Rak jelita grubego – Etiologia i przyczyny

Rak jelita grubego
Etiologia i przyczyny

Rak jelita grubego, stanowiący około 10% wszystkich nowotworów i będący drugą najczęstszą przyczyną zgonów onkologicznych na świecie, rozwija się głównie w wyniku mutacji genetycznych, zwłaszcza w genie APC, prowadzących do niekontrolowanego wzrostu komórek okrężnicy. Proces karcynogenezy przebiega zwykle przez transformację polipów gruczolakowatych w gruczolakoraki, trwając od 8 do 10 lat. Dziedziczne zespoły predysponujące, takie jak zespół Lyncha (3% przypadków), rodzinna polipowatość gruczolakowata (FAP), zespół Peutza-Jeghersa oraz MUTYH-związana polipowatość (MAP), znacząco zwiększają ryzyko rozwoju raka. Ryzyko to rośnie wraz z wiekiem, szczególnie po 50. roku życia, a także u pacjentów z przewlekłymi chorobami zapalnymi jelit (np. wrzodziejące zapalenie jelita grubego, choroba Leśniowskiego-Crohna), u których częstość transformacji nowotworowej może przekraczać 10% po 20 latach trwania choroby.

Etiologia raka jelita grubego

Rak jelita grubego to nowotwór rozwijający się w okrężnicy lub odbytnicy, który stanowi trzecią najczęstszą przyczynę zachorowań na nowotwory na świecie, odpowiadając za około 10% wszystkich przypadków nowotworów. Jest również drugą wiodącą przyczyną zgonów związanych z nowotworami na świecie¹. Dokładna przyczyna raka jelita grubego nie jest w pełni poznana, jednak jego rozwój związany jest z kombinacją czynników genetycznych, środowiskowych i stylu życia²³.

Rak jelita grubego rozwija się, gdy komórki w okrężnicy przechodzą zmiany w swoim DNA. DNA komórki zawiera instrukcje określające funkcjonowanie komórki. Zmiany genetyczne powodują, że komórki namnażają się szybko oraz kontynuują życie, gdy zdrowe komórki obumierają w ramach swojego naturalnego cyklu życiowego⁴. Zmiany te mogą dotyczyć onkogenów, które pomagają komórkom przeżyć, rosnąć i dzielić się, oraz genów supresorowych nowotworów, które regulują podział komórek i ich śmierć⁵.

Większość nowotworów jelita grubego rozwija się z polipów gruczolakowatych. Polipy te składają się z nadmiernej liczby zarówno normalnych, jak i nieprawidłowo wyglądających komórek w gruczołach wyściełających wewnętrzną ścianę okrężnicy. Z czasem te nieprawidłowe narośla powiększają się i ostatecznie mogą przerodzić się w gruczolakoraki⁶. Proces przejścia polipów w nowotwór jest powolny, trwający zwykle od ośmiu do dziesięciu lat⁷.

Mutacje genetyczne a rozwój raka jelita grubego

Mutacje genetyczne odgrywają kluczową rolę w rozwoju raka jelita grubego. Około 70% przypadków raka jelita grubego nie ma wyraźnej przyczyny, 3-5% przypadków może być związanych z dziedzicznymi mutacjami genetycznymi, a około 20-25% pacjentów może mieć historię rodzinną choroby, ale bez zidentyfikowanych mutacji dziedzicznych⁸⁹.

Większość mutacji genetycznych prowadzących do raka to mutacje nabyte (somatyczne), które powstają w trakcie życia człowieka i nie są przekazywane dzieciom¹⁰. W wielu przypadkach pierwsza mutacja występuje w genie APC, co prowadzi do zwiększonego wzrostu komórek okrężnicy z powodu utraty tej „hamulcowej” funkcji dla wzrostu komórek. Dalsze mutacje mogą następnie wystąpić w innych genach, co może prowadzić do niekontrolowanego wzrostu i rozprzestrzeniania się komórek¹¹.

Gen APC (Adenomatous Polyposis Coli) jest najczęściej zmutowanym genem we wszystkich rakach jelita grubego. Białko APC zapobiega gromadzeniu się białka β-kateniny. Bez APC, β-katenina gromadzi się na wysokim poziomie i przemieszcza się do jądra komórkowego, wiąże się z DNA i aktywuje transkrypcję proto-onkogenów¹².

Dziedziczne zespoły rakowe

Około 5% przypadków raka jelita grubego jest spowodowanych dziedzicznymi mutacjami genów, które mogą znacznie zwiększyć ryzyko rozwoju tego nowotworu¹³. Najważniejsze dziedziczne zespoły związane z rakiem jelita grubego to:

Zespół Lyncha (dziedziczny rak jelita grubego niezwiązany z polipowatością, HNPCC) – najczęstszy dziedziczny zespół raka jelita grubego, spowodowany mutacjami w genach naprawiających błędy podczas podziału komórek i kopiowania DNA¹⁴¹⁵. Szacuje się, że odpowiada za około 3% przypadków raka jelita grubego¹⁶.
Rodzinna polipowatość gruczolakowata (FAP) – rzadki stan dziedziczny spowodowany mutacjami w genie APC¹⁷. U osób z FAP rozwija się setki, a nawet tysiące polipów gruczolakowatych w okrężnicy i odbytnicy, które mogą pojawić się już w okresie dojrzewania. Nieleczona FAP prowadzi do rozwoju raka jelita grubego u większości osób przed 40. rokiem życia¹⁸.
Zespół Peutza-Jeghersa – osoby z tym dziedzicznym schorzeniem mają tendencję do występowania piegów wokół ust (a czasami na dłoniach i stopach) oraz szczególnego rodzaju polipów zwanych hamartomami w przewodzie pokarmowym¹⁹.
MUTYH-związana polipowatość (MAP) – powoduje polipy w okrężnicy i odbytnicy, podobnie jak łagodniejsza forma FAP. Jest to cecha recesywna, co oznacza, że trzeba odziedziczyć mutację w genie MYH od obojga rodziców, aby rozwinęła się polipowatość związana z MYH²⁰.

²¹

Czynniki związane z wiekiem, płcią i rasą

Ryzyko zachorowania na raka jelita grubego wzrasta wraz z wiekiem, szczególnie po 50. roku życia. Około 90% diagnoz dotyczy osób powyżej 50. roku życia²²²³. W ostatnich latach zaobserwowano jednak niepokojący wzrost zachorowań wśród osób młodszych, poniżej 50. roku życia²⁴²⁵. Od połowy lat 90. wskaźnik zapadalności na raka jelita grubego wzrasta o około 2% rocznie u osób poniżej 50. roku życia²⁶.

Rak jelita grubego częściej dotyka mężczyzn niż kobiety²⁷. Jeśli chodzi o przynależność etniczną, Amerykanie pochodzenia afrykańskiego i rdzenni Amerykanie mają najwyższe wskaźniki zachorowań na raka jelita grubego w Stanach Zjednoczonych²⁸²⁹. Osoby pochodzenia żydowskiego ze wschodniej Europy (Żydzi aszkenazyjscy) mają również wyższe niż przeciętne ryzyko rozwoju raka jelita grubego³⁰.

Historia chorób zapalnych jelit

Osoby z przewlekłymi chorobami zapalnymi jelit, takimi jak wrzodziejące zapalenie jelita grubego lub choroba Leśniowskiego-Crohna, mają zwiększone ryzyko raka jelita grubego³¹³². Ryzyko to wzrasta wraz z czasem trwania choroby i stopniem zapalenia³³. Badania pokazują, że około 35% pacjentów z wrzodziejącym zapaleniem jelita grubego rozwinie raka jelita grubego, a częstość wystąpienia transformacji nowotworowej przekracza 10% u pacjentów z wrzodziejącym zapaleniem jelita grubego trwającym ponad 20 lat³⁴.

Historia polipów i wcześniejszego raka jelita grubego

Osoby, u których wcześniej wykryto polipy gruczolakowate, mają zwiększone ryzyko rozwoju raka jelita grubego³⁵. Ryzyko to jest najwyższe w przypadku polipów uszypułowanych i polipów płaskich ząbkowanych³⁶. Szacuje się, że około 15-40% raków okrężnicy pochodzi z polipów okrężnicy, z okresem przedrakowym trwającym 25 lat³⁷.

Osoby, które wcześniej chorowały na raka jelita grubego, mają również wyższe ryzyko rozwoju drugiego raka jelita grubego³⁸. Podobnie, osoby, które chorowały na raka piersi, jajnika lub macicy, mają większe prawdopodobieństwo rozwoju raka jelita grubego³⁹.

Czynniki stylu życia wpływające na rozwój raka jelita grubego

Ponad połowa przypadków raka jelita grubego jest związana z czynnikami ryzyka, które można modyfikować⁴⁰. Te czynniki stylu życia odgrywają kluczową rolę w rozwoju choroby.

Dieta i nawyki żywieniowe

Dieta odgrywa znaczącą rolę w rozwoju raka jelita grubego. Badania wskazują, że następujące czynniki dietetyczne mogą wpływać na ryzyko:

Wysokie spożycie czerwonego mięsa (wołowina, wieprzowina, jagnięcina) i mięsa przetworzonego (kiełbasy, parówki, wędliny) zwiększa ryzyko raka jelita grubego⁴¹⁴². Szacuje się, że około 13 na 100 przypadków raka jelita grubego w Wielkiej Brytanii jest związanych ze spożyciem mięsa przetworzonego⁴³.
Dieta uboga w błonnik zwiększa ryzyko raka jelita grubego. Niewystarczająca ilość błonnika powoduje 28 na 100 przypadków raka jelita grubego w Wielkiej Brytanii⁴⁴.
Dieta bogata w tłuszcze, zwłaszcza tłuszcze nasycone, a uboga w wapń, kwas foliowy i błonnik, zwiększa ryzyko raka jelita grubego⁴⁵.
Dieta uboga w owoce i warzywa również zwiększa to ryzyko⁴⁶.
Gotowanie mięsa (w tym wołowiny, wieprzowiny i drobiu) oraz ryb w wysokich temperaturach (np. dobrze wysmażone, smażone, grillowane lub pieczone na ruszcie) tworzy związki chemiczne zwane heterocyklicznymi aminami (HCA), które mogą zwiększać ryzyko raka jelita grubego⁴⁷.

