Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Prognosis | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/primary-breast-cancer-prognosis

  Prognosis refers to the likely course and outcome of a disease. Find out about prognosis and breast cancer below. […] Prognosis describes the likely course and outcome of a disease, such as the likelihood of it coming back after treatment and a persons life expectancy. […] Prognosis is often expressed as a 5- or 10-year survival rate. […] This number represents how many people in a similar situation to you are likely to be alive 5 or 10 years after their diagnosis and treatment. […] For example, a 5-year survival rate of 90% means 90 out of 100 people diagnosed with breast cancer are likely to be alive 5 years after their diagnosis. […] Prognosis is estimated by looking at what has happened over many years to large groups of people diagnosed with a similar cancer. […] However, everyones situation is different so no one can say for certain what will happen to you.

• #2 Prognosis | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/primary-breast-cancer-prognosis/

  Prognosis refers to the likely course and outcome of a disease. Find out about prognosis and breast cancer below. […] Prognosis describes the likely course and outcome of a disease, such as the likelihood of it coming back after treatment and a persons life expectancy. […] Prognosis is often expressed as a 5- or 10-year survival rate. […] This number represents how many people in a similar situation to you are likely to be alive 5 or 10 years after their diagnosis and treatment. […] For example, a 5-year survival rate of 90% means 90 out of 100 people diagnosed with breast cancer are likely to be alive 5 years after their diagnosis. […] Prognosis is estimated by looking at what has happened over many years to large groups of people diagnosed with a similar cancer. […] Things that affect breast cancer prognosis include: The type of breast cancer, The grade of the breast cancer, The size of the breast cancer, Whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, Whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, Whether the cancer is hormone receptor positive, Whether the cancer is HER2 positive.

• #3 Prognosis | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/primary-breast-cancer-prognosis

  Prognosis refers to the likely course and outcome of a disease. Find out about prognosis and breast cancer below. […] Prognosis describes the likely course and outcome of a disease, such as the likelihood of it coming back after treatment and a persons life expectancy. […] Prognosis is often expressed as a 5- or 10-year survival rate. […] This number represents how many people in a similar situation to you are likely to be alive 5 or 10 years after their diagnosis and treatment. […] For example, a 5-year survival rate of 90% means 90 out of 100 people diagnosed with breast cancer are likely to be alive 5 years after their diagnosis. […] Prognosis is estimated by looking at what has happened over many years to large groups of people diagnosed with a similar cancer. […] However, everyones situation is different so no one can say for certain what will happen to you.

• #4 Prognosis | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/primary-breast-cancer-prognosis

  Prognosis refers to the likely course and outcome of a disease. Find out about prognosis and breast cancer below. […] Prognosis describes the likely course and outcome of a disease, such as the likelihood of it coming back after treatment and a persons life expectancy. […] Prognosis is often expressed as a 5- or 10-year survival rate. […] This number represents how many people in a similar situation to you are likely to be alive 5 or 10 years after their diagnosis and treatment. […] For example, a 5-year survival rate of 90% means 90 out of 100 people diagnosed with breast cancer are likely to be alive 5 years after their diagnosis. […] Prognosis is estimated by looking at what has happened over many years to large groups of people diagnosed with a similar cancer. […] However, everyones situation is different so no one can say for certain what will happen to you.

• #5 Prognosis | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/primary-breast-cancer-prognosis

  Prognosis refers to the likely course and outcome of a disease. Find out about prognosis and breast cancer below. […] Prognosis describes the likely course and outcome of a disease, such as the likelihood of it coming back after treatment and a persons life expectancy. […] Prognosis is often expressed as a 5- or 10-year survival rate. […] This number represents how many people in a similar situation to you are likely to be alive 5 or 10 years after their diagnosis and treatment. […] For example, a 5-year survival rate of 90% means 90 out of 100 people diagnosed with breast cancer are likely to be alive 5 years after their diagnosis. […] Prognosis is estimated by looking at what has happened over many years to large groups of people diagnosed with a similar cancer. […] However, everyones situation is different so no one can say for certain what will happen to you.

• #6 Survival Rates for Breast Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/understanding-a-breast-cancer-diagnosis/breast-cancer-survival-rates.html

  Survival rates can give you an idea of what percentage of people with the same type and stage of cancer are still alive a certain amount of time (usually 5 years) after they were diagnosed. […] Keep in mind that survival rates are estimates and are often based on previous outcomes of large numbers of people who had a specific cancer, but they cant predict what will happen in any particular persons case. […] A relative survival rate compares women with the same type and stage of breast cancer to women in the overall population. […] The SEER database tracks 5-year relative survival rates for breast cancer in the United States, based on how far the cancer has spread. […] These numbers apply only to the stage of the cancer when it is first diagnosed. They do not apply later on if the cancer grows, spreads, or comes back after treatment.

• #7 Prognosis | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/primary-breast-cancer-prognosis

  If your breast cancer has spread to other parts of your body, known as secondary breast cancer, this will affect your prognosis. […] No tests can tell you with complete certainty what will happen to you. […] Sometimes people with a poor prognosis live for a long time. Equally, breast cancer can come back in people with a seemingly excellent prognosis.

• #8 Prognosis | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/primary-breast-cancer-prognosis/

  Other things that may affect your prognosis include your age, whether you have been through the menopause, lifestyle factors and your general health. […] Many people who have cancer want to know if they can be cured. […] If you have been diagnosed with early breast cancer, your treatment is given with the intention of curing you. […] However, its not possible to be sure that breast cancer will never come back. […] Your treatment team is likely to talk about your chances of survival over a period of time or the possibility of staying free of breast cancer in the future. […] If your breast cancer has spread to other parts of your body, known as secondary breast cancer, this will affect your prognosis. […] Whatever youre told about your prognosis, you may worry or feel anxious about the future. […] No tests can tell you with complete certainty what will happen to you. […] Sometimes people with a poor prognosis live for a long time. Equally, breast cancer can come back in people with a seemingly excellent prognosis.

• #9 Breast Cancer Facts & Stats 2024 – Incidence, Age, Survival, & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-facts/

  1 in 8 women in the United States will be diagnosed with breast cancer in her lifetime. […] When caught in its earliest, localized stages, the 5-year relative survival rate is 99%. […] The early detection of breast cancer through annual mammography and other breast exams is the best defense against receiving a late-stage breast cancer diagnosis. Generally speaking, the earlier the cancer is detected, the greater the likelihood of a successful outcome. […] Risk of breast cancer recurrence depends on the type and staging of the initial breast cancer. Typically, the highest risk of recurrence is during the first few years after treatment and decreases over time. […] The 5-year relative survival rate for cancer diagnosed at the localized stage is 99%. […] The 5-year relative survival rate in the U.S. for all types and stages of breast cancer combined is 91%.

• #10 Breast Cancer Facts & Stats 2024 – Incidence, Age, Survival, & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-facts/

  The 5-year relative survival rate in the U.S. of localized (early stage) breast cancer is 99%. […] Breast cancer death rates have slowly decreased since 1989, for an overall decline of 43% through 2020. This is in part due to better screening and early detection efforts, increased awareness, and continually improving treatment options. […] Black men with breast cancer tend to have a worse prognosis, or outlook, than white men with breast cancer.

• #11 Breast Cancer Facts & Stats 2024 – Incidence, Age, Survival, & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-facts/

  1 in 8 women in the United States will be diagnosed with breast cancer in her lifetime. […] When caught in its earliest, localized stages, the 5-year relative survival rate is 99%. […] The early detection of breast cancer through annual mammography and other breast exams is the best defense against receiving a late-stage breast cancer diagnosis. Generally speaking, the earlier the cancer is detected, the greater the likelihood of a successful outcome. […] Risk of breast cancer recurrence depends on the type and staging of the initial breast cancer. Typically, the highest risk of recurrence is during the first few years after treatment and decreases over time. […] The 5-year relative survival rate for cancer diagnosed at the localized stage is 99%. […] The 5-year relative survival rate in the U.S. for all types and stages of breast cancer combined is 91%.

• #12 Breast Cancer Facts & Stats 2024 – Incidence, Age, Survival, & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-facts/

  1 in 8 women in the United States will be diagnosed with breast cancer in her lifetime. […] When caught in its earliest, localized stages, the 5-year relative survival rate is 99%. […] The early detection of breast cancer through annual mammography and other breast exams is the best defense against receiving a late-stage breast cancer diagnosis. Generally speaking, the earlier the cancer is detected, the greater the likelihood of a successful outcome. […] Risk of breast cancer recurrence depends on the type and staging of the initial breast cancer. Typically, the highest risk of recurrence is during the first few years after treatment and decreases over time. […] The 5-year relative survival rate for cancer diagnosed at the localized stage is 99%. […] The 5-year relative survival rate in the U.S. for all types and stages of breast cancer combined is 91%.

• #13 Understanding Breast Cancer Survival Rates | Susan G. Komen®

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/facts-statistics/breast-cancer-statistics/survival-rates/

  Chances for survival vary by stage of breast cancer. […] People with non-invasive (stage 0) and early-stage invasive breast cancers (stages I (1) and II (2)) tend to have better survival than people with later stage cancers (stages III (3) and IV (4)). […] People with breast cancers that are only in the breast and have not spread to the lymph nodes tend to have better survival than people with breast cancers that have spread to the lymph nodes. […] People with metastatic breast cancer (also known as stage IV or advanced breast cancer) tend to have the poorest survival. […] Overall survival rates vary by breast cancer stage. People diagnosed with stage 0, I or II breast cancers tend to have higher overall survival rates than people diagnosed with stage III or IV breast cancers. […] A 5-year breast cancer-specific survival rate shows the percentage of people who have not died from breast cancer 5 years after diagnosis. These rates vary by breast cancer stage.

