Rak piersi
Etiologia i przyczyny

Rak piersi jest najczęściej diagnozowanym nowotworem u kobiet, stanowiąc około 25% nowych rozpoznań rocznie. Etiologia raka piersi jest wieloczynnikowa i obejmuje interakcje czynników genetycznych, hormonalnych, środowiskowych oraz stylu życia. Mutacje genów BRCA1 i BRCA2 znacząco zwiększają ryzyko zachorowania do odpowiednio 72% i 69% do 80. roku życia. Inne geny związane z ryzykiem to m.in. PALB2, CHEK2, TP53, ATM, CDH1, PTEN i STK11. Hormonalne czynniki ryzyka obejmują wczesną menarche (<12 lat), późną menopauzę (>55 lat), pierwszy poród po 30. roku życia, stosowanie HTZ powyżej 5 lat oraz doustne środki antykoncepcyjne. Styl życia, w tym nadwaga po menopauzie, spożycie alkoholu (zwiększające ryzyko o 20-30%), palenie tytoniu oraz brak aktywności fizycznej, również istotnie wpływają na rozwój choroby. Czynniki środowiskowe, takie jak ekspozycja na promieniowanie jonizujące przed 30. rokiem życia oraz potencjalne działanie ksenoestrogenów, mogą dodatkowo zwiększać ryzyko.

  1. Etiologia raka piersi – przyczyny, czynniki rozwoju
    1. Czynniki genetyczne
    2. Czynniki hormonalne
    3. Czynniki związane ze stylem życia
    4. Czynniki środowiskowe
    5. Inne istotne czynniki ryzyka
  2. Kompleksowa etiologia raka piersi
    1. Interakcja czynników ryzyka
    2. Modyfikowalne i niemodyfikowalne czynniki ryzyka
  3. Fałszywe przekonania o przyczynach raka piersi
  4. Różnice w postrzeganiu przyczyn raka piersi
  5. Implikacje dla profilaktyki raka piersi
  6. Wniosek
    1. Kolejne rozdziały

Etiologia raka piersi – przyczyny, czynniki rozwoju

Rak piersi jest najczęściej diagnozowanym nowotworem u kobiet na świecie, stanowiąc około 25% nowych rozpoznań nowotworowych u kobiet rocznie. Dokładne przyczyny rozwoju raka piersi nie są w pełni poznane, jednak badania wskazują, że choroba ta jest wynikiem złożonej interakcji między czynnikami genetycznymi, środowiskowymi, hormonalnymi i stylem życia.12

Rak piersi powstaje, gdy komórki w tkance piersi ulegają mutacjom i zaczynają się niekontrolowanie dzielić. Proces ten zwykle rozpoczyna się w komórkach wyścielających przewody mlekowe (rak przewodowy) lub w gruczołach produkujących mleko, zwanych zrazikami (rak zrazikowy). Mutacje te powodują, że komórki nie reagują na normalne mechanizmy kontrolujące ich wzrost i podział, prowadząc do powstawania guza.123

Czynniki genetyczne

Czynniki genetyczne odgrywają istotną rolę w rozwoju raka piersi. Około 5-10% przypadków raka piersi ma podłoże dziedziczne, związane z mutacjami określonych genów.12 Najlepiej poznane są mutacje genów BRCA1 i BRCA2, które znacząco zwiększają ryzyko zachorowania na raka piersi:

  • Kobiety z mutacją genu BRCA1 mają około 72% ryzyka zachorowania na raka piersi do 80. roku życia12
  • Kobiety z mutacją genu BRCA2 mają około 69% ryzyka zachorowania na raka piersi do 80. roku życia12

Poza genami BRCA1 i BRCA2, zwiększone ryzyko raka piersi wiąże się również z mutacjami innych genów, takich jak PALB2, CHEK2, TP53, ATM, CDH1, PTEN i STK11.12 Warto zaznaczyć, że nosicielstwo tych mutacji zwiększa ryzyko, ale nie oznacza, że rak piersi na pewno się rozwinie.1

Czynniki hormonalne

Hormony odgrywają kluczową rolę w rozwoju raka piersi. Długotrwała ekspozycja na estrogeny i progesteron zwiększa ryzyko zachorowania. Do czynników hormonalnych zwiększających ryzyko raka piersi należą:12

Badania konsekwentnie wykazują, że rak piersi jest chorobą zależną od hormonów, spowodowaną wielokrotną ekspozycją komórek piersi na krążące hormony jajnikowe.1 W przypadku naturalnych procesów hormonalnych, dłuższy okres ekspozycji tkanki piersi na hormony zwiększa ryzyko raka piersi.1

Czynniki związane ze stylem życia

Styl życia ma istotny wpływ na ryzyko rozwoju raka piersi. Do najważniejszych modyfikowalnych czynników ryzyka należą:1

  • Nadwaga i otyłość – szczególnie po menopauzie, zwiększają ryzyko raka piersi. Nadmiar tkanki tłuszczowej prowadzi do wyższego poziomu estrogenów12
  • Spożywanie alkoholu – ryzyko wzrasta z każdym wypitym drinkiem. Regularne spożywanie alkoholu zwiększa ryzyko raka piersi o około 20-30%12
  • Palenie tytoniu – coraz więcej dowodów wskazuje, że palenie nieznacznie zwiększa ryzyko raka piersi12
  • Brak aktywności fizycznej – siedzący tryb życia zwiększa ryzyko zachorowania12

Badania pokazują, że zmiana niektórych nawyków, takich jak ograniczenie spożycia alkoholu, utrzymanie prawidłowej masy ciała i regularna aktywność fizyczna, może zmniejszyć ryzyko raka piersi.12

Czynniki środowiskowe

Czynniki środowiskowe również mogą mieć wpływ na rozwój raka piersi:1

  • Ekspozycja na promieniowanie – zwłaszcza napromienianie klatki piersiowej w młodym wieku (przed 30. rokiem życia), np. w leczeniu chłoniaka Hodgkina12
  • Ksenoestrogeney i zaburzacze endokrynologiczne – niektóre chemikalia w środowisku, takie jak pestycydy, zanieczyszczenia powietrza, związki zawarte w plastiku, mogą mieć wpływ na ryzyko raka piersi, choć dowody nie są jednoznaczne12
  • Ekspozycja zawodowa – badania zawodowe wykazały związki między rakiem piersi a wieloma czynnikami specyficznymi dla pracy oraz klasyfikacjami zawodowymi związanymi z ekspozycją na kancerogeny gruczołu sutkowego lub chemikalia zaburzające gospodarkę hormonalną1