⁴⁸

Aktywność fizyczna i otyłość

Brak regularnej aktywności fizycznej zwiększa ryzyko raka jelita grubego⁴⁹. Szacuje się, że około 10% przypadków jest związanych z niewystarczającą aktywnością⁵⁰. Siedzący tryb życia (długotrwałe siedzenie) wiąże się z wyższym ryzykiem raka jelita grubego, szczególnie raka w dystalnej części okrężnicy i odbytnicy⁵¹.

Otyłość jest istotnym czynnikiem ryzyka raka jelita grubego⁵². Szacuje się, że 11 na 100 przypadków raka jelita grubego w Wielkiej Brytanii jest związanych z nadwagą lub otyłością⁵³. Otyłość wpływa na ryzyko raka jelita grubego u mężczyzn znacznie bardziej niż u kobiet⁵⁴.

Palenie tytoniu i spożycie alkoholu

Palenie tytoniu zwiększa ryzyko raka jelita grubego⁵⁵. Około 7 na 100 przypadków raka jelita grubego w Wielkiej Brytanii jest związanych z paleniem⁵⁶. Ryzyko wzrasta wraz z liczbą wypalanych papierosów dziennie⁵⁷. Badania wykazały, że osoby palące mają o około 25% wyższe ryzyko raka jelita grubego⁵⁸.

Spożycie alkoholu również zwiększa ryzyko raka jelita grubego⁵⁹. Szacuje się, że około 6 na 100 przypadków raka jelita grubego w Wielkiej Brytanii jest związanych ze spożyciem alkoholu⁶⁰. Ryzyko wydaje się wzrastać przy spożyciu większym niż jeden drink dziennie⁶¹.

Inne czynniki ryzyka

Cukrzyca typu 2

Osoby z cukrzycą typu 2 mają wyższe ryzyko rozwoju raka jelita grubego niż osoby bez cukrzycy⁶²⁶³. Badania wykazały, że pacjenci z cukrzycą typu 2 mają o 18% wyższe ryzyko rozwoju raka jelita grubego w porównaniu do osób bez cukrzycy⁶⁴.

Ekspozycja na promieniowanie

Osoby poddane radioterapii miednicy z powodu innych nowotworów mają zwiększone ryzyko raka jelita grubego⁶⁵. Około 2 na 100 przypadków raka jelita grubego w Wielkiej Brytanii jest związanych z ekspozycją na promieniowanie jonizujące⁶⁶.

Wzrost ciała

Kilka badań wykazało, że wysoki wzrost jest czynnikiem ryzyka raka okrężnicy, ale prawdopodobnie nie raka odbytnicy⁶⁷. Wysoki wzrost zwiększa ryzyko raka jelita grubego⁶⁸.

Infekcja Helicobacter pylori

Istnieją pewne dowody na to, że ryzyko raka jelita grubego jest wyższe u osób z infekcją Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)⁶⁹.

Akromegalia

Osoby z akromegalią mają również zwiększone ryzyko raka jelita grubego, chociaż badania nadal próbują ustalić, dlaczego tak jest⁷⁰.

Mechanizm rozwoju raka jelita grubego

Rak jelita grubego rozwija się według klasycznego modelu sekwencji od polipa do raka. W tej sekwencji gruczolak-rak, normalne komórki nabłonkowe przechodzą do komórek dysplastycznych, takich jak gruczolaki, a następnie do raka, w procesie postępujących mutacji genetycznych⁷¹.

Kluczowym elementem tej sekwencji są mutacje genów, zmiany epigenetyczne i lokalne zmiany zapalne⁷². Wysoki poziom kwasów żółciowych, szczególnie kwasu deoksycholowego, w zawartości okrężnicy w odpowiedzi na dietę wysokotłuszczową, wiąże się ze zwiększonym ryzykiem raka jelita grubego⁷³.

W populacjach o wysokiej częstości występowania raka jelita grubego, stężenie kwasów żółciowych w kale, szczególnie kwasu deoksycholowego, jest wyższe⁷⁴. Związane to jest z dietą bogatą w tłuszcze, która podwyższa poziom kwasów żółciowych, co wydaje się zwiększać ryzyko raka jelita grubego⁷⁵.

Czynniki ochronne

Istnieją również czynniki, które mogą zmniejszać ryzyko raka jelita grubego. Przeprowadzono obszerne badania populacyjne, które wskazują na następujące czynniki ochronne:

Aktywność fizyczna⁷⁶
Dieta bogata w owoce, warzywa, błonnik, skrobię oporną i ryby⁷⁷
Suplementacja kwasem foliowym, kwasem foliowym, pirydoksyną, wapniem, witaminą D i magnezem⁷⁸
Czosnek⁷⁹
Kawa⁸⁰
Leki, szczególnie aspiryna i inne niesteroidowe leki przeciwzapalne (NLPZ)⁸¹
Hormonalna terapia zastępcza u kobiet po menopauzie⁸²
Statyny, bisfosfoniany i inhibitory angiotensyny⁸³

⁸⁴

Podsumowanie etiologii raka jelita grubego

Etiologia raka jelita grubego jest wieloczynnikowa, obejmująca zarówno czynniki modyfikowalne, jak i niemodyfikowalne. Chociaż dokładna przyczyna większości przypadków raka jelita grubego pozostaje nieznana, to zidentyfikowano szereg czynników ryzyka, które mogą zwiększać prawdopodobieństwo rozwoju tej choroby.

Czynniki genetyczne, takie jak mutacje dziedziczne i historia rodzinna, mają istotny wpływ na ryzyko. Wiek, płeć, rasa i pochodzenie etniczne to niemodyfikowalne czynniki demograficzne zwiększające ryzyko. Historia osobista polipów, raka jelita grubego i chorób zapalnych jelit również znacząco podwyższa ryzyko.

Czynniki stylu życia, takie jak dieta bogata w czerwone i przetworzone mięso, a uboga w błonnik, brak aktywności fizycznej, otyłość, palenie tytoniu i spożycie alkoholu, to modyfikowalne czynniki, które mogą być celem interwencji profilaktycznych⁸⁵⁸⁶.

Zrozumienie tych czynników ryzyka jest kluczowe dla opracowania skutecznych strategii profilaktycznych i badań przesiewowych, które mogą zmniejszyć obciążenie rakiem jelita grubego⁸⁷⁸⁸. Zmiana stylu życia może pomóc zmniejszyć ryzyko, a regularne badania przesiewowe mogą pomóc w wykryciu i usunięciu polipów przed rozwinięciem się nowotworu⁸⁹.

