Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Preventing bowel cancer | How you can reduce the risk

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/bowel-cancer/preventing-bowel-cancer/

  Bowel cancer is one of the most common cancers in the UK and worldwide, but it is also one of the most preventable. Making changes to your diet and lifestyle can significantly reduce your risk. […] Around 45% of bowel cancer cases could be prevented by following our Cancer Prevention Recommendations. Here are 6 ways to reduce your bowel cancer risk, based on research from our Global Cancer Update Programme. […] Eating a fibre-rich diet, including wholegrains, can reduce bowel cancer risk. […] Eating processed meat, such as ham, bacon and sausages, and too much red meat, including beef, pork and lamb, increases bowel cancer risk. […] Regular physical activity helps reduce bowel cancer risk by helping you maintain a healthy weight and supporting digestion. […] Maintaining a healthy weight can reduce your risk of 13 different types of cancer, including bowel cancer.

• #1 Reducing Risk for Colorectal Cancer | Colorectal Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/colorectal-cancer/prevention/index.html

  The most effective way to reduce your risk of colorectal cancer is to get screened regularly, beginning at age 45. […] A diet low in animal fats and rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. […] Colorectal cancer screening can find precancerous polyps so they can be removed before they turn into cancer. In this way, colorectal cancer is prevented. […] Some studies suggest that people may reduce their risk of developing colorectal cancer by: Increasing physical activity. […] Keeping a healthy weight. […] Eating a diet low in animal fats and high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. […] Limiting alcohol consumption. […] Avoiding tobacco. […] If you are age 45 or older, get screened for colorectal cancer.

• #1 Colorectal Cancer Prevention and Screening | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/colorectal-cancer-prevention-and-screening

  Maintain a healthy weight. Being obese or overweight increases your chances of developing colorectal cancer. […] Don’t smoke. Smoking cigarettes is linked with a higher risk of colorectal and other types of cancer. […] Avoid alcohol. Not drinking at all may reduce your risk. If you do drink, women should limit consumption to no more than one drink a day, and men to two drinks a day. […] Take a low dose of aspirin daily. Aspirin can reduce the development of polyps, particularly in patients with a previous history of polyps or colorectal cancer. […] Screening is for patients who show no symptoms of cancer. It is a preventive measure that anyone can take to catch abnormal cells early on. […] Polyps usually take about 10 to 15 years to develop into colorectal cancer. If theyre detected early, they can be removed before they turn into cancerous cells. Regular screenings also help to catch cancer cells in their early stages, when treatment is more effective.

• #1 Recommendation: Colorectal Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/colorectal-cancer-screening

  Adults aged 50 to 75 years The USPSTF recommends screening for colorectal cancer in all adults aged 50 to 75 years. […] Adults aged 45 to 49 years The USPSTF recommends screening for colorectal cancer in adults aged 45 to 49 years. […] Adults aged 76 to 85 years The USPSTF recommends that clinicians selectively offer screening for colorectal cancer in adults aged 76 to 85 years. […] The USPSTF expanded the recommended ages for colorectal cancer screening to 45 to 75 years (previously, it was 50 to 75 years). […] The USPSTF continues to recommend selectively screening adults aged 76 to 85 years for colorectal cancer. […] Recommended screening strategies include: High-sensitivity guaiac fecal occult blood test (HSgFOBT) or fecal immunochemical test (FIT) every year, Stool DNA-FIT every 1 to 3 years, Computed tomography colonography every 5 years, Flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years, Flexible sigmoidoscopy every 10 years + annual FIT, Colonoscopy screening every 10 years.

• #1 Colorectal cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer

  Aspirin and celecoxib appear to decrease the risk of colorectal cancer in those at high risk. Aspirin is recommended in those who are 50 to 60 years old, do not have an increased risk of bleeding, and are at risk for cardiovascular disease to prevent colorectal cancer. […] As more than 80% of colorectal cancers arise from adenomatous polyps, screening for this cancer is effective for both early detection and prevention. […] The three main screening tests are colonoscopy, fecal occult blood testing, and flexible sigmoidoscopy. […] In the United States, screening is typically recommended between ages 50 and 75 years. The American Cancer Society recommends starting at the age of 45. […] Several screening methods are recommended including stool-based tests every 2 years, sigmoidoscopy every 10 years with fecal immunochemical testing every two years, and colonoscopy every 10 years.

• #1 Prevention | Colorectal Cancer Alliance

  https://colorectalcancer.org/screening-prevention/prevention

  Increasing your physical activity can reduce your risk of developing colorectal cancer by 30 to 40 percent. […] 30 to 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity per day is needed to protect against colorectal cancer. […] Exercise also helps you to maintain a healthy body weight, which reduces your risk for colorectal cancer. […] A family history of colorectal cancer puts you at an increased risk for the disease. […] If you have a family history, you may need to be screened at age 40, or 10 years before the youngest case in your immediate family, whichever is earlier. […] Timely screening is the #1 way to reduce your risk for colon cancer, but did you know there are a number things you can do right at home? […] Prevent colorectal cancer with lifestyle changes.

• #1 Colorectal cancer prevention: What you need to know | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/publications/focused-on-health/Colorectal-cancer-prevention-What-you-need-to-know.h24Z1591413.html

  When it comes to colorectal cancers, the most important thing to consider is time. […] If you want to reduce your risk for colorectal cancer, start focusing on prevention as early as possible, and begin screening at the recommended age. […] Six in 100 people men and women will develop colorectal cancer. If you are at average risk for the disease, with no family history or inherited risk factors, you should begin getting regular colonoscopies at age 50. African American men and women should begin screening at age 45. […] Where we know we can have an impact is through screening, Bresalier says. […] A colonoscopy can detect cancer early, when its most treatable. But it has another important benefit. Your doctor can actually remove precancerous growths during the procedure. […] Screening is the most important thing we can do to prevent the disease.

• #1 Colorectal Cancer Prevention | How to Prevent Colorectal Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/prevention.html

  Theres no sure way to prevent colorectal cancer, but screening can find abnormal cells before they become cancer. You might also be able to lower your risk for colorectal cancer by changing the risk factors that you can control. […] Regular colorectal cancer screening is one of the most powerful tools for preventing colorectal cancer. […] With regular screening, most polyps can be found and removed before they have the chance to turn into cancer. […] If you have a strong family history of colorectal polyps or cancer, talk with your doctor about your risk. […] You might be able to lower your risk of colorectal cancer by managing your diet and physical activity. […] Staying at a healthy weight may help lower your risk. […] Increasing the amount and intensity of your physical activity may help reduce your risk.

• #1 Colorectal Cancer Prevention Nutrition Services | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-clinics/cancer-nutrition-services/reducing-cancer-risk/colorectal-cancer-prevention-diet.html

  Nutrition for Colorectal Cancer Prevention […] Certain risk factors for colorectal cancer can be reduced by: […] Maintaining a healthy weight […] Keeping physically active […] Making smart food choices […] If you are overweight or obese, weight loss is an important first step in reducing your risk of colorectal cancer development and recurrence. This increased risk comes from higher blood levels of insulin and related hormones that appear to encourage cancer growth. Aim for a body mass index (BMI) of 18.5-24.9. Even if your BMI is far from the target range, a body weight loss of 10% can reduce your cancer risk. […] Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous activity daily. […] Plant-based, high-fiber diets that are moderate to low in red meat with minimal processed meat and alcohol have been shown to reduce colorectal cancer risk.