Inne istotne czynniki ryzyka

Istnieją również inne czynniki, które wpływają na ryzyko rozwoju raka piersi:12

  • Wiek – ryzyko raka piersi rośnie wraz z wiekiem, większość przypadków diagnozuje się u kobiet powyżej 50. roku życia12
  • Płeć – kobiety chorują znacznie częściej niż mężczyźni; około 99% przypadków raka piersi występuje u kobiet1
  • Gęstość tkanki piersi – kobiety z gęstszą tkanką piersi mają wyższe ryzyko rozwoju raka piersi oraz trudności w wykryciu guzów w badaniach mammograficznych12
  • Wcześniejsze choroby piersi – kobiety, które już miały raka piersi, mają większe ryzyko ponownego zachorowania12
  • Łagodne choroby piersi – niektóre łagodne schorzenia piersi, takie jak atypowy rozrost przewodowy (atypical ductal hyperplasia) lub zrazikowy (atypical lobular hyperplasia), zwiększają ryzyko raka piersi12
  • Historia rodzinna – ryzyko wzrasta, jeśli bliscy krewni (matka, siostra, córka) chorowali na raka piersi lub jajnika12
  • Karmienie piersią – kobiety, które karmiły piersią, mają nieco niższe ryzyko raka piersi12
  • Dieta – chociaż wyniki badań nie są jednoznaczne, dieta bogata w tłuszcze zwierzęce może zwiększać ryzyko raka piersi12

Kompleksowa etiologia raka piersi

Istotne jest zrozumienie, że rak piersi jest chorobą o złożonej etiologii. Około połowy przypadków raka piersi występuje u kobiet bez specyficznych czynników ryzyka poza płcią i wiekiem.1 Nawet kobiety z wysokim ryzykiem genetycznym mogą nigdy nie zachorować, a z kolei kobiety bez znanych czynników ryzyka mogą rozwinąć raka piersi.1

Warto zauważyć, że zdecydowana większość mutacji związanych z rakiem piersi (około 90%) jest nabyta w ciągu życia, a nie dziedziczona.12 Oznacza to, że zmiany w DNA komórek piersi następują podczas życia osoby, a nie są obecne od urodzenia. Dokładne przyczyny tych nabytych mutacji w większości przypadków pozostają nieznane.1

Interakcja czynników ryzyka

Rak piersi rzadko kiedy jest wynikiem działania pojedynczego czynnika. Najczęściej rozwija się w wyniku złożonych interakcji między genetyką a czynnikami środowiskowymi.1 Model przyczynowości raka piersi musi odzwierciedlać złożoność tych interakcji, uwzględniając kombinację czynników genetycznych, hormonalnych, środowiskowych i związanych ze stylem życia.1

Badania epidemiologiczne pokazują wzorce występowania raka piersi w określonych populacjach, ale nie wyjaśniają przyczyn w indywidualnych przypadkach. W każdym indywidualnym przypadku przyczyna raka piersi często pozostaje nieznana.1

Modyfikowalne i niemodyfikowalne czynniki ryzyka

Czynniki ryzyka raka piersi można podzielić na modyfikowalne (te, które można zmienić) i niemodyfikowalne (te, których nie można zmienić):1

  • Czynniki niemodyfikowalne: wiek, płeć, historia rodzinna, mutacje genetyczne, gęstość piersi, wczesna miesiączka, późna menopauza1
  • Czynniki modyfikowalne: masa ciała, aktywność fizyczna, spożycie alkoholu, palenie tytoniu, hormonalna terapia zastępcza1

Szacuje się, że około 21% wszystkich zgonów z powodu raka piersi na świecie można przypisać brakowi aktywności fizycznej, nadwadze i otyłości oraz spożyciu alkoholu.1 Badania sugerują, że zmiana stylu życia mogłaby zmniejszyć ryzyko raka piersi u wszystkich kobiet o około 30%.1

Fałszywe przekonania o przyczynach raka piersi

Istnieje wiele mitów i nieprawdziwych przekonań na temat przyczyn raka piersi. Należy podkreślić, że rak piersi nie jest spowodowany:1

  • Noszeniem biustonoszy na fiszbinach
  • Implantami piersi (choć istnieje rzadkie ryzyko związane z chłoniakiem anaplastycznym z dużych komórek związanym z implantami piersi – BIA-ALCL)1
  • Dezodorantami lub antyperspirantami
  • Kofeiną
  • Plastikowymi naczyniami
  • Kuchenkami mikrofalowymi
  • Telefonami komórkowymi

Rak piersi nie jest zaraźliwy – nie można się nim zarazić od osoby chorej.1 Badania nie wykazały również bezpośredniego związku między stresem a rozwojem raka piersi, choć istnieją pewne hipotezy na ten temat.1

Różnice w postrzeganiu przyczyn raka piersi

Interesujące jest, że postrzeganie przyczyn raka piersi przez pacjentki często różni się od wiedzy naukowej. Badania pokazują, że kobiety bez raka piersi najczęściej przypisują jego rozwój czynnikom rodzinnym lub dziedzicznym (77,6%), czynnikom stylu życia, takim jak zła dieta i palenie (47,1%), oraz czynnikom środowiskowym, takim jak dodatki do żywności (45,4%).1

Z kolei kobiety z rakiem piersi najczęściej przypisują jego rozwój czynnikom psychicznym lub emocjonalnym (46,3%), szczególnie stresowi, a następnie czynnikom stylu życia (38,6%) i czynnikom fizjologicznym (37,5%), zwłaszcza związanym z historią hormonalną.1 Wiele z tych postrzeganych czynników ryzyka nie odpowiada tym, które są ogólnie akceptowane przez społeczność naukową.1

Rozumienie, jak kobiety postrzegają przyczyny raka piersi, jest ważną informacją dla promocji zdrowia, w tym świadomości na temat piersi i promowania programów badań przesiewowych, opieki klinicznej i rozwoju polityki zdrowotnej.1

Implikacje dla profilaktyki raka piersi

Zrozumienie etiologii raka piersi ma kluczowe znaczenie dla rozwoju skutecznych strategii profilaktycznych. Chociaż nie ma pewnej metody zapobiegania rakowi piersi, ryzyko można zmniejszyć poprzez:12

  • Utrzymanie zdrowej masy ciała
  • Regularne ćwiczenia fizyczne
  • Ograniczenie spożycia alkoholu
  • Unikanie lub zaprzestanie palenia tytoniu
  • Ograniczenie hormonalnej terapii zastępczej do minimum
  • Karmienie piersią, jeśli to możliwe

Dla kobiet z wysokim ryzykiem genetycznym, zwłaszcza nosicielek mutacji BRCA1/2, dostępne są bardziej radykalne opcje profilaktyczne, takie jak mastektomia profilaktyczna, która może zmniejszyć ryzyko raka piersi nawet o 90%.1 Alternatywnie, leki takie jak tamoksyfen mogą być stosowane w celu zmniejszenia ryzyka.1

Wniosek

Etiologia raka piersi jest złożona i wieloczynnikowa, obejmująca interakcje między czynnikami genetycznymi, hormonalnymi, środowiskowymi i związanymi ze stylem życia. Chociaż niektóre czynniki ryzyka, takie jak wiek, płeć i genetyka, nie mogą być modyfikowane, wiele innych, jak styl życia i ekspozycja na hormony, może być kontrolowanych.

