti-oestrogens has consistently shown a reduced incidence in hormone receptor-positive subtypes of the disease. […] Prophylactic bilateral mastectomy is certainly the most effective way of preventing breast cancer and reducing breast cancer-specific deaths in the small minority of women (perhaps 3%) with a germline pathogenic BRCA1/2 variant. […] Several new targets of potential preventive interventions for breast cancer have been discovered. […] To date, clinical trial evidence supporting these chemoprevention strategies is lacking. […] Strategies should be developed to increase the acceptability and accessibility of interventions used for breast cancer prevention.

• #166 Rethinking Breast Cancer: Illuminating New Paths to Treatment and Prevention – Dana-Farber

  https://physicianresources.dana-farber.org/news/rethinking-breast-cancer-illuminating-new-paths-to-treatment-and-prevention

  „It’s much more difficult to test the effect of weight loss or other lifestyle factors on breast cancer risk or outcomes in people than it is in mice,” Dr. Ligibel says. […] Yet, lifestyle change holds promise in preventing and treating breast and other cancers. […] „Many patients would prefer to avoid medications and to take an active role in cancer prevention,” Dr. Ligibel says. „We are hoping to be able to determine which lifestyle strategies work best for which patients, to develop personalized prevention tools to help patients avoid and survive cancer.” […] Together, Drs. King, Garber, and Ligibel, and other Dana-Farber breast specialists are establishing a new timeline for breast cancer interception an era when it’s possible to eliminate breast cancer before it begins.

• #167 Key steps for effective breast cancer prevention | Nature Reviews Cancer

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41568-020-0266-x

  Despite decades of laboratory, epidemiological and clinical research, breast cancer incidence continues to rise. […] Reducing breast cancer incidence will likely require both a population-based approach of reducing exposure to modifiable risk factors and a precision-prevention approach of identifying women at increased risk and targeting them for specific interventions, such as risk-reducing medication. […] Evidence-based risk-reducing medications are cheap, widely available and recommended by professional health bodies; however, widespread implementation of these has proven challenging. […] The barriers to uptake of, and adherence to, current medications will need to be considered as we deepen our understanding of breast cancer initiation and begin developing and testing novel preventives.

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