• #1 Foods That Fight Colon Cancer: Prevention & Treatment

  https://www.uchealth.com/en/media-room/articles/foods-that-fight-colorectal-cancer-a-guide-to-nutrition-for-prevention-and-treatment

  Increasing your dietary fiber intake. Consume fiber-rich foods, such as whole wheat bread or brown rice, and beans and legumes, such as soybeans, lentils, peas, pinto beans, black beans and kidney beans. These are great sources of protein, fiber, vitamin B and vitamin E. According to the American Institute for Cancer Research, „Dietary legume consumption reduces the risk of colorectal cancer.” […] Maintaining a nutritious diet. Eat a variety of plant-based foods. Make healthy food choices, like vegetables, whole grains, legumes (beans) and nuts. […] Drinking plenty of water. Stay hydratedensure you’re getting enough fluids each day. The majority should come from non-caffeinated beverages. […] Eating more dairy. According to the American Institute for Cancer Research, there is strong evidence that the consumption of dairy can be protective against colorectal cancer.

• #1 Enhancing Colorectal Cancer Prevention with Diet: Molecular Pathways and Improved Outcomes – Colon Cancer Foundation

  https://coloncancerfoundation.org/enhancing-colorectal-cancer-prevention-with-diet-molecular-pathways-and-improved-outcomes/

  The link between nutrition and colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention is well established. Researchers have found that low-inflammation diets, such as Mediterranean diets, are associated with lower risk of CRC. […] These associations provide evidence that a low-inflammation diet that is low in sugar and processed foods can lower the risk of developing CRC; however, there is limited research on the impact of nutritional interventions on those who are already diagnosed. […] In accordance with previous research, the authors found that the Mediterranean diet was effective in reducing CRC tumor growth. […] Additionally, anti-inflammatory diets can suppress the growth of CRC tumors via immune system pathways. […] Successful, consistent implementation of preventative diets is the key to unlocking the benefits that come from the pathways.

• #1 How to prevent colorectal cancer – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/cancer/how-to-prevent-colorectal-cancer

  Colorectal cancer prevention starts with getting colonoscopies once every 10 years (or more often, depending on your risks), but it shouldn’t end there. […] „Red and processed meat has been the dietary factor most consistently linked to colon cancer,” says Dr. Andrew Chan, associate professor in the Department of Medicine at Harvard Medical School and gastroenterologist at Massachusetts General Hospital. […] Exercise is one of the best-researched ways to reduce the risk of colon cancer. Studies have consistently found that adults who are more active cut their risk by 30% to 40% compared with those who are sedentary. […] Eating a healthy diet will help prevent obesity and keep your waistline within the recommended 35 inches or less for womenboth of which will also help prevent colon cancer.

• #1 Reducing colorectal cancer risk – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/reducing-your-risk-for-colon-cancer

  Get moving. You know exercise benefits your heart and can help you maintain your weight. It also may lower your risk of developing some types of cancer, including colorectal cancer. Aim for 30 minutes of moderate exercise on most days of the week. […] Watch your weight. Carrying extra pounds increases your risk of colorectal cancer, and cancers of the breast (in postmenopausal women), rectum, esophagus, pancreas and kidney, among others, according to the American Cancer Society. Talk to your health care team if you need help losing weight. […] Limit alcohol and don’t smoke. If you choose to drink alcohol, do so moderately. That means no more than one drink a day for women or two drinks a day for men. And if you smoke, quit. Your provider can offer tips or refer you to a program to help you stop.

• #1 6 Expert Tips to Prevent Colorectal Cancer

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/newsroom/6-expert-tips-to-prevent-colorectal-cancer/

  There are no ifs, ands or butts about it: March is Colorectal Cancer Awareness Month and a timely reminder to get screened for one of the deadliest and most preventable cancers. […] Chiu offers these six tips for preventing colorectal cancer: […] 1. Get screened for colorectal cancer […] Screening can help physicians detect and remove abnormal growths called polyps before they become cancer. When detected early, colorectal cancer is highly treatable, Chiu said. […] 2. Focus on your diet […] A number of studies have shown that diets rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains are linked with a lower risk of colon or rectal cancer, Chiu said. […] 3. Exercise […] Being active may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer, Chiu said, because it may reduce inflammation in the body. […] 4. Watch your weight

• #1 Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors | Hereditary Colorectal Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Many lifestyle-related factors have been linked to colorectal cancer. In fact, more than half of all colorectal cancers are linked to risk factors that can be changed. […] If you have excess body weight (overweight or obesity), your risk of developing and dying from colorectal cancer is higher. Excess weight raises the risk of colorectal cancer in people, but the link seems to be stronger in men. Getting to and staying at a healthy weight may help lower your risk. […] Following a healthy eating pattern that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and that limits or avoids red and processed meats and sugary drinks probably lowers risk. […] People who have smoked tobacco for a long time are more likely to develop and die from colorectal cancer than people who don’t smoke.

• #1 Colon Cancer Prevention: 6 Tips for Reducing Your Risk

  https://www.healthline.com/health/colorectal-cancer/colon-cancer-prevention

  Regular exercise can help you manage your weight and reduce your risk of colon cancer. […] Due to the nature of colon cancer, screening tests are done before signs and symptoms may develop. […] Colorectal cancer screening via traditional colonoscopy is typically recommended every 10 years starting at age 45. […] In the United States, about 13 percent of colon cancers are attributed to alcohol consumption, and 12 percent to current or former tobacco use. […] Current smokers are at a 50 percent higher risk of developing colon cancer than those who never smoked. […] Men with obesity have about a 50 percent higher risk of colon cancer than people without obesity, while women with obesity have about a 10 percent increased risk.

• #1 6 Expert Tips to Prevent Colorectal Cancer

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/newsroom/6-expert-tips-to-prevent-colorectal-cancer/

  Being overweight or obese increases the risk of getting colon or rectal cancer because it can alter the function of hormones, such as insulin and leptin, Chiu said. […] 5. Limit alcohol […] Alcohol can cause intestinal damage. It is a toxin whose byproduct can damage DNA, Chiu said. […] 6. Do not smoke […] Smoking increases the risk for colorectal cancer, Chiu said, because it causes DNA damage and inflammation in the intestine and lung.

• #1 Colorectal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Prevention – Patient Information [NCI] | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.colorectal-cancer-prevention-pdq%C2%AE-prevention-patient-information-nci.ncicdr0000258007

  Inherited risk. The risk of colorectal cancer is increased when certain gene changes linked to familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC or Lynch Syndrome) are inherited. […] Alcohol. Drinking 3 or more alcoholic beverages per day increases the risk of colorectal cancer. Drinking alcohol is also linked to the risk of forming large colorectal adenomas (benign tumors). […] Cigarette smoking. Cigarette smoking is linked to an increased risk of colorectal cancer and death from colorectal cancer. […] Smoking cigarettes is also linked to an increased risk of forming colorectal adenomas. Cigarette smokers who have had surgery to remove colorectal adenomas are at an increased risk for the adenomas to recur (come back). […] Race. Black individuals have an increased risk of colorectal cancer and death from colorectal cancer compared to other races.