Najważniejszymi ustalonymi czynnikami ryzyka są płeć żeńska, starszy wiek, historia rodzinna raka piersi, mutacje genów BRCA1/2, gęstość piersi, wczesna miesiączka, późna menopauza, hormonalna terapia zastępcza, nadwaga po menopauzie i spożycie alkoholu.1

Zrozumienie tych czynników ryzyka ma kluczowe znaczenie dla identyfikacji osób z grupy wysokiego ryzyka, co umożliwia odpowiednie badania przesiewowe i wdrożenie środków zapobiegawczych. Jednocześnie ważne jest, aby pamiętać, że około połowa przypadków raka piersi występuje u kobiet bez żadnych znanych czynników ryzyka poza wiekiem i płcią.1 Dlatego regularne badania przesiewowe pozostają niezbędnym elementem wczesnego wykrywania i skutecznego leczenia raka piersi.

Kolejne rozdziały

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  1. 12.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 The Etiology of Breast Cancer – Breast Cancer – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK583809/
    The etiology of breast cancer is attributed to a complex interaction between various modifiable and non-modifiable factors. This etiology is determined by genetics, environmental, nutritional, hormonal, and heritable elements that contribute to the development of this disease. Risk factors include prior history of breast cancer, positive family history, obesity, tall stature, smoking, alcohol consumption, early menarche, late menopause, sedentary lifestyle, nulliparity and hormone replacement therapy. […] Analyzing the etiology of breast cancer allows for the development of improved screening and treatment interventions. In this chapter, the etiology of breast cancer along with the risk factors associated with this disease are discussed. […] The goal of this chapter is to explore the etiology of breast cancer to help provide a better understanding of the risk factors of this disease to potentially aid further research into the prevention and management of this disease.
  • #1 Breast cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352470
    Breast cancer is a kind of cancer that begins as a growth of cells in the breast tissue. […] The exact cause of most breast cancers isn’t known. Researchers have found things that increase the risk of breast cancer. These include hormones, lifestyle choices and things in the environment. But it’s not clear why some people who don’t have any factors get cancer, yet others with risk factors never do. It’s likely that breast cancer happens through a complex interaction of your genetic makeup and the world around you. […] Healthcare professionals know that breast cancer starts when something changes the DNA inside cells in the breast tissue. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
  • #1 What Causes Breast Cancer? | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/about/how-does-breast-cancer-form.html
    We don’t know what causes each case of breast cancer. But we do know many of the risk factors for these cancers. […] Hormones also seem to play a role in many cases of breast cancer, but just how this happens is not fully understood. […] We do know that normal breast cells can become cancer because of changes or mutations in genes. […] Most breast cancers (about 90%) develop from acquired (not inherited) gene changes that have not yet been identified. […] Cancers can be caused by gene changes that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. Changes in many different genes are usually needed to cause breast cancer. […] Certain inherited gene changes can greatly increase the risk for developing certain cancers and are linked to many of the cancers that run in some families.
  • #1 Breast Cancer Causes and Known Risk Factors: Genetics, Hormones, Diet, and More
    https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/what-causes-breast-cancer
    The precise causes of breast cancer are unclear, but we know the main risk factors. Some women considered at high risk for breast cancer do not get it, while many with no known risk factors do. […] The main risks are being older and having breast cancer in your family. The risk goes up for women with certain types of benign breast lumps and for women who have had ovarian cancer. And if you’ve had breast cancer, you can get it again. […] About 5% to 10% of breast cancer cases are inherited. Carriers of alterations in either of two genes, called BRCA1 or BRCA2, are at higher risk. Women with an inherited alteration in the BRCA1 gene have a 72% chance of developing breast cancer by the time theyre 80. Theres a 69% chance that a woman with an inherited alteration in the BRCA2 gene will get breast cancer by that age.
  • #1 Major Risk Factors for Breast Cancer | BCRF
    https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/risk-factors-for-breast-cancer/
    Age: Breast cancer risk increases with age, and most people diagnosed are over 50 years old. […] Inherited gene mutations: Certain genetic mutations such as BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, CHEK2, and others can increase a persons risk of breast cancer to varying degrees. A person with a BRCA1 mutation, for example, has an up to 72 percent chance of being diagnosed with breast cancer (compared to the average womans 13 percent risk). […] Family history: Having first- and second-degree relatives on either side of your family who have been diagnosed with breast cancer can increase your risk. […] Personal history: Previous experience with DCIS, invasive breast cancer, or another cancer can increase chances of being diagnosed with a new, different diagnosis. […] Breast density: Research has shown that breast density (more glandular and fibrous than fatty tissue) elevates your risk of breast cancer partly because dense breasts are more difficult to screen.
  • #1 Risk Factors – National Breast Cancer Foundation
    https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-risk-factors/
    60-70% of people with breast cancer have no connection to these risk factors at all, and other people with risk factors will never develop cancer. […] Breast cancer is not contagious; you can’t contract cancer from a person who has the disease. Breast cancer is not caused by wearing underwire bras, implants, deodorants, antiperspirants, mammograms, caffeine, plastic food serving items, microwaves, or cell phones, as breast cancer myths often suggest.
  • #1 Etiology of breast cancer: A perspective from epidemiologic studies
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11256529/
    Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosis worldwide, accounting for a quarter of new cancer diagnoses in women annually. […] Family history of breast cancer increases the risk of breast cancer, including inheritance of gene mutations in key genes including BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB-2, but most women diagnosed with breast cancer do not have a known family history. […] Diverse study designs have consistently demonstrated that breast cancer is a hormonally mediated disease caused by repeated exposure of breast cells to circulating ovarian hormones. Known risk factors such as early menarche, late menopause, postmenopausal obesity, and the use of postmenopausal estrogen impact the cumulative dose of estrogen to the breast epithelium. […] For decades, the epidemiological evidence has shown a clear etiological role of pregnancy-related factors in the development of breast cancer.
  • #1 Breast Cancer Risk Factors | Breast Cancer | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/risk-factors/index.html
    Your risk for breast cancer is due to a combination of factors. […] The main factors that influence risk include being a woman and getting older. […] Studies have shown that risk for breast cancer is due to a combination of factors. […] Most breast cancers are found in women who are 50 years old or older. […] Some women will get breast cancer even without any other risk factors that they know of. […] Having a risk factor does not mean you will get the disease, and not all risk factors have the same effect. […] Most women have some risk factors, but most women do not get breast cancer. […] The risk for breast cancer increases with age. […] Inherited changes (mutations) to certain genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, increase risk of breast and ovarian cancer. […] Starting menstrual periods before age 12 and starting menopause after age 55 expose women to hormones longer, raising their risk of getting breast cancer.
  • #1 Risk factors for breast cancer | Cancer Research UK
    https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/risks-causes/risk-factors