• #14 Understanding Breast Cancer Survival Rates | Susan G. Komen®

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/facts-statistics/breast-cancer-statistics/survival-rates/

  Chances for survival vary by stage of breast cancer. […] People with non-invasive (stage 0) and early-stage invasive breast cancers (stages I (1) and II (2)) tend to have better survival than people with later stage cancers (stages III (3) and IV (4)). […] People with breast cancers that are only in the breast and have not spread to the lymph nodes tend to have better survival than people with breast cancers that have spread to the lymph nodes. […] People with metastatic breast cancer (also known as stage IV or advanced breast cancer) tend to have the poorest survival. […] Overall survival rates vary by breast cancer stage. People diagnosed with stage 0, I or II breast cancers tend to have higher overall survival rates than people diagnosed with stage III or IV breast cancers. […] A 5-year breast cancer-specific survival rate shows the percentage of people who have not died from breast cancer 5 years after diagnosis. These rates vary by breast cancer stage.

• #15 Understanding Breast Cancer Survival Rates | Susan G. Komen®

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/facts-statistics/breast-cancer-statistics/survival-rates/

  Chances for survival vary by stage of breast cancer. […] People with non-invasive (stage 0) and early-stage invasive breast cancers (stages I (1) and II (2)) tend to have better survival than people with later stage cancers (stages III (3) and IV (4)). […] People with breast cancers that are only in the breast and have not spread to the lymph nodes tend to have better survival than people with breast cancers that have spread to the lymph nodes. […] People with metastatic breast cancer (also known as stage IV or advanced breast cancer) tend to have the poorest survival. […] Overall survival rates vary by breast cancer stage. People diagnosed with stage 0, I or II breast cancers tend to have higher overall survival rates than people diagnosed with stage III or IV breast cancers. […] A 5-year breast cancer-specific survival rate shows the percentage of people who have not died from breast cancer 5 years after diagnosis. These rates vary by breast cancer stage.

• #16 Survival Rates for Breast Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/understanding-a-breast-cancer-diagnosis/breast-cancer-survival-rates.html

  These numbers dont take everything into account. Survival rates are grouped based on how far the cancer has spread, but your age, overall health, how well the cancer responds to treatment, tumor grade, the presence of hormone receptors on the cancer cells, HER2 status, and other factors can also affect your outlook. […] Survival rates for women with triple-negative breast cancer are different from those above. […] Survival rates for women with inflammatory breast cancer are different from those above.

• #17 Understanding Breast Cancer Survival Rates | Susan G. Komen®

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/facts-statistics/breast-cancer-statistics/survival-rates/

  Relative survival rates compare survival rates for women with breast cancer to survival rates for women in the general population over the same period of time. […] SEER breast cancer survival rates are vital to researchers, advocates and policymakers. They are less helpful in estimating survival rates for individuals because the stages are defined very broadly. […] Comparing mortality rates, we can see women who live in Washington D.C. have higher rates of breast cancer mortality (and thus, lower rates of breast cancer survival) than women in California.

• #18 Prognosis | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/primary-breast-cancer-prognosis

  Things that affect breast cancer prognosis include: The type of breast cancer, The grade of the breast cancer, The size of the breast cancer, Whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, Whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, Whether the cancer is hormone receptor positive, Whether the cancer is HER2 positive. […] Other things that may affect your prognosis include your age, whether you have been through the menopause, lifestyle factors and your general health. […] If you have been diagnosed with early breast cancer, your treatment is given with the intention of curing you. […] However, its not possible to be sure that breast cancer will never come back. […] Your treatment team is likely to talk about your chances of survival over a period of time or the possibility of staying free of breast cancer in the future.

• #19 Breast Cancer Prognostic Factors that Help Guide Treatment | Susan G. Komen®

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/diagnosis/factors-that-affect-prognosis/

  Factors related to the tumor are considered together to inform prognosis and guide treatment for early and locally advanced breast cancer. […] Breast cancer stage is the most important factor for prognosis. In general, the earlier the stage, the better the prognosis will be. […] The lower the breast cancer stage, the better the prognosis tends to be. […] When the lymph nodes contain cancer, prognosis (chance of survival) is poorer. […] Higher grade tumors usually have a poorer prognosis than lower grade tumors. […] Prognosis varies by type of tumor.

• #20 Breast Cancer Prognostic Factors that Help Guide Treatment | Susan G. Komen®

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/diagnosis/factors-that-affect-prognosis/

  Factors related to the tumor are considered together to inform prognosis and guide treatment for early and locally advanced breast cancer. […] Breast cancer stage is the most important factor for prognosis. In general, the earlier the stage, the better the prognosis will be. […] The lower the breast cancer stage, the better the prognosis tends to be. […] When the lymph nodes contain cancer, prognosis (chance of survival) is poorer. […] Higher grade tumors usually have a poorer prognosis than lower grade tumors. […] Prognosis varies by type of tumor.

• #21 Prognosis and survival for breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/prognosis-and-survival

  A prognosis is the doctors best estimate of how cancer will affect you and how it will respond to treatment. Survival is the percentage of people with a disease who are alive at some point in time after their diagnosis. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. […] Prognostic and predictive factors are often discussed together. They both play a part in deciding on a prognosis and a treatment plan just for you. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type, stage and other features of the cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis and the chances of survival. […] The stage is the main prognostic factor for breast cancer. It describes how much cancer is in the body, where it is and how far it has spread.

• #22 Breast Cancer Prognostic Factors that Help Guide Treatment | Susan G. Komen®

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/diagnosis/factors-that-affect-prognosis/

  Factors related to the tumor are considered together to inform prognosis and guide treatment for early and locally advanced breast cancer. […] Breast cancer stage is the most important factor for prognosis. In general, the earlier the stage, the better the prognosis will be. […] The lower the breast cancer stage, the better the prognosis tends to be. […] When the lymph nodes contain cancer, prognosis (chance of survival) is poorer. […] Higher grade tumors usually have a poorer prognosis than lower grade tumors. […] Prognosis varies by type of tumor.

• #23 Prognosis and survival for breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/prognosis-and-survival

  Early-stage breast cancer is less likely to come back (recur), so it has a more favourable prognosis. Breast cancer that is diagnosed at a later stage has a greater risk of recurrence, so it has a less favourable prognosis. […] Breast cancer that has spread to lymph nodes has a higher risk of coming back and a less favourable prognosis than breast cancer that has not spread to any lymph nodes. […] Low-grade tumours have a better prognosis because they grow slower and are less likely to spread than high-grade tumours. […] Hormone receptorpositive tumours generally have a better prognosis in the short term than hormone receptornegative tumours. […] HER2-positive breast cancer is more aggressive than HER2-negative breast cancer. This means that it is more likely to grow, spread and come back after treatment.

• #24 An overview of prognostic factors for long-term survivors of breast cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2217620/

  The prognosis decreases with larger primary tumour size, nodal involvement, higher grade, early recurrence (within 5 years of surgery), location of recurrence (regional rather than local ipsilateral) and inadequate primary cancer treatment. […] The presence of hormone receptors such as oestrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors predicts the long-term outcome of hormonal therapy, thus they have been more commonly used as a predictive marker rather than as a prognostic marker. […] Node-positive patients with BC cells showing amplification of the gene for human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2), and/or overexpression of its product had a lower 10-year overall survival proportion, 50% versus 65% for those without HER2 amplification. […] The influence of host factors including age, race/ethnicity or socio-economic factors and tumour-related factors such as histological type and angiogenesis diminishes after correction for other factors.

• #25 Prognosis | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/primary-breast-cancer-prognosis

  Things that affect breast cancer prognosis include: The type of breast cancer, The grade of the breast cancer, The size of the breast cancer, Whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, Whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, Whether the cancer is hormone receptor positive, Whether the cancer is HER2 positive. […] Other things that may affect your prognosis include your age, whether you have been through the menopause, lifestyle factors and your general health. […] If you have been diagnosed with early breast cancer, your treatment is given with the intention of curing you. […] However, its not possible to be sure that breast cancer will never come back. […] Your treatment team is likely to talk about your chances of survival over a period of time or the possibility of staying free of breast cancer in the future.

• #26 Prognosis and survival for breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/prognosis-and-survival

  Early-stage breast cancer is less likely to come back (recur), so it has a more favourable prognosis. Breast cancer that is diagnosed at a later stage has a greater risk of recurrence, so it has a less favourable prognosis. […] Breast cancer that has spread to lymph nodes has a higher risk of coming back and a less favourable prognosis than breast cancer that has not spread to any lymph nodes. […] Low-grade tumours have a better prognosis because they grow slower and are less likely to spread than high-grade tumours. […] Hormone receptorpositive tumours generally have a better prognosis in the short term than hormone receptornegative tumours. […] HER2-positive breast cancer is more aggressive than HER2-negative breast cancer. This means that it is more likely to grow, spread and come back after treatment.

• #27 Breast Cancer Prognostic Factors that Help Guide Treatment | Susan G. Komen®

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/diagnosis/factors-that-affect-prognosis/

  Factors related to the tumor are considered together to inform prognosis and guide treatment for early and locally advanced breast cancer. […] Breast cancer stage is the most important factor for prognosis. In general, the earlier the stage, the better the prognosis will be. […] The lower the breast cancer stage, the better the prognosis tends to be. […] When the lymph nodes contain cancer, prognosis (chance of survival) is poorer. […] Higher grade tumors usually have a poorer prognosis than lower grade tumors. […] Prognosis varies by type of tumor.

• #28 Prognosis and survival for breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/prognosis-and-survival

  Early-stage breast cancer is less likely to come back (recur), so it has a more favourable prognosis. Breast cancer that is diagnosed at a later stage has a greater risk of recurrence, so it has a less favourable prognosis. […] Breast cancer that has spread to lymph nodes has a higher risk of coming back and a less favourable prognosis than breast cancer that has not spread to any lymph nodes. […] Low-grade tumours have a better prognosis because they grow slower and are less likely to spread than high-grade tumours. […] Hormone receptorpositive tumours generally have a better prognosis in the short term than hormone receptornegative tumours. […] HER2-positive breast cancer is more aggressive than HER2-negative breast cancer. This means that it is more likely to grow, spread and come back after treatment.

• #29 Breast Cancer Prognostic Factors that Help Guide Treatment | Susan G. Komen®

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/diagnosis/factors-that-affect-prognosis/

  Factors related to the tumor are considered together to inform prognosis and guide treatment for early and locally advanced breast cancer. […] Breast cancer stage is the most important factor for prognosis. In general, the earlier the stage, the better the prognosis will be. […] The lower the breast cancer stage, the better the prognosis tends to be. […] When the lymph nodes contain cancer, prognosis (chance of survival) is poorer. […] Higher grade tumors usually have a poorer prognosis than lower grade tumors. […] Prognosis varies by type of tumor.