• #1 Lifestyle Changes to Reduce Colorectal Cancer Risk | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/colorectal-cancer/prevention

  Lifestyle Changes to Reduce Colorectal Cancer Risk […] In addition to colorectal cancer screening, doctors at NYU Langones Perlmutter Cancer Center recommend making simple lifestyle changes to help reduce your risk of developing colorectal cancer. […] Smoking may increase colorectal cancer risk. NYU Langone doctors strongly urge people who smoke to quit. Our Tobacco Cessation Program can help you succeed. […] Heavy alcohol use may increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer. Doctors advise drinking alcohol in moderation only. […] Eating a healthy dietone rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains and low in red and processed meatsmay help reduce your risk of developing colorectal cancer. […] An active lifestyle has been linked to a reduced risk of colorectal cancer. Speak with your doctor about an exercise program that is right for you.

• #1 Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors | Hereditary Colorectal Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Colorectal cancer has been linked to moderate to heavy alcohol use. Even light-to-moderate alcohol intake has been associated with some risk. It is best not to drink alcohol. If people do drink alcohol, they should have no more than 2 drinks a day for men and 1 drink a day for women. This could have many health benefits, including a lower risk of many kinds of cancer. […] If you have inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including either ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease, your risk of colorectal cancer is increased. […] If you have a family history of adenomatous polyps or colorectal cancer, talk with your doctor about the possible need to start screening at a younger age. If you’ve had adenomatous polyps or colorectal cancer, it’s important to tell your close relatives so that they can pass along that information to their doctors and start screening at the right age. […] Since many of these syndromes are linked to colorectal cancer at a young age and other types of cancer, identifying families with these inherited syndromes is important. It lets doctors recommend specific steps such as screening and other preventive measures when the person is younger.

• #1

  https://fascrs.org/patients/diseases-and-conditions/a-z/six-steps-to-lowering-your-risk-of-colon-cancer

  Get regular colorectal cancer screenings beginning at age 45.* If you have a personal or family history of colorectal cancer or colorectal polyps, or a personal history of another cancer or inflammatory bowel disease, talk to your doctor about earlier screening. […] Eat plenty of fiber. Eat between 25 to 35 grams of fiber each day. Fruits, vegetables, whole grain bread and cereals, nuts and beans are excellent sources of fiber. […] Eat a low-fat, healthy diet. Diets that include fruits, vegetables, and whole grains have reduced risk of colorectal cancer. Also, limit red meat (beef, pork, lamb) and processed meats (salami, hot dogs) as these have been linked to an increased risk of colorectal cancer. […] Limit alcohol and don’t use tobacco. Alcohol and tobacco are linked to colorectal cancer and other gastrointestinal cancers. If you use tobacco, quit. If you use alcohol, drink only in moderation. The American Cancer Society recommends no more than 2 drinks a day for men and 1 drink a day for women.

• #1 Aspirin for the prevention of colorectal cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3354696/

  Over 600,000 people worldwide die of colorectal cancer (CRC) annually, highlighting the importance of developing effective prevention strategies. […] Among proposed chemopreventive interventions, aspirin is perhaps the agent with the strongest body of evidence that supports wider spread use to significantly reduce the population burden of CRC. […] Several epidemiological studies, four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of colorectal polyp recurrence, and RCTs in patients with hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes, have shown that aspirin reduces incidence of colorectal neoplasia. […] Recently, in a pooled analysis of five cardiovascular-prevention RCTs linked to cancer outcomes, daily aspirin use at any dose reduced the risk of CRC by 24% and of CRC-associated mortality by 35% after a delay of 810 years.

• #1 Aspirin for the prevention of colorectal cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3354696/

  To date, there have been 4 RCTs examining the effect of aspirin on recurrent adenoma among patients with a history of prior colorectal neoplasia. […] Aspirin has also been studied in the Colorectal Adenoma/carcinoma Prevention Programme 1 (CAPP1) study, an RCT of aspirin 600 mg/day and/or resistant starch 30 g/day in a 2-by-2 factorial design. […] Among 133 evaluable patients, aspirin treatment resulted in a non-significant reduction in polyp number (RR = 0.77; 95% CI, 0.54 1.10) compared with non-aspirin, and a significant reduction in polyp size among patients treated with aspirin for more than 1 year. […] The other major known distinct genetic syndrome that underlies familial CRC is the Lynch syndrome, an autosomal dominantly inherited condition in which germline mutations in mismatch repair genes confer a high lifetime risk of cancers of the colorectum as well as other organs.

• #1 Aspirin for the prevention of colorectal cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3354696/

  This finding is consistent with present understanding of the relatively abbreviated time frame within which thrombosis and platelet aggregation may lead to vascular events in comparison with the longer time frame associated with the slow-wise progression of normal colonic mucosa to adenoma to cancer. […] Aspirin has been extensively researched in the context of the prevention of cardiovascular (CV) disease. […] The widespread use of aspirin for CV prevention as well as compelling in vitro and in vivo experimental data supporting its anti-neoplastic benefit has led to extensive examination of aspirin for cancer prevention in human populations. […] In this review, we will provide an overview of the human data that supports a role of aspirin as a chemopreventive agent for CRC. […] The benefit of aspirin use in CRC prevention has also been extrapolated from RCTs of aspirin in the prevention of adenomas, the precursors of the vast majority of CRC.

• #1 Study: Daily Aspirin May Help Prevent Spread of Colorectal Cancer

  https://www.health.com/aspirin-colorectal-cancer-8637349

  Aspirin may help prevent the spread of colorectal cancer to the lymph nodes, a new study has found. […] Aspirin may play a role in colorectal cancer prevention and treatment, according to new research published in the journal Cancer. […] Specifically, researchers found that people with colorectal cancer who took aspirin had less spread of the disease to their lymph nodes than those who didn’t take the drug. Aspirin also seemed to help the body’s immune system track down cancer cells. […] Similar to the anti-inflammatory effects that aspirin has as an NSAID, the study seems to indicate that aspirin can adjust the immune system function so that it is more vigilant for cancer cells and will eliminate them better. […] Kamath said this finding adds another potential way aspirin might improve colorectal cancer outcomes. Previous research has suggested that aspirin may limit cancer spread because the drug blocks the aggregation of platelets, which in turn may prevent tumor cells from traveling through the blood. […] Aspirin might help the body better recognize cancer cells, the researchers concluded. As Scarpa explained, taking aspirin appeared to have improved the cells’ ability to alert other defense cells to the presence of tumor-associated proteins.

• #1 Aspirin for Colon Cancer Risk Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1101/od2.html

  Daily low-dose aspirin can be offered to patients older than 50 years for colon cancer prevention. (Strength of Recommendation: B, based on multiple meta-analyses but undermined by one large randomized controlled trial [RCT].) When aspirin is taken daily for at least 10 years, it decreases mortality risk from colorectal cancer (CRC; number needed to treat [NNT] = 1,500 person-years), decreases the risk of metastasis in patients with localized adenocarcinoma, and decreases CRC stage at diagnosis. […] A meta-analysis by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force calculated the cumulative RR for CRC from 11 RCTs (N = 88,877) in a general population cohort taking daily aspirin. […] In 2016, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommended that adults 50 to 59 years with a 10% or greater 10-year CVD risk and sufficient life expectancy would benefit from long-term regular aspirin use for CRC prevention (grade B recommendation: moderate certainty of benefit).

• #1 Colorectal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/hp/colorectal-prevention-pdq

  For most people, the major factor that increases a persons risk for colorectal cancer (CRC) is advancing age. Risk increases dramatically after age 50 years; 90% of all CRCs are diagnosed after this age. […] People with inflammatory bowel disease, such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn disease, have a much higher risk of CRC starting about 8 years after disease onset and are recommended to have frequent colonoscopic surveillance. […] Based on solid evidence, regular physical activity is associated with a decreased incidence of CRC. […] Based on solid evidence, daily aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid [ASA]) reduces CRC incidence and mortality after 10 to 20 years. […] Based on solid evidence, removal of adenomatous polyps reduces the risk of CRC. […] Based on solid evidence, harms of ASA use include excessive bleeding, including gastrointestinal bleeding and hemorrhagic stroke.