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

Materiały źródłowe

#1
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/colorectal-cancer
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide, accounting for approximately 10% of all cancer cases and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. […] Several lifestyle factors contribute to the development of colorectal cancer such as a high intake of processed meats and low intake of fruits and vegetables, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption. […] The risk of colorectal cancer increases with age. Most cases affect people over 50 years old. […] The risk of colorectal cancer can be reduced by eating a healthy diet, staying physically active, not smoking tobacco and limiting alcohol. […] Factors that may increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer include: age: the risk of developing colorectal cancer increases with age, with most cases occurring in individuals over 50 years old; family history: a family history of colorectal cancer or certain genetic conditions, such as Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), can increase the risk; personal history: individuals who have had colorectal cancer before or certain types of polyps are at a higher risk; and lifestyle factors: unhealthy lifestyle choices, such as a diet high in processed meats and low in fruits and vegetables, sedentary behaviour, obesity, smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, can increase the risk. […] Studies have shown that screening can reduce both the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer through early detection and removal of precancerous growths.
#2 Colorectal Cancer: An Overview – Gastrointestinal Cancers – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK586003/
Colorectal cancer is a multifactorial disease. The etiology of colorectal cancer remains unclear. […] The etiology of CRC remains unclear, but it may be related to the following factors: […] About 20% of CRC cases are related to genetic factors, and investigations have shown a three-fold increased risk of cancer in the first-generation relatives of CRC patients. Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) has been identified as a genetic syndrome that predisposes to CRC, and the Mismatch Repair Gene (MMR) has also been linked to inherited CRC. […] It is currently believed that high fat, high animal protein, and low cellulose diet are related to the incidence of CRC. Excessive fat intake will promote bile secretion, bile acid decomposition, increased intestinal carcinogens, and the activity of intestinal anaerobic bacteria.
#3 Colorectal cancer: Symptoms, stages, & outlook
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/155598
Colorectal cancer, also known as bowel cancer, colon cancer, or rectal cancer, refers to any cancer that affects the colon and rectum. […] The cause of colorectal cancer is unclear, but it likely stems from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Around 70% of colon cancer cases have no apparent cause. Inherited colon cancer-related genetic mutations may account for 3% to 5% of cases. Between 20% and 25% of people may have a family history of the condition but no inherited mutations. […] Some other colorectal cancer risk factors may include: being over the age of 50, being male, a diet high in red or processed meats, consuming alcohol, smoking, low levels of physical activity, overweight or obesity, IBD, type 2 diabetes, having undergone radiation therapy for abdominal cancer in childhood, polyps in the colon or rectum.
#4 Colon cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353669
Colon cancer happens when cells in the colon develop changes in their DNA. A cells’ DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to multiply quickly. The changes let the cells continue living when healthy cells die as part of their natural lifecycle. […] Doctors aren’t certain what causes most colon cancers.
#5 Colon cancer: Symptoms, stages, causes, and treatment
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/150496
Colon cancer develops when tumorous growths form in the large intestine. […] According to the ACS, researchers are unsure of the exact cause of colon cancer, but certain factors may increase the risk. […] Cancer happens as a result of changes in DNA within cells. Certain genes called oncogenes help cells stay alive, grow, and divide. Tumor suppressor genes help regulate cell division and cell death. […] Changes to DNA can affect oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, resulting in multiple gene changes that may lead to colon cancer. […] Polyps are growths that form on the inside of the colon. Polyps are noncancerous, but cancer can begin with some types of polyps. […] If a person has a type of noncancerous polyp called an adenomatous polyp, they have an increased risk of developing colon cancer.
#6 Colon Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Survival Rates
https://www.medicinenet.com/colon_cancer/article.htm
Cancers of the colon and rectum (colorectal cancer) start when the process of the normal replacement of colon lining cells goes awry. Mistakes in cell division occur frequently. For reasons that are poorly understood, sometimes mistakes occur that escape our editing systems. When this occurs, these cells begin to divide independently of the normal checks and balances that control growth. As these abnormal cells grow and divide, they can lead to growths within the colon called polyps. Polyps vary in type, but many are precancerous tumors that grow slowly over the course of years and do not spread. As polyps grow, additional genetic mutations further destabilize the cells. When these precancerous tumors change direction (growing into the wall of the tube rather than into the space in the middle of it) and invade other layers of the large intestine (such as the submucosa or muscular layer), the precancerous polyp has become cancerous. In most cases this process is slow, taking at least eight to 10 years to develop from those early aberrant cells to a frank cancer. Colorectal cancer is typically an adenocarcinoma, a term that refers to a cancer that has formed in certain types of lining tissues in the body.
#7 Colon Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Survival Rates
https://www.medicinenet.com/colon_cancer/article.htm
Cancers of the colon and rectum (colorectal cancer) start when the process of the normal replacement of colon lining cells goes awry. Mistakes in cell division occur frequently. For reasons that are poorly understood, sometimes mistakes occur that escape our editing systems. When this occurs, these cells begin to divide independently of the normal checks and balances that control growth. As these abnormal cells grow and divide, they can lead to growths within the colon called polyps. Polyps vary in type, but many are precancerous tumors that grow slowly over the course of years and do not spread. As polyps grow, additional genetic mutations further destabilize the cells. When these precancerous tumors change direction (growing into the wall of the tube rather than into the space in the middle of it) and invade other layers of the large intestine (such as the submucosa or muscular layer), the precancerous polyp has become cancerous. In most cases this process is slow, taking at least eight to 10 years to develop from those early aberrant cells to a frank cancer. Colorectal cancer is typically an adenocarcinoma, a term that refers to a cancer that has formed in certain types of lining tissues in the body.
#8 Colorectal cancer: Symptoms, stages, & outlook
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/155598
Colorectal cancer, also known as bowel cancer, colon cancer, or rectal cancer, refers to any cancer that affects the colon and rectum. […] The cause of colorectal cancer is unclear, but it likely stems from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Around 70% of colon cancer cases have no apparent cause. Inherited colon cancer-related genetic mutations may account for 3% to 5% of cases. Between 20% and 25% of people may have a family history of the condition but no inherited mutations. […] Some other colorectal cancer risk factors may include: being over the age of 50, being male, a diet high in red or processed meats, consuming alcohol, smoking, low levels of physical activity, overweight or obesity, IBD, type 2 diabetes, having undergone radiation therapy for abdominal cancer in childhood, polyps in the colon or rectum.
#9 Colon Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470380/
Most colon cancer is sporadic (70%). Conditions with known inherited genetic mutations, such as HNPCC and FAP, account for 3% to 5% of cases. About 20% to 25% of patients have a strong colon cancer family history but no identifiable inherited mutation. […] Risk factors for developing colon cancer include the following: Age: The median age of diagnosis in sporadic colon cancer is over 65 years. Family history: Colon cancer in a family member increases one’s risk of developing the disease. Inherited colon cancer-related mutations: HNPCC, FAP, and Peutz-Jegher polyposis are genetic conditions that increase a person’s colon cancer risk. Adenomas on screening colonoscopy: The risk of cancer is most significant with villous adenomas and sessile serrated polyps. History of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Ulcerative colitis has an estimated annual incidence of 0.5% within the first 10 to 20 years following the diagnosis of IBD, increasing to 1% per year after that. Crohn disease may increase cancer risk if present in the ileocolic region. Environment and Lifestyle factors: Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, obesity, diets rich in processed red meat, insulin resistance, history of prior radiation, and immunosuppression all increase the risk of this malignancy.
#10 Causes of Colorectal Cancer | Is Colon Cancer Hereditary? | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html
Most gene mutations that lead to cancer are acquired or somatic mutations. They happen during a persons lifetime and are not passed on to their children. […] In most cases of colorectal cancer, the DNA mutations that lead to cancer are acquired during a persons life rather than having been inherited. […] In many cases, the first mutation occurs in the APC gene. This leads to an increased growth of colorectal cells because of the loss of this brake on cell growth. Further mutations may then occur in other genes, which can lead the cells to grow and spread uncontrollably.
#11 Causes of Colorectal Cancer | Is Colon Cancer Hereditary? | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html
Most gene mutations that lead to cancer are acquired or somatic mutations. They happen during a persons lifetime and are not passed on to their children. […] In most cases of colorectal cancer, the DNA mutations that lead to cancer are acquired during a persons life rather than having been inherited. […] In many cases, the first mutation occurs in the APC gene. This leads to an increased growth of colorectal cells because of the loss of this brake on cell growth. Further mutations may then occur in other genes, which can lead the cells to grow and spread uncontrollably.
#12 Colorectal cancer – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer
Associated with a diet high in fats, elevated levels of bile acids appear to increase the risk of colorectal cancer. The bile acid deoxycholic acid particularly is elevated in the colonic contents of humans in response to a high fat diet. In populations that have a high incidence of colorectal cancer fecal concentrations of bile acids, particularly deoxycholic acid, are higher. […] Colorectal cancer is a disease originating from the epithelial cells lining the colon or rectum of the gastrointestinal tract, most frequently as a result of genetic mutations in the Wnt signaling pathway that increases signaling activity. The most commonly mutated gene in all colorectal cancer is the APC gene, which produces the APC protein. The APC protein prevents the accumulation of -catenin protein. Without APC, -catenin accumulates to high levels and translocates (moves) into the nucleus, binds to DNA, and activates the transcription of proto-oncogenes.
#13 Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors | Hereditary Colorectal Risk Factors | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
About 5% of people who develop colorectal cancer have inherited gene changes (mutations) that cause family cancer syndromes and can lead to them getting the disease. […] Lynch syndrome is the most common hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome. […] FAP is caused by changes (mutations) in the APC gene that a person inherits from their parents. […] People with this inherited condition tend to have freckles around the mouth (and sometimes on their hands and feet) and a special type of polyp called hamartomas in their digestive tract. […] CF is an inherited condition in which the cells in some body organs make mucus that is thicker and stickier than normal.
#14 Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors | Hereditary Colorectal Risk Factors | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
About 5% of people who develop colorectal cancer have inherited gene changes (mutations) that cause family cancer syndromes and can lead to them getting the disease. […] Lynch syndrome is the most common hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome. […] FAP is caused by changes (mutations) in the APC gene that a person inherits from their parents. […] People with this inherited condition tend to have freckles around the mouth (and sometimes on their hands and feet) and a special type of polyp called hamartomas in their digestive tract. […] CF is an inherited condition in which the cells in some body organs make mucus that is thicker and stickier than normal.
