Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Colon Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/patient/colon-treatment-pdq

  Colon cancer is a type of cancer that forms in the tissues of the colon. […] After colon cancer has been diagnosed, imaging tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the colon or to other parts of the body. […] The following types of treatment are used: Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Targeted therapy, Immunotherapy. […] Surgery is the most common treatment for all stages of colon cancer. […] Treatment of stage 0 may include the following types of surgery: simple polypectomy, local excision, resection and anastomosis (when the tumor is too large to remove by local excision). […] Treatment of stage I colon cancer and stage II colon cancer may include resection and anastomosis. […] Treatment of stage III colon cancer may include resection and anastomosis, which may be followed by chemotherapy.

• #1 Colon Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/hp/colon-treatment-pdq

  Cancer of the colon is a highly treatable and often curable disease when localized to the bowel. Surgery is the primary form of treatment and results in cure in approximately 50% of patients. However, recurrence following surgery is a major problem and is often the ultimate cause of death. […] Treatment decisions depend on factors such as physician and patient preferences and the stage of the disease, rather than the age of the patient. […] Standard treatment for patients with colon cancer has been open surgical resection of the primary and regional lymph nodes for localized disease. […] The potential value of adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage II colon cancer is controversial. Pooled analyses and meta-analyses have suggested a 2% to 4% improvement in OS for patients treated with adjuvant fluorouracil (5-FU)-based therapy compared with observation.

• #1 Colon Cancer: Symptoms, Stages & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14501-colorectal-colon-cancer

  Colon cancer develops from certain polyps or growths in the inner lining of your colon. Healthcare providers have screening tests that detect precancerous polyps before they can become cancerous tumors. […] Thanks to screening tests, early treatment and new kinds of treatment, fewer people are dying from colon cancer. […] Surgery is the most common colon cancer treatment. There are different colon cancer surgeries and procedures: Polypectomy: This surgery removes cancerous polyps. Partial colectomy: This is also called colon resection surgery. Surgeons remove the section of your colon that contains a tumor and some surrounding healthy tissue. […] Healthcare providers may combine surgery with adjuvant therapy. This is cancer treatment done before or after surgery. They may also use these treatments for colon cancer that has spread or come back. Treatments may include: Chemotherapy: Healthcare providers may use chemotherapy drugs to shrink tumors and ease colon cancer symptoms. Targeted therapy: This treatment targets the genes, proteins and tissues that help colon cancer cells grow and multiply.

• #1 Colon cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353674

  Colon cancer treatment usually involves surgery to remove the cancer. Your health care team might recommend other treatments, such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Your treatment options depend on the cancer’s location and its stage. Your health care team also considers your overall health and your preferences when creating a treatment plan. […] Treatment for a very small colon cancer might be a minimally invasive approach to surgery, such as: […] During a partial colectomy, a surgeon removes the diseased portion of your colon and a small portion of surrounding healthy tissue. […] If the cancer has grown into or through the colon, a surgeon might recommend: […] When it’s not possible to remove the cancer with surgery, a surgeon might try to relieve symptoms rather than cure the cancer.

• #1 Treatment – Colorectal Cancer – Cancers We Treat – Wilmot Cancer Institute – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/cancer-institute/cancers/colorectal/treatment

  Therapy is based on the location of the tumor, gene classification, and disease prognosis. Five types of treatment are commonly used for colon and rectal cancers: surgery, ablation, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy. This is the most common treatment for any stage of colorectal cancer, but the type of surgery often depends on factors such as stage, size, and location of the tumor, and the overall health of the patient. Possible colon cancer surgeries include: Resection of the colon with anastomosis. A doctor removes the cancer and some of the surrounding healthy tissue and nearby lymph nodes, called a partial colectomy. Afterward, the surgeon performs an anastomosis by sewing the healthy parts of the colon together. This type of surgery is for larger tumors. Resection of colon with colostomy. This is similar to the procedure described above. However, if the surgeon is unable to sew the healthy colon back together, an opening is made on the outside of the body for waste to pass through. A colostomy is needed if the lower colon is affected by the cancer. Sometimes a colostomy can be reversed once the lower colon heals.

• #1 New Colorectal Cancer Treatments at MSK Aim To Reduce Deaths in 2025 and Beyond | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/news/new-colorectal-cancer-treatments-at-msk-aim-to-reduce-deaths-in-2025-and-beyond

  The targeted therapy, called adagrasib (Krazati), is the first KRAS-targeting drug to be approved for colorectal cancer. […] Specialists at MSK are committed to maintaining the highest possible quality of life while successfully treating colorectal cancer. […] Robot-assisted surgery is a type of operation called minimally invasive surgery. […] These enhancements make it easier for the surgeon to work with more precision, which should lower complication risks even further while maintaining good outcomes regarding the treatment of the cancer. […] MSK is also a leader in treating rectal cancer with an approach called watch and wait. […] Instead of surgery, doctors treat the persons rectal cancer with radiation and chemotherapy to shrink or eliminate the tumor. […] Recent research shows the benefits of watch and wait: an enhanced quality of life with survival rates that are identical to patients who have their rectums surgically removed.

• #1 How We Treat Colon Cancer | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/colon-cancer/treatment

  Surgery (removing the cancerous growth in an operation) is usually the key component of treatment for most patients with colon cancer. It is the most common treatment for people with all stages of colon cancer. […] Even if the doctor removes all the cancer possible during an operation, you may be given chemotherapy or radiation therapy to eliminate any remaining cancer cells. This treatment aims to lower the risk that the cancer will come back. It is called adjuvant therapy. […] When indicated, our medical oncologists use chemotherapy, a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, by either eliminating the cells or stopping them from dividing. […] Targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells.

• #1 Colon cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353674

  Chemotherapy uses strong medicines to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy for colon cancer is usually given after surgery if the cancer is large or has spread to the lymph nodes. […] Radiation therapy uses powerful energy beams to kill cancer cells. […] Targeted therapy uses medicines that attack certain chemicals in cancer cells. […] Immunotherapy is a treatment with medicine that helps the body’s immune system kill cancer cells. […] Palliative care is a special type of health care that focuses on relieving pain and other symptoms of a serious illness. Palliative care is done by a team of health care professionals.

• #1 Current and emerging therapeutic approaches for colorectal cancer: A comprehensive review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10190721/

  Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is an emerging field in cancer. It is mainly used to treat solid tumor malignancies such as gastric, esophageal, and rectal cancers, but its efficacy has not been fully explored in cases of CRC. […] Immunotherapy has been quickly established as a prominent therapeutic strategy for a variety of solid tumors, including CRC. […] The cancer immunotherapy area has shown potential in treating a variety of solid tumors, with a growing number of FDA-approved monoclonal antibodies and single and combinational immunotherapeutic medicines throughout time. […] The ultimate treatment for locoregional CRC is surgical resection. Advances in primary and secondary treatments have improved the survival time in CRC. Notably, in some circumstances, chemotherapy or radiotherapy may be used as neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatments before or after surgery in order to significantly reduce and cure the tumor.