• #1 Colorectal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Prevention – Patient Information [NCI] | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.colorectal-cancer-prevention-pdq%C2%AE-prevention-patient-information-nci.ncicdr0000258007

  Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer. […] Avoiding cancer risk factors may help prevent certain cancers. Risk factors include smoking, having overweight, and not getting enough exercise. Increasing protective factors such as quitting smoking and exercising may also help prevent some cancers. Talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of cancer. […] The following risk factors increase the risk of colorectal cancer: Age. The risk of colorectal cancer increases after age 50. Most cases of colorectal cancer are diagnosed after age 50. […] Family history of colorectal cancer. Having a parent, brother, sister, or child with colorectal cancer doubles a person’s risk of colorectal cancer. […] Personal history. Having a personal history of the following conditions increases the risk of colorectal cancer: Previous colorectal cancer. High-risk adenomas (colorectal polyps that are 1 centimeter or larger in size or that have cells that look abnormal under a microscope). Ovarian cancer. Inflammatory bowel disease (such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn disease).

• #1 Screening and Prevention for People with a Family History of Colorectal Cancer | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/health-library/screening-prevention-for-people-with-a-family-history-of-colorectal-cancer

  Cancer of the colon and rectum is the third most common type of cancer in the United States. The risk for men and women to develop colon cancer or rectal cancer is about 5-6 percent over a lifetime. Several large studies have shown that a history of colon or rectal cancer in a 1st degree relative (parent, brother, sister, or child) increases an individual’s chance of developing cancer of the colon or rectum. Family history of pre-cancerous colorectal polyps (mushroom-like growths) also increases ones risk. […] The American Cancer Society, the American Gastroenterological Association, and the National Cancer Institute all recommend men and women begin screening for colorectal cancer at age 50. People with family history should consider screening at a younger age. The first step in prevention starts with a healthy lifestyle. Eating a balanced diet, avoiding excessive alcohol and tobacco use, and exercising are all good ways to reduce cancer risks.

• #1 Screening and Prevention for People with a Family History of Colorectal Cancer | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/health-library/screening-prevention-for-people-with-a-family-history-of-colorectal-cancer

  An important way to prevent cancer of the colon or rectum is by getting the appropriate screening tests. Removal of pre-cancerous polyps detected through screening can prevent the development of cancer altogether. […] In people with either one first-degree or two second-degree relatives (for instance, an aunt, uncle or grandparent) with colon cancer or pre-cancerous polyps, the above screening is recommended beginning at age 40 instead of 50, with a colonoscopy as the preferred method. A colonoscopy should be repeated at least every five years if the results are negative. […] Colonoscopy screening should begin at 40 years or 10 years earlier than the earliest case of colon cancer in the family. A colonoscopy should be repeated at least every five years if the results are negative. […] When a hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome is suspected or present in a family, members may begin screening at much younger ages and more frequently. In some cases, screening may begin in childhood or early adulthood and will often involve annual colonoscopy.

• #1 5 Things To Know About Colon Cancer Prevention and Screening < Yale School of Medicine

  https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/five-things-to-know-about-colon-cancer-prevention-and-screening/

  Each test carries different benefits and risks. Ultimately, the best test is the one that gets done. […] More than a third of patients over 50 who have a colonoscopy will have polyps, which are abnormal growths on the inner walls of the colon or rectum. A very small percentage of polyps progress into cancer. […] Current guidelines recommend more frequent colonoscopies for patients with this finding.

• #1 Preventive Treatment for People at High Risk for Colorectal Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/colorectal-cancer/treatments/preventive-treatment-for-people-at-high-risk-for-colorectal-cancer

  People with familial adenomatous polyposis or Lynch syndrome may choose to have surgery to remove the entire colon—a procedure called a total colectomy—to help prevent colon cancer. […] Our surgeons may use open surgery to perform the total colectomy or minimally invasive approaches, such as laparoscopic surgery and robotic surgery, which involve making small incisions to improve recovery time.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/colorectal-cancer

  Colorectal cancer is often diagnosed at advanced stages when treatment options are limited. […] The incidence and impact of colorectal cancer can be significantly reduced by implementing primary prevention strategies such as adopting a healthy lifestyle, avoiding risk factors, and practicing early detection through screening. […] The risk of colorectal cancer can be reduced by eating a healthy diet, staying physically active, not smoking tobacco and limiting alcohol. Regular screenings are crucial for early detection. […] Lifestyle changes and regular screening can help prevent colorectal cancer. […] Lifestyle changes to help prevent colorectal cancer include: eating a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables, not smoking tobacco, keeping an active lifestyle, limiting alcohol consumption, avoiding exposure to environmental risk factors.

• #1

  https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/colorectal-cancer/prevention.php

  Colorectal cancer is one of the deadliest forms of cancer in the United States. Yet more than half of cases are preventable. Find out how to protect yourself. […] And yet many colorectal cancers are avoidable. In fact, more than half (55%) can be traced back to lifestyle choices, including unhealthy diet, inadequate physical activity, smoking and drinking alcohol in excess. Because of the prevention research pioneered at Winship and other National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers, there are colorectal cancer prevention guidelines you can follow to help you avoid the disease. […] While theres nothing you can do to change your age, sex, race, family history and inherited traits, you still can reduce your risk for developing colorectal cancer. Based on Winship-led research, along with findings from other NCI-designated cancer centers, NCI recommends the following colorectal cancer prevention guidelines: Not smoking, Drinking in moderation or not at all, Maintaining a body mass index below 25, Being physically active every day, Taking a daily aspirin, which also helps to prevent colorectal cancer in those at risk for cardiovascular disease (not for people at high risk for stroke and those with bleeding disorders), Regular screening with colonoscopy and polyp removal, starting at age 45, and 35 for those with a first-degree relative who has received a diagnosis of colorectal cancer. […] While new treatments are often the focus of cancer research studies, its also necessary to conduct research to help inform colorectal cancer prevention guidelines.

• #1 Lifestyle Changes to Reduce Colorectal Cancer Risk | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/colorectal-cancer/prevention

  Being overweight can increase your risk of colorectal cancer. Eating healthfully and exercising regularly can help you maintain a healthy body weight. […] Colorectal cancer is one cancer for which the recommended screening tests, such as colonoscopy, can not only detect cancer early but can often help prevent cancer from developing. Colonoscopy screening can be used to identify growths, called polyps, before they become cancerousand before you have symptoms. […] According to the U.S. Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer Screening, most men and women at average risk should start screening at age 45. For people who have certain risk factors, such as inflammatory bowel disease or a family history of colon polyps or cancer, screening may start at a younger age.

• #1 Colorectal cancer prevention: what you need to know – Baylor College of Medicine Blog Network

  https://blogs.bcm.edu/2025/03/12/colorectal-cancer-prevention/

  Colonoscopies remain the gold standard for detecting and removing precancerous polyps before they turn into cancer. […] Theres a misconception that colonoscopies are painful or unnecessary, but they are actually one of the most effective tools we have for preventing colorectal cancer. […] The American Cancer Society recommends that people at average risk of colorectal cancer begin screening at age 45. […] Screening saves lives. […] Colorectal cancer is highly preventable with a proactive approach to health. […] Eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, knowing your family history and keeping up with recommended screenings are key steps to reducing risk.