#15 Risk factors for colorectal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/colorectal/risks
Lynch syndrome (also called hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, or HNPCC) is an inherited condition caused by mutations in the genes that correct mistakes when cells divide and DNA is copied. It causes polyps to develop in the lining of the colon, rectum or both, but not as many polyps as in FAP. […] A personal or family history of polyps in the colon, rectum or both significantly increases the risk of developing colorectal cancer. […] The following rare genetic conditions can increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer. […] People who are not physically active have a higher risk for developing colorectal cancer. […] Colorectal cancer occurs more often in people who are overweight or obese than in those who have a healthy weight. […] Drinking alcohol increases your risk for developing colorectal cancer.
#16 Colorectal Cancer Causes, Risks, Treatment, Prevention, and More
https://www.healthline.com/health/colorectal-cancer-causes
Most cases of colorectal cancer begin as a type of polyp called an adenoma. These polyps are noncancerous, but can turn into cancer. […] In many cases, doctors dont know what causes the polyps or what causes them to turn into cancer. However, there are genes that can increase your risk of colorectal cancer. These genes cause a small percentage of colorectal cancers but significantly increase risk. […] Lynch syndrome increases your risk of colorectal cancer, as well as endometrial, ovarian, gastric, urinary tract, brain, and pancreas cancers. An estimated 3 percent of colon cancers are caused by Lynch syndrome. […] MYH-associated polyposis caused polyps in the colon and rectum, similarly to the milder form of FAP. Its a recessive trait, which means you have to inherit a mutation in the MYH gene from both parents to develop MYH-associated polyposis. Research on this condition is still in early stages but suggests that it can significantly increase risk for colorectal cancer. […] People with chronic inflammation conditions that affect their colon, such as Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis, can have an increased risk of colon cancer. […] Some cases of colorectal cancer are due to genetic factors, but in many others, doctors do not know the cause.
#17 Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors | Hereditary Colorectal Risk Factors | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
About 5% of people who develop colorectal cancer have inherited gene changes (mutations) that cause family cancer syndromes and can lead to them getting the disease. […] Lynch syndrome is the most common hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome. […] FAP is caused by changes (mutations) in the APC gene that a person inherits from their parents. […] People with this inherited condition tend to have freckles around the mouth (and sometimes on their hands and feet) and a special type of polyp called hamartomas in their digestive tract. […] CF is an inherited condition in which the cells in some body organs make mucus that is thicker and stickier than normal.
#18 Risk factors for colorectal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/colorectal/risks
Risk factors are generally listed in order from most to least important. But in most cases, it is impossible to rank them with absolute certainty. […] There is convincing evidence that the following factors increase your risk for colorectal cancer. […] A family history of colorectal cancer means that one or more close blood relatives have or had colorectal cancer. Some families have more cases of colorectal cancer than would be expected by chance. […] If you have had colorectal cancer, you have a higher risk of developing a second colorectal cancer. […] FAP is a rare, inherited condition usually caused by a mutation of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. FAP causes hundreds to thousands of adenomatous polyps to develop on the inner lining (mucosa) of the colon and rectum. These polyps can develop as early as adolescence. If not treated, the majority of people with FAP will develop colorectal cancer by the age of 40.
#19 Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors | Hereditary Colorectal Risk Factors | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
About 5% of people who develop colorectal cancer have inherited gene changes (mutations) that cause family cancer syndromes and can lead to them getting the disease. […] Lynch syndrome is the most common hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome. […] FAP is caused by changes (mutations) in the APC gene that a person inherits from their parents. […] People with this inherited condition tend to have freckles around the mouth (and sometimes on their hands and feet) and a special type of polyp called hamartomas in their digestive tract. […] CF is an inherited condition in which the cells in some body organs make mucus that is thicker and stickier than normal.
#20 Colorectal Cancer Causes, Risks, Treatment, Prevention, and More
https://www.healthline.com/health/colorectal-cancer-causes
Most cases of colorectal cancer begin as a type of polyp called an adenoma. These polyps are noncancerous, but can turn into cancer. […] In many cases, doctors dont know what causes the polyps or what causes them to turn into cancer. However, there are genes that can increase your risk of colorectal cancer. These genes cause a small percentage of colorectal cancers but significantly increase risk. […] Lynch syndrome increases your risk of colorectal cancer, as well as endometrial, ovarian, gastric, urinary tract, brain, and pancreas cancers. An estimated 3 percent of colon cancers are caused by Lynch syndrome. […] MYH-associated polyposis caused polyps in the colon and rectum, similarly to the milder form of FAP. Its a recessive trait, which means you have to inherit a mutation in the MYH gene from both parents to develop MYH-associated polyposis. Research on this condition is still in early stages but suggests that it can significantly increase risk for colorectal cancer. […] People with chronic inflammation conditions that affect their colon, such as Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis, can have an increased risk of colon cancer. […] Some cases of colorectal cancer are due to genetic factors, but in many others, doctors do not know the cause.
#21 Colorectal cancer – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer
7595% of colorectal cancer cases occur in people with little or no genetic risk. Risk factors include older age, male sex, high intake of fat, sugar, alcohol, red meat, processed meats, obesity, smoking, and a lack of physical exercise. Approximately 10% of cases are linked to insufficient activity. The risk from alcohol appears to increase at greater than one drink per day. […] People with inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease) are at increased risk of colon cancer. The risk increases the longer a person has the disease, and the worse the severity of inflammation. In these high risk groups, both prevention with aspirin and regular colonoscopies are recommended. […] Those with a family history in two or more first-degree relatives (such as a parent or sibling) have a two to threefold greater risk of disease, and this group accounts for about 20% of all cases. Several genetic syndromes are also associated with higher rates of colorectal cancer. The most common of these is hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC, or Lynch syndrome) which is present in about 3% of people with colorectal cancer. Other syndromes that are strongly associated with colorectal cancer include Gardner syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).
#22 Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors | Colorectal Cancer | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/colorectal-cancer/risk-factors/index.html
Your risk of getting colorectal cancer increases as you get older. […] Lifestyle factors and genetic syndromes can also raise your risk. […] Other risk factors include having: Inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. […] A personal or family history of colorectal cancer or colorectal polyps. […] A genetic syndrome such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome). […] Lifestyle factors that may contribute to an increased risk of colorectal cancer include: Lack of regular physical activity. […] A diet low in fruit and vegetables. […] A low-fiber and high-fat diet, or a diet high in processed meats. […] Overweight and obesity. […] Alcohol consumption. […] Tobacco use.
#23 Risks and causes of bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/risks-causes
Alcohol increases the risk of bowel cancer. It has been estimated that around 6 out of 100 bowel cancers (around 6%) in the UK are linked to drinking alcohol. […] Bowel cancer is more common in older people. More than 40 out of 100 bowel cancers (more than 40%) in the UK each year are diagnosed in people aged 75 or over. […] Your risk of bowel cancer is increased if you have a first degree relative diagnosed with bowel cancer. […] There are some rare inherited conditions or syndromes associated with certain gene changes. Family members have an increased risk of bowel cancer if they inherit these gene changes. […] Having either of these diseases for many years increases your risk of bowel cancer. […] You have an increased risk of developing another bowel cancer if you have already had a bowel cancer in the past.
#24 Colorectal Cancer Rising among Young Adults – NCI
https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2020/colorectal-cancer-rising-younger-adults
Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer death among people under 50 in the United States, with rates of new diagnoses still climbing in this age group. […] Since the 1990s, the rate of colorectal cancer (which includes cancers of the colon and rectum) has been rising steadily among adults younger than 50. Not only that, but more younger people are dying from the disease. […] We dont understand a lot about the causes, the biology, or how to prevent early onset of the disease, said Phil Daschner, a program director in NCIs Division of Cancer Biology. […] Experts dont know whats causing the jump in colorectal cancer among young adults. But they do know some factors that raise the risk of colorectal cancer in older adults, including obesity, physical inactivity, and smoking. […] Some of those [risk factors] have become more common over the last 45 years, along with this rise in early-onset cases, said Daschner, who helped plan the think tank.
#25 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
https://www.news-medical.net/health/Why-More-Young-Adults-Are-Getting-Colorectal-Cancer.aspx
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading global health concern, ranking as the third most diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality. […] However, recent decades have witnessed a concerning shift, with CRC incidence rising among younger adults (under 50 years). […] The changing epidemiology of CRC highlights the need for further investigation into potential risk factors, including diet, lifestyle, and genetic predisposition. […] Epidemiological data show that Westernized diets high in red and processed meats and low in fiber contribute significantly to CRC risk. […] High consumption of red meat increases gut microbiota-derived metabolites such as trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) and secondary bile acids, which promote inflammation and carcinogenesis. […] Obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption are well-established lifestyle risk factors for CRC. […] While environmental and lifestyle factors play significant roles, genetic predisposition also influences CRC risk.
#26 Colon cancer is on the rise in younger adults: What you should look formenu iconsearch iconsubscribe iconsearch iconarrow up right icon
https://health.ucdavis.edu/blog/cultivating-health/colon-cancer-is-on-the-rise-in-younger-adults-what-you-should-look-for/2023/03
Itâs an alarming trend: diagnoses of colorectal (colon) cancer are on the rise in people under age 50. […] Health experts arenât sure whatâs causing the rise in colon cancer diagnoses. However, poor diet and lack of physical activity may be part of the reason. […] According to the American Cancer Society, the risk of developing colorectal cancer is about 1 in 23 for men and 1 in 25 for women. Genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors can affect your risk for colorectal cancer. […] Millennials (people born between 1981-1996) have twice the risk of colorectal cancer compared to those born in 1950, according to a 2017 study. The same research found that people under age 55 are nearly 60% more likely to be diagnosed with late-stage disease than older adults. That makes the odds of surviving the colon cancer more challenging. […] In May 2021, the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force changed its recommendations for colon cancer screening to begin at age 45, rather than 50. This is because of the increased diagnoses of colorectal cancer in younger adults.
#27 Risk factors for colorectal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/colorectal/risks