    Breast cancer risk is higher in women with the most dense breast tissue compared to less dense tissue. […] Women with a diagnosis of DCIS or LCIS have double the usual risk of invasive breast cancer in the same or other breast. […] You have an increased risk of breast cancer if your periods started early (before the age of 12). […] Having a late menopause can also increase your breast cancer risk. […] There is an increased risk of breast cancer in women with higher levels of a hormone called insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). […] Having had breast cancer increases your risk of getting another breast cancer. […] There has been a lot of research into whether diet increases the risk of breast cancer. […] There are some things that can help to reduce the risk of breast cancer, this includes keeping a healthy weight, eating a healthy diet and being physically active.
  • #1 Breast Cancer Risk Factors | Breast Cancer | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/risk-factors/index.html
    Women who are not physically active have a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Older women who are overweight or have obesity have a higher risk of getting breast cancer than those at a healthy weight. […] Some forms of hormone replacement therapy (those that include both estrogen and progesterone) taken during menopause can raise risk for breast cancer when taken for more than 5 years. […] Certain oral contraceptives (birth control pills) also have been found to raise breast cancer risk. […] Having the first pregnancy after age 30, not breastfeeding, and never having a full-term pregnancy can raise breast cancer risk. […] Studies show that a woman’s risk for breast cancer increases with the more alcohol she drinks. […] Research suggests that other factors such as smoking, being exposed to chemicals that can cause cancer, and changes in other hormones due to night shift working also may increase breast cancer risk. […] If you have a strong family history of breast cancer or inherited changes in your BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, you may have a high risk of getting breast cancer.
  • #1 Breast Cancer Causes and Known Risk Factors: Genetics, Hormones, Diet, and More
    https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/what-causes-breast-cancer
    Having atypical hyperplasia (lobular or ductal) or lobular carcinoma in situ increases a woman’s breast cancer risk by four to five times. […] The more estrogen your body has made over time, the higher your risk. Getting your period before age 12, starting menopause after age 55, and never being pregnant raise your lifetime exposure to estrogen and breast cancer risks. […] If you had radiation treatment to your chest before age 30, usually as treatment for cancers such as lymphoma. […] If a family member had ovarian cancer before age 50, your risk is increased. […] Being overweight after menopause increases your odds. […] Alcohol is linked to breast cancer. Compared with nondrinkers, women who drink one alcoholic drink a day have a very small increase in risk, and those who are moderate drinkers (2 to 3 drinks a day) have about a 20% higher risk. […] Long-term use of estrogen and progesterone increases the risk of breast cancer. This risk seems to go away if you’ve stopped using them for 5 years or longer. […] Having your first child after age 30 or never having a full-term pregnancy puts you at higher risk. So does not breastfeeding.
  • #1 Etiology of breast cancer: A perspective from epidemiologic studies
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11256529/
    Breast cancer incidence is positively correlated with age at first birth, and the risk increases with age. […] The epidemiologic literature also consistently shows that lactation is protective against breast cancer overall. […] Lifestyle is also closely associated with breast cancer risks, including weight, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, psychological factors, and diet. […] Some environmental pollutants are also reported to be associated with increased breast cancer risk. […] Occupational studies have observed associations with breast cancer for many specific agents and for job classifications that involve exposure to mammary carcinogens or endocrine disrupting chemicals. […] As the population ages, especially in developed countries, the prevalence of breast cancer is expected to continue increasing. […] Identifying opportunities for prevention is a key scientific pursuit of population health scientists and epidemiologists. There is evidence of many factors that contribute to breast cancer risk, including the reproductive, lifestyle, environmental, and genetic factors considered here.
  • #1 Breast Cancer Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/risk-factors
    When it comes to breast cancer risk, there are factors you cant change, like your age, race and genes. But there are others you do have control over, such as your exercise level, alcohol consumption and other lifestyle habits. […] Breast cancer is caused when the DNA in breast cells mutate or change, disabling specific functions that control cell growth and division. […] Risk factors are characteristics and conditions that increase your risk for a disease. Breast cancer risk factors include some you cannot change, such as having a family history of breast cancer, being a woman and getting older. […] Your risk for breast cancer may rise with every drink. […] Breast cancer is on the list of diseases and conditions caused or worsened by being overweight or obese after menopause. […] The less you move, the higher your risk for breast cancer.
  • #1 Breast cancer risk factors and causes | Breast Cancer Now
    https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/awareness/breast-cancer-risk-factors-and-causes
    Theres growing evidence that smoking slightly increases the risk of breast cancer. […] Taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can increase the risk of breast cancer. […] Taking the contraceptive pill slightly increases your risk of breast cancer. […] Starting your period early (before the age of 12) slightly increases your risk of breast cancer. […] Going through a later menopause (the average age is 51) slightly increases your risk of breast cancer. […] Breastfeeding your children slightly reduces your risk of breast cancer. […] In general, the risk of some types of breast cancer is higher for women who do not have children or who have them over the age of 30. […] Having dense breasts increases the risk of breast cancer. […] Some benign breast conditions, such as hyperplasia or lobular neoplasia, slightly increase the risk of breast cancer.
  • #1 Breast cancer risk factors and causes | Breast Cancer Now
    https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/awareness/breast-cancer-risk-factors-and-causes
    Theres no one cause of breast cancer but certain things can increase your risk of developing it. […] Theres no single cause but your genes, lifestyle and environment all play a part. […] Things that increase your risk of breast cancer are called risk factors. […] We cannot say for certain who will get breast cancer or what caused someones breast cancer. […] You can reduce your risk of breast cancer by limiting alcohol, keeping to a healthy weight and being physically active regularly. […] Regularly drinking alcohol increases your risk of breast cancer. And the more you drink, the higher your risk. […] Your risk of breast cancer increases if youre overweight or living with obesity after the menopause. […] You can reduce your risk of breast cancer by being physically active regularly.
  • #1 Breast Cancer Risk Factors | Breast Cancer | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/risk-factors/index.html
    Dense breasts can sometimes make it hard to see tumors on a mammogram. […] Women with dense breasts are also more likely to get breast cancer. […] Women who have had breast cancer are more likely to get breast cancer a second time. […] Some noncancerous breast diseases such as atypical ductal hyperplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ are associated with a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Having a family history of breast cancer may increase risk for breast cancer. […] Women who had radiation therapy to the chest or breasts (for instance, treatment of Hodgkin’s lymphoma) before age 30 have a higher risk of getting breast cancer later in life. […] Women who took DES have a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Women whose mothers took DES while pregnant with them also may have a higher risk of getting breast cancer.
  • #1 Breast cancer risk factors and causes | Breast Cancer Now
    https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/awareness/breast-cancer-risk-factors-and-causes
    Your risk of breast cancer is slightly higher if: Youre tall, You had a higher birthweight (your weight when you were born), You have higher bone density. […] Having radiotherapy to your chest area at a young age, for example to treat Hodgkin lymphoma, increases the risk of breast cancer in the future. […] Studies have looked at the relationship between breast cancer and chemicals in the environment or workplace such as pesticides, traffic fumes and plastics. […] Theres no strong evidence that eating certain foods will increase or decrease your risk of breast cancer.
  • #1
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer
