Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Chronic Hives (Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22900-chronic-hives-chronic-idiopathic-urticaria

  Chronic hives are itchy, raised, red bumps or welts that appear on your skin at least twice per week. These welts, also called wheals, are chronic when they last more than six weeks. […] For most people with chronic hives, there’s no known cause. Rarely, medication allergies or food allergies cause chronic hives. The most common allergic cause is something you consume on a regular basis. Other types of allergies may also bring on chronic hives. […] Some people develop chronic hives when their body changes temperature rapidly due to heat, cold or physical activity. Pressure on your skin from tight clothing may also cause the condition. […] About 1 in 5 people who develop chronic hives also have an autoimmune disease, such as: Celiac disease, Dermatomyositis, Diabetes, Lupus, Polymyositis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Thyroid disease, Vitiligo.

• #1 Chronic Urticaria – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555910/

  Chronic spontaneous urticaria is defined as the occurrence of wheals and/or angioedema for a total duration of six weeks or more. […] The etiology of CSU is yet to be fully established. The prevailing hypothesis is that it relates to autoimmune dysfunction involving autoantibodies targeting IgE and/or IgE receptors to activate histamine release from basophils and mast cells. […] Up to 40% of patients with CSU demonstrate a positive autologous serum skin test (ASST), whereby the patients serum injected into the dermis can induce urticaria. […] One-third of patients with CSU also has a positive basophil histamine release assay (BHRA), which tests for anti-FceRIa (an IgE receptor) or anti-IgE autoantibodies in the serum. […] Further support is lent by the increased prevalence of autoimmune disorders amongst CSU patients.

• #2 Hives: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8630-hives

  Hives are a type of allergic reaction that creates itchy bumps on your skin. […] Chronic, spontaneous urticaria is the name for chronic hives that don’t have an obvious cause. An older name for this condition is chronic idiopathic urticaria. […] Unlike acute hives, chronic hives aren’t usually caused by allergies. They may be caused by infections from bacteria or viruses, or as a result of other medical conditions like lupus. Your provider may not discover an exact cause. In these cases, chronic hives are said to be idiopathic or spontaneous.

• #2 CHRONIC URTICARIA

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3276885/

  Chronic urticaria (CU) is a disturbing allergic condition of the skin. […] A multitude of etiologies have been implicated in the causation of CU, including physical, infective, vasculitic, psychological and idiopathic. […] An autoimmune basis of most of the idiopathic forms is now hypothesized. […] Establishing the cause of CU is difficult and at times almost impossible. […] Recent advances in our understanding of its pathogenesis include the finding of autoantibodies to mast cell receptors in nearly half of patients. […] In 1983, Leznoff et al, suggested an autoimmune basis for the urticaria. […] It is now well-established that about 30-50% patients with CU have circulating functional auto antibodies against the high-affinity IgE receptor (FCeRIa) or against IgE. […] Most cases of CU are considered idiopathic.

• #3 Urticaria: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/762917-overview

  Urticaria is the most frequent dermatologic disorder seen in the emergency department (ED). […] The etiologies of both acute and chronic urticaria are numerous (see Causes in Presentation). […] The cause of acute generalized urticaria (hives) often is undetermined (some sources report that the cause is undetermined in more than 60% of cases). Known causes include the following: Infections (eg, upper respiratory tract infections, pharyngitis, GI infections, genitourinary infections, respiratory infections, fungal infections [eg, dermatophytosis], malaria, amebiasis, hepatitis, mononucleosis, coxsackievirus, mycoplasmal infections, infestations [eg, scabies], HIV, parasitic infections [eg, ascariasis, strongyloidiasis, schistosomiasis, trichinosis]). […] Chronic urticaria can be related to all of the above as well as to the following: Autoimmune disorders (SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, polymyositis, thyroid autoimmunity, and other connective tissue diseases); probably up to 50% of chronic urticaria is autoimmune.

• #3 Chronic Urticaria: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1050052-overview

  A number of different etiologic factors have been reported as proposed causes of chronic urticaria. […] Autoimmunity is thought to be one of the most frequent causes of chronic urticaria. Various autoimmune or endocrine diseases have been associated with urticaria, including systemic lupus erythematosus, cryoglobulinemia, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, and autoimmune thyroid disease (eg, Graves disease). […] Several cross-sectional studies have investigated whether patients with chronic urticaria are more prone to autoimmune disorders. […] There is a significant association of chronic urticaria with thyroid autoimmunity, and antithyroid autoantibodies are significantly increased in patients with chronic urticaria. […] Urticaria may be caused or exacerbated by a number of drugs. Among the more common culprits are aspirin and other NSAIDs, opioids, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and alcohol.

• #4 CHRONIC URTICARIA

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3276885/

  It has recently been accepted that autoimmunity plays a critical role in its pathogenesis in some of these patients. […] Urticaria has been reported to be associated with a number of infections; however, these associations are not strong and may be spurious. […] Some authors suggest that the etiology of disease for a portion of CIU patients is a pseudoallergy to food ingredients. […] Chronic autoimmune urticaria is caused by anti-FcRI and less frequently, by anti-IgE autoantibodies that lead to mast cell and basophil activation.

• #5 Chronic Urticaria – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555910/

  Chronic spontaneous urticaria is defined as the occurrence of wheals and/or angioedema for a total duration of six weeks or more. […] The etiology of CSU is yet to be fully established. The prevailing hypothesis is that it relates to autoimmune dysfunction involving autoantibodies targeting IgE and/or IgE receptors to activate histamine release from basophils and mast cells. […] Up to 40% of patients with CSU demonstrate a positive autologous serum skin test (ASST), whereby the patients serum injected into the dermis can induce urticaria. […] One-third of patients with CSU also has a positive basophil histamine release assay (BHRA), which tests for anti-FceRIa (an IgE receptor) or anti-IgE autoantibodies in the serum. […] Further support is lent by the increased prevalence of autoimmune disorders amongst CSU patients.