• #1 Colon Cancer Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Care, Ablation

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/277496-treatment

  Analysis of a data set assembled by the Adjuvant Colon Cancer Endpoints group showed that adjuvant chemotherapy provides a significant disease-free survival benefit in stage II and III colon cancer because it reduces the recurrence rate. […] The standard chemotherapy for patients with stage III and some patients with stage II colon cancer has for decades consisted of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in combination with adjuncts such as levamisole and leucovorin. […] Capecitabine (Xeloda) has also become a standard option. […] The addition of oxaliplatin to fluoropyrimidine-based therapy has also become standard. […] In an observational study of 1291 patients with stage III colon cancer, 56% of whom received adjuvant chemotherapy, van Erning et al concluded that adjuvant chemotherapy should be considered in elderly patients with stage III disease.

• #1 Patient education: Treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-metastatic-colorectal-cancer-beyond-the-basics

  Chemotherapy may be recommended before surgery in some cases, even if the metastatic disease appears to be confined to the liver. This approach may help a person who is a borderline candidate for surgery (because of the size or location of the tumors) have successful surgery after the colorectal cancer metastases have been reduced in size by the chemotherapy. […] As noted above, surgery is the only way to cure metastatic colorectal cancer. In most cases, surgery is not possible, and chemotherapy is recommended to reduce symptoms and prolong survival. Although chemotherapy provides meaningful improvements in survival, it is not possible to cure metastatic colorectal cancer with chemotherapy alone. […] The conventional chemotherapy drugs used to treat metastatic colorectal cancer include: Fluorouracil (FU), which is usually given into the vein with a second drug called leucovorin, which enhances its activity; Capecitabine (brand name: Xeloda), which is an orally active drug similar to FU; Oxaliplatin (brand name: Eloxatin), which is given intravenously; Irinotecan (brand name: Camptosar), also given intravenously; Trifluridine-tipiracil (brand name: Lonsurf), an oral agent that contains two components, trifluridine and tipiracil, each of which have different properties.

• #1 Current and emerging therapeutic approaches for colorectal cancer: A comprehensive review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10190721/

  Chemotherapy is used to either eliminate cancer cells or stop them from proliferating. Cytotoxic drugs approved for CRC slow down disease progression and increase an individual’s lifespan. […] Adjuvant fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy after surgery for CRC has been a standard treatment due to their ability to reduce the recurrence of the tumor and increase the survival. […] Despite being one of the safest chemotherapeutic agents, 5-FU has side effects for some CRC patients, including fever, mucositis, stomatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. […] Another imperative drug used is capecitabine, a prodrug of 5-FU. […] The incorporation of trifluridine into DNA is the primary mechanism of action. Compared to the best supportive care alone, the prospective randomized clinical phase III trial RECOURSE found that it significantly increased median OS.

• #1 Colon Cancer Treatment, by Stage | How to Treat Colon Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/treating/by-stage-colon.html

  Treatment for colon cancer is based largely on the stage (extent) of the cancer, but other factors can also be important. […] People with colon cancers that have not spread to distant sites usually have surgery as the main or first treatment. Chemotherapy may also be used after surgery (called adjuvant treatment). Most adjuvant treatment is given for about 3 to 6 months. […] Surgery to remove the section of the colon containing the cancer (partial colectomy) along with nearby lymph nodes may be the only treatment needed. […] In certain cases, neoadjuvant therapy (therapy before surgery) may be recommended for stage II colon cancer, especially if the tumor has invaded or is attached to neighboring organs (T4b). […] If adjuvant chemo is given for high-risk stage II colon cancers, doctors generally recommend 5-FU or capecitabine.

• #1 Colorectal Cancer Treatment

  https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/colorect

  Colorectal cancer is also known as large bowel cancer. Both terms describe malignant tumors found in the colon and rectum. […] In general, colon cancer patients receive post-operative chemotherapy if the lymph nodes are positive. Rectal cancer patients with positive nodes or tumors that extend into the fat surrounding the rectum receive chemotherapy plus radiation before surgery. Your doctor will tailor your treatment according to your age, medical history, overall health, and tolerance for specific medications and therapies. […] Radiation therapy High-energy radiation kills cancer cells. Your doctor may use radiation in combination with surgery as definitive therapy. Or, they may use it to reduce (palliate) cancer symptoms such as pain, bleeding, or blockage. Selected rectal cancer patients may receive radiation therapy prior to surgery to improve outcomes.

• #1 Radiation Therapy for Colorectal Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/colorectal-cancer/treatments/radiation-therapy-for-colorectal-cancer

  Doctors at NYU Langones Perlmutter Cancer Center may prescribe radiation therapy, in which energy beams destroy cancer cells in a non-invasive manner. It is often combined with chemotherapy, which may make the radiation more effective. This approach is called chemoradiation. […] Doctors may recommend radiation therapy or chemoradiation before surgery to help shrink tumors and prevent cancer from recurring after surgery. They may also prescribe chemoradiation after surgery to help rid the body of any remaining cancer cells. […] Radiation therapy may also be used when surgery is not recommended because of the associated risks or side effects. […] Radiation therapy may also be recommended for the relief of some of the symptoms of colorectal cancer, such as bleeding, pain, or difficulty with bowel movements. If the colorectal cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the liver, radiation may be recommended to target these areas. Sometimes, radiation is used to alleviate symptoms when colorectal cancer has spread to the bones.

• #1 Radiation Therapy for Colorectal Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/colorectal-cancer/treatments/radiation-therapy-for-colorectal-cancer

  Our doctors use several different types of external beam radiation therapy, which are typically delivered by a machine called a linear accelerator. This machine focuses high energy X-rays from multiple angles around the body to deliver radiation that matches the shape of the tumor. […] A course of radiation treatment is usually given once daily, five days a week, for one to five weeks. Each treatment typically takes 15 to 20 minutes to deliver. […] Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy allows doctors to deliver radiation beams tailored to the size, shape, and location of the tumor. Using a linear accelerator, the oncologist delivers radiation beams aimed from different directions at the cancer. This enables doctors to effectively deliver the therapy to the tumor, while sparing healthy tissue and reducing the risk of side effects.

• #1 Comprehensive review of targeted therapy for colorectal cancer | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-020-0116-z

  Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most lethal and prevalent malignancies in the world and was responsible for nearly 881,000 cancer-related deaths in 2018. Surgery and chemotherapy have long been the first choices for cancer patients. However, the prognosis of CRC has never been satisfying, especially for patients with metastatic lesions. Targeted therapy is a new optional approach that has successfully prolonged overall survival for CRC patients. […] Following successes with the anti-EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) agent cetuximab and the anti-angiogenesis agent bevacizumab, new agents blocking different critical pathways as well as immune checkpoints are emerging at an unprecedented rate. […] Guidelines worldwide are currently updating the recommended targeted drugs on the basis of the increasing number of high-quality clinical trials. This review provides an overview of existing CRC-targeted agents and their underlying mechanisms, as well as a discussion of their limitations and future trends.