    Breast cancer caused 670 000 deaths globally in 2022. […] Roughly half of all breast cancers occur in women with no specific risk factors other than sex and age. […] Female gender is the strongest breast cancer risk factor. Approximately 99% of breast cancers occur in women and 0.51% of breast cancers occur in men. […] Certain factors increase the risk of breast cancer including increasing age, obesity, harmful use of alcohol, family history of breast cancer, history of radiation exposure, reproductive history (such as age that menstrual periods began and age at first pregnancy), tobacco use and postmenopausal hormone therapy. […] Approximately half of breast cancers develop in women who have no identifiable breast cancer risk factor other than gender (female) and age (over 40 years).
  • #1 Causes of Breast Cancer – National Breast Cancer Foundation
    https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/causes-of-breast-cancer/
    When you’re told that you have breast cancer, it’s natural to wonder what may have caused the disease. But no one knows the exact causes of breast cancer. Doctors seldom know why one woman develops breast cancer and another doesn’t, and most women who have breast cancer will never be able to pinpoint an exact cause. What we do know is that breast cancer is always caused by damage to a cell’s DNA. […] Women with certain risk factors are more likely than others to develop breast cancer. A risk factor is something that may increase the chance of getting a disease. Some risk factors (such as drinking alcohol) can be avoided. But most risk factors (such as having a family history of breast cancer) can’t be avoided. Having a risk factor does not mean that a woman will get breast cancer. Many women who have risk factors never develop breast cancer.
  • #1 What Causes Breast Cancer? | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/about/how-does-breast-cancer-form.html
    Most gene mutations linked to breast cancer are acquired. This means the change takes place in breast cells during a person’s life rather than having been inherited or born with them. […] So far, the causes of most acquired mutations that could lead to breast cancer are still unknown. Most breast cancers have several acquired gene mutations.
  • #1
    https://www.cbcrp.org/research-topics/causal-model.html
    CBCRP-funded initiative leads to a model that shows the complexity of breast cancer risk factors and causes. […] In the quest to identify the cause of breast cancer, scientists often investigate one factor at a time but it’s becoming increasing clear that many factors interact with one another to contribute to the disease. […] Through the New Paradigm of Breast Cancer Causation and Prevention research initiative, Robert Hiatt at UCSF led a team in the creation of a breast cancer causation model that reflects the complexity of these interactions. […] The model was developed through a collaboration of scientists who synthesized evidence from scientific literature to offer their expert understanding of the relationships important to new cases of post-menopausal breast cancer causation.
  • #1 Risk factors for breast cancer – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_factors_for_breast_cancer
    Although many epidemiological risk factors have been identified, the cause of any individual breast cancer is most often unknowable. Epidemiological research informs the patterns of breast cancer incidence across certain populations, but not in a given individual. Approximately 5% of new breast cancers are attributable to hereditary syndromes, and well-established risk factors account for approximately 30% of cases. […] A 2024 review found that there is a convincing association between increased breast cancer risk with high BMI and weight gain in postmenopausal women and a decreased risk from high fiber intake and high sex hormone-binding globulin levels. […] In 5% of breast cancer cases, there is a strong inherited familial risk. […] Two autosomal dominant genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, account for most of the cases of familial breast cancer. Women who carry a harmful BRCA mutation have a 60% to 80% risk of developing breast cancer in their lifetimes.
  • #1 Risk Factors – National Breast Cancer Foundation
    https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-risk-factors/
    Cancer grows when a cell’s DNA is damaged, but why or how that DNA becomes damaged is still unknown. The damage could be caused by genetic or environmental and lifestyle factors, or in most cases, a combination of the two. Most patients will never know exactly what caused their cancer. However, there are certain established risk factors that are associated with breast cancer. […] Genetic risk factors are inherited, or passed down, from parent to child through the genes. These risk factors cannot be changed because they are built into your DNA from birth. Environmental and lifestyle risk factors are avoidable risk factors that are typically under an individual’s control. These risk factors can be reduced by changing elements within your environment or making alterations to your lifestyle.
  • #1 What causes breast cancer? | LBBC
    https://www.lbbc.org/about-breast-cancer/what-is-breast-cancer/what-causes-breast-cancer
    If you or someone you love has been diagnosed with breast cancer, it’s normal to want to know what causes breast cancer to happen. But the exact cause of breast cancer is still unknown. […] We also know about many of the risk factors for breast cancer. Some risk factors, such as lack of exercise, can be controlled or changed. Others, such as a person’s sex at birth, age, and family history of breast cancer, can’t. […] Only 10 percent of breast cancer diagnoses are linked to inherited genetic mutations such as BRCA1 and BRCA2. That means most breast cancer happens for other reasons. […] Some things can raise a person’s risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer. The following list contains some breast cancer risk factors that can be controlled, and some that can’t. […] Risk factors that cannot be controlled: Being born female, Getting older (risk increases after age 55), Personal history of breast cancer, Family history of breast cancer, Inherited genetic mutations, such as BRCA1 or BRCA2, Having Ashkenazi Jewish background, Certain kinds of breast lesions, Previous radiation therapy to the chest, Having dense breast tissue, Starting menstrual periods early, Giving birth to a first child at an older age, Beginning menopause at an older age, Exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES), Socioeconomic factors.
  • #1 What causes breast cancer? | LBBC
    https://www.lbbc.org/about-breast-cancer/what-is-breast-cancer/what-causes-breast-cancer
    Risk factors that can be controlled: Lack of exercise, Post-menopausal weight gain, Drinking alcohol, Taking some kinds of hormone replacement therapy after menopause (if taken for more than 5 years). […] A woman’s race or ethnicity affects how likely she is to be diagnosed with breast cancer, the kind of breast cancer she may be more likely to develop, and the kind of care she may receive. For example: White women have a higher chance of developing breast cancer than Black women. […] Women of Ashkenazi Jewish descent are more likely to develop breast cancer because they may have a higher rate of the BRCA1 mutation. […] Black women are more likely to develop a more aggressive form of breast cancer called triple-negative breast cancer before the age of 50. […] Black women and Hispanic women are less likely than white women to be diagnosed early and receive standard treatments. […] While total prevention of breast cancer is not currently possible, there are many ways to reduce risk.
  • #1 Causes and Risk Factors of Breast Cancer, What Do We Know for Sure? An Evidence Synthesis of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/8/1583
    A study published in the Lancet in 2005 concluded that 21% of all breast cancer deaths worldwide were attributable to physical inactivity, overweight and obesity, and alcohol use. An update from 2017 examined the connection between breast cancer incidence and environmental factors such as chemicals and radiation and found that exposure to these substances may lead to an increased risk of developing breast cancer. […] The risk and prevention panel from the 2012 Breast Cancer Campaign in the UK noted that the treatment of breast cancer have advanced, but efforts to predict which women are at an elevated risk and to prevent the disease have been less successful. They estimated that in women at high and moderate risk, 50% of breast cancer could potentially be prevented by using current chemoprevention. Furthermore, they claimed that lifestyle measures, including moderating alcohol intake, exercise, and weight control, could reduce breast cancer risk in all women by approximately 30%.
  • #1 What causes breast cancer and how to prevent it | HealthPartners Blog
    https://www.healthpartners.com/blog/what-can-cause-breast-cancer/