• #1 Screening & Prevention | Colorectal Cancer Alliance

  https://colorectalcancer.org/screening-prevention

  Colorectal cancer is the second deadliest cancer in the United States. Yet it’s one of the few cancers that’s preventable. Screening for colorectal cancer is the No. 1 way you can prevent colon cancer and rectal cancer. They’re also highly treatable if caught early. Thats why on-time screening is essential and lifesaving. […] With screening—the process of detecting cancer or precancerous growths (known as polyps) in the colon or rectum—colorectal cancer is one of the most preventable of all cancers. […] In fact, some experts believe an uptake in screening over the past couple of decades has contributed, at least in part, to declining incidence rates of colorectal cancer in older adults. […] During the screening, doctors can find polyps inside the colon and remove them before they become cancer. Screenings can also find cancer early when treatment is most effective.

• #1 A risk-stratified approach to colorectal cancer prevention and diagnosis | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-00368-3

  Population screening and endoscopic surveillance are used widely to prevent the development of and death from colorectal cancer (CRC). […] We explore how risk stratification will be advantageous to current health-care providers and users, enabling more efficient use of limited colonoscopy resources. […] We discuss risk stratification in the setting of population screening as well as the surveillance of high-risk groups and investigation of symptomatic patients. […] We also address challenges in the development and validation of risk stratification tools and identify key research priorities. […] Aspirin and colorectal cancer: the promise of precision chemoprevention. […] Offer daily aspirin to those with inherited genetic condition to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. […] Aspirin use to prevent cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer: preventive medication.

• #1 Colon Cancer Prevention | Carole and Ray Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center

  https://health.uconn.edu/cancer/patient-services/prevention-screening/colon-cancer-prevention/

  Colon cancer prevention is not one-size-fits-all. There are many different factors that can increase your odds of developing colon cancer. […] Anyone over the age of 18 who is concerned about their risk of colon cancer is encouraged to join the Colon Cancer Prevention Program. […] At UConn, your cancer prevention plan begins with a detailed assessment to help determine your unique risk factors. […] As part of this program, you will receive ongoing education about risk reduction strategies and new advances in colon cancer prevention, including a newsletter and invitations to talks and seminars.

• #2

  https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/colorectal-cancer/prevention.php

  Colorectal cancer is one of the deadliest forms of cancer in the United States. Yet more than half of cases are preventable. Find out how to protect yourself. […] And yet many colorectal cancers are avoidable. In fact, more than half (55%) can be traced back to lifestyle choices, including unhealthy diet, inadequate physical activity, smoking and drinking alcohol in excess. Because of the prevention research pioneered at Winship and other National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers, there are colorectal cancer prevention guidelines you can follow to help you avoid the disease. […] While theres nothing you can do to change your age, sex, race, family history and inherited traits, you still can reduce your risk for developing colorectal cancer. Based on Winship-led research, along with findings from other NCI-designated cancer centers, NCI recommends the following colorectal cancer prevention guidelines: Not smoking, Drinking in moderation or not at all, Maintaining a body mass index below 25, Being physically active every day, Taking a daily aspirin, which also helps to prevent colorectal cancer in those at risk for cardiovascular disease (not for people at high risk for stroke and those with bleeding disorders), Regular screening with colonoscopy and polyp removal, starting at age 45, and 35 for those with a first-degree relative who has received a diagnosis of colorectal cancer. […] While new treatments are often the focus of cancer research studies, its also necessary to conduct research to help inform colorectal cancer prevention guidelines.

• #2 Screening & Prevention | Colorectal Cancer Alliance

  https://colorectalcancer.org/screening-prevention

  Colorectal cancer is the second deadliest cancer in the United States. Yet it’s one of the few cancers that’s preventable. Screening for colorectal cancer is the No. 1 way you can prevent colon cancer and rectal cancer. They’re also highly treatable if caught early. Thats why on-time screening is essential and lifesaving. […] With screening—the process of detecting cancer or precancerous growths (known as polyps) in the colon or rectum—colorectal cancer is one of the most preventable of all cancers. […] In fact, some experts believe an uptake in screening over the past couple of decades has contributed, at least in part, to declining incidence rates of colorectal cancer in older adults. […] During the screening, doctors can find polyps inside the colon and remove them before they become cancer. Screenings can also find cancer early when treatment is most effective.

• #2 Screening for Colorectal Cancer | Colorectal Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/colorectal-cancer/screening/index.html

  Most people should begin screening for colorectal cancer soon after turning 45. […] Screening tests can find precancerous polyps, so that they can be removed before they turn into cancer. […] The US Preventive Services Task Force (Task Force) recommends that adults age 45 to 75 be screened for colorectal cancer. […] If you think you are at increased risk for colorectal cancer, speak with your doctor about: When to begin screening. […] Several screening tests can be used to find polyps or colorectal cancer. […] Talk to your doctor about which test is right for you. […] Colonoscopy also is used as a follow-up test if anything unusual is found during one of the other screening tests. […] If you are age 45 or older, get screened for colorectal cancer.

• #2 Screening and Prevention for People with a Family History of Colorectal Cancer | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/health-library/screening-prevention-for-people-with-a-family-history-of-colorectal-cancer

  An important way to prevent cancer of the colon or rectum is by getting the appropriate screening tests. Removal of pre-cancerous polyps detected through screening can prevent the development of cancer altogether. […] In people with either one first-degree or two second-degree relatives (for instance, an aunt, uncle or grandparent) with colon cancer or pre-cancerous polyps, the above screening is recommended beginning at age 40 instead of 50, with a colonoscopy as the preferred method. A colonoscopy should be repeated at least every five years if the results are negative. […] Colonoscopy screening should begin at 40 years or 10 years earlier than the earliest case of colon cancer in the family. A colonoscopy should be repeated at least every five years if the results are negative. […] When a hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome is suspected or present in a family, members may begin screening at much younger ages and more frequently. In some cases, screening may begin in childhood or early adulthood and will often involve annual colonoscopy.

• #2 Primary Prevention of Colorectal Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2947820/

  Colorectal cancer has been strongly associated with a Western lifestyle. In the past several decades, much has been learned about the dietary, lifestyle, and medication risk factors for this malignancy. […] Replacing these factors with poultry, fish, and plant sources as the primary source of protein; unsaturated fats as the primary source of fat; and unrefined grains, legumes and fruits as the primary source of carbohydrates is likely to lower risk of colorectal cancer. […] Compelling evidence indicates that avoidance of smoking and heavy alcohol use, prevention of weight gain, and the maintenance of a reasonable level of physical activity are associated with markedly lower risks of colorectal cancer. […] Medications such as aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and post-menopausal hormones for women are associated with significant reductions in colorectal cancer risk, though their utility is affected by associated risks.

• #2 Enhancing Colorectal Cancer Prevention with Diet: Molecular Pathways and Improved Outcomes – Colon Cancer Foundation

  https://coloncancerfoundation.org/enhancing-colorectal-cancer-prevention-with-diet-molecular-pathways-and-improved-outcomes/

  The link between nutrition and colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention is well established. Researchers have found that low-inflammation diets, such as Mediterranean diets, are associated with lower risk of CRC. […] These associations provide evidence that a low-inflammation diet that is low in sugar and processed foods can lower the risk of developing CRC; however, there is limited research on the impact of nutritional interventions on those who are already diagnosed. […] In accordance with previous research, the authors found that the Mediterranean diet was effective in reducing CRC tumor growth. […] Additionally, anti-inflammatory diets can suppress the growth of CRC tumors via immune system pathways. […] Successful, consistent implementation of preventative diets is the key to unlocking the benefits that come from the pathways.