• #1 Comprehensive review of targeted therapy for colorectal cancer | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-020-0116-z

  The typical ErbB receptor consists of a ligand-binding domain outside the cell, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain with distinct tyrosine residues in the C-terminal region where subsequent phosphorylation may take place upon activation. […] Activation of EGFR triggers various downstream signaling pathways that mediate cellular proliferation or metabolism, playing vital roles in cancer initiation and progression. […] Methods to target the EGFR pathway typically comprise anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors aimed at intracellular kinases. […] Cetuximab and panitumumab are both FDA-approved agents for the first-line treatment of CRC. […] In general, anti-EGFR agents are among the least attractive choices in second-line treatment, especially compared with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents.

• #1 Patient education: Treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-metastatic-colorectal-cancer-beyond-the-basics

  Adding bevacizumab (brand name: Avastin) to FOLFOX, XELOX/CAPOX, FOLFIRI, or FOLFOXIRI significantly increases the likelihood that the tumor will respond and prolongs survival compared with treatment without bevacizumab. […] For patients with mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) metastatic colorectal cancer, treatment with one or more of the immune checkpoint inhibitors can be tried after conventional chemotherapy is no longer effective. […] If the colorectal cancer continues to grow despite chemotherapy or it begins to enlarge after an initial response to the first-line chemotherapy regimen, a different chemotherapy combination may be tried, as long as the patient is well enough to tolerate additional therapy.

• #1 Comprehensive review of targeted therapy for colorectal cancer | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-020-0116-z

  The landmark trials based on antiangiogenic therapy for CRC were initiated in 2004, comprising the phase II and III AVF2107 trials, which confirmed the superiority of chemotherapy plus bevacizumab over chemotherapy plus placebo. […] The addition of aflibercept to fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan improves survival in a phase III randomized trial in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer previously treated with an oxaliplatin-based regimen. […] Immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown promise in treating metastatic CRC, particularly in patients with microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair-deficient tumors. […] Pembrolizumab and nivolumab are PD-1 inhibitors that have gained FDA approval for treating dMMR or MSI-H metastatic CRC. […] The combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab has shown efficacy in patients with dMMR or MSI-H CRC who had previously received chemotherapy.

• #1 Colon Cancer Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Care, Ablation

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/277496-treatment

  Bevacizumab, in combination with fluorouracil-based chemotherapy, is indicated for first- and second-line treatment of metastatic colorectal carcinoma. […] Regorafenib, a kinase inhibitor, is approved for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who have been previously treated with fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin-, and irinotecan-based chemotherapy. […] Fruquintinib (Fruzaqla), a selective and potent oral inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) 1, 2, and 3, was approved by the FDA in November 2023 for adults with metastatic colorectal cancer who received prior fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin-, and irinotecan-based chemotherapy. […] Although radiation therapy remains a standard modality for patients with rectal cancer, it has only a limited role in colon cancer.

• #1 Colon Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/hp/colon-treatment-pdq

  Pembrolizumab was approved for patients with treatment-nave, metastatic, dMMR/MSI-H colorectal cancer in 2020. […] The FDA approved the combination of encorafenib with cetuximab for patients with previously treated metastatic colon cancer and BRAF V600E variants. […] The FDA approved fruquintinib for adults with metastatic colorectal cancer who had previously received fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin-, and irinotecan-based chemotherapy and an anti-VEGF therapy.

• #1 Comprehensive review of targeted therapy for colorectal cancer | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-020-0116-z

  Notably, subgroup analysis has indicated that both of these anti-EGFR agents are robustly beneficial to those patients with RAS-wild-type tumors in the CRYSTAL, PRIME, and TAILOR trials, even though negative outcomes were experienced in patients with RAS mutations. […] A higher incidence of mutated BRAF is found in melanoma than in CRC. […] The efficiency of BRAF inhibitors in BRAF-V600E-mutated melanoma prompted the development of a similar approach in CRC. […] New evidence emerged suggesting that a triple regimen of encorafenib, binimetinib, and cetuximab offered significantly better survival benefit for patients with BRAF-mutated metastatic CRC than that achieved historically with a comparable rate of adverse events. […] Targeting angiogenesis with agents like bevacizumab has been shown to improve both progression-free survival and overall survival in metastatic CRC.

• #1 Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer – Cancer Research Institute

  https://www.cancerresearch.org/cancer-types/colorectal-cancer

  Immunotherapy for colorectal cancer can be effective, especially in cases where tumors show high microsatellite instability. […] Traditional treatments for colorectal cancer include chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Immunotherapy is a class of treatments that take advantage of a person’s own immune system to help kill cancer cells. There are several FDA-approved immunotherapy options for colorectal cancer, including for tumors with high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) or DNA mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR). […] Many immunotherapies that show promise in addressing other types of cancer are in clinical testing for colorectal cancer. […] The Cancer Research Institute has a long history of supporting scientific research for the advancement of colorectal cancer treatment, seeing many major breakthroughs that have made immunotherapy a promising approach for this disease.

• #1 Colon Cancer Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Care, Ablation

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/277496-treatment

  The role of adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II colon cancer is controversial. […] ASCO recommends against the routine use of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with stage II colon cancer who are at low risk of recurrence, including in younger patients. […] Combination regimens provide improved efficacy and prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with metastatic colon cancer. […] Targeted therapy with biologic agents, based on molecular characteristics of the tumor, have become a standard part of treatment for metastatic colon cancer. […] Detection of microsatellite instability (MSI) has also become important for treatment for metastatic colorectal cancers. […] The NCCN recommends nivolumab with or without ipilimumab or pembrolizumab for the second- and third-line treatment of patients with dMMR/MSI-H colorectal cancer.

• #1 Advanced colorectal cancer: New immunotherapy combo may be effective

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/new-immunotherapy-colorectal-cancer-shows-promise-early-trial

  Now, a phase 1 trial has found that a combination of two monoclonal antibodies botensilimab and balstilimab was effective in 61% of people with advanced MSS colorectal cancer. […] Its the first time weve consistently seen durable responses in the heavily pre-treated patients with colon cancer, so I think its hugely exciting, especially as this affects so many people. […] It opens the door for immunotherapy to work in cold tumors, either those cancers that typically dont respond to immunotherapy, or even those who have previously responded and done well, but then its stopped working. […] Following combined therapy, 62 of the 101 patients showed some response, as Stebbing explained: Of the patients in the phase 1 trial, 101 took part in a six-month follow-up and of these, 61% of them saw their tumor shrink or remain stable after receiving a combination of botensilimab and balstilimab.