• #6 Chronic Hives (Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22900-chronic-hives-chronic-idiopathic-urticaria

  Chronic hives are itchy, raised, red bumps or welts that appear on your skin at least twice per week. These welts, also called wheals, are chronic when they last more than six weeks. […] For most people with chronic hives, there’s no known cause. Rarely, medication allergies or food allergies cause chronic hives. The most common allergic cause is something you consume on a regular basis. Other types of allergies may also bring on chronic hives. […] Some people develop chronic hives when their body changes temperature rapidly due to heat, cold or physical activity. Pressure on your skin from tight clothing may also cause the condition. […] About 1 in 5 people who develop chronic hives also have an autoimmune disease, such as: Celiac disease, Dermatomyositis, Diabetes, Lupus, Polymyositis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Thyroid disease, Vitiligo.

• #7 Hives (Urticaria) | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://acaai.org/allergies/allergic-conditions/skin-allergy/hives/

  If the cause cannot be identified, even after a detailed history and testing, the condition is called chronic idiopathic urticaria. („Idiopathic” means „unknown.”) About half these cases are associated with some immune findings. Chronic hives may also be associated with thyroid disease, other hormonal problems or, in very rare instances, cancer. Even this condition usually dissipates over time.

• #8 Chronic Urticaria: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1050052-overview

  A number of different etiologic factors have been reported as proposed causes of chronic urticaria. […] Autoimmunity is thought to be one of the most frequent causes of chronic urticaria. Various autoimmune or endocrine diseases have been associated with urticaria, including systemic lupus erythematosus, cryoglobulinemia, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, and autoimmune thyroid disease (eg, Graves disease). […] Several cross-sectional studies have investigated whether patients with chronic urticaria are more prone to autoimmune disorders. […] There is a significant association of chronic urticaria with thyroid autoimmunity, and antithyroid autoantibodies are significantly increased in patients with chronic urticaria. […] Urticaria may be caused or exacerbated by a number of drugs. Among the more common culprits are aspirin and other NSAIDs, opioids, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and alcohol.

• #9 Hives that come and go daily: Causes and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hives-that-come-and-go-daily

  Chronic hives can happen for various reasons. In most cases, however, it is not possible to identify the trigger. […] The medical name for chronic hives that have no clear trigger is chronic idiopathic urticaria. […] According to the American Osteopathic College of Dermatology (AOCD), the immune system is overactive in about half of people who have chronic idiopathic urticaria. […] However, some research notes that certain bacteria, viruses, or parasites are also associated with cases of chronic hives. […] Some cases of chronic hives may stem from an underlying autoimmune disease. […] Research suggests that 9.8% of people with chronic hives also have autoimmune hypothyroidism. […] Chronic hives can stem from physical stimulation, such as scratching or rubbing the skin. […] Chronic hives can also occur due to an allergy. However, unlike acute hives, this is a rare cause for chronic hives. […] Most cases do not have an identifiable cause, but it is associated with an infection, autoimmune condition, allergy, or physical cause in some people. […] Chronic idiopathic urticaria when there is no known cause is more common.

• #10 Hives Triggers | Chronic Urticaria

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/allergies/9-potential-causes-of-chronic-hives

  9 Potential Causes of Chronic Hives […] Experts don’t yet know the underlying cause of chronic hives, but studies are showing links between chronic conditions and environmental factors. […] Researchers suggest stress may play a role in chronic urticaria. […] Changes in temperature trigger the welts to develop in some people who have a version of chronic hives called physical urticaria. […] Autoimmune thyroid disease has been linked to some cases of chronic hives. […] Hepatitis B, which is a type of liver disease, has been associated with chronic urticaria. […] It’s definitely rare, but a few cases of cancer have been linked to chronic hives. […] Chronic hives are already associated with some other autoimmune conditions, and celiac disease is considered an “immune-mediated disease.” […] Some autoimmune diseases have been linked to some cases of chronic hives. […] Far and away, most cases of chronic hives can’t be traced back to a specific external cause. Chronic hives with no identifiable cause or trigger are called chronic spontaneous urticaria.

• #11 Chronic Hives (Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22900-chronic-hives-chronic-idiopathic-urticaria

  Chronic hives are itchy, raised, red bumps or welts that appear on your skin at least twice per week. These welts, also called wheals, are chronic when they last more than six weeks. […] For most people with chronic hives, there’s no known cause. Rarely, medication allergies or food allergies cause chronic hives. The most common allergic cause is something you consume on a regular basis. Other types of allergies may also bring on chronic hives. […] Some people develop chronic hives when their body changes temperature rapidly due to heat, cold or physical activity. Pressure on your skin from tight clothing may also cause the condition. […] About 1 in 5 people who develop chronic hives also have an autoimmune disease, such as: Celiac disease, Dermatomyositis, Diabetes, Lupus, Polymyositis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Thyroid disease, Vitiligo.

• #12 What is Chronic Urticaria? – Allergy & Asthma Network

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/chronic-urticaria/

  Chronic urticaria is caused by a release of histamine and other mediators. When this release happens in the outer layers of the skin, it results in hives. Most of the time, it is a case of acute hives, which resolves quickly. But the hives can become chronic. […] Doctors often don’t know what causes chronic hives. For as many as 80-90% of people with chronic urticaria, the cause of symptoms is unknown. […] Autoimmune conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus may play a role in some cases of chronic urticaria. There are also systemic diseases, such as certain types of cancer, that can cause hives. […] Physical and non-physical factors can trigger chronic urticaria. […] Sometimes there is no identifiable cause for chronic urticaria. This is known as chronic spontaneous urticaria or chronic inducible urticaria.