• #30 Prognosis and survival for breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/prognosis-and-survival

  Early-stage breast cancer is less likely to come back (recur), so it has a more favourable prognosis. Breast cancer that is diagnosed at a later stage has a greater risk of recurrence, so it has a less favourable prognosis. […] Breast cancer that has spread to lymph nodes has a higher risk of coming back and a less favourable prognosis than breast cancer that has not spread to any lymph nodes. […] Low-grade tumours have a better prognosis because they grow slower and are less likely to spread than high-grade tumours. […] Hormone receptorpositive tumours generally have a better prognosis in the short term than hormone receptornegative tumours. […] HER2-positive breast cancer is more aggressive than HER2-negative breast cancer. This means that it is more likely to grow, spread and come back after treatment.

• #31 Prognosis | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/primary-breast-cancer-prognosis

  Things that affect breast cancer prognosis include: The type of breast cancer, The grade of the breast cancer, The size of the breast cancer, Whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, Whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, Whether the cancer is hormone receptor positive, Whether the cancer is HER2 positive. […] Other things that may affect your prognosis include your age, whether you have been through the menopause, lifestyle factors and your general health. […] If you have been diagnosed with early breast cancer, your treatment is given with the intention of curing you. […] However, its not possible to be sure that breast cancer will never come back. […] Your treatment team is likely to talk about your chances of survival over a period of time or the possibility of staying free of breast cancer in the future.

• #32 Prognosis and survival for breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/prognosis-and-survival

  Early-stage breast cancer is less likely to come back (recur), so it has a more favourable prognosis. Breast cancer that is diagnosed at a later stage has a greater risk of recurrence, so it has a less favourable prognosis. […] Breast cancer that has spread to lymph nodes has a higher risk of coming back and a less favourable prognosis than breast cancer that has not spread to any lymph nodes. […] Low-grade tumours have a better prognosis because they grow slower and are less likely to spread than high-grade tumours. […] Hormone receptorpositive tumours generally have a better prognosis in the short term than hormone receptornegative tumours. […] HER2-positive breast cancer is more aggressive than HER2-negative breast cancer. This means that it is more likely to grow, spread and come back after treatment.

• #33 Prognosis | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/primary-breast-cancer-prognosis

  Things that affect breast cancer prognosis include: The type of breast cancer, The grade of the breast cancer, The size of the breast cancer, Whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, Whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, Whether the cancer is hormone receptor positive, Whether the cancer is HER2 positive. […] Other things that may affect your prognosis include your age, whether you have been through the menopause, lifestyle factors and your general health. […] If you have been diagnosed with early breast cancer, your treatment is given with the intention of curing you. […] However, its not possible to be sure that breast cancer will never come back. […] Your treatment team is likely to talk about your chances of survival over a period of time or the possibility of staying free of breast cancer in the future.

• #34 Mortality Prediction Modeling for Patients with Breast Cancer Based on Explainable Machine Learning

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/22/3799

  Our models provided excellent predictions of breast cancer mortality using real-world data from South Korea. […] Explainable artificial intelligence, such as SHAP, validated the clinical applicability and interpretability of these models. […] The occurrence of cancer in other organs after breast cancer diagnosis had the greatest impact on predicting breast cancer mortality. […] The top predictors from SHAP were similar to the results for the overall sample. […] The interpretation of SHAP values suggests that the occurrence of other cancers after breast cancer, older age at diagnosis, higher N stage, performance of radiation treatment for curative purposes, and higher Ki-67(%) values are more important in determining the model results. […] These features are meaningful indicators of mortality predictions.

• #35 External Validation of Adjuvant! Online Breast Cancer Prognosis Tool. Prioritising Recommendations for Improvement | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0027446

  The aim of this study was to validate Adjuvant! Online algorithm on two breast cancer datasets collected from two large European comprehensive cancer centres, and to determine whether the accuracy of Adjuvant! Online could be improved by the use of several well-known prognostic factors not used in current calculations for the prediction of 10-year overall survival. […] The overall 10-year survival of the French population was very close to the Adjuvant! Online predicted survival (87% vs. 85%). […] Variables significantly associated with 10-year survival were Elston Ellis grade, HER2 over expression status, Mitotic Index and Ki67 index. […] The overall 10-year survival was overestimated by Adjuvant! Online and observed and predicted outcome differed significantly (66% vs. 79% p=0.00001). […] Adjuvant! Online could therefore be updated to adjust biased predictions in young and high grade subgroups of patients, and to consider several other candidate markers, especially Ki67, HER2, and Mitotic Index, known as independent risk factors in breast cancer.

• #36 External Validation of Adjuvant! Online Breast Cancer Prognosis Tool. Prioritising Recommendations for Improvement | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0027446

  The aim of this study was to validate Adjuvant! Online algorithm on two breast cancer datasets collected from two large European comprehensive cancer centres, and to determine whether the accuracy of Adjuvant! Online could be improved by the use of several well-known prognostic factors not used in current calculations for the prediction of 10-year overall survival. […] The overall 10-year survival of the French population was very close to the Adjuvant! Online predicted survival (87% vs. 85%). […] Variables significantly associated with 10-year survival were Elston Ellis grade, HER2 over expression status, Mitotic Index and Ki67 index. […] The overall 10-year survival was overestimated by Adjuvant! Online and observed and predicted outcome differed significantly (66% vs. 79% p=0.00001). […] Adjuvant! Online could therefore be updated to adjust biased predictions in young and high grade subgroups of patients, and to consider several other candidate markers, especially Ki67, HER2, and Mitotic Index, known as independent risk factors in breast cancer.

• #37 Prognosis | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/primary-breast-cancer-prognosis

  Things that affect breast cancer prognosis include: The type of breast cancer, The grade of the breast cancer, The size of the breast cancer, Whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, Whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, Whether the cancer is hormone receptor positive, Whether the cancer is HER2 positive. […] Other things that may affect your prognosis include your age, whether you have been through the menopause, lifestyle factors and your general health. […] If you have been diagnosed with early breast cancer, your treatment is given with the intention of curing you. […] However, its not possible to be sure that breast cancer will never come back. […] Your treatment team is likely to talk about your chances of survival over a period of time or the possibility of staying free of breast cancer in the future.

• #38 Prognosis | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/primary-breast-cancer-prognosis/

  Other things that may affect your prognosis include your age, whether you have been through the menopause, lifestyle factors and your general health. […] Many people who have cancer want to know if they can be cured. […] If you have been diagnosed with early breast cancer, your treatment is given with the intention of curing you. […] However, its not possible to be sure that breast cancer will never come back. […] Your treatment team is likely to talk about your chances of survival over a period of time or the possibility of staying free of breast cancer in the future. […] If your breast cancer has spread to other parts of your body, known as secondary breast cancer, this will affect your prognosis. […] Whatever youre told about your prognosis, you may worry or feel anxious about the future. […] No tests can tell you with complete certainty what will happen to you. […] Sometimes people with a poor prognosis live for a long time. Equally, breast cancer can come back in people with a seemingly excellent prognosis.

• #39 Mortality Prediction Modeling for Patients with Breast Cancer Based on Explainable Machine Learning

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/22/3799

  Our models provided excellent predictions of breast cancer mortality using real-world data from South Korea. […] Explainable artificial intelligence, such as SHAP, validated the clinical applicability and interpretability of these models. […] The occurrence of cancer in other organs after breast cancer diagnosis had the greatest impact on predicting breast cancer mortality. […] The top predictors from SHAP were similar to the results for the overall sample. […] The interpretation of SHAP values suggests that the occurrence of other cancers after breast cancer, older age at diagnosis, higher N stage, performance of radiation treatment for curative purposes, and higher Ki-67(%) values are more important in determining the model results. […] These features are meaningful indicators of mortality predictions.

• #40 Prognosis | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/primary-breast-cancer-prognosis/

  Other things that may affect your prognosis include your age, whether you have been through the menopause, lifestyle factors and your general health. […] Many people who have cancer want to know if they can be cured. […] If you have been diagnosed with early breast cancer, your treatment is given with the intention of curing you. […] However, its not possible to be sure that breast cancer will never come back. […] Your treatment team is likely to talk about your chances of survival over a period of time or the possibility of staying free of breast cancer in the future. […] If your breast cancer has spread to other parts of your body, known as secondary breast cancer, this will affect your prognosis. […] Whatever youre told about your prognosis, you may worry or feel anxious about the future. […] No tests can tell you with complete certainty what will happen to you. […] Sometimes people with a poor prognosis live for a long time. Equally, breast cancer can come back in people with a seemingly excellent prognosis.

• #41 Prognosis | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/primary-breast-cancer-prognosis

  Things that affect breast cancer prognosis include: The type of breast cancer, The grade of the breast cancer, The size of the breast cancer, Whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, Whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, Whether the cancer is hormone receptor positive, Whether the cancer is HER2 positive. […] Other things that may affect your prognosis include your age, whether you have been through the menopause, lifestyle factors and your general health. […] If you have been diagnosed with early breast cancer, your treatment is given with the intention of curing you. […] However, its not possible to be sure that breast cancer will never come back. […] Your treatment team is likely to talk about your chances of survival over a period of time or the possibility of staying free of breast cancer in the future.

• #42 An overview of prognostic factors for long-term survivors of breast cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2217620/

  Long-term follow-up studies have not demonstrated an independent effect of p53 mutations on long-term survival. […] Healthier lifestyle generally increases long-term survival. Modifiable risk factors (such as alcohol consumption and obesity) not only affect incidence but also tumour clinical behaviour and thus survival. […] Although a lot is known about the prognosis for BC patients, effect of traditional prognostic factors appears to attenuate over time, leaving room for studies on the role of other and newer factors for long-term survival.