• #1 Breakthrough immunotherapy saves patient with stage 4 colon cancer | Fox News

  https://www.foxnews.com/health/terminal-colon-cancer-patient-saved-breakthrough-treatment

  In the trial, immune cells were retrieved from the participants, then were altered in a lab using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology, which Lou described as „genetic scissors.” The process programmed the cells to have a more effective anti-tumor response. […] Lou described Dimery’s response to the experimental immunotherapy as „remarkable.” After just one infusion of the engineered cells, she was pronounced cancer-free an outcome that is „almost unheard-of” with advanced colorectal cancer. […] „We term this in oncology as a clinical complete response, which is something that you see in 10% or less of all patients,” Lou said. „And it’s less than 10% for stage 4 colorectal cancers.” […] „What we saw in Emma was a magnificent and unprecedented level of response, going from a metastatic stage for an otherwise incurable cancer where now we don’t see any cancer.”

• #1 Treatments for colon cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/colorectal/treatment/colon-cancer

  The following are treatment options for colon cancer. Treatments offered depend on the stage and location of the tumour. Your healthcare team will suggest treatments based on your needs and work with you to develop a treatment plan. […] Surgery is the standard treatment for stage 0 colon cancer. […] Surgery is the main treatment for stage 1 colon cancer. […] Surgery is the main treatment for stage 2 colon cancer. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy may also be used. […] Chemotherapy may be offered after surgery if there is a high risk that the cancer will come back (recur) and at least one of the following high-risk features is present: […] Radiation therapy may be offered after surgery to help prevent cancer from coming back in the same area (called a local recurrence). It may be offered if the tumour has grown into nearby tissues or structures or if all the cancer couldn’t be removed with bowel resection.

• #1 Treatments for colon cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/colorectal/treatment/colon-cancer

  Surgery is the main treatment for stage 3 colon cancer. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy may also be used. […] Chemotherapy is usually given after surgery for stage 3 colon cancer to reduce the risk of recurrence. Chemotherapy can be started 4 to 8 weeks after surgery and is usually given for 6 months. […] Treatment options are often the same for both stage 4 and recurrent colon cancer. […] Chemotherapy is usually offered for stage 4 or recurrent colon cancer. It may be used as the main treatment for unresectable tumours in the colon or metastases in the liver. […] Targeted therapy is usually offered for stage 4 or recurrent colon cancer. […] Immunotherapy may be offered for stage 4 or recurrent colon cancer. […] Surgery may be offered for stage 4 or recurrent colon cancer. […] Radiation therapy may be offered for stage 4 or recurrent colon cancer. It is used most often as palliative therapy to control symptoms such as pain.

• #1 Colon Cancer Treatment, by Stage | How to Treat Colon Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/treating/by-stage-colon.html

  Surgery to remove the section of the colon with the cancer (partial colectomy), along with nearby lymph nodes, followed by adjuvant chemo is the standard treatment for this stage. […] For some advanced colon cancers that cannot be removed completely by surgery (either tumor has invaded through the colon wall or presence of large bulky lymph nodes), neoadjuvant chemotherapy or neoadjuvant immunotherapy might be recommended to shrink the cancer so it can be removed later with surgery. […] In most cases, surgery is unlikely to cure these cancers. But if there are only a few small areas of cancer spread (metastases) in the liver or lungs and they can be removed along with the colon cancer, surgery may help you live longer. […] Chemo may be given before and/or after surgery. […] Most people with stage IV cancer will get chemo and/or targeted therapies to control the cancer.

• #1 Colon Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/hp/colon-treatment-pdq

  Surgery is curative in 25% to 40% of highly selected patients who develop resectable metastases in the liver and lung. Improved surgical techniques and advances in preoperative imaging have allowed for better patient selection for resection. […] The role of adjuvant chemotherapy after potentially curative resection of liver metastases is uncertain. […] Adjuvant radiation therapy has no current standard role in the management of patients with colon cancer following curative resection, although it may have a role for patients with residual disease. […] The combination of capecitabine and oxaliplatin (CAPOX) is an accepted standard therapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. […] The FDA approved trifluridine-tipiracil for the treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, based on the results of the RECOURSE trial.

• #1 5 Innovative Colorectal Cancer Treatment Options | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/colorectal-cancer/colorectal-cancer-treatment.html

  Treatment at MD Andersons Gastrointestinal Center combines the latest technology and research with a multidisciplinary team approach tailored to your unique needs. […] Our team of surgeons use minimally invasive techniques, including advanced robotic surgery, that reduce recovery time and maximize quality of life. […] MD Anderson also offers clinical trials for patients at every disease stage, from newly diagnosed small tumors to patients with stage IV cancer. […] Colon cancer that has not spread to distant parts of the body is usually treated with surgery. Some patients then receive chemotherapy or, less commonly, radiation therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. […] If colorectal cancer has spread, or metastasized, to distant parts of the body, some patients can still be cured. With new treatments, colorectal cancer that has spread can often be managed like a chronic condition and care is meant to prolong life and preserve quality of life. Treatments for all patients with metastatic colorectal cancer can include surgery, radiation therapy, cryotherapy, microwave ablation, and cancer drugs like chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy.

• #1 Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Treatment – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/cancer/types-treatments/colorectal-cancer/metastatic-colorectal-cancer-treatment

  For patients with metastatic colorectal cancer in the liver, these therapies may include transarterial radioembolization (TARE). […] Our supportive oncology program can offer solutions to help you and your family cope with the challenges of living with the disease. […] If your colorectal cancer is advanced, we may be able to help. […] Our highly regarded metastatic colorectal cancer specialists work together to determine the best approach to treat your disease. […] Our goal is to help you and your family feel more in control of your care plan. […] Through our clinical trials, we offer patients with stage 4 colorectal cancer access to innovative treatments that are not available at most hospitals.

• #1 New Colorectal Cancer Treatments at MSK Aim To Reduce Deaths in 2025 and Beyond | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/news/new-colorectal-cancer-treatments-at-msk-aim-to-reduce-deaths-in-2025-and-beyond

  Another approach to rectal cancer treatment at MSK found that some patients who need to undergo surgery can be spared radiation. […] Another innovative approach when radiation is needed to treat rectal cancer preserves a patients ability to become pregnant after treatment. […] A small but heralded clinical trial at MSK uses a form of immunotherapy alone to successfully treat patients whose local rectal cancer tumors have a specific genetic characteristic. […] So far, 100% of the more than 40 participants in the trial have seen their tumors disappear, without the need for surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation. […] MSK offers several options for treating stage 4 colorectal cancer including surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiation. […] MSK experts are especially skilled at using hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) to deliver chemotherapy drugs directly to the liver through a tiny pump that is implanted under the skin in the lower abdomen. […] MSK has one of the largest clinical trial research programs in the country. […] For Dr. Garcia-Aguilar, all of these research and treatment advances make MSK a top choice for people facing a diagnosis of colorectal cancer.