• #13 Chronic Hives (Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22900-chronic-hives-chronic-idiopathic-urticaria

  Chronic hives are itchy, raised, red bumps or welts that appear on your skin at least twice per week. These welts, also called wheals, are chronic when they last more than six weeks. […] For most people with chronic hives, there’s no known cause. Rarely, medication allergies or food allergies cause chronic hives. The most common allergic cause is something you consume on a regular basis. Other types of allergies may also bring on chronic hives. […] Some people develop chronic hives when their body changes temperature rapidly due to heat, cold or physical activity. Pressure on your skin from tight clothing may also cause the condition. […] About 1 in 5 people who develop chronic hives also have an autoimmune disease, such as: Celiac disease, Dermatomyositis, Diabetes, Lupus, Polymyositis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Thyroid disease, Vitiligo.

• #14 Chronic Hives (Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22900-chronic-hives-chronic-idiopathic-urticaria

  Chronic hives are itchy, raised, red bumps or welts that appear on your skin at least twice per week. These welts, also called wheals, are chronic when they last more than six weeks. […] For most people with chronic hives, there’s no known cause. Rarely, medication allergies or food allergies cause chronic hives. The most common allergic cause is something you consume on a regular basis. Other types of allergies may also bring on chronic hives. […] Some people develop chronic hives when their body changes temperature rapidly due to heat, cold or physical activity. Pressure on your skin from tight clothing may also cause the condition. […] About 1 in 5 people who develop chronic hives also have an autoimmune disease, such as: Celiac disease, Dermatomyositis, Diabetes, Lupus, Polymyositis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Thyroid disease, Vitiligo.

• #15 Chronic Hives (Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22900-chronic-hives-chronic-idiopathic-urticaria

  Chronic hives are itchy, raised, red bumps or welts that appear on your skin at least twice per week. These welts, also called wheals, are chronic when they last more than six weeks. […] For most people with chronic hives, there’s no known cause. Rarely, medication allergies or food allergies cause chronic hives. The most common allergic cause is something you consume on a regular basis. Other types of allergies may also bring on chronic hives. […] Some people develop chronic hives when their body changes temperature rapidly due to heat, cold or physical activity. Pressure on your skin from tight clothing may also cause the condition. […] About 1 in 5 people who develop chronic hives also have an autoimmune disease, such as: Celiac disease, Dermatomyositis, Diabetes, Lupus, Polymyositis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Thyroid disease, Vitiligo.

• #16 Chronic Urticaria: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1050052-overview

  A number of different etiologic factors have been reported as proposed causes of chronic urticaria. […] Autoimmunity is thought to be one of the most frequent causes of chronic urticaria. Various autoimmune or endocrine diseases have been associated with urticaria, including systemic lupus erythematosus, cryoglobulinemia, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, and autoimmune thyroid disease (eg, Graves disease). […] Several cross-sectional studies have investigated whether patients with chronic urticaria are more prone to autoimmune disorders. […] There is a significant association of chronic urticaria with thyroid autoimmunity, and antithyroid autoantibodies are significantly increased in patients with chronic urticaria. […] Urticaria may be caused or exacerbated by a number of drugs. Among the more common culprits are aspirin and other NSAIDs, opioids, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and alcohol.

• #17 Hives

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/ENT/Derm/Hvs.htm

  Chronic Urticaria (persistent beyond 6 weeks) […] Idiopathic in 90-95% of cases […] May be related to autoantibody to IgE […] Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis causes up to 30% of Chronic Urticaria cases […] Allergy may be the cause of hives, BUT most hives are not due to allergy […] Autoimmune of hematologic condition […] Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis (causes up to 30% of Chronic Urticaria cases) […] Chronic Urticaria tends remits over the first 1 year (35%) and 3 years (48%).

• #18 What Is Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria (Hives)? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/hives/what-is-chronic-idiopathic-urticaria-hives-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-treatment-and-prevention/

  Chronic urticaria are considered idiopathic when doctors are not able to identify the cause. […] Most cases of chronic hives are idiopathic, with no identifiable cause. Many researchers believe the condition is connected to an overactive immune system that attacks normal tissues of the body. […] While people often believe that hives are a response to stress, Stress can lower the threshold for developing hives, but its not the underlying cause, Aronica says. […] Even though chronic hives are rarely triggered by allergies, people who have allergies are a little more likely to have an episode of chronic urticaria at some point in their lives, says Aronica. […] Urticaria can be a symptom of other conditions, including thyroid disease or lupus. […] Some evidence suggests that people with chronic urticaria are more likely to eventually develop an autoimmune disorder, though the risk is small, says Aronica.

• #19 Chronic Urticaria: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1050052-overview

  Urticaria has been reported to be associated with a number of infections; however, these associations are not strong and may be spurious. […] The nematode Anisakis simplex is often the cause of chronic urticaria in areas where the population frequently consumes raw or marinated fish. […] Some patients report the onset of acute urticaria associated with the consumption of certain foods, such as shellfish, eggs, nuts, strawberries, or certain baked goods. However, food allergy is rarely the basis of chronic urticaria. […] Contactants may give rise to contact urticaria syndrome, a term referring to the onset of urticaria within 30-60 minutes of contact with an inciting agent. […] In approximately 20% of cases, physical factors can be identified as a consistent cause or trigger for chronic urticaria. […] Neurologic factors may play a causative role. […] Emotional and psychological factors are reported to play a role in a number of patients. […] Little evidence exists to support the concern that chronic urticaria may be a cutaneous sign of occult internal malignancy.