A risk factor is something that increases the risk of developing cancer. It could be a behaviour, substance or condition. Most cancers are the result of many risk factors. But sometimes colorectal cancer develops in people who dont have any of the risk factors described below. […] Most people diagnosed with colorectal cancer are over the age of 50, and the risk increases with age. More men than women develop colorectal cancer. The colorectal cancer incidence rate is highest in North America, northwestern Europe and Australia. Rates are lower in less industrialized countries, including those in Asia, Africa and South America. […] Precancerous conditions of the colon or rectum include adenomas and hereditary colorectal syndromes. They arent cancer, but they can sometimes become colorectal cancer if they arent treated. Some of the risk factors for colorectal cancer may also cause these precancerous condition.
#28 What are the risk factors for colorectal cancer? | MD Anderson Cancer Center
https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-are-the-risk-factors-for-colorectal-cancer.h00-159698334.html
Individuals with a body mass index (BMI) that is above average have a higher chance of developing many diseases, including colorectal cancer. […] If you use tobacco, including smoking cigarettes and chewing tobacco, you’re more likely to develop colorectal cancer. […] Eating a lot of red meat, processed meat and grilled/charred meat can increase your risk for colorectal cancer. […] You have a much greater risk for colorectal cancer if you have a history of inflammatory bowel disease, like Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. […] Black men and women have the highest rate of colorectal cancer among all racial groups in the U.S. […] If you’ve had colorectal cancer or colorectal polyps before, you’re more likely to develop colorectal cancer. […] If you drink a lot of alcohol, that can raise your risk for colorectal cancer.
#29 Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors | Hereditary Colorectal Risk Factors | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
Colorectal cancer has been linked to moderate to heavy alcohol use. […] Your risk of colorectal cancer goes up as you age. […] American Indian and Alaska Native people have the highest rates of colorectal cancer in the United States, followed by African American men and women. […] If you have a history of adenomatous polyps (adenomas), you are at increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. […] If you have inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including either ulcerative colitis or Crohns disease, your risk of colorectal cancer is increased. […] If you survived cancer in the past and as part of your treatment, received radiation to the area where your colon is (abdomen and pelvis area), your risk of colorectal cancer is increased. […] Most colorectal cancers are found in people without a family history of colorectal cancer.
#30 Risk factors for colorectal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/colorectal/risks
Jewish people of Eastern European descent (Ashkenazi Jews) have a higher than average risk of developing colorectal cancer. […] Women who have had breast, ovarian or uterine cancer have a greater chance of developing colorectal cancer. […] Several studies show that being tall is a risk factor for colon cancer, but probably not for rectal cancer. […] Cooking meat (including beef, pork and poultry) and fish at high temperatures (such as well done, fried, broiled or barbecued) creates chemicals called heterocyclic amines (HCAs). […] People who have been exposed to ionizing radiation, such as during atomic bomb explosions in Japan, have a higher risk of developing colorectal cancer, mainly colon cancer.
#31 Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors | Colorectal Cancer | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/colorectal-cancer/risk-factors/index.html
Your risk of getting colorectal cancer increases as you get older. […] Lifestyle factors and genetic syndromes can also raise your risk. […] Other risk factors include having: Inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. […] A personal or family history of colorectal cancer or colorectal polyps. […] A genetic syndrome such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome). […] Lifestyle factors that may contribute to an increased risk of colorectal cancer include: Lack of regular physical activity. […] A diet low in fruit and vegetables. […] A low-fiber and high-fat diet, or a diet high in processed meats. […] Overweight and obesity. […] Alcohol consumption. […] Tobacco use.
#32 Colon Cancer: Symptoms, Stages & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14501-colorectal-colon-cancer
Having a diet that includes lots of red meat and processed meat: Processed meat includes bacon sausage and lunchmeat. […] Inflammatory bowel disease: People who have conditions like chronic ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s colitis, which cause inflammation in their colon lining, may have an increased risk of colon cancer. […] Certain conditions like Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis may increase your risk of developing colon cancer. […] If a close family member has colon cancer, you may have an increased risk of developing the condition. […] People with numerous colon polyps including adenomas, serrated polyps or other types of polyps often have an increased risk of developing polyps and colon cancer.
#33 Colorectal cancer – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer
7595% of colorectal cancer cases occur in people with little or no genetic risk. Risk factors include older age, male sex, high intake of fat, sugar, alcohol, red meat, processed meats, obesity, smoking, and a lack of physical exercise. Approximately 10% of cases are linked to insufficient activity. The risk from alcohol appears to increase at greater than one drink per day. […] People with inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease) are at increased risk of colon cancer. The risk increases the longer a person has the disease, and the worse the severity of inflammation. In these high risk groups, both prevention with aspirin and regular colonoscopies are recommended. […] Those with a family history in two or more first-degree relatives (such as a parent or sibling) have a two to threefold greater risk of disease, and this group accounts for about 20% of all cases. Several genetic syndromes are also associated with higher rates of colorectal cancer. The most common of these is hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC, or Lynch syndrome) which is present in about 3% of people with colorectal cancer. Other syndromes that are strongly associated with colorectal cancer include Gardner syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).
#34 Colorectal Cancer: An Overview – Gastrointestinal Cancers – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK586003/
Non-cancerous diseases such as colorectal polyps, colorectal adenomas, ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, etc. can contribute to CRC. Research shows that about 35% of ulcerative colitis patients will develop CRC, and the incidence of malignant transformation is greater than 10% in patients with ulcerative colitis lasting more than 20 years. About 15-40% of colon cancers originate from colonic polyps, with a precancerous course of 25 years. […] Carcinogenic exposure and lifestyle, such as sedentary and overweight, are risk factors for CRC, and the incidence of sigmoid and rectal cancer is higher in patients undergoing pelvic radiation therapy.
#35 Colon Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470380/
Most colon cancer is sporadic (70%). Conditions with known inherited genetic mutations, such as HNPCC and FAP, account for 3% to 5% of cases. About 20% to 25% of patients have a strong colon cancer family history but no identifiable inherited mutation. […] Risk factors for developing colon cancer include the following: Age: The median age of diagnosis in sporadic colon cancer is over 65 years. Family history: Colon cancer in a family member increases one’s risk of developing the disease. Inherited colon cancer-related mutations: HNPCC, FAP, and Peutz-Jegher polyposis are genetic conditions that increase a person’s colon cancer risk. Adenomas on screening colonoscopy: The risk of cancer is most significant with villous adenomas and sessile serrated polyps. History of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Ulcerative colitis has an estimated annual incidence of 0.5% within the first 10 to 20 years following the diagnosis of IBD, increasing to 1% per year after that. Crohn disease may increase cancer risk if present in the ileocolic region. Environment and Lifestyle factors: Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, obesity, diets rich in processed red meat, insulin resistance, history of prior radiation, and immunosuppression all increase the risk of this malignancy.
#36 Colon Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470380/
Most colon cancer is sporadic (70%). Conditions with known inherited genetic mutations, such as HNPCC and FAP, account for 3% to 5% of cases. About 20% to 25% of patients have a strong colon cancer family history but no identifiable inherited mutation. […] Risk factors for developing colon cancer include the following: Age: The median age of diagnosis in sporadic colon cancer is over 65 years. Family history: Colon cancer in a family member increases one’s risk of developing the disease. Inherited colon cancer-related mutations: HNPCC, FAP, and Peutz-Jegher polyposis are genetic conditions that increase a person’s colon cancer risk. Adenomas on screening colonoscopy: The risk of cancer is most significant with villous adenomas and sessile serrated polyps. History of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Ulcerative colitis has an estimated annual incidence of 0.5% within the first 10 to 20 years following the diagnosis of IBD, increasing to 1% per year after that. Crohn disease may increase cancer risk if present in the ileocolic region. Environment and Lifestyle factors: Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, obesity, diets rich in processed red meat, insulin resistance, history of prior radiation, and immunosuppression all increase the risk of this malignancy.
#37 Colorectal Cancer: An Overview – Gastrointestinal Cancers – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK586003/
Non-cancerous diseases such as colorectal polyps, colorectal adenomas, ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, etc. can contribute to CRC. Research shows that about 35% of ulcerative colitis patients will develop CRC, and the incidence of malignant transformation is greater than 10% in patients with ulcerative colitis lasting more than 20 years. About 15-40% of colon cancers originate from colonic polyps, with a precancerous course of 25 years. […] Carcinogenic exposure and lifestyle, such as sedentary and overweight, are risk factors for CRC, and the incidence of sigmoid and rectal cancer is higher in patients undergoing pelvic radiation therapy.
#38 Risk factors for colorectal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/colorectal/risks
Risk factors are generally listed in order from most to least important. But in most cases, it is impossible to rank them with absolute certainty. […] There is convincing evidence that the following factors increase your risk for colorectal cancer. […] A family history of colorectal cancer means that one or more close blood relatives have or had colorectal cancer. Some families have more cases of colorectal cancer than would be expected by chance. […] If you have had colorectal cancer, you have a higher risk of developing a second colorectal cancer. […] FAP is a rare, inherited condition usually caused by a mutation of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. FAP causes hundreds to thousands of adenomatous polyps to develop on the inner lining (mucosa) of the colon and rectum. These polyps can develop as early as adolescence. If not treated, the majority of people with FAP will develop colorectal cancer by the age of 40.
#39 Risk factors for colorectal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/colorectal/risks
Jewish people of Eastern European descent (Ashkenazi Jews) have a higher than average risk of developing colorectal cancer. […] Women who have had breast, ovarian or uterine cancer have a greater chance of developing colorectal cancer. […] Several studies show that being tall is a risk factor for colon cancer, but probably not for rectal cancer. […] Cooking meat (including beef, pork and poultry) and fish at high temperatures (such as well done, fried, broiled or barbecued) creates chemicals called heterocyclic amines (HCAs). […] People who have been exposed to ionizing radiation, such as during atomic bomb explosions in Japan, have a higher risk of developing colorectal cancer, mainly colon cancer.
#40 Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors | Hereditary Colorectal Risk Factors | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
Researchers have found several risk factors that might increase a persons chance of developing colorectal polyps or colorectal cancer. […] Many lifestyle-related factors have been linked to colorectal cancer. In fact, more than half of all colorectal cancers are linked to risk factors that can be changed. […] If you have excess body weight (overweight or obesity), your risk of developing and dying from colorectal cancer is higher. […] People with type 2 diabetes mellitus are more likely than people who dont to develop colorectal cancer. […] A long-term diet that’s high in red meats (such as beef, pork, lamb, or liver) and processed meats (like hot dogs and some lunch meats) raises your colorectal cancer risk. […] People who have smoked tobacco for a long time are more likely to develop and die from colorectal cancer than people who don’t smoke.