• #1 Current and emerging therapeutic approaches for colorectal cancer: A comprehensive review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10190721/

  Colorectal cancer (CRC) affects 1 in 23 males and 1 in 25 females, making it the third most common cancer. With roughly 608000 deaths worldwide, CRC accounts for 8% of all cancer-related deaths, making it the second most common cause of death due to cancer. Standard and conventional CRC treatments include surgical expurgation for resectable CRC and radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and their combinational regimen for non-resectable CRC. […] Despite these tactics, nearly half of patients develop incurable recurring CRC. Cancer cells resist the effects of chemotherapeutic drugs in a variety of ways, including drug inactivation, drug influx and efflux modifications, and ATP-binding cassette transporter overexpression. These constraints necessitate the development of new target-specific therapeutic strategies. Emerging therapeutic approaches, such as targeted immune boosting therapies, non-coding RNA-based therapies, probiotics, natural products, oncolytic viral therapies, and biomarker-driven therapies, have shown promising results in preclinical and clinical studies.

• #1 Current and emerging therapeutic approaches for colorectal cancer: A comprehensive review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10190721/

  Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is being investigated in primary rectal and colon cancers as a potential method to reduce the size of the tumor, enable a curative resection, and mitigate the chance of metastases. […] The efficacy of targeted neoadjuvant therapy requires studies involving larger population. […] The cancer stage determines how it will be treated. […] The treatment depends upon the severity of metastases. If the cancer is spread to a few small areas, it can be removed by surgery along with partial colectomy. If the metastases spread to many of the organs, chemotherapy is the primary treatment, and surgery may be an option if the tumor size shrinks. […] Recent studies have uncovered the importance of numerous natural products as anticancerous agents because it enhances their quality of life due to their low toxicity and long-lasting nature. […] Studies have established a substantial relationship between probiotics and CRC and how some strains of good bacteria, i.e. probiotics, can have a therapeutic and preventive effect against CRC.

• #1 Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Treatment – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/cancer/types-treatments/colorectal-cancer/metastatic-colorectal-cancer-treatment

  This type of treatment fights or kills cancer cells in the body. […] This type of treatment helps the bodys immune system fight cancer. […] Our cancer experts are considered international leaders in using immunotherapy against cancer and have been studying these treatments for more than three decades. […] Our radiation oncologists are working with medical oncologists to test new approaches of using radiation therapy to burst open cancer cells in tumors and prime the immune system before immunotherapy for patients with limited metastatic colorectal cancer. […] We offer a full range of radiation therapy treatments, some of which are not widely available. […] UChicago Medicine is a leader in this emerging field of oncology, which uses image-guided, minimally invasive procedures to treat cancer.

• #1 Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Treatment – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/cancer/types-treatments/colorectal-cancer/metastatic-colorectal-cancer-treatment

  This includes advanced radiation techniques like stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) plus immunotherapy, which uses the bodys own immune system to kill cancer. […] We also specialize in the latest interventional and surgical options, including ablation to destroy tumors and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion (HIPEC), which uses heated chemotherapy to kill cancer cells. […] We are also the only hospital in Illinois to offer hepatic artery infusion that delivers chemotherapy directly to tumors in the liver. […] Our physicians are also leading research to discover even better ways to help patients with metastatic colorectal cancer live longer and with less pain and fewer side effects from treatment. […] UChicago Medicine physician-scientists conducted groundbreaking research into new methods to predict which patients with metastatic colorectal cancer are more likely to have a favorable treatment outcome after removal of liver metastases.

• #1 Colorectal Cancer Treatment | How to Treat Colorectal Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/treating.html

  People with cancer need support and information, no matter what stage of illness they may be in. Knowing all of your options and finding the resources you need will help you make informed decisions about your care. […] For some people, when treatments have been tried and are no longer controlling the cancer, it could be time to weigh the benefits and risks of continuing to try new treatments. Whether or not you continue treatment, there are still things you can do to help maintain or improve your quality of life. […] Hospice care is designed to provide the best possible quality of life for people who are near the end of life.

• #1 Colon cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353669

  Colon cancer can happen in any part of the colon. […] This exam is called a colonoscopy. […] If colon cancer develops, many treatments can help control it. Treatments include surgery, radiation therapy and medicines, such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. […] You will receive the first colon cancer care journey message in your inbox shortly, which will include the latest treatment options, innovations and other information from our colon cancer experts. […] Some medicines can reduce the risk of colon polyps or colon cancer. For instance, some evidence links a reduced risk of polyps and colon cancer to regular use of aspirin or aspirin-like medicines. […] These options are generally reserved for people with a high risk of colon cancer.

• #2 Current and emerging therapeutic approaches for colorectal cancer: A comprehensive review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10190721/

  Colorectal cancer (CRC) affects 1 in 23 males and 1 in 25 females, making it the third most common cancer. With roughly 608000 deaths worldwide, CRC accounts for 8% of all cancer-related deaths, making it the second most common cause of death due to cancer. Standard and conventional CRC treatments include surgical expurgation for resectable CRC and radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and their combinational regimen for non-resectable CRC. […] Despite these tactics, nearly half of patients develop incurable recurring CRC. Cancer cells resist the effects of chemotherapeutic drugs in a variety of ways, including drug inactivation, drug influx and efflux modifications, and ATP-binding cassette transporter overexpression. These constraints necessitate the development of new target-specific therapeutic strategies. Emerging therapeutic approaches, such as targeted immune boosting therapies, non-coding RNA-based therapies, probiotics, natural products, oncolytic viral therapies, and biomarker-driven therapies, have shown promising results in preclinical and clinical studies.

• #2 Colon Cancer Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Care, Ablation

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/277496-treatment

  Surgery is the only curative modality for localized colon cancer (stage I-III). Surgical resection potentially provides the only curative option for patients with limited metastatic disease in liver and/or lung (stage IV disease), but the proper use of elective colon resections in nonobstructed patients with stage IV disease is a source of continuing debate. […] Adjuvant chemotherapy is standard for patients with stage III disease. Its use in stage II disease is controversial, but current guidelines recommend its use in selected patients with risk factors for recurrence. At present, the role of radiation therapy is limited to palliative therapy for selected metastatic sites such as bone or brain metastases. […] Chemotherapy rather than surgery has been the standard management for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Biologic agents have assumed a major role in the treatment of metastatic cases, with selection increasingly guided by genetic analysis of the tumor.

• #2 Expert Colon Cancer Treatment in Portland, Oregon

  https://www.ohsu.edu/knight-cancer-institute/colon-cancer-treatment

  Sometimes we use an endoscope. This long, flexible instrument has a camera, light and other tools. Or we may use laparoscopic surgery, with small cuts and tiny tools. This results in less pain and faster recovery. […] Surgery types […] Endoscopic mucosal resection: Liquid is injected under a polyp to separate it from the colons surface. The surgeon can remove it without taking out any of your colon. […] Endoscopic submucosal dissection: Your surgeon removes cancers just below the surface by carefully cutting the top tissue layers. […] Colectomy: The surgical team removes a section of your colon, and then reconnects your digestive tract. […] If a section of your colon is removed, your surgical team will provide one of these: […] Colostomy: This surgery creates an opening in the belly called a stoma and attaches it to your colon. A pouch outside your body collects stool. At OHSU, youll find nurses with special training to help you with all aspects of ostomy care. You can still take part in any activity.