• #20 Chronic urticaria

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/chronic-urticaria

  Chronic urticaria can affect children and adults. Chronic inducible urticaria is more common than chronic spontaneous urticaria. […] Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain urticaria. The immune, arachidonic acid and coagulation systems are involved, and genetic mutations are under investigation, as are IL-4/-13 inhibitors such as dupilumab. […] Chronic spontaneous urticaria is mainly idiopathic (cause unknown). An autoimmune cause is likely. About half of investigated patients carry functional IgG autoantibodies to immunoglobulin IgE or high-affinity receptor FcRI. […] Chronic spontaneous urticaria has also been associated with chronic underlying infection, such as Helicobacter pylori, bowel parasites, chronic autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, thyroid disease, coeliac disease, vitiligo, and others, and lymphoma. […] Chronic inducible urticaria is a response to a physical stimulus. […] Recurrent angioedema without urticaria can be due to inherited or acquired complement C1 esterase deficiency, or to the longterm use of an ACE inhibitor drug.

• #21 The causes of hives

  https://www.avogel.co.uk/health/skin/hives/causes/

  When your immune system is weak or immature, it can become hyperactive and overworked, more sensitive to irritants and more prone to identifying harmless cells as pathogens. […] There is even some evidence to suggest that in some cases of hives, the immune system itself might be the main perpetrator, instigating an autoimmune reaction where the body starts to attack healthy cells. […] If your diet is high in acidic foods, refined sugars and caffeine, it can inspire the release of inflammatory chemicals, such as adrenalin or histamine. […] The link between stress and hives has been much discussed, with Stress Hives, even being acknowledged as a known subtype of the condition. […] H. Pylori bacteria, or Helicobacter pylori, is the most common cause of bacterial infections worldwide and has been linked to outbreaks of chronic hives.

• #22 Acute and Chronic Urticaria: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0601/p717.html

  Urticaria and angioedema have similar underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms: histamine and other mediators released from mast cells and basophils. If the release occurs in the dermis, it results in urticaria, whereas if the release occurs in the deeper dermis and subcutaneous tissues, it results in angioedema. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) often mediates this release, but non-IgE and nonimmunologic mast cell activation also can occur. Proteases from aeroallergens and activation of the complement system have been proposed as examples of non-IgE triggers. […] There are a number of identified causes of urticaria. Common causes include allergens, food pseudoallergens (foods that contain histamine or salicylates, or cause the release of histamine directly), insect envenomation, medications, and infections. Infections are the most common cause of urticaria in children. The infectious agents commonly associated with urticaria include various viruses (e.g., rhinovirus, rotavirus, Epstein-Barr, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, herpes simplex, human immunodeficiency virus), bacteria (e.g., urinary tract infections, streptococcus, mycoplasma, Helicobacter pylori), and parasites. Medications, notably beta-lactam antibiotics, typically cause urticaria via allergic reactions, although some medications (e.g., aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs], vancomycin, opiates) can also trigger urticaria through direct mast cell degranulation. […] Causes of acute urticaria often can be identified during the patient history, although 80% to 90% of chronic urticaria cases are idiopathic.

• #23 Acute and Chronic Urticaria: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0601/p717.html

  Urticaria and angioedema have similar underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms: histamine and other mediators released from mast cells and basophils. If the release occurs in the dermis, it results in urticaria, whereas if the release occurs in the deeper dermis and subcutaneous tissues, it results in angioedema. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) often mediates this release, but non-IgE and nonimmunologic mast cell activation also can occur. Proteases from aeroallergens and activation of the complement system have been proposed as examples of non-IgE triggers. […] There are a number of identified causes of urticaria. Common causes include allergens, food pseudoallergens (foods that contain histamine or salicylates, or cause the release of histamine directly), insect envenomation, medications, and infections. Infections are the most common cause of urticaria in children. The infectious agents commonly associated with urticaria include various viruses (e.g., rhinovirus, rotavirus, Epstein-Barr, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, herpes simplex, human immunodeficiency virus), bacteria (e.g., urinary tract infections, streptococcus, mycoplasma, Helicobacter pylori), and parasites. Medications, notably beta-lactam antibiotics, typically cause urticaria via allergic reactions, although some medications (e.g., aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs], vancomycin, opiates) can also trigger urticaria through direct mast cell degranulation. […] Causes of acute urticaria often can be identified during the patient history, although 80% to 90% of chronic urticaria cases are idiopathic.

• #24 Chronic Urticaria: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1050052-overview

  Urticaria has been reported to be associated with a number of infections; however, these associations are not strong and may be spurious. […] The nematode Anisakis simplex is often the cause of chronic urticaria in areas where the population frequently consumes raw or marinated fish. […] Some patients report the onset of acute urticaria associated with the consumption of certain foods, such as shellfish, eggs, nuts, strawberries, or certain baked goods. However, food allergy is rarely the basis of chronic urticaria. […] Contactants may give rise to contact urticaria syndrome, a term referring to the onset of urticaria within 30-60 minutes of contact with an inciting agent. […] In approximately 20% of cases, physical factors can be identified as a consistent cause or trigger for chronic urticaria. […] Neurologic factors may play a causative role. […] Emotional and psychological factors are reported to play a role in a number of patients. […] Little evidence exists to support the concern that chronic urticaria may be a cutaneous sign of occult internal malignancy.