• #43 Prognosis | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/primary-breast-cancer-prognosis

  Things that affect breast cancer prognosis include: The type of breast cancer, The grade of the breast cancer, The size of the breast cancer, Whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, Whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, Whether the cancer is hormone receptor positive, Whether the cancer is HER2 positive. […] Other things that may affect your prognosis include your age, whether you have been through the menopause, lifestyle factors and your general health. […] If you have been diagnosed with early breast cancer, your treatment is given with the intention of curing you. […] However, its not possible to be sure that breast cancer will never come back. […] Your treatment team is likely to talk about your chances of survival over a period of time or the possibility of staying free of breast cancer in the future.

• #44 Prognosis | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/primary-breast-cancer-prognosis/

  Other things that may affect your prognosis include your age, whether you have been through the menopause, lifestyle factors and your general health. […] Many people who have cancer want to know if they can be cured. […] If you have been diagnosed with early breast cancer, your treatment is given with the intention of curing you. […] However, its not possible to be sure that breast cancer will never come back. […] Your treatment team is likely to talk about your chances of survival over a period of time or the possibility of staying free of breast cancer in the future. […] If your breast cancer has spread to other parts of your body, known as secondary breast cancer, this will affect your prognosis. […] Whatever youre told about your prognosis, you may worry or feel anxious about the future. […] No tests can tell you with complete certainty what will happen to you. […] Sometimes people with a poor prognosis live for a long time. Equally, breast cancer can come back in people with a seemingly excellent prognosis.

• #45 Prognosis | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/primary-breast-cancer-prognosis

  If your breast cancer has spread to other parts of your body, known as secondary breast cancer, this will affect your prognosis. […] No tests can tell you with complete certainty what will happen to you. […] Sometimes people with a poor prognosis live for a long time. Equally, breast cancer can come back in people with a seemingly excellent prognosis.

• #46 An overview of prognostic factors for long-term survivors of breast cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2217620/

  Numerous studies have examined prognostic factors for survival of breast cancer patients, but relatively few have dealt specifically with 10+-year survivors. […] 10-year breast cancer survivors showed 90% 5-year relative survival. Tumor size, nodal status and grade remained the most important prognostic factors for long-term survival, although their role decreased over time. […] The prognosis for breast cancer patients who have survived at least 10 years is favourable and increases over time. Improved long-term survival can be achieved by earlier detection, more effective modern therapy and healthier lifestyle. […] The longer a woman survives BC the more the prognosis improves, illustrated by conditional survival. […] Patients with recurrent, metastasized or second cancer generally exhibited lower long-term survival than those without.

• #47 Mortality Prediction Modeling for Patients with Breast Cancer Based on Explainable Machine Learning

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/22/3799

  Our models provided excellent predictions of breast cancer mortality using real-world data from South Korea. […] Explainable artificial intelligence, such as SHAP, validated the clinical applicability and interpretability of these models. […] The occurrence of cancer in other organs after breast cancer diagnosis had the greatest impact on predicting breast cancer mortality. […] The top predictors from SHAP were similar to the results for the overall sample. […] The interpretation of SHAP values suggests that the occurrence of other cancers after breast cancer, older age at diagnosis, higher N stage, performance of radiation treatment for curative purposes, and higher Ki-67(%) values are more important in determining the model results. […] These features are meaningful indicators of mortality predictions.

• #48 An overview of prognostic factors for long-term survivors of breast cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2217620/

  The prognosis decreases with larger primary tumour size, nodal involvement, higher grade, early recurrence (within 5 years of surgery), location of recurrence (regional rather than local ipsilateral) and inadequate primary cancer treatment. […] The presence of hormone receptors such as oestrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors predicts the long-term outcome of hormonal therapy, thus they have been more commonly used as a predictive marker rather than as a prognostic marker. […] Node-positive patients with BC cells showing amplification of the gene for human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2), and/or overexpression of its product had a lower 10-year overall survival proportion, 50% versus 65% for those without HER2 amplification. […] The influence of host factors including age, race/ethnicity or socio-economic factors and tumour-related factors such as histological type and angiogenesis diminishes after correction for other factors.

• #49 Pre- and post-test probability – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-_and_post-test_probability

  The incidence of breast cancer in a woman in the United Kingdom at age 55 to 59 is estimated at 280 cases per 100.000 per year, and the risk factor of having been exposed to high-dose ionizing radiation to the chest (for example, as treatments for other cancers) confers a relative risk of breast cancer between 2.1 and 4.0, compared to unexposed. […] Subsequently, it can be estimated that a woman in the United Kingdom that is aged between 55 and 59 and that has been exposed to high-dose ionizing radiation should have a risk of developing breast cancer over a period of one year of between 588 and 1.120 in 100.000 (that is, between 0,6% and 1.1%). […] Studies on Ashkenazi Jews has indicated that a mutation in BRCA1 confers a relative risk of 21.6 of developing breast cancer in women under 40 years of age, and a mutation in BRCA2 confers a relative risk of 3.3 of developing breast cancer in women under 40 years of age. […] From these data, it may be estimated that a woman with a BRCA1 mutation would have a risk of approximately 40% of developing breast cancer at an age younger than 40 years, and woman with a BRCA2 mutation would have a risk of approximately 6%.

• #50 Pre- and post-test probability – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-_and_post-test_probability

  The incidence of breast cancer in a woman in the United Kingdom at age 55 to 59 is estimated at 280 cases per 100.000 per year, and the risk factor of having been exposed to high-dose ionizing radiation to the chest (for example, as treatments for other cancers) confers a relative risk of breast cancer between 2.1 and 4.0, compared to unexposed. […] Subsequently, it can be estimated that a woman in the United Kingdom that is aged between 55 and 59 and that has been exposed to high-dose ionizing radiation should have a risk of developing breast cancer over a period of one year of between 588 and 1.120 in 100.000 (that is, between 0,6% and 1.1%). […] Studies on Ashkenazi Jews has indicated that a mutation in BRCA1 confers a relative risk of 21.6 of developing breast cancer in women under 40 years of age, and a mutation in BRCA2 confers a relative risk of 3.3 of developing breast cancer in women under 40 years of age. […] From these data, it may be estimated that a woman with a BRCA1 mutation would have a risk of approximately 40% of developing breast cancer at an age younger than 40 years, and woman with a BRCA2 mutation would have a risk of approximately 6%.

• #51 An overview of prognostic factors for long-term survivors of breast cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2217620/

  The prognosis decreases with larger primary tumour size, nodal involvement, higher grade, early recurrence (within 5 years of surgery), location of recurrence (regional rather than local ipsilateral) and inadequate primary cancer treatment. […] The presence of hormone receptors such as oestrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors predicts the long-term outcome of hormonal therapy, thus they have been more commonly used as a predictive marker rather than as a prognostic marker. […] Node-positive patients with BC cells showing amplification of the gene for human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2), and/or overexpression of its product had a lower 10-year overall survival proportion, 50% versus 65% for those without HER2 amplification. […] The influence of host factors including age, race/ethnicity or socio-economic factors and tumour-related factors such as histological type and angiogenesis diminishes after correction for other factors.

• #52 Breast Cancer Facts & Stats 2024 – Incidence, Age, Survival, & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-facts/

  1 in 8 women in the United States will be diagnosed with breast cancer in her lifetime. […] When caught in its earliest, localized stages, the 5-year relative survival rate is 99%. […] The early detection of breast cancer through annual mammography and other breast exams is the best defense against receiving a late-stage breast cancer diagnosis. Generally speaking, the earlier the cancer is detected, the greater the likelihood of a successful outcome. […] Risk of breast cancer recurrence depends on the type and staging of the initial breast cancer. Typically, the highest risk of recurrence is during the first few years after treatment and decreases over time. […] The 5-year relative survival rate for cancer diagnosed at the localized stage is 99%. […] The 5-year relative survival rate in the U.S. for all types and stages of breast cancer combined is 91%.

• #53 Prognosis and survival for breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/prognosis-and-survival

  The longer the period of time before breast cancer comes back, the better the prognosis. […] A local recurrence after lumpectomy and radiation therapy has a more favourable prognosis than cancer that comes back in other organs (called distant recurrence, or distant metastasis). […] Distant recurrence will be treated like chronic disease. This means that your healthcare team will offer treatments to slow the cancer’s spread and manage symptoms, rather than try to cure the cancer itself.

• #54 Prognosis and survival for breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/prognosis-and-survival

  The longer the period of time before breast cancer comes back, the better the prognosis. […] A local recurrence after lumpectomy and radiation therapy has a more favourable prognosis than cancer that comes back in other organs (called distant recurrence, or distant metastasis). […] Distant recurrence will be treated like chronic disease. This means that your healthcare team will offer treatments to slow the cancer’s spread and manage symptoms, rather than try to cure the cancer itself.

• #55 Prognosis and survival for breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/prognosis-and-survival

  The longer the period of time before breast cancer comes back, the better the prognosis. […] A local recurrence after lumpectomy and radiation therapy has a more favourable prognosis than cancer that comes back in other organs (called distant recurrence, or distant metastasis). […] Distant recurrence will be treated like chronic disease. This means that your healthcare team will offer treatments to slow the cancer’s spread and manage symptoms, rather than try to cure the cancer itself.

• #56 Prognosis and survival for breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/prognosis-and-survival

  The longer the period of time before breast cancer comes back, the better the prognosis. […] A local recurrence after lumpectomy and radiation therapy has a more favourable prognosis than cancer that comes back in other organs (called distant recurrence, or distant metastasis). […] Distant recurrence will be treated like chronic disease. This means that your healthcare team will offer treatments to slow the cancer’s spread and manage symptoms, rather than try to cure the cancer itself.

• #57 An overview of prognostic factors for long-term survivors of breast cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2217620/

  The prognosis decreases with larger primary tumour size, nodal involvement, higher grade, early recurrence (within 5 years of surgery), location of recurrence (regional rather than local ipsilateral) and inadequate primary cancer treatment. […] The presence of hormone receptors such as oestrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors predicts the long-term outcome of hormonal therapy, thus they have been more commonly used as a predictive marker rather than as a prognostic marker. […] Node-positive patients with BC cells showing amplification of the gene for human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2), and/or overexpression of its product had a lower 10-year overall survival proportion, 50% versus 65% for those without HER2 amplification. […] The influence of host factors including age, race/ethnicity or socio-economic factors and tumour-related factors such as histological type and angiogenesis diminishes after correction for other factors.