• #2 Colon and Rectal Cancer | In Treatment | Legacy Health

  https://www.legacyhealth.org/Services-and-Resources/services/adult/cancer-institute/In-Treatment/Colon-cancer-treatment

  For colon, options include: Resection of the colon with anastomosis: The surgeon does a colectomy removing the cancer and some surrounding tissue, then the healthy parts of the intestine are sewn together, called an anastomosis. […] For rectal, options include: Local transanal excision: For small, early stage disease, the cancer and surrounding tissue are removed with instruments inserted into the rectum through the anus. […] Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. […] Chemotherapy uses drugs used to slow or kill cancer cells throughout the body. For colon cancer, chemotherapy is recommended if cancer is also found in nearby lymph nodes. […] Your cancer team is dedicated to helping you manage these symptoms in the best ways possible. Comfort care can treat symptoms to help improve your quality of life; this is also called palliative care.

• #2 Colorectal cancer: Recent advances in management and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11438855/

  Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide, and the second most common cause of cancer-related death. Current management strategies for CRC include surgical procedures for resectable cases, and radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, in addition to their combination, for non-resectable tumors. Despite these options, CRC remains incurable in 50% of cases. Current treatment strategies for early stage CRC involve endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection. Considering the high incidence of lymph node metastasis, lymph node dissection is also an essential component of treatment for advanced-stage cancer. Recently, laparoscopic and robotic surgery have been used instead of conventional open surgery where possible. […] For localized resectable colon cancer, the American Society of Colon and Rectal surgeons practice guidelines for CRC treatment recommend colectomy as primary therapy. Additional considerations include the extent of resection, which should correspond to the lymphovascular drainage of the site of colon cancer. Moreover, the lymphadenectomy should be complete and en bloc with the involved segment of bowel. Colectomy with en bloc removal of regional lymph nodes is also recommended by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines for the treatment of resectable, nonobstructing colon cancer.

• #2 Patient education: Treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-metastatic-colorectal-cancer-beyond-the-basics

  Chemotherapy may be recommended before surgery in some cases, even if the metastatic disease appears to be confined to the liver. This approach may help a person who is a borderline candidate for surgery (because of the size or location of the tumors) have successful surgery after the colorectal cancer metastases have been reduced in size by the chemotherapy. […] As noted above, surgery is the only way to cure metastatic colorectal cancer. In most cases, surgery is not possible, and chemotherapy is recommended to reduce symptoms and prolong survival. Although chemotherapy provides meaningful improvements in survival, it is not possible to cure metastatic colorectal cancer with chemotherapy alone. […] The conventional chemotherapy drugs used to treat metastatic colorectal cancer include: Fluorouracil (FU), which is usually given into the vein with a second drug called leucovorin, which enhances its activity; Capecitabine (brand name: Xeloda), which is an orally active drug similar to FU; Oxaliplatin (brand name: Eloxatin), which is given intravenously; Irinotecan (brand name: Camptosar), also given intravenously; Trifluridine-tipiracil (brand name: Lonsurf), an oral agent that contains two components, trifluridine and tipiracil, each of which have different properties.

• #2 Colon Cancer Treatment Protocols: Treatment Protocols

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2005487-overview

  Common regimens include fluorouracil (5-FU) and leucovorin with or without oxaliplatin, or capecitabine with oxaliplatin. […] The following regimens are acceptable adjuvant therapies for resectable stage III colon cancer: […] Results of the International Duration Evaluation of Adjuvant Chemotherapy (IDEA) trial (n=12,834), based on 3-year disease-free survival (DFS), showed that FOLFOX narrowly failed to meet the prespecified noninferiority threshold. […] Neoadjuvant therapy for resectable metastatic disease is usually administered for approximately 2-3 months, limiting the development of hepatotoxicity. […] Regimens for adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy are similar: […] In patients with metastatic colon cancer, testing of the tumor for KRAS mutations at exons 2, 3, and 4; NRAS mutations at exons 2, 3, and 4 (ie, pan-RAS or all-RAS testing) and BRAF V600E mutation should guide the decision whether to use biologic agents that target epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).

• #2 Get Colorectal Cancer Care | Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/colorectal-cancer-treatment

• #2 Colon Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/hp/colon-treatment-pdq

  Surgery is curative in 25% to 40% of highly selected patients who develop resectable metastases in the liver and lung. Improved surgical techniques and advances in preoperative imaging have allowed for better patient selection for resection. […] The role of adjuvant chemotherapy after potentially curative resection of liver metastases is uncertain. […] Adjuvant radiation therapy has no current standard role in the management of patients with colon cancer following curative resection, although it may have a role for patients with residual disease. […] The combination of capecitabine and oxaliplatin (CAPOX) is an accepted standard therapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. […] The FDA approved trifluridine-tipiracil for the treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, based on the results of the RECOURSE trial.

• #2 Colon Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/hp/colon-treatment-pdq

  Cancer of the colon is a highly treatable and often curable disease when localized to the bowel. Surgery is the primary form of treatment and results in cure in approximately 50% of patients. However, recurrence following surgery is a major problem and is often the ultimate cause of death. […] Treatment decisions depend on factors such as physician and patient preferences and the stage of the disease, rather than the age of the patient. […] Standard treatment for patients with colon cancer has been open surgical resection of the primary and regional lymph nodes for localized disease. […] The potential value of adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage II colon cancer is controversial. Pooled analyses and meta-analyses have suggested a 2% to 4% improvement in OS for patients treated with adjuvant fluorouracil (5-FU)-based therapy compared with observation.

• #2 Treatments for colon cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/colorectal/treatment/colon-cancer

  The following are treatment options for colon cancer. Treatments offered depend on the stage and location of the tumour. Your healthcare team will suggest treatments based on your needs and work with you to develop a treatment plan. […] Surgery is the standard treatment for stage 0 colon cancer. […] Surgery is the main treatment for stage 1 colon cancer. […] Surgery is the main treatment for stage 2 colon cancer. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy may also be used. […] Chemotherapy may be offered after surgery if there is a high risk that the cancer will come back (recur) and at least one of the following high-risk features is present: […] Radiation therapy may be offered after surgery to help prevent cancer from coming back in the same area (called a local recurrence). It may be offered if the tumour has grown into nearby tissues or structures or if all the cancer couldn’t be removed with bowel resection.

• #2 Colorectal Cancer Treatment

  https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/colorect

  Colorectal cancer can recur, or reappear, in a patient previously treated for the disease. Because patients can sometimes be cured after their tumor recurs, follow-up care is critically important. […] Doctors are developing new drugs that enhance the tumor-killing ability of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. […] Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and proton therapy may allow for treatment with a reduced chance of long-term bowel complications. […] Immunotherapy enhances the body’s immune system and increases the likelihood that the cancer cells will be killed. […] Gene therapy involves altering genetic material. Doctors either introduce a new gene to enhance the body’s ability to kill cancer cells or administer a gene directly to the cancer cells, causing them to die.