• #25 Urticaria: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/762917-overview

  Urticaria is the most frequent dermatologic disorder seen in the emergency department (ED). […] The etiologies of both acute and chronic urticaria are numerous (see Causes in Presentation). […] The cause of acute generalized urticaria (hives) often is undetermined (some sources report that the cause is undetermined in more than 60% of cases). Known causes include the following: Infections (eg, upper respiratory tract infections, pharyngitis, GI infections, genitourinary infections, respiratory infections, fungal infections [eg, dermatophytosis], malaria, amebiasis, hepatitis, mononucleosis, coxsackievirus, mycoplasmal infections, infestations [eg, scabies], HIV, parasitic infections [eg, ascariasis, strongyloidiasis, schistosomiasis, trichinosis]). […] Chronic urticaria can be related to all of the above as well as to the following: Autoimmune disorders (SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, polymyositis, thyroid autoimmunity, and other connective tissue diseases); probably up to 50% of chronic urticaria is autoimmune.

• #26 Acute and Chronic Urticaria: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0601/p717.html

  Urticaria and angioedema have similar underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms: histamine and other mediators released from mast cells and basophils. If the release occurs in the dermis, it results in urticaria, whereas if the release occurs in the deeper dermis and subcutaneous tissues, it results in angioedema. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) often mediates this release, but non-IgE and nonimmunologic mast cell activation also can occur. Proteases from aeroallergens and activation of the complement system have been proposed as examples of non-IgE triggers. […] There are a number of identified causes of urticaria. Common causes include allergens, food pseudoallergens (foods that contain histamine or salicylates, or cause the release of histamine directly), insect envenomation, medications, and infections. Infections are the most common cause of urticaria in children. The infectious agents commonly associated with urticaria include various viruses (e.g., rhinovirus, rotavirus, Epstein-Barr, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, herpes simplex, human immunodeficiency virus), bacteria (e.g., urinary tract infections, streptococcus, mycoplasma, Helicobacter pylori), and parasites. Medications, notably beta-lactam antibiotics, typically cause urticaria via allergic reactions, although some medications (e.g., aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs], vancomycin, opiates) can also trigger urticaria through direct mast cell degranulation. […] Causes of acute urticaria often can be identified during the patient history, although 80% to 90% of chronic urticaria cases are idiopathic.

• #27 Chronic Hives (Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22900-chronic-hives-chronic-idiopathic-urticaria

  Other conditions that may cause chronic hives include: Asthma, Infections like H. pylori bacterial infections and sinus infections (sinusitis), Liver disease, Lymphomas, including Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkins lymphoma, Vasculitis. […] Chronic hives are visible at least twice per week for more than six weeks. Some chronic hives last for months or years. The cause is often unknown.

• #28 Chronic Urticaria: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1050052-overview

  Urticaria has been reported to be associated with a number of infections; however, these associations are not strong and may be spurious. […] The nematode Anisakis simplex is often the cause of chronic urticaria in areas where the population frequently consumes raw or marinated fish. […] Some patients report the onset of acute urticaria associated with the consumption of certain foods, such as shellfish, eggs, nuts, strawberries, or certain baked goods. However, food allergy is rarely the basis of chronic urticaria. […] Contactants may give rise to contact urticaria syndrome, a term referring to the onset of urticaria within 30-60 minutes of contact with an inciting agent. […] In approximately 20% of cases, physical factors can be identified as a consistent cause or trigger for chronic urticaria. […] Neurologic factors may play a causative role. […] Emotional and psychological factors are reported to play a role in a number of patients. […] Little evidence exists to support the concern that chronic urticaria may be a cutaneous sign of occult internal malignancy.

• #29 Urticaria – Global Allergy & Airways Patient PlatformExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandToggle MenuScroll to topScroll to topExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpand

  https://gaapp.org/diseases/urticaria

  Not infrequently, chronic urticaria has been caused by a chronic infection (e.g. of the paranasal sinuses, the tonsils, the gastric mucosa, or the teeth): it is known that the removal of such a chronic focus of infection can lead to the healing of chronic urticaria. This is called urticaria due to infection. […] The term intolerance urticaria is used in cases in which the body cannot tolerate a particular substance. Discomfort occurs due to intolerance reactions to substances such as medicines, preservatives, or dyes in food. Avoidance of the triggering substance, e.g. by means of a diet, can bring about healing.

• #30 Chronic Urticaria: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1050052-overview

  Urticaria has been reported to be associated with a number of infections; however, these associations are not strong and may be spurious. […] The nematode Anisakis simplex is often the cause of chronic urticaria in areas where the population frequently consumes raw or marinated fish. […] Some patients report the onset of acute urticaria associated with the consumption of certain foods, such as shellfish, eggs, nuts, strawberries, or certain baked goods. However, food allergy is rarely the basis of chronic urticaria. […] Contactants may give rise to contact urticaria syndrome, a term referring to the onset of urticaria within 30-60 minutes of contact with an inciting agent. […] In approximately 20% of cases, physical factors can be identified as a consistent cause or trigger for chronic urticaria. […] Neurologic factors may play a causative role. […] Emotional and psychological factors are reported to play a role in a number of patients. […] Little evidence exists to support the concern that chronic urticaria may be a cutaneous sign of occult internal malignancy.

• #31 What Causes Hives: When to Worry | UPMC HealthBeat

  https://share.upmc.com/2024/08/what-causes-hives/

  Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a medical condition also known as chronic hives. […] CSU may have some association with thyroid disease, hormonal problems, and, in rare cases, cancer. Women are twice as likely as men to get CSU, according to the AAD, often between the ages of 20 and 40. […] Hives may be caused by a wide variety of triggers, which may include infection, medication, scratching on the skin, pressure on the skin, UV light, hot or cold air temperature changes, exercise, or sweating, says Nathaniel Hare, MD. […] Your body can release histamine in response to an allergic reaction. […] Some people get hives when they get infections, including COVID-19, hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, strep throat, and urinary tract infections. […] Any medication may cause hives. […] Sometimes, your body may release histamine because of physical and environmental triggers. These can cause inducible urticaria. About 20% to 30% of people with CSU may have a form of inducible urticaria.