• #58 An overview of prognostic factors for long-term survivors of breast cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2217620/

  The prognosis decreases with larger primary tumour size, nodal involvement, higher grade, early recurrence (within 5 years of surgery), location of recurrence (regional rather than local ipsilateral) and inadequate primary cancer treatment. […] The presence of hormone receptors such as oestrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors predicts the long-term outcome of hormonal therapy, thus they have been more commonly used as a predictive marker rather than as a prognostic marker. […] Node-positive patients with BC cells showing amplification of the gene for human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2), and/or overexpression of its product had a lower 10-year overall survival proportion, 50% versus 65% for those without HER2 amplification. […] The influence of host factors including age, race/ethnicity or socio-economic factors and tumour-related factors such as histological type and angiogenesis diminishes after correction for other factors.

• #59 Prognostic models for breast cancer: a systematic review | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-019-5442-6

  Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, with a great diversity in outcomes among individual patients. The ability to accurately predict a breast cancer outcome is important to patients, physicians, researchers, and policy makers. Many models have been developed and tested in different settings. We systematically reviewed the prognostic models developed and/or validated for patients with breast cancer. […] Overall, the models performed well in the development cohorts but less accurately in some independent populations, particularly in patients with high risk and young and elderly patients. An exception is the Nottingham Prognostic Index, which retains its predicting ability in most independent populations. […] Many prognostic models have been developed for breast cancer, but only a few have been validated widely in different settings. Importantly, their performance was suboptimal in independent populations, particularly in patients with high risk and in young and elderly patients.

• #60 Prognostic models for breast cancer: a systematic review | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-019-5442-6

  Prognosis for breast cancer is important in several ways. Firstly, it informs patients about the future course of their illness. […] Secondly, prognosis is essential for breast cancer treatment: the more precise is the outcome predicted, the better a patient is allocated the right treatment. […] Thirdly, prognosis can be used for the inclusion and stratification of patients in experimental studies. […] Finally, prognosis helps policy makers compare mortality rates among hospitals and institutions. […] The models predicted mortality (n=28), recurrence (n=23), or both (n=7), mostly based on participants in Europe (n=25), followed by Asia (n=13), North America (n=12), and Australia (n=1). […] Overall, most models performed well in the internal validation cohorts, some even showed better performance than the existing models or prognostic factors.

• #61 Predict Breast

  https://breast.predict.cam/

  Predict is an online tool that helps patients and clinicians see how different treatments for early invasive breast cancer might improve survival rates after surgery. […] It then uses data about the survival of similar women in the past to show the likely proportion of such women expected to survive up to fifteen years after their surgery with different treatment combinations. […] Patients should use it in consultation with a medical professional.

• #62 An updated PREDICT breast cancer prognostic model including the benefits and harms of radiotherapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10789872/

  PREDICT Breast (www.breast.predict.nhs.uk) is a prognostication tool for early invasive breast cancer. […] The aim of this study was to update PREDICT Breast to ensure that the underlying model is appropriate for contemporary patients. […] The new model was well-calibrated; predicted breast cancer deaths at 5-, 10- and 15-year were within 10 per cent of the observed validation data. […] The new PREDICT Breast model outperformed the current model and will be implemented in the online tool which should lead to more accurate absolute treatment benefit predictions for individual patients. […] The major difference between v2.2 and v3.0 is that v3.0 includes a term for year of diagnosis as the data show a clear trend from improved survival rates over time. […] Overall, the model performed well in terms of discrimination and calibration in both model development data and the model validation data.

• #63 Predict Breast

  https://breast.predict.cam/

  Predict is an online tool that helps patients and clinicians see how different treatments for early invasive breast cancer might improve survival rates after surgery. […] It then uses data about the survival of similar women in the past to show the likely proportion of such women expected to survive up to fifteen years after their surgery with different treatment combinations. […] Patients should use it in consultation with a medical professional.

• #64 An updated PREDICT breast cancer prognostic model including the benefits and harms of radiotherapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10789872/

  PREDICT Breast (www.breast.predict.nhs.uk) is a prognostication tool for early invasive breast cancer. […] The aim of this study was to update PREDICT Breast to ensure that the underlying model is appropriate for contemporary patients. […] The new model was well-calibrated; predicted breast cancer deaths at 5-, 10- and 15-year were within 10 per cent of the observed validation data. […] The new PREDICT Breast model outperformed the current model and will be implemented in the online tool which should lead to more accurate absolute treatment benefit predictions for individual patients. […] The major difference between v2.2 and v3.0 is that v3.0 includes a term for year of diagnosis as the data show a clear trend from improved survival rates over time. […] Overall, the model performed well in terms of discrimination and calibration in both model development data and the model validation data.

• #65 An updated PREDICT breast cancer prognostic model including the benefits and harms of radiotherapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10789872/

  The improvement in prognosis over time is reflected in the reclassification of breast cancer cases within the three categories of risk used by the Cambridge Breast Unit to guide the use of adjuvant chemotherapy. […] In particular, we have included updated the model to reflect outcomes in contemporary patients and added the benefits of radiotherapy as well as the harms of both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. […] The new model has been validated in two independent population-based data sets from the United Kingdom and performs well.

• #66 An updated PREDICT breast cancer prognostic model including the benefits and harms of radiotherapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10789872/

  PREDICT Breast (www.breast.predict.nhs.uk) is a prognostication tool for early invasive breast cancer. […] The aim of this study was to update PREDICT Breast to ensure that the underlying model is appropriate for contemporary patients. […] The new model was well-calibrated; predicted breast cancer deaths at 5-, 10- and 15-year were within 10 per cent of the observed validation data. […] The new PREDICT Breast model outperformed the current model and will be implemented in the online tool which should lead to more accurate absolute treatment benefit predictions for individual patients. […] The major difference between v2.2 and v3.0 is that v3.0 includes a term for year of diagnosis as the data show a clear trend from improved survival rates over time. […] Overall, the model performed well in terms of discrimination and calibration in both model development data and the model validation data.

• #67 An updated PREDICT breast cancer prognostic model including the benefits and harms of radiotherapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10789872/

  The improvement in prognosis over time is reflected in the reclassification of breast cancer cases within the three categories of risk used by the Cambridge Breast Unit to guide the use of adjuvant chemotherapy. […] In particular, we have included updated the model to reflect outcomes in contemporary patients and added the benefits of radiotherapy as well as the harms of both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. […] The new model has been validated in two independent population-based data sets from the United Kingdom and performs well.

• #68

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10549-025-07654-1

  Outcome prediction research in early-onset breast cancer (EoBC) is limited. This study evaluated the predictive performance of NHS PREDICT v2.1 and developed two prediction models for 5-year and 10-year all-cause mortality in a cohort of EoBC patients in Alberta, Canada. […] PREDICT v2.1 tended to overestimate 5-year mortality in those with 30% predicted risks and 10-year mortality in those with 50% predicted risks for EoBC in Alberta, Canada. […] The current study assessed the predictive performance of PREDICT’s 5-year and 10-year all-cause mortality estimates in a real-world population of patients with EoBC in Alberta, Canada. […] Our study reports several calibration measures for PREDICT in the EoBC setting. The calibration intercept showed that the average predicted probability was greater than the overall event proportion at 5 years, but not at 10 years. Overestimation of 5-year mortality was observed in ER-positive, HER2-positive, grade III, and T3 disease.

• #69

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10549-025-07654-1

  Outcome prediction research in early-onset breast cancer (EoBC) is limited. This study evaluated the predictive performance of NHS PREDICT v2.1 and developed two prediction models for 5-year and 10-year all-cause mortality in a cohort of EoBC patients in Alberta, Canada. […] PREDICT v2.1 tended to overestimate 5-year mortality in those with 30% predicted risks and 10-year mortality in those with 50% predicted risks for EoBC in Alberta, Canada. […] The current study assessed the predictive performance of PREDICT’s 5-year and 10-year all-cause mortality estimates in a real-world population of patients with EoBC in Alberta, Canada. […] Our study reports several calibration measures for PREDICT in the EoBC setting. The calibration intercept showed that the average predicted probability was greater than the overall event proportion at 5 years, but not at 10 years. Overestimation of 5-year mortality was observed in ER-positive, HER2-positive, grade III, and T3 disease.

• #70 Prognostic models for breast cancer: a systematic review | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-019-5442-6

  In general, the models performed less accurately in some independent populations, particularly in patients with high risk, in young and elderly patients. […] The NPI has been advocated by several authors and is one of the few models that are used in clinical practice. […] The performance of a particular model may vary across different populations. […] Most studies in our review showed that models were less accurate in patients aged under 40 years or over 65 years, although some studies showed opposite results. […] We reviewed the development and/or validation of 58 models predicting mortality and/or recurrence for female breast cancer. These models varied in terms of methods of development and/or validation, predictors, outcomes, and patients included. Most models have been developed in Europe, Asia, and North America. We found that models performed well in internal validation cohorts, but the results were unpredictable in external validation cohorts, especially in young and elderly patients, and in high risk patients. NPI is an exception, which performed well in most independent populations. Therefore, models should be validated before being applied in another population.

• #71 Prognostic models for breast cancer: a systematic review | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-019-5442-6

  Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, with a great diversity in outcomes among individual patients. The ability to accurately predict a breast cancer outcome is important to patients, physicians, researchers, and policy makers. Many models have been developed and tested in different settings. We systematically reviewed the prognostic models developed and/or validated for patients with breast cancer. […] Overall, the models performed well in the development cohorts but less accurately in some independent populations, particularly in patients with high risk and young and elderly patients. An exception is the Nottingham Prognostic Index, which retains its predicting ability in most independent populations. […] Many prognostic models have been developed for breast cancer, but only a few have been validated widely in different settings. Importantly, their performance was suboptimal in independent populations, particularly in patients with high risk and in young and elderly patients.