#41 Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors | Hereditary Colorectal Risk Factors | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
Researchers have found several risk factors that might increase a persons chance of developing colorectal polyps or colorectal cancer. […] Many lifestyle-related factors have been linked to colorectal cancer. In fact, more than half of all colorectal cancers are linked to risk factors that can be changed. […] If you have excess body weight (overweight or obesity), your risk of developing and dying from colorectal cancer is higher. […] People with type 2 diabetes mellitus are more likely than people who dont to develop colorectal cancer. […] A long-term diet that’s high in red meats (such as beef, pork, lamb, or liver) and processed meats (like hot dogs and some lunch meats) raises your colorectal cancer risk. […] People who have smoked tobacco for a long time are more likely to develop and die from colorectal cancer than people who don’t smoke.
#42 Colon Cancer: Symptoms, Stages & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14501-colorectal-colon-cancer
Having a diet that includes lots of red meat and processed meat: Processed meat includes bacon sausage and lunchmeat. […] Inflammatory bowel disease: People who have conditions like chronic ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s colitis, which cause inflammation in their colon lining, may have an increased risk of colon cancer. […] Certain conditions like Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis may increase your risk of developing colon cancer. […] If a close family member has colon cancer, you may have an increased risk of developing the condition. […] People with numerous colon polyps including adenomas, serrated polyps or other types of polyps often have an increased risk of developing polyps and colon cancer.
#43 Risks and causes of bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/risks-causes
Your risk of developing bowel (colon and rectal) cancer depends on many things including age, genetics and lifestyle factors. […] Different cancers have different risk factors. Having one or more of these risk factors doesn’t mean you will definitely get that cancer. […] Many studies have shown that eating lots of red and processed meat increases the risk of bowel cancer. It is estimated that around 13 out of 100 bowel cancers (around 13%) in the UK are linked to eating processed meats. […] Eating lots of fibre reduces your risk of bowel cancer. Eating too little fibre causes 28 in 100 bowel cancers (28%) in the UK. […] Obesity is a cause of bowel cancer. It is estimated that 11 out of 100 bowel cancers (11%) in the UK are linked to being overweight or obese. […] 7 out of 100 bowel cancers (7%) in the UK are linked to smoking. The risk increases with the number of cigarettes smoked a day.
#44 Risks and causes of bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/risks-causes
Your risk of developing bowel (colon and rectal) cancer depends on many things including age, genetics and lifestyle factors. […] Different cancers have different risk factors. Having one or more of these risk factors doesn’t mean you will definitely get that cancer. […] Many studies have shown that eating lots of red and processed meat increases the risk of bowel cancer. It is estimated that around 13 out of 100 bowel cancers (around 13%) in the UK are linked to eating processed meats. […] Eating lots of fibre reduces your risk of bowel cancer. Eating too little fibre causes 28 in 100 bowel cancers (28%) in the UK. […] Obesity is a cause of bowel cancer. It is estimated that 11 out of 100 bowel cancers (11%) in the UK are linked to being overweight or obese. […] 7 out of 100 bowel cancers (7%) in the UK are linked to smoking. The risk increases with the number of cigarettes smoked a day.
#45 Causes and Treatment of Colon Cancer | Anadolu SaÄlÄ±k Merkezi
https://www.anadolumedicalcenter.com/health-guide/causes-and-treatment-of-colon-cancer
A rare condition characterized by hereditary polyps in the colon and rectum. It occurs due to changes in a specific gene called APC. The treatment involves the removal of the entire colon. If FAP is not treated, colorectal cancer can develop around the age of 40. […] Individuals with these inflammatory bowel diseases have an increased risk of colorectal cancer, with a risk that is 10 times higher than that of the general population. […] Diets rich in animal fats and low in calcium, folate, and fiber increase the risk of colorectal cancer. A diet low in fruits and vegetables also elevates this risk. […] Smokers have an increased risk of developing polyps and colorectal cancer.
#46 Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors | Colorectal Cancer | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/colorectal-cancer/risk-factors/index.html
Your risk of getting colorectal cancer increases as you get older. […] Lifestyle factors and genetic syndromes can also raise your risk. […] Other risk factors include having: Inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. […] A personal or family history of colorectal cancer or colorectal polyps. […] A genetic syndrome such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome). […] Lifestyle factors that may contribute to an increased risk of colorectal cancer include: Lack of regular physical activity. […] A diet low in fruit and vegetables. […] A low-fiber and high-fat diet, or a diet high in processed meats. […] Overweight and obesity. […] Alcohol consumption. […] Tobacco use.
#47 Risk factors for colorectal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/colorectal/risks
Jewish people of Eastern European descent (Ashkenazi Jews) have a higher than average risk of developing colorectal cancer. […] Women who have had breast, ovarian or uterine cancer have a greater chance of developing colorectal cancer. […] Several studies show that being tall is a risk factor for colon cancer, but probably not for rectal cancer. […] Cooking meat (including beef, pork and poultry) and fish at high temperatures (such as well done, fried, broiled or barbecued) creates chemicals called heterocyclic amines (HCAs). […] People who have been exposed to ionizing radiation, such as during atomic bomb explosions in Japan, have a higher risk of developing colorectal cancer, mainly colon cancer.
#48
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/colorectal-cancer
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide, accounting for approximately 10% of all cancer cases and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. […] Several lifestyle factors contribute to the development of colorectal cancer such as a high intake of processed meats and low intake of fruits and vegetables, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption. […] The risk of colorectal cancer increases with age. Most cases affect people over 50 years old. […] The risk of colorectal cancer can be reduced by eating a healthy diet, staying physically active, not smoking tobacco and limiting alcohol. […] Factors that may increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer include: age: the risk of developing colorectal cancer increases with age, with most cases occurring in individuals over 50 years old; family history: a family history of colorectal cancer or certain genetic conditions, such as Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), can increase the risk; personal history: individuals who have had colorectal cancer before or certain types of polyps are at a higher risk; and lifestyle factors: unhealthy lifestyle choices, such as a diet high in processed meats and low in fruits and vegetables, sedentary behaviour, obesity, smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, can increase the risk. […] Studies have shown that screening can reduce both the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer through early detection and removal of precancerous growths.
#49 Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors | Colorectal Cancer | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/colorectal-cancer/risk-factors/index.html
Your risk of getting colorectal cancer increases as you get older. […] Lifestyle factors and genetic syndromes can also raise your risk. […] Other risk factors include having: Inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. […] A personal or family history of colorectal cancer or colorectal polyps. […] A genetic syndrome such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome). […] Lifestyle factors that may contribute to an increased risk of colorectal cancer include: Lack of regular physical activity. […] A diet low in fruit and vegetables. […] A low-fiber and high-fat diet, or a diet high in processed meats. […] Overweight and obesity. […] Alcohol consumption. […] Tobacco use.
#50 Colorectal cancer – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer
7595% of colorectal cancer cases occur in people with little or no genetic risk. Risk factors include older age, male sex, high intake of fat, sugar, alcohol, red meat, processed meats, obesity, smoking, and a lack of physical exercise. Approximately 10% of cases are linked to insufficient activity. The risk from alcohol appears to increase at greater than one drink per day. […] People with inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease) are at increased risk of colon cancer. The risk increases the longer a person has the disease, and the worse the severity of inflammation. In these high risk groups, both prevention with aspirin and regular colonoscopies are recommended. […] Those with a family history in two or more first-degree relatives (such as a parent or sibling) have a two to threefold greater risk of disease, and this group accounts for about 20% of all cases. Several genetic syndromes are also associated with higher rates of colorectal cancer. The most common of these is hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC, or Lynch syndrome) which is present in about 3% of people with colorectal cancer. Other syndromes that are strongly associated with colorectal cancer include Gardner syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).
#51 Risk factors for colorectal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/colorectal/risks
Smoking tobacco increases the risk of developing colorectal cancer. […] Eating a diet high in red meat (beef, pork, lamb and goat) increases the risk of developing colorectal cancer. […] Processed meats are meats preserved by smoking, curing, salting or adding preservatives such as nitrates or nitrites. Eating processed meats increases the risk of developing colorectal cancer, and the risk increases with the amount eaten. […] Eating a diet low in fibre increases the risk of colorectal cancer. […] Higher amounts of sedentary behaviour (sitting for long periods of time) are linked to a higher risk for colorectal cancer, particularly cancer in the distal colon and rectum. […] IBD is a disease in which the lining of the digestive tract becomes inflamed, causing sores and bleeding. […] People who have type 2 diabetes have higher rates of colorectal cancer.
#52 Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors | Hereditary Colorectal Risk Factors | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
Researchers have found several risk factors that might increase a persons chance of developing colorectal polyps or colorectal cancer. […] Many lifestyle-related factors have been linked to colorectal cancer. In fact, more than half of all colorectal cancers are linked to risk factors that can be changed. […] If you have excess body weight (overweight or obesity), your risk of developing and dying from colorectal cancer is higher. […] People with type 2 diabetes mellitus are more likely than people who dont to develop colorectal cancer. […] A long-term diet that’s high in red meats (such as beef, pork, lamb, or liver) and processed meats (like hot dogs and some lunch meats) raises your colorectal cancer risk. […] People who have smoked tobacco for a long time are more likely to develop and die from colorectal cancer than people who don’t smoke.
#53 Risks and causes of bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/risks-causes
Your risk of developing bowel (colon and rectal) cancer depends on many things including age, genetics and lifestyle factors. […] Different cancers have different risk factors. Having one or more of these risk factors doesn’t mean you will definitely get that cancer. […] Many studies have shown that eating lots of red and processed meat increases the risk of bowel cancer. It is estimated that around 13 out of 100 bowel cancers (around 13%) in the UK are linked to eating processed meats. […] Eating lots of fibre reduces your risk of bowel cancer. Eating too little fibre causes 28 in 100 bowel cancers (28%) in the UK. […] Obesity is a cause of bowel cancer. It is estimated that 11 out of 100 bowel cancers (11%) in the UK are linked to being overweight or obese. […] 7 out of 100 bowel cancers (7%) in the UK are linked to smoking. The risk increases with the number of cigarettes smoked a day.
#54
https://healthmatch.io/colon-cancer/what-causes-colon-cancer