• #32 Chronic Hives (Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22900-chronic-hives-chronic-idiopathic-urticaria

  Chronic hives are itchy, raised, red bumps or welts that appear on your skin at least twice per week. These welts, also called wheals, are chronic when they last more than six weeks. […] For most people with chronic hives, there’s no known cause. Rarely, medication allergies or food allergies cause chronic hives. The most common allergic cause is something you consume on a regular basis. Other types of allergies may also bring on chronic hives. […] Some people develop chronic hives when their body changes temperature rapidly due to heat, cold or physical activity. Pressure on your skin from tight clothing may also cause the condition. […] About 1 in 5 people who develop chronic hives also have an autoimmune disease, such as: Celiac disease, Dermatomyositis, Diabetes, Lupus, Polymyositis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Thyroid disease, Vitiligo.

• #33 What is Chronic Urticaria? – Allergy & Asthma Network

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/chronic-urticaria/

  Common triggers for chronic hives usually involve external factors: Changes in body temperature this can result from exposure to heat or cold, Pressure from tight clothing rubbing against the skin, Certain diseases including asthma, Celiac disease, diabetes, lupus, polymyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid disease, vasculitis and vitiligo. […] In rare cases, common triggers for acute or short-term hives can lead to chronic hives. […] About 30-40% of chronic urticaria cases are related to an autoimmune condition and can be considered autoimmune urticaria.

• #34 Chronic Hives (Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22900-chronic-hives-chronic-idiopathic-urticaria

  Chronic hives are itchy, raised, red bumps or welts that appear on your skin at least twice per week. These welts, also called wheals, are chronic when they last more than six weeks. […] For most people with chronic hives, there’s no known cause. Rarely, medication allergies or food allergies cause chronic hives. The most common allergic cause is something you consume on a regular basis. Other types of allergies may also bring on chronic hives. […] Some people develop chronic hives when their body changes temperature rapidly due to heat, cold or physical activity. Pressure on your skin from tight clothing may also cause the condition. […] About 1 in 5 people who develop chronic hives also have an autoimmune disease, such as: Celiac disease, Dermatomyositis, Diabetes, Lupus, Polymyositis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Thyroid disease, Vitiligo.

• #35 8 Surprising Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria Triggers

  https://www.healthline.com/health/ciu/chronic-idiopathic-urticaria-triggers

  Chronic idiopathic urticaria is often triggered by physical changes, such as exposure to certain allergens or developing an infection. For some, triggers are mental or psychological, like stress and anxiety. […] While current research suggests CIU may be caused by autoimmune dysfunction, the true underlying cause is still not understood. […] Certain medications may produce chronic hives as a side effect. […] Chronic hives triggered by your body’s immune response to certain foods are rare, but they can happen. […] Extra pressure on your skin can lead to hives.

• #36 Urticaria (Hives): a complete overview — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/urticaria-an-overview

  Chronic urticaria may be spontaneous or inducible. Both types may co-exist. […] Chronic spontaneous urticaria is mainly idiopathic (cause unknown). An autoimmune cause is likely. About half of investigated patients carry functional IgG autoantibodies to immunoglobulin IgE or high-affinity receptor FcRI. […] Chronic spontaneous urticaria has also been associated with: Chronic underlying infection, such as Helicobacter pylori (bowel parasites) […] Chronic autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, thyroid disease, coeliac disease, vitiligo, and others. […] Weals in chronic spontaneous urticaria may be aggravated by: Heat […] Viral infection […] Tight clothing […] Drug pseudoallergyaspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opiates […] Food pseudoallergysalicylates, azo dye food colouring agents such as tartrazine (102), benzoate preservatives (210-220), and other food additives. […] Inducible urticaria is a response to a physical stimulus. […] Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain urticaria. The immune, arachidonic acid and coagulation systems are involved, and genetic mutations are under investigation.

• #37 What is Chronic Urticaria? – Allergy & Asthma Network

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/chronic-urticaria/

  Common triggers for chronic hives usually involve external factors: Changes in body temperature this can result from exposure to heat or cold, Pressure from tight clothing rubbing against the skin, Certain diseases including asthma, Celiac disease, diabetes, lupus, polymyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid disease, vasculitis and vitiligo. […] In rare cases, common triggers for acute or short-term hives can lead to chronic hives. […] About 30-40% of chronic urticaria cases are related to an autoimmune condition and can be considered autoimmune urticaria.

• #38 Hives: Causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/hives-causes

  The often-itchy bumps and raised patches of hives develop when the body releases histamine. […] Sometimes, the immune system releases histamine when there is no real threat. This happens when people develop an allergic reaction. In fact, some people develop hives when they have an allergic reaction. […] When the body mistakenly releases histamine and hives develop, the cause is often one of the following: An allergic reaction, Overreaction to heat, sweat, or cold, Stress, Sunlight, Pressure on the skin (tight clothing, light touch of a purse strap, or scratching). […] When hives are due to an allergic reaction, it’s often an allergy to: A food, Bug bite or sting, Latex, Medication, Pet dander, Plant, Pollen. […] Some people get hives when they develop an infection like strep throat, a urinary tract infection, or COVID-19.