• #72 Multigene prognostic tests in breast cancer: past, present, future | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text

  https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-015-0514-2

  There is growing consensus that multigene prognostic tests provide useful complementary information to tumor size and grade in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers. […] The prognostic value of current multigene tests in these cancers is limited. […] Newer tests (Prosigna, EndoPredict, Breast Cancer Index) appear to possess better prognostic value for late recurrences while also remaining predictive of early relapse. […] Overall metrics of tumor heterogeneity and genome integrity (for example, homologue recombination deficiency score) are emerging as potential new predictive markers for platinum agents. […] Multigene prognostic assays are now endorsed by the American Society of Clinical Oncology, St. Gallen and National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines as information that could assist therapeutic decision-making in ER-positive cancers.

• #73

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13167-010-0044-z

  The identification of pattern-based biomarkers for prognosis is a major field of current clinical research in many cancer types including breast cancer. […] Consequently, the identification of prognostic markers identifying the subset of patients eligible for a watchful waiting procedure and/ or adjuvant anti-hormonal/ anti-HER2 therapy could help to minimize therapy-induced side effects. […] The first breast cancer prognostic signature to be described has been a 70-gene signature by van t Veer et al. […] The 70-gene prognosis profile was a strong predictor of the development of distant metastasis in patients with both lymph-node-negative as well as lymph-node-positive disease. […] The authors then compared the probability that patients classified according to either the 70-gene expression profile, to St. Gallen criteria, or to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) consensus criteria would remain free of distant metastasis.

• #74

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13167-010-0044-z

  The 70-gene signature classified 41% of patients among lymph-node positive patients into a low-risk group for metastasis. […] The 70-gene profile illustrates a high power in respect to its negative predicting value, further validated in an independent study of 100 older lymph-node negative patients. […] The 70-gene signature not only correlates with established factors of prognosis like age, grading and ER-status, but outperforms the well-established prognostic algorithms such as the St. Gallen criteria. […] The 21-gene recurrence score adds important information to the traditional pathological approaches, but some problems remain. […] The Oncotype DX assay is, although prognostic and predictive before 5 years, not prognostic and predictive after 5 years. […] The HOXB13:IL17BR expression ratio is a prognostic factor in early-stage breast cancer. […] The information deciphered by GEP methods might not only accelerate identifying novel molecular targets, but might by providing the clinician a description of the tumors pathology and chemosensitivity accompany the patient through her exertive walk against the cancer.

• #75

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13167-010-0044-z

  The 70-gene signature classified 41% of patients among lymph-node positive patients into a low-risk group for metastasis. […] The 70-gene profile illustrates a high power in respect to its negative predicting value, further validated in an independent study of 100 older lymph-node negative patients. […] The 70-gene signature not only correlates with established factors of prognosis like age, grading and ER-status, but outperforms the well-established prognostic algorithms such as the St. Gallen criteria. […] The 21-gene recurrence score adds important information to the traditional pathological approaches, but some problems remain. […] The Oncotype DX assay is, although prognostic and predictive before 5 years, not prognostic and predictive after 5 years. […] The HOXB13:IL17BR expression ratio is a prognostic factor in early-stage breast cancer. […] The information deciphered by GEP methods might not only accelerate identifying novel molecular targets, but might by providing the clinician a description of the tumors pathology and chemosensitivity accompany the patient through her exertive walk against the cancer.

• #76 Multigene prognostic tests in breast cancer: past, present, future | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text

  https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-015-0514-2

  The Breast Cancer Index outperformed the IHC4 or Oncotype DX assays in predicting late recurrence when all three tests were applied to the same cases with long-term follow-up. […] The EndoPredict score has also been combined with nodal status and tumor size to compute a comprehensive risk score termed EPclin. […] The higher chemotherapy sensitivity is reflected by higher pathologic complete response rates to a broad range of preoperative regimens and also by the greater benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in general. […] However, the quest for drug-specific or treatment regimen-specific predictive markers remains elusive. […] A high homologous recombination deficiency score indicates defective homologous recombination repair that renders cells vulnerable to accumulation of DNA damage after exposure to DNA crosslinking drugs, particularly platinum agents.

• #77 Multigene prognostic tests in breast cancer: past, present, future | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text

  https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-015-0514-2

  The Breast Cancer Index outperformed the IHC4 or Oncotype DX assays in predicting late recurrence when all three tests were applied to the same cases with long-term follow-up. […] The EndoPredict score has also been combined with nodal status and tumor size to compute a comprehensive risk score termed EPclin. […] The higher chemotherapy sensitivity is reflected by higher pathologic complete response rates to a broad range of preoperative regimens and also by the greater benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in general. […] However, the quest for drug-specific or treatment regimen-specific predictive markers remains elusive. […] A high homologous recombination deficiency score indicates defective homologous recombination repair that renders cells vulnerable to accumulation of DNA damage after exposure to DNA crosslinking drugs, particularly platinum agents.

• #78 Multigene prognostic tests in breast cancer: past, present, future | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text

  https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-015-0514-2

  There is growing consensus that multigene prognostic tests provide useful complementary information to tumor size and grade in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers. […] The prognostic value of current multigene tests in these cancers is limited. […] Newer tests (Prosigna, EndoPredict, Breast Cancer Index) appear to possess better prognostic value for late recurrences while also remaining predictive of early relapse. […] Overall metrics of tumor heterogeneity and genome integrity (for example, homologue recombination deficiency score) are emerging as potential new predictive markers for platinum agents. […] Multigene prognostic assays are now endorsed by the American Society of Clinical Oncology, St. Gallen and National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines as information that could assist therapeutic decision-making in ER-positive cancers.

• #79 Automated real-world data integration improves cancer outcome prediction | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08167-5

  The digitization of health records and growing availability of tumour DNA sequencing provide an opportunity to study the determinants of cancer outcomes with unprecedented richness. […] Leveraging MSK-CHORD to train machine learning models to predict overall survival, we find that models including features derived from natural language processing, such as sites of disease, outperform those based on genomic data or stage alone as tested by cross-validation and an external, multi-institution dataset. […] We demonstrate the feasibility of automated annotation from unstructured notes and its utility in predicting patient outcomes. […] The resulting data are provided as a public resource for real-world oncologic research. […] In this study, we used a large, integrated dataset to develop improved models of cancer outcome.

• #80 A Robust Personalized Classification Method for Breast Cancer Metastasis Prediction

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/21/5327

  Accurate prediction of breast cancer metastasis risks using gene expression data and machine learning can help improve cancer treatment and overall survival. […] Accurate prediction of breast cancer metastasis in the early stages of cancer diagnosis is crucial to reduce cancer-related deaths. […] Our results also revealed that including negatively correlated patients in the personalized classifier improves the diversity within the model, leading to more accurate predictions when compared to classifiers trained on only positively correlated patients. […] The top features identified by the personalized models were shown to be more robust than those identified by the base models. […] Our results support that our method has achieved genuine, robust performance gain compared to traditional methods in predicting breast cancer metastasis.

• #81 Automated real-world data integration improves cancer outcome prediction | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08167-5

  The digitization of health records and growing availability of tumour DNA sequencing provide an opportunity to study the determinants of cancer outcomes with unprecedented richness. […] Leveraging MSK-CHORD to train machine learning models to predict overall survival, we find that models including features derived from natural language processing, such as sites of disease, outperform those based on genomic data or stage alone as tested by cross-validation and an external, multi-institution dataset. […] We demonstrate the feasibility of automated annotation from unstructured notes and its utility in predicting patient outcomes. […] The resulting data are provided as a public resource for real-world oncologic research. […] In this study, we used a large, integrated dataset to develop improved models of cancer outcome.

• #82 Automated real-world data integration improves cancer outcome prediction | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08167-5

  We sought to overcome bottlenecks of manual extraction for RWD by developing methods to automatically annotate free-text clinician notes as well as radiology and histopathology reports, and then to combine these annotations with structured treatment, survival, tumour registry, demographic and tumour genomic data to create MSK-CHORD; […] MSK-CHORD showed a similar magnitude of benefit, but with 754 patients with NSCLC receiving immunotherapy at time of cohort entry with PDL1 testing, statistical power was greater. […] Thus, MSK-CHORD’s size enables adequately powered identification of post-treatment mutations across multiple cancers, and NLP-derived prior treatment is an important complement to institutional treatment records in such analyses. […] Our results indicate that multimodal biomarkers are superior to disease stage for prognostication.

• #83 Prognostic prediction of breast cancer patients using machine learning models: a retrospective analysis – Song – Gland Surgery

  https://gs.amegroups.org/article/view/129247/html

  Breast cancer is a common and complex disease, with various clinical features affecting prognosis. Accurate prediction of prognosis is essential for guiding personalized treatment strategies. This study aimed to develop machine learning models for predicting prognosis in breast cancer patients using retrospective data. […] Among these models, XGBoost demonstrated the highest performance with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area under the curve (AUC) of 0.813, accuracy of 0.739, sensitivity of 0.815, and specificity of 0.735. Further statistical analysis identified several significant predictors of prognosis, including age, tumor size, lymph node status, and hormone receptor status. The XGBoost model was found to exhibit superior predictive power compared to established prognostic models such as the Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) and Predict Breast.

• #84 Prognostic prediction of breast cancer patients using machine learning models: a retrospective analysis – Song – Gland Surgery

  https://gs.amegroups.org/article/view/129247/html

  Our study highlights the potential of machine learning models in accurately predicting prognosis for breast cancer patients, ultimately facilitating personalized treatment strategies. […] The improved predictive accuracy of the XGBoost model could significantly enhance personalized treatment strategies for breast cancer patients, leading to better outcomes. […] The development of a postoperative prognosis prediction tool based on the XGBoost model represents a significant advancement in personalized treatment decision-making. Clinicians can leverage this tool to gain valuable insights into the progression of diseases and guide tailored treatment strategies, ultimately improving patient outcomes and optimizing the allocation of resources in healthcare settings. […] In conclusion, our study demonstrates the potential of machine learning models, particularly XGBoost, in providing precise prognostic predictions for breast cancer patients. By incorporating easily obtainable clinical features, these models can provide valuable insights to clinicians, assisting in personalized treatment decision-making and ultimately improving patient outcomes. Further research and validation are warranted to fully integrate these models into clinical practice.