• #2 Radiation Therapy for Colorectal Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/colorectal-cancer/treatments/radiation-therapy-for-colorectal-cancer

  Intensity-modulated radiation therapy is more targeted than the three-dimensional conformal approach. It allows doctors to divide treatment into many small, computer-controlled beams of different strengths. Together, these beams closely conform to the size, shape, and location of the colorectal cancer. […] Using intensity-modulated radiation therapy, doctors are able to adjust the radiation dose within millimeters to spare surrounding healthy tissue. This approach may enable doctors to use higher doses of radiation therapy when needed, while still being able to spare nearby healthy tissue and organs. […] Volumetric modulated arc radiation therapy is an advanced variation of intensity-modulated radiation therapy. With this type of radiation therapy, the linear accelerator revolves around you in one or several 360-degree rotations instead of stopping and starting for treatment adjustments. This enables radiation to be given from almost any angle, enabling doctors to more closely target the colorectal cancer while avoiding healthy tissue.

• #2 Patient education: Treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-metastatic-colorectal-cancer-beyond-the-basics

  Other drugs that are active against metastatic colorectal cancer work by a different mechanism. These are referred to as „targeted therapy agents” since they are either antibodies (a type of protein) or drugs that work to inhibit specific proteins that are important for the growth and/or survival of colon cancer cells. […] Immunotherapy refers to drugs that stimulate or unleash your immune system to attack and kill the cancer cells. […] A person’s response to chemotherapy is monitored with periodic X-ray studies (such as computed tomography [CT] scans) usually every 8 to 12 weeks during therapy. In addition, blood levels of a tumor marker called carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) are generally measured every one to three months during therapy. […] Conventional chemotherapy drugs and targeted agents are generally used in combination for people with newly diagnosed, previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer.

• #2 Comprehensive review of targeted therapy for colorectal cancer | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-020-0116-z

  Notably, subgroup analysis has indicated that both of these anti-EGFR agents are robustly beneficial to those patients with RAS-wild-type tumors in the CRYSTAL, PRIME, and TAILOR trials, even though negative outcomes were experienced in patients with RAS mutations. […] A higher incidence of mutated BRAF is found in melanoma than in CRC. […] The efficiency of BRAF inhibitors in BRAF-V600E-mutated melanoma prompted the development of a similar approach in CRC. […] New evidence emerged suggesting that a triple regimen of encorafenib, binimetinib, and cetuximab offered significantly better survival benefit for patients with BRAF-mutated metastatic CRC than that achieved historically with a comparable rate of adverse events. […] Targeting angiogenesis with agents like bevacizumab has been shown to improve both progression-free survival and overall survival in metastatic CRC.

• #2 Colon Cancer Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Care, Ablation

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/277496-treatment

  The role of adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II colon cancer is controversial. […] ASCO recommends against the routine use of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with stage II colon cancer who are at low risk of recurrence, including in younger patients. […] Combination regimens provide improved efficacy and prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with metastatic colon cancer. […] Targeted therapy with biologic agents, based on molecular characteristics of the tumor, have become a standard part of treatment for metastatic colon cancer. […] Detection of microsatellite instability (MSI) has also become important for treatment for metastatic colorectal cancers. […] The NCCN recommends nivolumab with or without ipilimumab or pembrolizumab for the second- and third-line treatment of patients with dMMR/MSI-H colorectal cancer.

• #2 Targeted therapy for colorectal cancer | GCCA

  https://www.globalcca.org/learn/colorectal-cancer-targeted-therapy

  Targeted therapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs or other substances to target cancer cells directly and more precisely destroy cancer. This ideally causes less harm to a patient’s normal cells. […] Current cancer treatment guidelines recommend the use of targeted therapy in advanced colorectal cancer, especially metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). […] There are ongoing clinical trials for targeted therapy and immunotherapy combinations to treat microsatellite stable colorectal cancers. […] Colorectal tumors with MSI-High are particularly susceptible to immunotherapy. […] Wild-type (normal, non-mutant) KRAS tumors may be treated with EGFR inhibitors. […] NRAS mutant colorectal cancer may be treated with traditional chemotherapy combined with targeted therapies. […] Tumors with BRAF mutations may be treated with BRAF inhibitors.

• #2 Comprehensive review of targeted therapy for colorectal cancer | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-020-0116-z

  The landmark trials based on antiangiogenic therapy for CRC were initiated in 2004, comprising the phase II and III AVF2107 trials, which confirmed the superiority of chemotherapy plus bevacizumab over chemotherapy plus placebo. […] The addition of aflibercept to fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan improves survival in a phase III randomized trial in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer previously treated with an oxaliplatin-based regimen. […] Immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown promise in treating metastatic CRC, particularly in patients with microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair-deficient tumors. […] Pembrolizumab and nivolumab are PD-1 inhibitors that have gained FDA approval for treating dMMR or MSI-H metastatic CRC. […] The combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab has shown efficacy in patients with dMMR or MSI-H CRC who had previously received chemotherapy.

• #2 Treatment options for colon cancer | Bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/treatment/treatment-colon/treatment-decisions

  Your doctor might suggest that you have chemotherapy before, or after, surgery. […] Chemotherapy before surgery can shrink the cancer to make it easier for to remove. This is called neoadjuvant chemotherapy. […] Your doctor might suggest you have chemotherapy to lower the chance of your cancer coming back after surgery. Chemotherapy aims to kill any cells left behind after your operation. This is called adjuvant chemotherapy. […] Surgery is the main treatment for stage 1 colon cancer. People with very early colon cancer (stage 1) do not need chemotherapy after surgery. […] You might have chemotherapy before surgery. This is if the MDT team think that it will improve the chance of your surgeon being able to remove all the cancer. […] Your doctor might suggest chemotherapy after surgery if you are at higher risk of cancer coming back. This depends on the results of your surgery. Chemotherapy can lower the chance of your cancer coming back after surgery.

• #2 Colon Cancer Treatment Protocols: Treatment Protocols

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2005487-overview

  Treatment protocols for colon cancer are provided below, including adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy for resectable disease and therapy for advanced or metastatic colon cancer. […] Adjuvant chemotherapy is not recommended. […] American Society of Clinical Oncologists (ASCO) guidelines recommend that adjuvant therapy should not be routinely offered to patients with stage II colon cancer at low risk of recurrence, but should be offered to patients with stage IIB and stage IIC colon cancer (ie, T4, lesions either penetrating visceral peritoneum or invasive of surrounding organ, respectively) and may be offered to patients with stage IIA (ie, T3) colon cancer with high-risk features. […] The value of adjuvant therapy in stage II disease is at best controversial; however, adjuvant therapy may be considered in patients with high-risk disease.