In 2009, the IARC found that smoking causes colorectal cancer and increases the risk of developing the disease by about 50% compared to those who have never smoked. […] Obesity affects men’s risk for colorectal cancer much more than it does women’s. […] The least active people have been shown to have a 25%-50% greater risk for developing colon cancer than the most active people.
#55 Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors | Colorectal Cancer | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/colorectal-cancer/risk-factors/index.html
Your risk of getting colorectal cancer increases as you get older. […] Lifestyle factors and genetic syndromes can also raise your risk. […] Other risk factors include having: Inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. […] A personal or family history of colorectal cancer or colorectal polyps. […] A genetic syndrome such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome). […] Lifestyle factors that may contribute to an increased risk of colorectal cancer include: Lack of regular physical activity. […] A diet low in fruit and vegetables. […] A low-fiber and high-fat diet, or a diet high in processed meats. […] Overweight and obesity. […] Alcohol consumption. […] Tobacco use.
#56 Risks and causes of bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/risks-causes
Your risk of developing bowel (colon and rectal) cancer depends on many things including age, genetics and lifestyle factors. […] Different cancers have different risk factors. Having one or more of these risk factors doesn’t mean you will definitely get that cancer. […] Many studies have shown that eating lots of red and processed meat increases the risk of bowel cancer. It is estimated that around 13 out of 100 bowel cancers (around 13%) in the UK are linked to eating processed meats. […] Eating lots of fibre reduces your risk of bowel cancer. Eating too little fibre causes 28 in 100 bowel cancers (28%) in the UK. […] Obesity is a cause of bowel cancer. It is estimated that 11 out of 100 bowel cancers (11%) in the UK are linked to being overweight or obese. […] 7 out of 100 bowel cancers (7%) in the UK are linked to smoking. The risk increases with the number of cigarettes smoked a day.
#57 Risks and causes of bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/risks-causes
Your risk of developing bowel (colon and rectal) cancer depends on many things including age, genetics and lifestyle factors. […] Different cancers have different risk factors. Having one or more of these risk factors doesn’t mean you will definitely get that cancer. […] Many studies have shown that eating lots of red and processed meat increases the risk of bowel cancer. It is estimated that around 13 out of 100 bowel cancers (around 13%) in the UK are linked to eating processed meats. […] Eating lots of fibre reduces your risk of bowel cancer. Eating too little fibre causes 28 in 100 bowel cancers (28%) in the UK. […] Obesity is a cause of bowel cancer. It is estimated that 11 out of 100 bowel cancers (11%) in the UK are linked to being overweight or obese. […] 7 out of 100 bowel cancers (7%) in the UK are linked to smoking. The risk increases with the number of cigarettes smoked a day.
#58 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Colorectal-Cancer.aspx
Obesity is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. […] Smokers are at a 25% higher risk of colorectal cancers. […] Sedentary life and no exercise has been linked to colorectal cancers. […] Individuals with conditions like inflammatory bowel disorders (e.g. Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis) are at a higher risk of developing bowel cancer.
#59 Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors | Colorectal Cancer | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/colorectal-cancer/risk-factors/index.html
Your risk of getting colorectal cancer increases as you get older. […] Lifestyle factors and genetic syndromes can also raise your risk. […] Other risk factors include having: Inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. […] A personal or family history of colorectal cancer or colorectal polyps. […] A genetic syndrome such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome). […] Lifestyle factors that may contribute to an increased risk of colorectal cancer include: Lack of regular physical activity. […] A diet low in fruit and vegetables. […] A low-fiber and high-fat diet, or a diet high in processed meats. […] Overweight and obesity. […] Alcohol consumption. […] Tobacco use.
#60 Risks and causes of bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/risks-causes
Alcohol increases the risk of bowel cancer. It has been estimated that around 6 out of 100 bowel cancers (around 6%) in the UK are linked to drinking alcohol. […] Bowel cancer is more common in older people. More than 40 out of 100 bowel cancers (more than 40%) in the UK each year are diagnosed in people aged 75 or over. […] Your risk of bowel cancer is increased if you have a first degree relative diagnosed with bowel cancer. […] There are some rare inherited conditions or syndromes associated with certain gene changes. Family members have an increased risk of bowel cancer if they inherit these gene changes. […] Having either of these diseases for many years increases your risk of bowel cancer. […] You have an increased risk of developing another bowel cancer if you have already had a bowel cancer in the past.
#61 Colorectal cancer – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer
7595% of colorectal cancer cases occur in people with little or no genetic risk. Risk factors include older age, male sex, high intake of fat, sugar, alcohol, red meat, processed meats, obesity, smoking, and a lack of physical exercise. Approximately 10% of cases are linked to insufficient activity. The risk from alcohol appears to increase at greater than one drink per day. […] People with inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease) are at increased risk of colon cancer. The risk increases the longer a person has the disease, and the worse the severity of inflammation. In these high risk groups, both prevention with aspirin and regular colonoscopies are recommended. […] Those with a family history in two or more first-degree relatives (such as a parent or sibling) have a two to threefold greater risk of disease, and this group accounts for about 20% of all cases. Several genetic syndromes are also associated with higher rates of colorectal cancer. The most common of these is hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC, or Lynch syndrome) which is present in about 3% of people with colorectal cancer. Other syndromes that are strongly associated with colorectal cancer include Gardner syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).
#62 Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors | Hereditary Colorectal Risk Factors | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
Researchers have found several risk factors that might increase a persons chance of developing colorectal polyps or colorectal cancer. […] Many lifestyle-related factors have been linked to colorectal cancer. In fact, more than half of all colorectal cancers are linked to risk factors that can be changed. […] If you have excess body weight (overweight or obesity), your risk of developing and dying from colorectal cancer is higher. […] People with type 2 diabetes mellitus are more likely than people who dont to develop colorectal cancer. […] A long-term diet that’s high in red meats (such as beef, pork, lamb, or liver) and processed meats (like hot dogs and some lunch meats) raises your colorectal cancer risk. […] People who have smoked tobacco for a long time are more likely to develop and die from colorectal cancer than people who don’t smoke.
#63 Risks and causes of bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/risks-causes
People with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of bowel cancer. […] People with acromegaly also have an increased risk of bowel cancer, although studies are still trying to find out why. […] Certain types of polyps called adenomas can develop into cancer over a long period of time. In fact, most bowel cancers develop from an adenoma. […] Around 2 in 100 (around 2%) of bowel cancers in the UK are linked to high energy (ionising) radiation exposure. […] There is some evidence that the risk of bowel cancer is higher in people who have an infection called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).
#64 What Causes Colorectal Cancer? – NowPatient
https://nowpatient.com/blog/what-causes-colorectal-cancer
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been identified as a risk factor for colorectal cancer. Studies have shown that patients with T2DM have an 18% higher risk of developing CRC compared to those without diabetes. […] Individuals with a history of certain cancers or cancer treatments face an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer.
#65 Colorectal Cancer: An Overview – Gastrointestinal Cancers – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK586003/
Non-cancerous diseases such as colorectal polyps, colorectal adenomas, ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, etc. can contribute to CRC. Research shows that about 35% of ulcerative colitis patients will develop CRC, and the incidence of malignant transformation is greater than 10% in patients with ulcerative colitis lasting more than 20 years. About 15-40% of colon cancers originate from colonic polyps, with a precancerous course of 25 years. […] Carcinogenic exposure and lifestyle, such as sedentary and overweight, are risk factors for CRC, and the incidence of sigmoid and rectal cancer is higher in patients undergoing pelvic radiation therapy.
#66 Risks and causes of bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/risks-causes
People with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of bowel cancer. […] People with acromegaly also have an increased risk of bowel cancer, although studies are still trying to find out why. […] Certain types of polyps called adenomas can develop into cancer over a long period of time. In fact, most bowel cancers develop from an adenoma. […] Around 2 in 100 (around 2%) of bowel cancers in the UK are linked to high energy (ionising) radiation exposure. […] There is some evidence that the risk of bowel cancer is higher in people who have an infection called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).
#67 Risk factors for colorectal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/colorectal/risks
Jewish people of Eastern European descent (Ashkenazi Jews) have a higher than average risk of developing colorectal cancer. […] Women who have had breast, ovarian or uterine cancer have a greater chance of developing colorectal cancer. […] Several studies show that being tall is a risk factor for colon cancer, but probably not for rectal cancer. […] Cooking meat (including beef, pork and poultry) and fish at high temperatures (such as well done, fried, broiled or barbecued) creates chemicals called heterocyclic amines (HCAs). […] People who have been exposed to ionizing radiation, such as during atomic bomb explosions in Japan, have a higher risk of developing colorectal cancer, mainly colon cancer.
#68 Bowel cancer | What causes cancer? | World Cancer Research Fund
https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/bowel-cancer/
Bowel cancer starts when cells in the bowel lining are damaged and grow uncontrollably, forming a tumour. […] Evidence for what causes bowel cancer comes from large population studies (called epidemiology) and biological studies (where scientists look at cells in a laboratory). […] There is strong evidence that: being physically active DECREASES the risk of colon cancer, wholegrains DECREASE the risk of colorectal cancer, foods containing dietary fibre DECREASE the risk of colorectal cancer, dairy products DECREASE the risk of colorectal cancer, calcium supplements DECREASE the risk of colorectal cancer, red meat INCREASES the risk of colorectal cancer, processed meat INCREASES the risk of colorectal cancer, alcohol INCREASES the risk of colorectal cancer, being overweight or obese INCREASES the risk of colorectal cancer, being tall INCREASES the risk of colorectal cancer.
#69 Risks and causes of bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/risks-causes
People with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of bowel cancer. […] People with acromegaly also have an increased risk of bowel cancer, although studies are still trying to find out why. […] Certain types of polyps called adenomas can develop into cancer over a long period of time. In fact, most bowel cancers develop from an adenoma. […] Around 2 in 100 (around 2%) of bowel cancers in the UK are linked to high energy (ionising) radiation exposure. […] There is some evidence that the risk of bowel cancer is higher in people who have an infection called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).
#70 Risks and causes of bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/risks-causes
People with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of bowel cancer. […] People with acromegaly also have an increased risk of bowel cancer, although studies are still trying to find out why. […] Certain types of polyps called adenomas can develop into cancer over a long period of time. In fact, most bowel cancers develop from an adenoma. […] Around 2 in 100 (around 2%) of bowel cancers in the UK are linked to high energy (ionising) radiation exposure. […] There is some evidence that the risk of bowel cancer is higher in people who have an infection called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).