• #85 Mortality Prediction Modeling for Patients with Breast Cancer Based on Explainable Machine Learning

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/22/3799

  Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, requiring strategic efforts to reduce its mortality. […] This study aimed to develop a predictive classification model for breast cancer mortality using real-world data, including various clinical features. […] Key predictors of the mortality classification model included occurrence in other organs, age at diagnosis, N stage, T stage, curative radiation treatment, and Ki-67(%). […] Accurate breast cancer mortality prediction and detection of risk factors based on machine learning may provide opportunities for appropriate therapeutic interventions such as early chemotherapy, surgery, and other measures that may reduce mortality. […] Therefore, predicting mortality and identifying risk factors for breast cancer patients are essential for improving clinical decision-making, controlling the patient’s environment, and enabling appropriate interventions.

• #86 Mortality Prediction Modeling for Patients with Breast Cancer Based on Explainable Machine Learning

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/22/3799

  Our models provided excellent predictions of breast cancer mortality using real-world data from South Korea. […] Explainable artificial intelligence, such as SHAP, validated the clinical applicability and interpretability of these models. […] The occurrence of cancer in other organs after breast cancer diagnosis had the greatest impact on predicting breast cancer mortality. […] The top predictors from SHAP were similar to the results for the overall sample. […] The interpretation of SHAP values suggests that the occurrence of other cancers after breast cancer, older age at diagnosis, higher N stage, performance of radiation treatment for curative purposes, and higher Ki-67(%) values are more important in determining the model results. […] These features are meaningful indicators of mortality predictions.

• #87 A Prognostic Model of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Based on miR-27b-3p and Node Status | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0100664

  Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive but heterogeneous subtype of breast cancer. This study aimed to identify and validate a prognostic signature for TNBC patients to improve prognostic capability and to guide individualized treatment. […] Only lymph node status was marginally significantly associated with poor prognosis of TNBC (P=0.054), whereas other clinicopathological factors, including age, tumor size, histological grade, lymphovascular invasion, P53 status, Ki-67 index, and type of surgery, were not. […] The Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that lymph node status and miR-27b-3p were independent predictors of poor prognosis (P value: 0.012 and 0.027, respectively). […] The two different risk groups, which were stratified according to the model, showed significant differences in the rates of distant metastasis and breast cancer-related death not only in the training set (P value: 0.001 and 0.040, respectively) but also in the validation set (P value: 0.013 and 0.012, respectively).

• #88 A Prognostic Model of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Based on miR-27b-3p and Node Status | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0100664

  This model based on miRNA and node status covariates may be used to stratify TNBC patients into different prognostic subgroups for potentially individualized therapy. […] The multivariate analysis indicated that lymph node status and miR-27b-3p were independent significant predictors of DMF survival, with the HR of 2.915 (95%CI: 1.2626.736; P=0.012) and 6.651 (95%CI: 1.23935.691; P=0.027), respectively. […] The prediction model was further validated in an independent series of 41 TNBC patients who received mastectomy between January 2007 and December 2008. […] The estimated sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of distant metastases were 92.9%, 48.1%, 48.1%, and 92.9%, respectively. […] The two stratified patient groups had significantly different DMF survival rates (P=0.013). […] Taken together, these findings demonstrate the capacity of our prediction model to stratify TNBC patients into different prognostic subgroups for potentially individualized therapy.

• #89 Pathway-based signatures predict patient outcome, chemotherapy benefit and synthetic lethal dependencies in invasive lobular breast cancer | British Journal of Cancer

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-024-02679-7

  mRNA dysregulation scores of 25 pathways were strongly prognostic in ILC (FDR-adjusted P0.05). […] To aggregate these findings, a multivariable machine learning predictor called PSILC was developed and successfully validated for predicting overall and metastasis-free survival in ILC. […] This study provides interpretable prognostic and predictive biomarkers of ILC which could serve as the starting points for targeted drug discovery for this disease. […] These treatment options are typically guided by immunohistochemical quantification of ER, PR, and HER2, and additional tests such as PREDICT and Oncotype DX, neither of which takes morphology into account. […] While current therapeutic options offer good short-term prognosis, longer-term outcome (beyond 5 years) of ILCs remains inferior, with ILCs displaying preferential metastatic propensity to bone and gastrointestinal tract compared to patients with the more commonly diagnosed IBC-NST.

• #90 Pathway-based signatures predict patient outcome, chemotherapy benefit and synthetic lethal dependencies in invasive lobular breast cancer | British Journal of Cancer

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-024-02679-7

  PSILC was able to successfully classify patients into appropriate risk groups in the combined validation cohort (HR=2.94, 95% CI=2.014.3, P=2.9108). […] PSILC also demonstrated potential in predicting benefit from chemotherapy in the high-risk group (HR=0.52, 95% CI=0.241.13, P=0.099) while this was lost in the low-risk group. […] In this cohort alone, PSILC accurately predicted the likelihood of metastasis (two group classification: P=6.6104). […] When PSILC was tested in this cohort, the resulting classification showed strong association with MFS independent of age, T-stage and nodal status (HR=9.42, 95% CI=1.1676.23, P=0.036). […] PSILC remained an independent prognostic biomarker when adjusted for age, T-stage, nodal status and tumour purity (two group classification: P=4.8106, three group classification: PTrend=3.1106).

• #91 Prognostic models for breast cancer: a systematic review | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-019-5442-6

  Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, with a great diversity in outcomes among individual patients. The ability to accurately predict a breast cancer outcome is important to patients, physicians, researchers, and policy makers. Many models have been developed and tested in different settings. We systematically reviewed the prognostic models developed and/or validated for patients with breast cancer. […] Overall, the models performed well in the development cohorts but less accurately in some independent populations, particularly in patients with high risk and young and elderly patients. An exception is the Nottingham Prognostic Index, which retains its predicting ability in most independent populations. […] Many prognostic models have been developed for breast cancer, but only a few have been validated widely in different settings. Importantly, their performance was suboptimal in independent populations, particularly in patients with high risk and in young and elderly patients.

• #92 Prognostic models for breast cancer: a systematic review | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-019-5442-6

  In general, the models performed less accurately in some independent populations, particularly in patients with high risk, in young and elderly patients. […] The NPI has been advocated by several authors and is one of the few models that are used in clinical practice. […] The performance of a particular model may vary across different populations. […] Most studies in our review showed that models were less accurate in patients aged under 40 years or over 65 years, although some studies showed opposite results. […] We reviewed the development and/or validation of 58 models predicting mortality and/or recurrence for female breast cancer. These models varied in terms of methods of development and/or validation, predictors, outcomes, and patients included. Most models have been developed in Europe, Asia, and North America. We found that models performed well in internal validation cohorts, but the results were unpredictable in external validation cohorts, especially in young and elderly patients, and in high risk patients. NPI is an exception, which performed well in most independent populations. Therefore, models should be validated before being applied in another population.

• #93 Prognostic models for breast cancer: a systematic review | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-019-5442-6

  Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, with a great diversity in outcomes among individual patients. The ability to accurately predict a breast cancer outcome is important to patients, physicians, researchers, and policy makers. Many models have been developed and tested in different settings. We systematically reviewed the prognostic models developed and/or validated for patients with breast cancer. […] Overall, the models performed well in the development cohorts but less accurately in some independent populations, particularly in patients with high risk and young and elderly patients. An exception is the Nottingham Prognostic Index, which retains its predicting ability in most independent populations. […] Many prognostic models have been developed for breast cancer, but only a few have been validated widely in different settings. Importantly, their performance was suboptimal in independent populations, particularly in patients with high risk and in young and elderly patients.

• #94 Prognostic models for breast cancer: a systematic review | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-019-5442-6

  In general, the models performed less accurately in some independent populations, particularly in patients with high risk, in young and elderly patients. […] The NPI has been advocated by several authors and is one of the few models that are used in clinical practice. […] The performance of a particular model may vary across different populations. […] Most studies in our review showed that models were less accurate in patients aged under 40 years or over 65 years, although some studies showed opposite results. […] We reviewed the development and/or validation of 58 models predicting mortality and/or recurrence for female breast cancer. These models varied in terms of methods of development and/or validation, predictors, outcomes, and patients included. Most models have been developed in Europe, Asia, and North America. We found that models performed well in internal validation cohorts, but the results were unpredictable in external validation cohorts, especially in young and elderly patients, and in high risk patients. NPI is an exception, which performed well in most independent populations. Therefore, models should be validated before being applied in another population.

• #95 Prognostic models for breast cancer: a systematic review | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-019-5442-6

  In general, the models performed less accurately in some independent populations, particularly in patients with high risk, in young and elderly patients. […] The NPI has been advocated by several authors and is one of the few models that are used in clinical practice. […] The performance of a particular model may vary across different populations. […] Most studies in our review showed that models were less accurate in patients aged under 40 years or over 65 years, although some studies showed opposite results. […] We reviewed the development and/or validation of 58 models predicting mortality and/or recurrence for female breast cancer. These models varied in terms of methods of development and/or validation, predictors, outcomes, and patients included. Most models have been developed in Europe, Asia, and North America. We found that models performed well in internal validation cohorts, but the results were unpredictable in external validation cohorts, especially in young and elderly patients, and in high risk patients. NPI is an exception, which performed well in most independent populations. Therefore, models should be validated before being applied in another population.

• #96 Prognostic models for breast cancer: a systematic review | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-019-5442-6

  In general, the models performed less accurately in some independent populations, particularly in patients with high risk, in young and elderly patients. […] The NPI has been advocated by several authors and is one of the few models that are used in clinical practice. […] The performance of a particular model may vary across different populations. […] Most studies in our review showed that models were less accurate in patients aged under 40 years or over 65 years, although some studies showed opposite results. […] We reviewed the development and/or validation of 58 models predicting mortality and/or recurrence for female breast cancer. These models varied in terms of methods of development and/or validation, predictors, outcomes, and patients included. Most models have been developed in Europe, Asia, and North America. We found that models performed well in internal validation cohorts, but the results were unpredictable in external validation cohorts, especially in young and elderly patients, and in high risk patients. NPI is an exception, which performed well in most independent populations. Therefore, models should be validated before being applied in another population.