• #2 Colorectal Cancer Prevention Nutrition Services | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-clinics/cancer-nutrition-services/reducing-cancer-risk/colorectal-cancer-prevention-diet.html

  Eat more: […] Vegetables: salad greens, tomatoes, onions, broccoli, eggplant, carrots, etc. All varieties of vegetables have cancer-preventative properties so consuming a wide variety is the key. Research now shows that garlic is helpful in prevention of colorectal cancer so be sure to include it in your meals daily. […] Fruit: berries, melon, apples, pears, oranges, bananas, etc. Whole fruit gives you the most benefits, so choose the whole fruit and limit or avoid fruit juices. […] Whole Grains and Beans: quinoa, oats, black rice, barley, farro, wild rice, lentils, beans, etc. They are high in fiber which is protective against colorectal cancer. These foods contain many other substances that have been linked to lower cancer risk. It is for this reason that experts suggest increasing fiber intake from whole foods rather than supplements.

• #2 Foods That Fight Colon Cancer: Prevention & Treatment

  https://www.uchealth.com/en/media-room/articles/foods-that-fight-colorectal-cancer-a-guide-to-nutrition-for-prevention-and-treatment

  Avoid alcohol. Alcohol increases your risk of developing cancerous cells. It turns into cancer-causing compounds in the body, which can also damage the cell lining of the colon. […] Limit products with high glycemic loads. Foods such as white rice, noodles, cake and sugar have a lot of refined carbohydrates and sugars. […] Eat less red meat and processed meats. Processed meats and red meats, such as deli meat or hot dogs, may be associated with an increased risk of developing colon cancer. […] Here’s what Stacy recommends to prevent colorectal cancer: […] Whole grains. Brown rice, oats, 100% whole wheat bread products, quinoa, faro, barley and whole grain pasta. […] Dairy products. Low-fat milk, yogurt, cottage cheese and other cheese products. Cancer research suggests the high calcium content in these may be protective.

• #2 Primary Prevention of Colorectal Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2947820/

  Taken together, modifications in diet and lifestyle should substantially reduce the risk of colorectal cancer and could complement screening in reducing colorectal cancer incidence. […] The cornerstones of colorectal cancer prevention are screening and detection of adenomatous polyps. However, improving our understanding of the modifiable risk factors might inform additional primary prevention strategies that can further reduce risk. […] In summary, increasing intake of fruits, vegetables, or fiber is unlikely to prevent a large proportion of colorectal cancers, particularly among a U.S. population, which has a food supply already fortified with folate and other dietary factors that might protect against colorectal neoplasia. […] Limiting intake of processed meat and red meat, especially after high-temperature cooking, and replacing these foods with poultry or fish as alternative protein sources could be a reasonable approach to reducing risk of colorectal cancer.

• #2 Primary Prevention of Colorectal Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2947820/

  For lifestyle factors, there is compelling evidence that avoidance of smoking and heavy alcohol use, prevention of weight gain, and the maintenance of a reasonable level of physical activity can each have a positive influence on risk of colorectal cancer. […] Taken together, modification of multiple diet and lifestyle factors is likely to have a substantial overall impact on risk of colorectal cancer.

• #2 Colorectal Cancer Prevention Nutrition Services | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-clinics/cancer-nutrition-services/reducing-cancer-risk/colorectal-cancer-prevention-diet.html

  Nutrition for Colorectal Cancer Prevention […] Certain risk factors for colorectal cancer can be reduced by: […] Maintaining a healthy weight […] Keeping physically active […] Making smart food choices […] If you are overweight or obese, weight loss is an important first step in reducing your risk of colorectal cancer development and recurrence. This increased risk comes from higher blood levels of insulin and related hormones that appear to encourage cancer growth. Aim for a body mass index (BMI) of 18.5-24.9. Even if your BMI is far from the target range, a body weight loss of 10% can reduce your cancer risk. […] Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous activity daily. […] Plant-based, high-fiber diets that are moderate to low in red meat with minimal processed meat and alcohol have been shown to reduce colorectal cancer risk.

• #2 Preventing bowel cancer | How you can reduce the risk

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/bowel-cancer/preventing-bowel-cancer/

  Drinking alcohol increases the risk of bowel cancer and at least 6 other cancers. […] Smoking is a major risk factor for many cancers, including bowel cancer. Quitting smoking can significantly reduce your risk. […] This research showed strong evidence that certain combinations of behaviour reduced the risk of bowel cancer. […] We estimate that around 45% of bowel cancer cases in the UK could be prevented if we all made changes to our diets such as eating more wholegrains, and eating less red and no processed meat. […] Food that has been found to help reduce your cancer risk include: Wholegrains, Beans, legumes and pulses, Fruit and vegetables, Fish. […] Replacing red and processed meat with chicken, fish, eggs, pulses and soya-based food like tempeh and tofu is a great way to help reduce your risk of bowel cancer. […] Moderately intense physical activity, such as brisk walking, can help reduce your risk of cancer of the colon, a part of the bowel. Our research has found that people who are more physically active have a decreased risk compared with those who do very little.

• #2 Colorectal cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer

  It has been estimated that about half of colorectal cancer cases are due to lifestyle factors, and about a quarter of all cases are preventable. Increasing surveillance, engaging in physical activity, consuming a diet high in fiber, quitting smoking and limiting alcohol consumption decrease the risk. […] Lifestyle risk factors with strong evidence include lack of exercise, cigarette smoking, alcohol, and obesity. The risk of colon cancer can be reduced by maintaining a normal body weight through a combination of sufficient exercise and eating a healthy diet. […] Current research consistently links eating more red meat and processed meat to a higher risk of the disease. […] Consuming alcoholic drinks and consuming processed meat both increase the risk of colorectal cancer. […] Higher physical activity is recommended. Physical exercise is associated with a modest reduction in colon but not rectal cancer risk.

• #2 Colorectal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Prevention – Patient Information [NCI] | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.colorectal-cancer-prevention-pdq%C2%AE-prevention-patient-information-nci.ncicdr0000258007

  Obesity. Obesity is linked to an increased risk of colorectal cancer and death from colorectal cancer. […] The following protective factors decrease the risk of colorectal cancer: Physical activity. A lifestyle that includes regular physical activity is linked to a decreased risk of colorectal cancer. […] Aspirin. Studies have shown that taking aspirin daily for at least two years lowers the risk of colorectal cancer and the risk of death from colorectal cancer. The decrease in risk begins 10 to 20 years after patients start taking aspirin. […] Combination hormone replacement therapy. Studies have shown that combination hormone replacement therapy (HRT) that includes both estrogen and progestin lowers the risk of invasive colorectal cancer in postmenopausal women. […] Polyp removal. Most colorectal polyps are adenomas, which may develop into cancer. Removing colorectal polyps that are larger than 1 centimeter (pea-sized) may lower the risk of colorectal cancer. […] Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer. […] New ways to prevent colorectal cancer are being studied in clinical trials.