• #39 Urticaria (Hives): a complete overview — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/urticaria-an-overview

  Chronic urticaria may be spontaneous or inducible. Both types may co-exist. […] Chronic spontaneous urticaria is mainly idiopathic (cause unknown). An autoimmune cause is likely. About half of investigated patients carry functional IgG autoantibodies to immunoglobulin IgE or high-affinity receptor FcRI. […] Chronic spontaneous urticaria has also been associated with: Chronic underlying infection, such as Helicobacter pylori (bowel parasites) […] Chronic autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, thyroid disease, coeliac disease, vitiligo, and others. […] Weals in chronic spontaneous urticaria may be aggravated by: Heat […] Viral infection […] Tight clothing […] Drug pseudoallergyaspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opiates […] Food pseudoallergysalicylates, azo dye food colouring agents such as tartrazine (102), benzoate preservatives (210-220), and other food additives. […] Inducible urticaria is a response to a physical stimulus. […] Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain urticaria. The immune, arachidonic acid and coagulation systems are involved, and genetic mutations are under investigation.

• #40 Hives (Urticaria): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/skin-conditions/hives-inducible-urticaria

  Hives are caused by a release of histamine; sometimes this is due to a physical stimulus. […] Hives can be triggered by a number of different physical causes. The reason why a rash appears in affected people is not clear. The physical stimulus causes a release of histamine and other chemicals, which causes the rash. […] Some known triggers include: A physical stimulus. Where this is the case the condition is called inducible urticaria. In this type of hives, a rash appears when the skin is physically stimulated (for example, by heat, cold or pressure on the skin). […] Allergies – for example: Food allergies such as allergies to nuts, strawberries, citrus fruit, egg, food additives, spices, chocolate, or shellfish. […] A viral infection such as the common cold or flu can trigger an urticarial rash in some people as a reaction to the virus.

• #41 Chronic Urticaria: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1050052-overview

  Urticaria has been reported to be associated with a number of infections; however, these associations are not strong and may be spurious. […] The nematode Anisakis simplex is often the cause of chronic urticaria in areas where the population frequently consumes raw or marinated fish. […] Some patients report the onset of acute urticaria associated with the consumption of certain foods, such as shellfish, eggs, nuts, strawberries, or certain baked goods. However, food allergy is rarely the basis of chronic urticaria. […] Contactants may give rise to contact urticaria syndrome, a term referring to the onset of urticaria within 30-60 minutes of contact with an inciting agent. […] In approximately 20% of cases, physical factors can be identified as a consistent cause or trigger for chronic urticaria. […] Neurologic factors may play a causative role. […] Emotional and psychological factors are reported to play a role in a number of patients. […] Little evidence exists to support the concern that chronic urticaria may be a cutaneous sign of occult internal malignancy.

• #42 Hives – chronic | Healthify

  https://healthify.nz/health-a-z/h/chronic-hives

  Chronic hives can be inducible (physical) or spontaneous. You can have both types at the same time. […] Spontaneous chronic hives have also been associated with: chronic underlying infection, eg Helicobactor pylori, bowel parasites […] chronic autoimmune diseases, eg, systemic lupus erythematosus, thyroid disease, coeliac disease or vitiligo.

• #43 Hives: Causes, Symptoms & more – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/hives/

  If there is a suspicion that you are developing the symptomatology of hives due to physical stimuli such as heat, cold or pressure, we can specifically expose you to these stimuli in tests. […] Often, several factors are responsible for the onset of hives. Sometimes the cause cannot be found out despite elaborate tests.

• #44 Acute and Chronic Urticaria: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0601/p717.html

  Urticaria and angioedema have similar underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms: histamine and other mediators released from mast cells and basophils. If the release occurs in the dermis, it results in urticaria, whereas if the release occurs in the deeper dermis and subcutaneous tissues, it results in angioedema. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) often mediates this release, but non-IgE and nonimmunologic mast cell activation also can occur. Proteases from aeroallergens and activation of the complement system have been proposed as examples of non-IgE triggers. […] There are a number of identified causes of urticaria. Common causes include allergens, food pseudoallergens (foods that contain histamine or salicylates, or cause the release of histamine directly), insect envenomation, medications, and infections. Infections are the most common cause of urticaria in children. The infectious agents commonly associated with urticaria include various viruses (e.g., rhinovirus, rotavirus, Epstein-Barr, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, herpes simplex, human immunodeficiency virus), bacteria (e.g., urinary tract infections, streptococcus, mycoplasma, Helicobacter pylori), and parasites. Medications, notably beta-lactam antibiotics, typically cause urticaria via allergic reactions, although some medications (e.g., aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs], vancomycin, opiates) can also trigger urticaria through direct mast cell degranulation. […] Causes of acute urticaria often can be identified during the patient history, although 80% to 90% of chronic urticaria cases are idiopathic.

• #45 Chronic Urticaria: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1050052-overview

  A number of different etiologic factors have been reported as proposed causes of chronic urticaria. […] Autoimmunity is thought to be one of the most frequent causes of chronic urticaria. Various autoimmune or endocrine diseases have been associated with urticaria, including systemic lupus erythematosus, cryoglobulinemia, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, and autoimmune thyroid disease (eg, Graves disease). […] Several cross-sectional studies have investigated whether patients with chronic urticaria are more prone to autoimmune disorders. […] There is a significant association of chronic urticaria with thyroid autoimmunity, and antithyroid autoantibodies are significantly increased in patients with chronic urticaria. […] Urticaria may be caused or exacerbated by a number of drugs. Among the more common culprits are aspirin and other NSAIDs, opioids, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and alcohol.