    Breast implants can cause an exceptionally rare cancer called breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL). […] The best ways to reduce your breast cancer risks are to get regular exercise, watch your weight, limit drinking and quit smoking. Most importantly, get regular mammograms, even if you dont have any signs or symptoms of breast cancer.
  • #1 What causes breast cancer and how to prevent it | HealthPartners Blog
    https://www.healthpartners.com/blog/what-can-cause-breast-cancer/
    Taking hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) medications that combine progesterone and estrogen for menopause symptoms increases your chance of breast cancer by about 75% while youre on the medication. […] A large study called the Sister Study found that women who regularly use permanent hair dye or hair straightener are more likely to develop breast cancer. […] While its good to be concerned about nutrition, the truth is that specific foods arent generally a primary cause of breast cancer. […] There is no evidence that high stress levels increase your chance of breast cancer. […] No, wearing a bra during the day or at night does not cause breast cancer. […] You may have heard that deodorants and antiperspirants containing aluminum can cause breast cancer. However, theres no strong evidence showing this to be true.
  • #1 Beliefs and perceptions about the causes of breast cancer: a case-control study | BMC Research Notes | Full Text
    https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-0500-7-558
    Attributions of causality are common for many diseases, including breast cancer. The risk of developing breast cancer can be reduced by modifications to lifestyle and behaviours to minimise exposure to specific risk factors, such as obesity. […] The most common attributions in women without breast cancer were to familial or inherited factors (77.6%), followed by lifestyle factors, such as poor diet and smoking (47.1%), and environmental factors, such as food additives (45.4%). The most common attributions in women with breast cancer were to mental or emotional factors (46.3%), especially stress, followed by lifestyle factors (38.6%) and physiological factors (37.5%), particularly relating to hormonal history. […] While the majority of participants in this study provided one or more causal attributions for breast cancer, many of the reported risk factors do not correspond to those generally accepted by the scientific community.
  • #1 Beliefs and perceptions about the causes of breast cancer: a case-control study | BMC Research Notes | Full Text
    https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-0500-7-558
    Understanding how women attribute breast cancer causation is important information for health promotion, including breast awareness and promotion of screening programmes, clinical care and policy development. […] The most common attribution in control women was familial factors, followed by modifiable/lifestyle and environmental factors, while the most common attribution in case women was mental/emotional factors, followed by modifiable/lifestyle and physiological factors. […] The attribution of breast cancer development to inherited or genetic factors was the most commonly identified cause among control women, a finding previously reported by others. […] The most frequent attribution within the modifiable/lifestyle category by case women was HRT (13.7%). HRT has been identified as a risk factor for breast cancer.
  • #1 Breast cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council
    https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/breast-cancer
    There is also an association with some benign breast disease and past exposure to radiation. […] There is no proven method of preventing breast cancer, however the risk of breast cancer can be reduced by lowering alcohol consumption and maintaining a healthy weight. […] Women who are at high risk because of a very strong family history may benefit from hormones such as tamoxifen, usually administered over five years. Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy can be considered in women at high risk of breast cancer due to gene mutations.
  • #1 Breast cancer (female) | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/breast-cancer-female/
    Certain medical procedures that use radiation, like X-rays and computerised tomography (CT) scans, may slightly increase your risk of developing breast cancer. […] Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is associated with a slightly increased risk of developing breast cancer. […] Regular exercise can reduce your risk of developing breast cancer. […] Studies have shown that women who breastfeed are statistically less likely to develop breast cancer than those who dont. […] If you have an increased risk of developing breast cancer, treatment is available to reduce your risk. […] A mastectomy is surgery to remove the breasts. It can be used to treat breast cancer and reduce the chances of developing the condition in the small number of women from high-risk families. […] By removing as much breast tissue as possible, a mastectomy can reduce your risk of breast cancer by up to 90%.
  • #1 The Etiology of Breast Cancer – Breast Cancer – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK583809/
    The significant association between positive family history and increased breast cancer risk is linked to having gene abnormalities. Most women who test positive for a gene associated with hereditary breast cancer have a pathogenic variant in either breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) or breast cancer susceptibility gene 2 (BRCA2). […] Breast cancer is caused by a complex interplay of multiple factors including age, genetics, environment, and reproductive history and probably yet unknown factors. The risk of breast cancer increases with older age and is most common in post-menopausal women. Genetics and heritable factors play an important role in the development of breast cancer. A first-degree family history of breast cancer significantly increases breast cancer risk. Potentially modifiable factors including obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical inactivity, and replacement hormonal therapy have all been associated with increased breast cancer risk.
  • #2 Breast Cancer: Symptoms, Types, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3986-breast-cancer
    Breast cancer happens when breast cells mutate and become cancerous cells that divide and multiply to create tumors. […] Experts know breast cancer happens when breast cells mutate and become cancerous cells that divide and multiply to create tumors. They aren’t sure what triggers that change. However, research shows there are several risk factors that may increase your chances of developing breast cancer. These include: […] Up to 15% of people with breast cancer develop the disease because they have inherited genetic mutations. The most common genetic mutations involve the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. […] Tobacco use has been linked to many different types of cancer, including breast cancer. […] Research shows that drinking beverages containing alcohol may increase breast cancer risk. […] If you’ve had prior radiation therapy especially to your head, neck or chest you’re more likely to develop breast cancer. […] People who use hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have a higher risk of being diagnosed with the condition.
  • #2 Breast cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352470
    The DNA changes that lead to breast cancer most often happen in the cells that line the milk ducts. These ducts are tubes designed to carry milk to the nipple. Breast cancer that starts in the ducts is called invasive ductal carcinoma. Breast cancer also can start in cells in the milk glands. These glands, called lobules, are designed to make breast milk. Cancer that happens in the lobules is called invasive lobular carcinoma. Other cells in the breast can become cancer cells, though this isn’t common.
  • #2 Breast Cancer Causes and Known Risk Factors: Genetics, Hormones, Diet, and More
    https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/what-causes-breast-cancer
    The precise causes of breast cancer are unclear, but we know the main risk factors. Some women considered at high risk for breast cancer do not get it, while many with no known risk factors do. […] The main risks are being older and having breast cancer in your family. The risk goes up for women with certain types of benign breast lumps and for women who have had ovarian cancer. And if you’ve had breast cancer, you can get it again. […] About 5% to 10% of breast cancer cases are inherited. Carriers of alterations in either of two genes, called BRCA1 or BRCA2, are at higher risk. Women with an inherited alteration in the BRCA1 gene have a 72% chance of developing breast cancer by the time theyre 80. Theres a 69% chance that a woman with an inherited alteration in the BRCA2 gene will get breast cancer by that age.