• #2 Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors | Hereditary Colorectal Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Colorectal cancer has been linked to moderate to heavy alcohol use. Even light-to-moderate alcohol intake has been associated with some risk. It is best not to drink alcohol. If people do drink alcohol, they should have no more than 2 drinks a day for men and 1 drink a day for women. This could have many health benefits, including a lower risk of many kinds of cancer. […] If you have inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including either ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease, your risk of colorectal cancer is increased. […] If you have a family history of adenomatous polyps or colorectal cancer, talk with your doctor about the possible need to start screening at a younger age. If you’ve had adenomatous polyps or colorectal cancer, it’s important to tell your close relatives so that they can pass along that information to their doctors and start screening at the right age. […] Since many of these syndromes are linked to colorectal cancer at a young age and other types of cancer, identifying families with these inherited syndromes is important. It lets doctors recommend specific steps such as screening and other preventive measures when the person is younger.

• #2 Aspirin for the prevention of colorectal cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3354696/

  In an expanded meta-analysis of 8 cardiovascular-prevention RCTs, daily aspirin use at any dose was associated with a 21% lower risk of all cancer death, including CRC, with benefit only apparent after 5 years. […] In this review, we will summarize human studies of aspirin in CRC prevention as well as discuss the safety profile and mechanism of aspirin in CRC prevention. […] The vast majority of cohort and case-control studies have observed an inverse association between aspirin use and risk of CRC. […] An early analysis of 662,424 men and women enrolled in the U.S. Cancer Prevention Study (CPS) II cohort showed that aspirin use at least 16 times per month was associated with a 40% reduced risk of colon cancer mortality over a 6-year period. […] An updated analysis of this cohort observed that daily use of at least 325 mg for at least 5 years was associated with a lower incidence of CRC compared with nonusers (rate ratio [RR], 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.52 0.90), as well as reduced risks of other cancers.

• #2 Aspirin for the prevention of colorectal cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3354696/

  In a separate cohort study of 47,363 male US health professionals, the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS), regular aspirin use (2 times/week) was associated with a 21% (RR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.69 0.90) lower risk of CRC over 18 years of follow-up. […] Similar findings were observed in the US Nurses Health Study (NHS) cohort. […] Aspirin has also been associated with a lower risk of death from CRC. […] In an analysis of the NHS, regular aspirin use was significantly associated with a 28% reduction (hazard ratio [HR]=0.72, 95% CI 0.56 0.92) in risk of death from CRC, a 12% reduction in risk of death from any cancer (HR =0.88; 95% CI 0.81 0.96), and a 25% reduction in risk of death from all causes (HR=0.75, 95% CI 0.71 0.81). […] The latent period for the reduction in cancer deaths was at least 10 years, in contrast with the latent period for the reduction of CV mortality, which was 15 years of aspirin use.

• #2

  https://www.facingourrisk.org/info/risk-management-and-treatment/screening-and-risk-reduction/by-cancer-type/colorectal/medications-to-reduce-risk

  In people with Lynch syndrome, daily aspirin may decrease the risk for colon cancer and other cancers. In one study, people who took 600 mg of aspirin daily for two years or more had a 60 percent decrease in their risk for colorectal cancer. […] More studies are needed to help experts understand the best dose and duration of aspirin to protect people with Lynch syndrome from colorectal cancer. […] In people with the rare syndrome Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP), caused by an inherited mutation in the APC gene, the drugs Sulindac and celexicob have been shown to lower the risk for polyps. […] Currently, there is not enough evidence to support using of any of these other agents to lower the risk for colorectal cancer.

• #2 Taking Aspirin: Can It Really Prevent Colorectal Cancer?  – Colon Cancer Foundation

  https://coloncancerfoundation.org/taking-aspirin-can-it-really-prevent-colorectal-cancer/

  Overall, this study found that individuals who took aspirin had less spread of cancer to their lymph nodes as compared to those who did not take aspirin. The study also found an association between aspirin usage and a reduction in the risk of CRC. […] Aspirin’s role in preventing various cancers is surprising because one wouldn’t typically think there was a connection between the two. However, aspirin actually has capabilities of adjusting the immune system function, inherently allowing it to function better when it comes to fighting cancer cells. […] However, this study really is interesting as it makes us wonder what other parts of daily life could unknowingly be helping us reduce the risk of cancer and other diseases. Additionally, it also raises questions on further research that could be done on the impact of medications on the immune system along with ways to strengthen the immune system to prevent various cancers.

• #2 Colon cancer: Could aspirin help slow disease progression?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/colon-cancer-activate-protective-genes-to-slow-progression

  Aspirin could be used therapeutically in such cases in the future, Dr. Hermeking explained. […] There is emerging evidence that taking regular low-dose aspirin (75-300 mg) has a positive effect on the prevention of colorectal cancer. […] Treating patients with aspirin may help prevent the development of colon cancer or may avoid the progression of disease. […] In a 20-year follow-up of [four] randomized control trials, there is a substantial reduction in colorectal cancer with treatment of one to five years. […] Additional meta-analysis of observational studies has revealed similar results of a reduced incidence of colorectal cancer with taking low-dose aspirin.

• #2 Should you take aspirin to prevent colorectal cancer? | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/news/article/should-you-take-aspirin-to-prevent-colorectal-cancer

  Both the USPSTF and the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) agree that for a select group of people, the benefits of daily low-dose aspirin use outweigh the risks. […] The USPSTF only recommends low-dose aspirin for people who have a 10% or greater 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. […] Patients who have an increased risk of CVD often have other issues associated with increased inflammation, such as diabetes, obesity or hypertension. Those other issues increase the risk for colorectal cancer. […] The majority of colorectal cancers occur in people older than 50. But the USPSTF guidelines recommend the use of aspirin only for adults age 50 to 59. […] We still dont fully understand the dose, frequency or effectiveness of aspirin for people who are at average risk for colorectal cancer, Dr. Rezapour says.

• #2 Prevention Tips – The Mount Sinai Hospital | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/cancer/services/colon/prevention-tips

  The link between smoking and lung cancer is well-known. But lesser known is that fact that smoking can also cause cancers of the digestive system, such as colon and rectal cancer. […] Heavy drinking is associated with numerous health problems, including colon and rectal cancer. […] There is evidence that aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), such as naproxen (Aleve®) and ibuprofen (Motrin®, Advil®) may decrease the risk of death from colon and rectal cancers. However, because aspirin can have side effects like bleeding from the bowels, you should consult your doctor before thinking of using aspirin or another NSAID for colon and rectal cancer prevention.

• #2 Colorectal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Prevention – Patient Information [NCI] | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.colorectal-cancer-prevention-pdq%C2%AE-prevention-patient-information-nci.ncicdr0000258007

  Inherited risk. The risk of colorectal cancer is increased when certain gene changes linked to familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC or Lynch Syndrome) are inherited. […] Alcohol. Drinking 3 or more alcoholic beverages per day increases the risk of colorectal cancer. Drinking alcohol is also linked to the risk of forming large colorectal adenomas (benign tumors). […] Cigarette smoking. Cigarette smoking is linked to an increased risk of colorectal cancer and death from colorectal cancer. […] Smoking cigarettes is also linked to an increased risk of forming colorectal adenomas. Cigarette smokers who have had surgery to remove colorectal adenomas are at an increased risk for the adenomas to recur (come back). […] Race. Black individuals have an increased risk of colorectal cancer and death from colorectal cancer compared to other races.