• #2 Colon Cancer Treatment, by Stage | How to Treat Colon Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/treating/by-stage-colon.html

  Surgery to remove the section of the colon with the cancer (partial colectomy), along with nearby lymph nodes, followed by adjuvant chemo is the standard treatment for this stage. […] For some advanced colon cancers that cannot be removed completely by surgery (either tumor has invaded through the colon wall or presence of large bulky lymph nodes), neoadjuvant chemotherapy or neoadjuvant immunotherapy might be recommended to shrink the cancer so it can be removed later with surgery. […] In most cases, surgery is unlikely to cure these cancers. But if there are only a few small areas of cancer spread (metastases) in the liver or lungs and they can be removed along with the colon cancer, surgery may help you live longer. […] Chemo may be given before and/or after surgery. […] Most people with stage IV cancer will get chemo and/or targeted therapies to control the cancer.

• #2 Treatments for colon cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/colorectal/treatment/colon-cancer

  Surgery is the main treatment for stage 3 colon cancer. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy may also be used. […] Chemotherapy is usually given after surgery for stage 3 colon cancer to reduce the risk of recurrence. Chemotherapy can be started 4 to 8 weeks after surgery and is usually given for 6 months. […] Treatment options are often the same for both stage 4 and recurrent colon cancer. […] Chemotherapy is usually offered for stage 4 or recurrent colon cancer. It may be used as the main treatment for unresectable tumours in the colon or metastases in the liver. […] Targeted therapy is usually offered for stage 4 or recurrent colon cancer. […] Immunotherapy may be offered for stage 4 or recurrent colon cancer. […] Surgery may be offered for stage 4 or recurrent colon cancer. […] Radiation therapy may be offered for stage 4 or recurrent colon cancer. It is used most often as palliative therapy to control symptoms such as pain.

• #2 Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Treatment – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/cancer/types-treatments/colorectal-cancer/metastatic-colorectal-cancer-treatment

  Our cancer team can order different types of tests to make a diagnosis. […] This plan depends on several factors, including your specific type of colorectal cancer based on detailed molecular profiling of your tumor, the number and size of tumors that have spread to other parts of your body, your personal goals and preferences, and your overall health. […] Our surgeons offer several procedures for metastatic colorectal cancer that are not widely available. […] During this treatment, cancer surgeons remove visible tumors and then coat the inside of the abdomen with heated chemotherapy to kill remaining cancer cells. […] For patients with colorectal cancer that has spread to the liver, a hepatic artery infusion pump delivers chemotherapy directly to the liver through a surgically implanted pump.

• #2 Colorectal Cancer

  https://medschool.cuanschutz.edu/colorado-cancer-center/for-patients-families/cancers-we-treat/colorectal-cancer

  For cancers that have grown into or through the colon or rectum wall, a surgeon may recommend surgical resection. […] Adjuvant chemo is given after surgery to kill any cancer cells that may have been left behind. […] Neoadjuvant chemo, sometimes paired with radiology, is given before an operation to help reduce the cancer’s size to make it easier to remove with surgery. […] Radiation is a treatment that uses high-energy rays or particles that destroy cancer cells. […] Immunotherapy is used to treat advanced colorectal cancer by training the immune system with drugs to recognize and destroy cancer cells. […] Specific drugs are sometimes used to target abnormalities in cancer cells. […] For some patients with rectal cancer who have undergone a combination of chemotherapy and or radiation therapy and their tumor has disappeared, our team may offer an approach called Watch-and-Wait or Non-operative Management.

• #2 Comprehensive review of targeted therapy for colorectal cancer | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-020-0116-z

  The gut microbiota is closely related to carcinogenesis and tumor progression of CRC. […] Current chemotherapy for CRC has been shown to potentially be mediated by the gut microbiota, which might respond to cytotoxic agents via alterations of their diversity, location, and metabolism. […] The crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the host intestinal cells is considered to be mediated by the progression of primary-secondary bile acid transformation, which mainly regulates the growth of colon epithelial cells via EGFR and nuclear farnesoid X receptor signaling. […] Overall, targeted therapy for colorectal cancer has evolved significantly, with ongoing research aimed at improving efficacy and personalizing treatment strategies.

• #2 Colorectal cancer: Recent advances in management and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11438855/

  Surgery, in combination with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, adjuvant chemotherapy, and radiation, is currently the mainstay of treatment of CRC. With the recent advances in medical sciences, human genomics, transcriptional, and epigenetic information have become more accessible. Consequently, individualized treatment of diseases such as CRC is now feasible.

• #2 Treatment for advanced bowel cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/bowel-cancer/treatment-for-advanced-bowel-cancer

  Different treatments can be used to treat advanced bowel cancer. The main treatment is chemotherapy. Other treatment options include surgery, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. […] Your treatment will depend on: where the cancer is, the treatment you have already had, your general health, the results of tests on the bowel cancer cells, your preferences. […] It is sometimes possible to control advanced bowel cancer for a long time. In some people, it might be possible to cure the advanced bowel cancer. Your doctors can talk to you about the aim of your treatment. […] If the cancer is only in 1 area of the body, your doctors may suggest treatment with surgery, radiotherapy or ablation. Ablation uses extreme temperatures to destroy cancer cells. […] Different drug treatments can be used to treat advanced bowel cancer. The main drug treatment is chemotherapy. Other drug treatments for advanced bowel cancer include targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Your doctors may give you targeted therapy with chemotherapy.

• #2 Treatment for colorectal cancer | GCCA

  https://www.globalcca.org/learn/colorectal-cancer-treatment

  Neoadjuvant therapies can also be chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy. […] Palliative care is care given to prevent and treat pain and other symptoms and to improve quality of life in patients with CRC. […] After colorectal cancer treatment, your overall health will also be followed to monitor and manage long-term side effects or complications of cancer treatment.

• #2 Breakthrough immunotherapy saves patient with stage 4 colon cancer | Fox News

  https://www.foxnews.com/health/terminal-colon-cancer-patient-saved-breakthrough-treatment

  „The trial worked almost immediately and I’ve had no evidence of disease since,” she told Fox News Digital. […] „Colorectal cancer remains one of the few cancers for which we have validated screening tools,” Lou noted. […] Genetic testing is also important to gauge the availability of clinical trials, she noted.

• #3 Colorectal Cancer Treatment

  https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/colorect

  Colorectal cancer can recur, or reappear, in a patient previously treated for the disease. Because patients can sometimes be cured after their tumor recurs, follow-up care is critically important. […] Doctors are developing new drugs that enhance the tumor-killing ability of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. […] Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and proton therapy may allow for treatment with a reduced chance of long-term bowel complications. […] Immunotherapy enhances the body’s immune system and increases the likelihood that the cancer cells will be killed. […] Gene therapy involves altering genetic material. Doctors either introduce a new gene to enhance the body’s ability to kill cancer cells or administer a gene directly to the cancer cells, causing them to die.

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