#71 Colorectal cancer – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer
The polyp to cancer progression sequence is the classical model of colorectal cancer pathogenesis. In this adenoma-carcinoma sequence, normal epithelial cells progress to dysplastic cells such as adenomas, and then to carcinoma, by a process of progressive genetic mutation. Central to the polyp to CRC sequence are gene mutations, epigenetic alterations, and local inflammatory changes.
#72 Colorectal cancer – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer
The polyp to cancer progression sequence is the classical model of colorectal cancer pathogenesis. In this adenoma-carcinoma sequence, normal epithelial cells progress to dysplastic cells such as adenomas, and then to carcinoma, by a process of progressive genetic mutation. Central to the polyp to CRC sequence are gene mutations, epigenetic alterations, and local inflammatory changes.
#73 Colorectal cancer – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer
Associated with a diet high in fats, elevated levels of bile acids appear to increase the risk of colorectal cancer. The bile acid deoxycholic acid particularly is elevated in the colonic contents of humans in response to a high fat diet. In populations that have a high incidence of colorectal cancer fecal concentrations of bile acids, particularly deoxycholic acid, are higher. […] Colorectal cancer is a disease originating from the epithelial cells lining the colon or rectum of the gastrointestinal tract, most frequently as a result of genetic mutations in the Wnt signaling pathway that increases signaling activity. The most commonly mutated gene in all colorectal cancer is the APC gene, which produces the APC protein. The APC protein prevents the accumulation of -catenin protein. Without APC, -catenin accumulates to high levels and translocates (moves) into the nucleus, binds to DNA, and activates the transcription of proto-oncogenes.
#74 Colorectal cancer – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer
Associated with a diet high in fats, elevated levels of bile acids appear to increase the risk of colorectal cancer. The bile acid deoxycholic acid particularly is elevated in the colonic contents of humans in response to a high fat diet. In populations that have a high incidence of colorectal cancer fecal concentrations of bile acids, particularly deoxycholic acid, are higher. […] Colorectal cancer is a disease originating from the epithelial cells lining the colon or rectum of the gastrointestinal tract, most frequently as a result of genetic mutations in the Wnt signaling pathway that increases signaling activity. The most commonly mutated gene in all colorectal cancer is the APC gene, which produces the APC protein. The APC protein prevents the accumulation of -catenin protein. Without APC, -catenin accumulates to high levels and translocates (moves) into the nucleus, binds to DNA, and activates the transcription of proto-oncogenes.
#75 Colorectal cancer – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer
Associated with a diet high in fats, elevated levels of bile acids appear to increase the risk of colorectal cancer. The bile acid deoxycholic acid particularly is elevated in the colonic contents of humans in response to a high fat diet. In populations that have a high incidence of colorectal cancer fecal concentrations of bile acids, particularly deoxycholic acid, are higher. […] Colorectal cancer is a disease originating from the epithelial cells lining the colon or rectum of the gastrointestinal tract, most frequently as a result of genetic mutations in the Wnt signaling pathway that increases signaling activity. The most commonly mutated gene in all colorectal cancer is the APC gene, which produces the APC protein. The APC protein prevents the accumulation of -catenin protein. Without APC, -catenin accumulates to high levels and translocates (moves) into the nucleus, binds to DNA, and activates the transcription of proto-oncogenes.
#76 Colon Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470380/
Factors protective against colon cancer development have been studied in extensive population-based studies and include the following: Physical activity, Diets rich in fruits, vegetables, fiber, resistant starch, and fish, Supplementation with folate, folic acid, pyridoxine, calcium, vitamin D, and magnesium, Garlic, Coffee, Medications, particularly aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), hormonal replacement therapy in postmenopausal, statins, bisphosphonates, and angiotensin inhibitors.
#77 Colon Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470380/
Factors protective against colon cancer development have been studied in extensive population-based studies and include the following: Physical activity, Diets rich in fruits, vegetables, fiber, resistant starch, and fish, Supplementation with folate, folic acid, pyridoxine, calcium, vitamin D, and magnesium, Garlic, Coffee, Medications, particularly aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), hormonal replacement therapy in postmenopausal, statins, bisphosphonates, and angiotensin inhibitors.
#78 Colon Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470380/
Factors protective against colon cancer development have been studied in extensive population-based studies and include the following: Physical activity, Diets rich in fruits, vegetables, fiber, resistant starch, and fish, Supplementation with folate, folic acid, pyridoxine, calcium, vitamin D, and magnesium, Garlic, Coffee, Medications, particularly aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), hormonal replacement therapy in postmenopausal, statins, bisphosphonates, and angiotensin inhibitors.
#79 Colon Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470380/
Factors protective against colon cancer development have been studied in extensive population-based studies and include the following: Physical activity, Diets rich in fruits, vegetables, fiber, resistant starch, and fish, Supplementation with folate, folic acid, pyridoxine, calcium, vitamin D, and magnesium, Garlic, Coffee, Medications, particularly aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), hormonal replacement therapy in postmenopausal, statins, bisphosphonates, and angiotensin inhibitors.
#80 Colon Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470380/
Factors protective against colon cancer development have been studied in extensive population-based studies and include the following: Physical activity, Diets rich in fruits, vegetables, fiber, resistant starch, and fish, Supplementation with folate, folic acid, pyridoxine, calcium, vitamin D, and magnesium, Garlic, Coffee, Medications, particularly aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), hormonal replacement therapy in postmenopausal, statins, bisphosphonates, and angiotensin inhibitors.
#81 Colon Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470380/
Factors protective against colon cancer development have been studied in extensive population-based studies and include the following: Physical activity, Diets rich in fruits, vegetables, fiber, resistant starch, and fish, Supplementation with folate, folic acid, pyridoxine, calcium, vitamin D, and magnesium, Garlic, Coffee, Medications, particularly aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), hormonal replacement therapy in postmenopausal, statins, bisphosphonates, and angiotensin inhibitors.
#82 Colon Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470380/
Factors protective against colon cancer development have been studied in extensive population-based studies and include the following: Physical activity, Diets rich in fruits, vegetables, fiber, resistant starch, and fish, Supplementation with folate, folic acid, pyridoxine, calcium, vitamin D, and magnesium, Garlic, Coffee, Medications, particularly aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), hormonal replacement therapy in postmenopausal, statins, bisphosphonates, and angiotensin inhibitors.
#83 Colon Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470380/
Factors protective against colon cancer development have been studied in extensive population-based studies and include the following: Physical activity, Diets rich in fruits, vegetables, fiber, resistant starch, and fish, Supplementation with folate, folic acid, pyridoxine, calcium, vitamin D, and magnesium, Garlic, Coffee, Medications, particularly aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), hormonal replacement therapy in postmenopausal, statins, bisphosphonates, and angiotensin inhibitors.
#84 Bowel cancer | What causes cancer? | World Cancer Research Fund
https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/bowel-cancer/
Bowel cancer starts when cells in the bowel lining are damaged and grow uncontrollably, forming a tumour. […] Evidence for what causes bowel cancer comes from large population studies (called epidemiology) and biological studies (where scientists look at cells in a laboratory). […] There is strong evidence that: being physically active DECREASES the risk of colon cancer, wholegrains DECREASE the risk of colorectal cancer, foods containing dietary fibre DECREASE the risk of colorectal cancer, dairy products DECREASE the risk of colorectal cancer, calcium supplements DECREASE the risk of colorectal cancer, red meat INCREASES the risk of colorectal cancer, processed meat INCREASES the risk of colorectal cancer, alcohol INCREASES the risk of colorectal cancer, being overweight or obese INCREASES the risk of colorectal cancer, being tall INCREASES the risk of colorectal cancer.
#85 Colorectal Cancer: A Review of Carcinogenesis, Global Epidemiology, Current Challenges, Risk Factors, Preventive and Treatment Strategies
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/7/1732
The development of CRC is related to non-modifiable risk factors and modifiable risk factors. Personal medical history (sex, age, race, the history of adenomatous polyps, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) history) and family history cannot be controlled by individuals. The modifiable factors are related to individual habits or lifestyles. By modifying or altering the modifiable factors, the risk for CRC can be reduced. […] CRC is linked to IBD, such as ulcerative colitis or Crohnâs disease. This mechanism is probably due to chronic mucosal inflammation, increased cell turnover, and increased rates of sporadic mutations. […] Epidemiological studies have shown that individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus have an increased risk of developing CRC. […] The consumption of red (beef, pork, lamb) and processed meat raises CRC risk by 20â30%.
#86 Colorectal Cancer: A Review of Carcinogenesis, Global Epidemiology, Current Challenges, Risk Factors, Preventive and Treatment Strategies
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/7/1732
On the other hand, consuming high-fiber dietary patterns such as vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and cereals is associated with a low incidence of CRC. […] Regular (at least two doses/week) aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are associated as protective factors of CRC. […] Exogenous postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy is associated with a decreased risk of CRC, cancer-related mortality, and all-cause mortality. […] The incidence of CRC will likely increase in the coming decades due to population growth and aging and the increased prevalence of important lifestyle risk factors, including physical inactivity, overweight, obesity, and poor diet. Hence, a higher number of both cases and deaths are anticipated without effective prevention programs.
#87 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Colorectal-Cancer.aspx
Cancer occurs when a normal cell divides and multiples uncontrollably. […] Most cases of colorectal cancer first develop inside clumps of cells on the inner lining of the bowel. These are called polyps. […] The lifetime risk of developing colon cancer in the United States is about 7%. […] Colorectal cancer risk increases with age. […] Certain genetic conditions predispose to getting colorectal cancers. […] FAP affects 1 in 10,000 people. […] HNPCC affects at least 2.5% of all cases of colorectal cancer. […] Around 20% of people who develop colorectal cancer have a first degree relative (parent or a sibling) or a second-degree relative (grand parent, uncle or aunt or cousin) with the same cancer. […] There are several studies that have shown that a diet high in red and processed meat and low in fibers can increase the risk of developing bowel cancer.
#88 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Colorectal-Cancer.aspx
Obesity is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. […] Smokers are at a 25% higher risk of colorectal cancers. […] Sedentary life and no exercise has been linked to colorectal cancers. […] Individuals with conditions like inflammatory bowel disorders (e.g. Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis) are at a higher risk of developing bowel cancer.
#89 Colon Cancer: Symptoms, Stages, Outlook, and More
https://www.healthline.com/health/colon-cancer
Certain risk factors for colon cancer, such as family history and age, arent preventable. […] However, certain lifestyle factors that may contribute to colon cancer are preventable, and changing them might help lower your overall risk of developing this disease. […] The progression of colon cancer varies for each person. However, the ACS notes that colon cancer usually takes years to develop and spread. Early detection and treatment are key to preventing further spreading and complications.