• #97

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10549-025-07654-1

  While modern versions of PREDICT show better predictive performance in patients 40 years than previous versions, this tool does not reflect all locoregional and adjuvant treatment options specific to this age group. Decision-aid tools focused on the needs of younger breast cancer patients should become a research priority. The application of machine learning approaches did not improve outcome prediction compared with existing tools like PREDICT but predictors specific to EoBC should be investigated to support decision making in this setting.

• #98 Multigene prognostic tests in breast cancer: past, present, future | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text

  https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-015-0514-2

  There is growing consensus that multigene prognostic tests provide useful complementary information to tumor size and grade in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers. […] The prognostic value of current multigene tests in these cancers is limited. […] Newer tests (Prosigna, EndoPredict, Breast Cancer Index) appear to possess better prognostic value for late recurrences while also remaining predictive of early relapse. […] Overall metrics of tumor heterogeneity and genome integrity (for example, homologue recombination deficiency score) are emerging as potential new predictive markers for platinum agents. […] Multigene prognostic assays are now endorsed by the American Society of Clinical Oncology, St. Gallen and National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines as information that could assist therapeutic decision-making in ER-positive cancers.

• #99 An overview of prognostic factors for long-term survivors of breast cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2217620/

  Long-term follow-up studies have not demonstrated an independent effect of p53 mutations on long-term survival. […] Healthier lifestyle generally increases long-term survival. Modifiable risk factors (such as alcohol consumption and obesity) not only affect incidence but also tumour clinical behaviour and thus survival. […] Although a lot is known about the prognosis for BC patients, effect of traditional prognostic factors appears to attenuate over time, leaving room for studies on the role of other and newer factors for long-term survival.

• #100 Multigene prognostic tests in breast cancer: past, present, future | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text

  https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-015-0514-2

  Multigene signatures introduced an important concept into prognostic marker research: the need for multivariate prediction models. […] While the molecular assays retain their prognostic discriminating value regardless of anatomical risk factors, the final risk of recurrence is determined by both molecular and anatomical features because tumor size and nodal status represent independent prognostic variables. […] Important new areas of research have also emerged. One area where the performance of existing tests could be improved is more accurate prediction of late recurrences in ER-positive cancer. […] The most pressing clinical need for TNBC might be to develop more effective new drugs.

• #101 Multigene prognostic tests in breast cancer: past, present, future | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text

  https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-015-0514-2

  Multigene signatures introduced an important concept into prognostic marker research: the need for multivariate prediction models. […] While the molecular assays retain their prognostic discriminating value regardless of anatomical risk factors, the final risk of recurrence is determined by both molecular and anatomical features because tumor size and nodal status represent independent prognostic variables. […] Important new areas of research have also emerged. One area where the performance of existing tests could be improved is more accurate prediction of late recurrences in ER-positive cancer. […] The most pressing clinical need for TNBC might be to develop more effective new drugs.

• #102 Multigene prognostic tests in breast cancer: past, present, future | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text

  https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-015-0514-2

  The Breast Cancer Index outperformed the IHC4 or Oncotype DX assays in predicting late recurrence when all three tests were applied to the same cases with long-term follow-up. […] The EndoPredict score has also been combined with nodal status and tumor size to compute a comprehensive risk score termed EPclin. […] The higher chemotherapy sensitivity is reflected by higher pathologic complete response rates to a broad range of preoperative regimens and also by the greater benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in general. […] However, the quest for drug-specific or treatment regimen-specific predictive markers remains elusive. […] A high homologous recombination deficiency score indicates defective homologous recombination repair that renders cells vulnerable to accumulation of DNA damage after exposure to DNA crosslinking drugs, particularly platinum agents.

• #103 Multigene prognostic tests in breast cancer: past, present, future | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text

  https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-015-0514-2

  There is growing consensus that multigene prognostic tests provide useful complementary information to tumor size and grade in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers. […] The prognostic value of current multigene tests in these cancers is limited. […] Newer tests (Prosigna, EndoPredict, Breast Cancer Index) appear to possess better prognostic value for late recurrences while also remaining predictive of early relapse. […] Overall metrics of tumor heterogeneity and genome integrity (for example, homologue recombination deficiency score) are emerging as potential new predictive markers for platinum agents. […] Multigene prognostic assays are now endorsed by the American Society of Clinical Oncology, St. Gallen and National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines as information that could assist therapeutic decision-making in ER-positive cancers.

• #104 Automated real-world data integration improves cancer outcome prediction | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08167-5

  The digitization of health records and growing availability of tumour DNA sequencing provide an opportunity to study the determinants of cancer outcomes with unprecedented richness. […] Leveraging MSK-CHORD to train machine learning models to predict overall survival, we find that models including features derived from natural language processing, such as sites of disease, outperform those based on genomic data or stage alone as tested by cross-validation and an external, multi-institution dataset. […] We demonstrate the feasibility of automated annotation from unstructured notes and its utility in predicting patient outcomes. […] The resulting data are provided as a public resource for real-world oncologic research. […] In this study, we used a large, integrated dataset to develop improved models of cancer outcome.

• #105 Automated real-world data integration improves cancer outcome prediction | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08167-5

  Thus, models incorporating multiple data streams including NLP-derived variables had superior discriminative power for predicting OS. […] Overall, our analysis confirms several genomic-metastasis site associations observed in smaller or non-temporal cohorts but also identifies new potential genomic changes of prognostic importance that can be prospectively validated.

• #106

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10549-025-07654-1

  While modern versions of PREDICT show better predictive performance in patients 40 years than previous versions, this tool does not reflect all locoregional and adjuvant treatment options specific to this age group. Decision-aid tools focused on the needs of younger breast cancer patients should become a research priority. The application of machine learning approaches did not improve outcome prediction compared with existing tools like PREDICT but predictors specific to EoBC should be investigated to support decision making in this setting.

• #107 Multigene prognostic tests in breast cancer: past, present, future | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text

  https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-015-0514-2

  Multigene signatures introduced an important concept into prognostic marker research: the need for multivariate prediction models. […] While the molecular assays retain their prognostic discriminating value regardless of anatomical risk factors, the final risk of recurrence is determined by both molecular and anatomical features because tumor size and nodal status represent independent prognostic variables. […] Important new areas of research have also emerged. One area where the performance of existing tests could be improved is more accurate prediction of late recurrences in ER-positive cancer. […] The most pressing clinical need for TNBC might be to develop more effective new drugs.

• #108 Mortality Prediction Modeling for Patients with Breast Cancer Based on Explainable Machine Learning

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/22/3799

  Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, requiring strategic efforts to reduce its mortality. […] This study aimed to develop a predictive classification model for breast cancer mortality using real-world data, including various clinical features. […] Key predictors of the mortality classification model included occurrence in other organs, age at diagnosis, N stage, T stage, curative radiation treatment, and Ki-67(%). […] Accurate breast cancer mortality prediction and detection of risk factors based on machine learning may provide opportunities for appropriate therapeutic interventions such as early chemotherapy, surgery, and other measures that may reduce mortality. […] Therefore, predicting mortality and identifying risk factors for breast cancer patients are essential for improving clinical decision-making, controlling the patient’s environment, and enabling appropriate interventions.

• #109 Mortality Prediction Modeling for Patients with Breast Cancer Based on Explainable Machine Learning

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/22/3799

  Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, requiring strategic efforts to reduce its mortality. […] This study aimed to develop a predictive classification model for breast cancer mortality using real-world data, including various clinical features. […] Key predictors of the mortality classification model included occurrence in other organs, age at diagnosis, N stage, T stage, curative radiation treatment, and Ki-67(%). […] Accurate breast cancer mortality prediction and detection of risk factors based on machine learning may provide opportunities for appropriate therapeutic interventions such as early chemotherapy, surgery, and other measures that may reduce mortality. […] Therefore, predicting mortality and identifying risk factors for breast cancer patients are essential for improving clinical decision-making, controlling the patient’s environment, and enabling appropriate interventions.

• #110 Breast Cancer Facts & Stats 2024 – Incidence, Age, Survival, & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-facts/

  1 in 8 women in the United States will be diagnosed with breast cancer in her lifetime. […] When caught in its earliest, localized stages, the 5-year relative survival rate is 99%. […] The early detection of breast cancer through annual mammography and other breast exams is the best defense against receiving a late-stage breast cancer diagnosis. Generally speaking, the earlier the cancer is detected, the greater the likelihood of a successful outcome. […] Risk of breast cancer recurrence depends on the type and staging of the initial breast cancer. Typically, the highest risk of recurrence is during the first few years after treatment and decreases over time. […] The 5-year relative survival rate for cancer diagnosed at the localized stage is 99%. […] The 5-year relative survival rate in the U.S. for all types and stages of breast cancer combined is 91%.

• #111 Breast Cancer Facts & Stats 2024 – Incidence, Age, Survival, & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-facts/

  The 5-year relative survival rate in the U.S. of localized (early stage) breast cancer is 99%. […] Breast cancer death rates have slowly decreased since 1989, for an overall decline of 43% through 2020. This is in part due to better screening and early detection efforts, increased awareness, and continually improving treatment options. […] Black men with breast cancer tend to have a worse prognosis, or outlook, than white men with breast cancer.

• #112 Predict Breast

  https://breast.predict.cam/

  Predict is an online tool that helps patients and clinicians see how different treatments for early invasive breast cancer might improve survival rates after surgery. […] It then uses data about the survival of similar women in the past to show the likely proportion of such women expected to survive up to fifteen years after their surgery with different treatment combinations. […] Patients should use it in consultation with a medical professional.

• #113 Prognosis and survival for breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/prognosis-and-survival

  A prognosis is the doctors best estimate of how cancer will affect you and how it will respond to treatment. Survival is the percentage of people with a disease who are alive at some point in time after their diagnosis. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. […] Prognostic and predictive factors are often discussed together. They both play a part in deciding on a prognosis and a treatment plan just for you. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type, stage and other features of the cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis and the chances of survival. […] The stage is the main prognostic factor for breast cancer. It describes how much cancer is in the body, where it is and how far it has spread.

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