  • #2 BRCA Gene Changes: Cancer Risk and Genetic Testing Fact Sheet – NCI
    https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheet
    BRCA1 (BReast CAncer gene 1) and BRCA2 (BReast CAncer gene 2) are genes that produce proteins that help repair damaged DNA. People who inherit a harmful change (also called a mutation or pathogenic variant) in one of these genes have increased risks of several cancers most notably breast and ovarian cancer, but also several other types of cancer. […] The risks of developing breast and ovarian cancer are markedly increased in people who inherit a harmful change in BRCA1 or BRCA2. […] More than 60% of women who inherit a harmful change in BRCA1 or BRCA2 will develop breast cancer during their lifetime. […] About 39%58% of women who inherit a harmful change in BRCA1 and 13%29% of women who inherit a harmful change in BRCA2 will develop ovarian cancer during their lifetime. […] People who inherit harmful changes in BRCA1 or BRCA2 have an increased risk of several additional cancers.
  • #2 Breast Cancer: Symptoms, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
    https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/understanding-breast-cancer-basics
    Experts dont know what causes breast cancer, but certain things make you more likely to get it. Your age, genes, personal health history, and diet all play a role. Some you can control. Others you cant. […] If a first-degree female relative (mother, sister, or daughter) had breast cancer, youre two times more likely to get the disease. Having two or more first-degree relatives with a history of breast cancer increases your risk at least three times. This is especially true if they got cancer before menopause or if it affected both breasts. The risk can also rise if your father or brother was diagnosed with breast cancer. […] Changes to two genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, are responsible for some cases of breast cancer in families. About 1 in 200 women have one of these genes. While they make you more likely to get cancer, they dont mean you definitely will. If you have a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, you have a 7 in 10 chance of being diagnosed with breast cancer by age 80. These genes also raise your odds of ovarian cancer, and theyre linked to pancreatic cancer and male breast cancer. Other gene mutations linked to breast cancer risk include mutations of the PTEN gene, the ATM gene, the TP53 gene, the CHEK2 gene, the CDH1 gene, the STK11 gene, and the PALB2 gene. These carry a lower risk for breast cancer development than the BRCA genes.
  • #2 Breast Cancer Causes and Known Risk Factors: Genetics, Hormones, Diet, and More
    https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/what-causes-breast-cancer
    Having atypical hyperplasia (lobular or ductal) or lobular carcinoma in situ increases a woman’s breast cancer risk by four to five times. […] The more estrogen your body has made over time, the higher your risk. Getting your period before age 12, starting menopause after age 55, and never being pregnant raise your lifetime exposure to estrogen and breast cancer risks. […] If you had radiation treatment to your chest before age 30, usually as treatment for cancers such as lymphoma. […] If a family member had ovarian cancer before age 50, your risk is increased. […] Being overweight after menopause increases your odds. […] Alcohol is linked to breast cancer. Compared with nondrinkers, women who drink one alcoholic drink a day have a very small increase in risk, and those who are moderate drinkers (2 to 3 drinks a day) have about a 20% higher risk. […] Long-term use of estrogen and progesterone increases the risk of breast cancer. This risk seems to go away if you’ve stopped using them for 5 years or longer. […] Having your first child after age 30 or never having a full-term pregnancy puts you at higher risk. So does not breastfeeding.
  • #2 Breast Cancer Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/risk-factors
    Women who havent had children, or who had their first child after age 30, may have a slightly higher chance of developing breast cancer. […] If you started menstruating before you turned 12, you are at higher risk for breast cancer because of the increased number of years that your breast tissue has been exposed to estrogen. […] If you breastfed, your risk of developing breast cancer may be reduced, especially if you did it for a year or longer. […] Some birth control methods use hormones, which can up breast cancer risk. […] Be aware of potential breast cancer risks that are not yet proven, such as high-fat diets, certain pesticides, and chemicals found in personal-care products. […] While men may develop breast cancer, its rare. Women are at much higher risk. […] Breast cancer risk rises with advancing age. Most breast cancers are found in women age 55 and older.
  • #2 Breast cancer risk factors and causes | Breast Cancer Now
    https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/awareness/breast-cancer-risk-factors-and-causes
    Theres growing evidence that smoking slightly increases the risk of breast cancer. […] Taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can increase the risk of breast cancer. […] Taking the contraceptive pill slightly increases your risk of breast cancer. […] Starting your period early (before the age of 12) slightly increases your risk of breast cancer. […] Going through a later menopause (the average age is 51) slightly increases your risk of breast cancer. […] Breastfeeding your children slightly reduces your risk of breast cancer. […] In general, the risk of some types of breast cancer is higher for women who do not have children or who have them over the age of 30. […] Having dense breasts increases the risk of breast cancer. […] Some benign breast conditions, such as hyperplasia or lobular neoplasia, slightly increase the risk of breast cancer.
  • #2 Risk factors for breast cancer | Cancer Research UK
    https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/risks-causes/risk-factors
    Drinking alcohol increases the risk of breast cancer in women. […] There is a very small increased risk of breast cancer when you take the contraceptive pill. […] Your risk of developing breast cancer increases when taking any type of HRT. […] Smoking tobacco increases the risk of getting breast cancer. […] Most breast cancers occur in women over 50 and it is less common in women under 40. […] Some people have a higher risk of developing breast cancer than the general population because other members of their family have had particular cancers. […] Having a mother, sister or daughter diagnosed with breast cancer increases the risk of breast cancer. […] There are some people who have an increased risk of breast cancer because they have an inherited gene fault. […] If there is a fault (mutation) in these genes, it means that cells can grow out of control. This can lead to developing several cancers including breast cancer.
  • #2 The Etiology of Breast Cancer – Breast Cancer – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK583809/
    The significant association between positive family history and increased breast cancer risk is linked to having gene abnormalities. Most women who test positive for a gene associated with hereditary breast cancer have a pathogenic variant in either breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) or breast cancer susceptibility gene 2 (BRCA2). […] Breast cancer is caused by a complex interplay of multiple factors including age, genetics, environment, and reproductive history and probably yet unknown factors. The risk of breast cancer increases with older age and is most common in post-menopausal women. Genetics and heritable factors play an important role in the development of breast cancer. A first-degree family history of breast cancer significantly increases breast cancer risk. Potentially modifiable factors including obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical inactivity, and replacement hormonal therapy have all been associated with increased breast cancer risk.
  • #2 Breast Cancer Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/risk-factors
    When it comes to breast cancer risk, there are factors you cant change, like your age, race and genes. But there are others you do have control over, such as your exercise level, alcohol consumption and other lifestyle habits. […] Breast cancer is caused when the DNA in breast cells mutate or change, disabling specific functions that control cell growth and division. […] Risk factors are characteristics and conditions that increase your risk for a disease. Breast cancer risk factors include some you cannot change, such as having a family history of breast cancer, being a woman and getting older. […] Your risk for breast cancer may rise with every drink. […] Breast cancer is on the list of diseases and conditions caused or worsened by being overweight or obese after menopause. […] The less you move, the higher your risk for breast cancer.