• #2 Preventive Treatment for People at High Risk for Colorectal Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/colorectal-cancer/treatments/preventive-treatment-for-people-at-high-risk-for-colorectal-cancer

  Preventive Treatment for People at High Risk for Colorectal Cancer […] People who have certain genetic colorectal cancer syndromes and those who have inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are considered to be at high risk for colorectal cancer. […] For those who have been diagnosed with IBD, our gastroenterologists, who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of the condition, can provide the most effective treatment options, colonoscopy screening, and monitoring to reduce colorectal cancer risk. […] Our experts work in partnership with those who are at high risk for colorectal cancer to help make decisions about treatment options and medical and surgical strategies to reduce the risk of cancer. […] Some studies have shown that medications such as aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and cox-2 inhibitors may reduce the risk of polyps or colorectal cancer in some people at high risk for colorectal cancer, such as those with IBD.

• #2 Screening and Prevention for People with a Family History of Colorectal Cancer | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/health-library/screening-prevention-for-people-with-a-family-history-of-colorectal-cancer

  Even stronger family histories of colon cancer may suggest an inherited colon cancer syndrome. People with a family history of colorectal cancer in several close relatives and across generations, especially if these cancers occur at a young age, may benefit from genetic counseling and genetic testing for the inherited syndromes of colon cancer.

• #2 Preventive Treatment for People at High Risk for Colorectal Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/colorectal-cancer/treatments/preventive-treatment-for-people-at-high-risk-for-colorectal-cancer

  People with familial adenomatous polyposis or Lynch syndrome may choose to have surgery to remove the entire colon—a procedure called a total colectomy—to help prevent colon cancer. […] Our surgeons may use open surgery to perform the total colectomy or minimally invasive approaches, such as laparoscopic surgery and robotic surgery, which involve making small incisions to improve recovery time.

• #2 Colorectal cancer: prevention – Digestive Cancers Europe

  https://digestivecancers.eu/colorectal-prevention/

  Eat a healthy diet and limit red and processed meats. Try to limit intake of red meat, which includes steaks, burgers and pork, and processed meats such as bacon, sausages and processed sandwich meat. Eating healthy and unprocessed or limited processed foods, including plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, limiting red and processed meats and sugary drinks, lowers the overall risk of colorectal cancer. […] Colorectal cancer is one of the very few cancers that can be prevented through screening. Indeed, regular screening over the age of 50 is probably the single best way to prevent colorectal cancer. Screening can identify polyps that are not yet cancerous but could become so in the future. It can also detect colorectal cancer in the very early stages, before symptoms have started. And in its early stages, colorectal cancer is highly treatable doctors are often able to cure it completely. […] Do not let that happen to you. If you suspect you have any symptoms, please see your family doctor. And if you receive an invitation to be screened for colorectal cancer, please accept it.

• #2 Prevention Tips for Colorectal Cancer Risk

  https://health.clevelandclinic.org/how-to-prevent-colon-cancer

  Regular colonoscopies prevent the majority of colorectal cancers. […] Taking steps to reduce your colorectal cancer risk is important. Work on following a healthy diet, increasing your physical activity and staying on top of your screenings. […] A colonoscopy allows doctors to find and remove colon polyps before theyre a problem. […] Dr. Liska stresses that almost every patient who walks into his office with colorectal cancer had a polyp that could have been removed.

• #2

  https://www.beaumont.org/services/oncology/colorectal-cancer/colorectal-cancer-prevention

  Get plenty of exercise (at least 30 minutes per day). […] Get to and maintain a healthy weight. Obesity is a colorectal cancer risk factor, so making sure youre at a healthy weight may reduce your risk. […] If you smoke, quit. […] Limit your alcohol consumption. […] Get screened. We cant stress this enough. Having colonoscopies when recommended really can make a difference. […] If you are over age 45, have a family history of colorectal cancer, or you have any of the signs or symptoms of colorectal cancer, call your doctor today, and ask for a referral for a colonoscopy.

• #2

  https://www.beaumont.org/services/oncology/colorectal-cancer/colorectal-cancer-prevention

  Most colorectal cancers are preventable. Getting routine colonoscopy screenings is the most effective way we currently know to prevent colorectal cancer. […] Removing polyps before they become cancerous has the effect of stopping cancer before it starts. […] If you have dysplasia, you may need to have screenings more frequently. […] Generally healthy adults without a family history of colorectal cancer should have their first colonoscopy at age 45. […] While colonoscopy is the best, most important way to reduce your risk of developing colorectal cancer, there are some diet and lifestyle changes you can make that may help as well. […] You may be able to reduce your risk by: Making sure your diet includes lots of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains; and dont consume too much saturated fat, red meat, or processed food.

• #2 Colon cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353669

  Colon cancer typically affects older adults, though it can happen at any age. […] Doctors recommend that people with an average risk of colon cancer consider starting colon cancer screening around age 45. But people with an increased risk should think about starting screening sooner. People with an increased risk include those with a family history of colon cancer. […] Making changes in everyday life can reduce the risk of colon cancer. To lower the risk of colon cancer: Eat a variety of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Fruits, vegetables and whole grains have vitamins, minerals, fiber and antioxidants, which may help prevent cancer. […] Some medicines can reduce the risk of colon polyps or colon cancer. For instance, some evidence links a reduced risk of polyps and colon cancer to regular use of aspirin or aspirin-like medicines. But it’s not clear what dose and what length of time would be needed to reduce the risk of colon cancer. […] If you have an increased risk of colon cancer, discuss your risk factors with your health care team to see if preventive medicines are safe for you.

• #3 Colorectal Cancer Prevention Nutrition Services | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-clinics/cancer-nutrition-services/reducing-cancer-risk/colorectal-cancer-prevention-diet.html

  Eat less: […] Red meat (beef, lamb, pork): the type of iron in red meat and certain other compounds can increase cancer risk. For this reason, it is recommended to consume 18 ounces or less of red meat weekly. […] Processed meat (cold cuts, bacon, sausage and hot dogs): these items contain high levels of nitrates and sodium, which are both carcinogenic. It is recommended to eat processed meats rarely or not at all. […] Fast food: high in calories making weight management more difficult. Also high in sodium but low in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans and fiber. […] Alcohol: alcohol turns into cancer causing compounds in the body. These compounds can also damage the cell lining of the colon. Avoid alcohol or if you choose to drink you should limit intake to 1 drink (12 oz. beer, 5 ounce wine, 1.5 oz. liquor) per day.

• #3 Colorectal Cancer Care and Prevention – Whole Health Library

  https://www.va.gov/WHOLEHEALTHLIBRARY/tools/colorectal-cancer-care-and-prevention.asp

  The lifetime risk of developing colorectal cancer is about 1 in 24 (4.2%), and it is 60% more common in developed countries. Up to 70% of colorectal cancers can be prevented by diet and lifestyle changes. […] A linear inverse relationship indicated that every 10 gm of fiber intake results in a 10% risk reduction for colon cancer. […] Higher consumption of red meat is linked to an increased risk of colorectal cancer, with processed meats contributing to a greater risk. […] Garlic (Allium sativum) is characterized by a high content in organosulfur compounds and flavonoids, and can be consumed raw or cooked. Several studies show that a high consumption of garlic decreases the risk of colorectal cancer by 30%, with a greater protective effect on the distal colon. […] Lifestyle modifications are imperative to prevent colorectal cancer. The top modifiable risk factors include exercising 30 minutes most days of the week and adapting a high-fiber diet with five to nine servings of fruits and vegetables per day. Adding garlic, soy, and omega-3 fats to the diet while reducing red meat, processed meat, and simple carbohydrates can have added benefit in the prevention of colorectal cancer. An anti-inflammatory diet with regular exercise is beneficial for colorectal cancer prevention.

Zobacz więcej