  • #2 Breast Cancer: Signs & Symptoms, Causes & Prevention, Anatomy & More | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
    https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-conditions/breast-cancer
    You can lower your breast cancer risk by living a healthy lifestyle. This includes eating a balanced diet and exercising regularly. […] Your health history also can affect your risk. For example, radiation treatments to your chest or other breast conditions can raise your risk. […] Youre at high risk if you were assigned female at birth and had a history of breast cancer in your family (blood relatives). […] Youre at high risk if you were assigned male at birth and had changes in genes, such as BRCA1 or BRCA2. […] Research shows that some healthy habits can lower your risk.
  • #2 Risk factors for breast cancer – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_factors_for_breast_cancer
    Lower age of first childbirth, having more children, and breastfeeding have all been correlated to lowered breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. […] Hormonal contraceptives may produce a slight increase in the risk of breast cancer diagnosis among current and recent users, but this appears to be a short-term effect. […] Prophylactic oophorectomy (removal of ovaries) and mastectomy in individuals with high-risk mutations of BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes reduces the risk of developing breast cancer as well as reducing the risk of developing ovarian cancer. […] Many xenoestrogens (industrially made estrogenic compounds) and other endocrine disruptors are potential risk factors of breast cancer. […] The elevated incidence of breast cancer in women has been associated with prolonged exposure to high levels of estrogens.
  • #2
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer
    Breast cancer caused 670 000 deaths globally in 2022. […] Roughly half of all breast cancers occur in women with no specific risk factors other than sex and age. […] Female gender is the strongest breast cancer risk factor. Approximately 99% of breast cancers occur in women and 0.51% of breast cancers occur in men. […] Certain factors increase the risk of breast cancer including increasing age, obesity, harmful use of alcohol, family history of breast cancer, history of radiation exposure, reproductive history (such as age that menstrual periods began and age at first pregnancy), tobacco use and postmenopausal hormone therapy. […] Approximately half of breast cancers develop in women who have no identifiable breast cancer risk factor other than gender (female) and age (over 40 years).
  • #2 Breast Cancer Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/risk-factors
    Up to 10 percent of breast cancers may be inherited via gene changes or mutations passed on from your parents, such as the BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. […] If youve been diagnosed with breast cancer in the past, you are more likely to develop a new cancer in the other breast or in another part of the same breast. […] White and Black women have the highest risk of developing breast cancer in their lifetime. […] Taller women are more likely to develop breast cancer than their shorter counterparts. […] Certain noncancerous breast conditions may confer a higher risk of developing breast cancer. […] If you had another type of cancer and received radiation therapy to your chest as part of your treatment plan, you may be at higher risk for breast cancer. […] From the 1940s through the early 1970s, some pregnant women were given an estrogen-like drug called DES to lower their chances of having a miscarriage. This may increase chances of breast cancer for moms who took it, and possibly for their kids, too. […] According to the CDC, you are considered high risk for breast cancer if you have: Strong family history of breast cancer (parent, sibling or child) and Inherited changes in your BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes.
  • #2 Etiology of breast cancer: A perspective from epidemiologic studies
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11256529/
    Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosis worldwide, accounting for a quarter of new cancer diagnoses in women annually. […] Family history of breast cancer increases the risk of breast cancer, including inheritance of gene mutations in key genes including BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB-2, but most women diagnosed with breast cancer do not have a known family history. […] Diverse study designs have consistently demonstrated that breast cancer is a hormonally mediated disease caused by repeated exposure of breast cells to circulating ovarian hormones. Known risk factors such as early menarche, late menopause, postmenopausal obesity, and the use of postmenopausal estrogen impact the cumulative dose of estrogen to the breast epithelium. […] For decades, the epidemiological evidence has shown a clear etiological role of pregnancy-related factors in the development of breast cancer.
  • #2 Causes Of Breast Cancer And Risk Factors – Julide Sagiroglu MD Facs Assosciate Professor of Surgery
    https://julidesagiroglumdfacs.com/en/causes-of-breast-cancer-and-risk-factors/
    A person who had cancer in one breast has a higher risk of developing cancer in the opposite breast compared to other women. Risk for contralateral breast cancer development lifelong is approximately 25-30%. […] Women who had their first menstrual period under age of 12 and had menopause after the age of 50 face higher risk of breast cancer. […] Women who never delivered a baby are in the risk group for breast cancer. Women who gave birth over age of 30 have 4-5 times higher risk of breast cancer compared to those who gave their first birth at the age of 20. […] Women who belong to white race have higher breast cancer risk than black women. […] The risk increases with two or more glasses of alcohol consumption on daily basis. Also smoking increases the risk. […] It is found out that a diet particularly rich in animal fat increases breast cancer risk.
  • #2 What Causes Breast Cancer? | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/about/how-does-breast-cancer-form.html
    Most gene mutations linked to breast cancer are acquired. This means the change takes place in breast cells during a person’s life rather than having been inherited or born with them. […] So far, the causes of most acquired mutations that could lead to breast cancer are still unknown. Most breast cancers have several acquired gene mutations.
  • #2 Breast cancer (female) | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/breast-cancer-female/
    Certain medical procedures that use radiation, like X-rays and computerised tomography (CT) scans, may slightly increase your risk of developing breast cancer. […] Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is associated with a slightly increased risk of developing breast cancer. […] Regular exercise can reduce your risk of developing breast cancer. […] Studies have shown that women who breastfeed are statistically less likely to develop breast cancer than those who dont. […] If you have an increased risk of developing breast cancer, treatment is available to reduce your risk. […] A mastectomy is surgery to remove the breasts. It can be used to treat breast cancer and reduce the chances of developing the condition in the small number of women from high-risk families. […] By removing as much breast tissue as possible, a mastectomy can reduce your risk of breast cancer by up to 90%.
  • #3 Breast cancer: Symptoms, causes, stages, types, and more
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37136
    Breast cancer develops due to genetic changes that can be inherited or acquired (not inherited). […] Researchers associate an increased risk of breast cancer with factors such as: estrogen exposure, inherited genetic irregularities, inherited genes that increase the likelihood of cancer, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. […] The immune system typically attacks atypical DNA or growths, but it does not do this when a person has cancer. […] As a result, cells within breast tissue multiply uncontrollably and do not die as usual. This excessive cell growth forms a tumor that deprives surrounding cells of nutrients and energy. […] Females who inherit certain mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have a higher chance of developing breast cancer, ovarian cancer, or both. Mutations in the TP53 gene also have links to an increased breast cancer risk.

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rak zrazikowy piersi mutacja genu ksenoestrogen mammografia gęsta tkanka piersi chłoniak Hodgkina doustna antykoncepcja rak przewodowy piersi gen BRCA gen ATM pierwsza miesiączka estrogen gen PALB2 promieniowanie jonizujące mastektomia profilaktyczna atypowy rozrost przewodowy menopauza rak piersi kancerogen karmienie piersią gen TP53 atypowy rozrost zrazikowy hormonalna terapia zastępcza tamoksyfen gen CHEK2 tkanka piersi