• #46 Hives (Urticaria) and Angioedema Overview

  https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/conditions-library/allergies/hives-(urticaria)-and-angioedema-overview

  Hives or welts, also known as urticaria, are itchy, raised, reddish areas on the skin. […] When hives last longer than 6 weeks, we change the name to chronic urticaria. […] Neither form of Chronic urticaria is dangerous. Chronic inducible urticaria is caused by an environmental trigger such as heat, cold, or pressure applied to the skin. […] Usually the cause of chronic spontaneous urticaria is not fully known but is not usually caused by allergies. This is a constant finding of medical authorities and researchers around the world. […] Sometimes chronic hives may be autoimmune in nature, or related to an autoimmune condition including autoimmune thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematousus. […] Swelling without hives may be due to: Aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen ACE inhibitors (a class of blood pressure medications)

• #47 Chronic Urticaria: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1050052-overview

  A number of different etiologic factors have been reported as proposed causes of chronic urticaria. […] Autoimmunity is thought to be one of the most frequent causes of chronic urticaria. Various autoimmune or endocrine diseases have been associated with urticaria, including systemic lupus erythematosus, cryoglobulinemia, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, and autoimmune thyroid disease (eg, Graves disease). […] Several cross-sectional studies have investigated whether patients with chronic urticaria are more prone to autoimmune disorders. […] There is a significant association of chronic urticaria with thyroid autoimmunity, and antithyroid autoantibodies are significantly increased in patients with chronic urticaria. […] Urticaria may be caused or exacerbated by a number of drugs. Among the more common culprits are aspirin and other NSAIDs, opioids, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and alcohol.

• #48 Hives (Urticaria) and Angioedema Overview

  https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/conditions-library/allergies/hives-(urticaria)-and-angioedema-overview

  Hereditary angioedema (swelling) is a rare genetic disorder in which patients have a defect in the gene that controls a regulatory blood protein called C1 Inhibitor. […] Acquired angioedema (swelling) is an acquired form of C1 inhibitor deficiency that can occur in certain diseases. This is not hereditary or passed to your children.

• #49 Chronic Urticaria: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1050052-overview

  A number of different etiologic factors have been reported as proposed causes of chronic urticaria. […] Autoimmunity is thought to be one of the most frequent causes of chronic urticaria. Various autoimmune or endocrine diseases have been associated with urticaria, including systemic lupus erythematosus, cryoglobulinemia, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, and autoimmune thyroid disease (eg, Graves disease). […] Several cross-sectional studies have investigated whether patients with chronic urticaria are more prone to autoimmune disorders. […] There is a significant association of chronic urticaria with thyroid autoimmunity, and antithyroid autoantibodies are significantly increased in patients with chronic urticaria. […] Urticaria may be caused or exacerbated by a number of drugs. Among the more common culprits are aspirin and other NSAIDs, opioids, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and alcohol.

• #50 Acute and Chronic Urticaria: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0601/p717.html

  Urticaria and angioedema have similar underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms: histamine and other mediators released from mast cells and basophils. If the release occurs in the dermis, it results in urticaria, whereas if the release occurs in the deeper dermis and subcutaneous tissues, it results in angioedema. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) often mediates this release, but non-IgE and nonimmunologic mast cell activation also can occur. Proteases from aeroallergens and activation of the complement system have been proposed as examples of non-IgE triggers. […] There are a number of identified causes of urticaria. Common causes include allergens, food pseudoallergens (foods that contain histamine or salicylates, or cause the release of histamine directly), insect envenomation, medications, and infections. Infections are the most common cause of urticaria in children. The infectious agents commonly associated with urticaria include various viruses (e.g., rhinovirus, rotavirus, Epstein-Barr, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, herpes simplex, human immunodeficiency virus), bacteria (e.g., urinary tract infections, streptococcus, mycoplasma, Helicobacter pylori), and parasites. Medications, notably beta-lactam antibiotics, typically cause urticaria via allergic reactions, although some medications (e.g., aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs], vancomycin, opiates) can also trigger urticaria through direct mast cell degranulation. […] Causes of acute urticaria often can be identified during the patient history, although 80% to 90% of chronic urticaria cases are idiopathic.

• #51 Acute and Chronic Urticaria: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0601/p717.html

  Urticaria and angioedema have similar underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms: histamine and other mediators released from mast cells and basophils. If the release occurs in the dermis, it results in urticaria, whereas if the release occurs in the deeper dermis and subcutaneous tissues, it results in angioedema. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) often mediates this release, but non-IgE and nonimmunologic mast cell activation also can occur. Proteases from aeroallergens and activation of the complement system have been proposed as examples of non-IgE triggers. […] There are a number of identified causes of urticaria. Common causes include allergens, food pseudoallergens (foods that contain histamine or salicylates, or cause the release of histamine directly), insect envenomation, medications, and infections. Infections are the most common cause of urticaria in children. The infectious agents commonly associated with urticaria include various viruses (e.g., rhinovirus, rotavirus, Epstein-Barr, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, herpes simplex, human immunodeficiency virus), bacteria (e.g., urinary tract infections, streptococcus, mycoplasma, Helicobacter pylori), and parasites. Medications, notably beta-lactam antibiotics, typically cause urticaria via allergic reactions, although some medications (e.g., aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs], vancomycin, opiates) can also trigger urticaria through direct mast cell degranulation. […] Causes of acute urticaria often can be identified during the patient history, although 80% to 90% of chronic urticaria cases are idiopathic.

• #52 Hives | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/hives

  Hives (urticaria) are skin rashes characterised by reddened and raised circular wheals (lumps). […] In 80% of cases the cause of hives is unknown. Some factors known to cause hives include: medication such as antibiotics, aspirin and codeine, allergic reactions to foods, some food additives, infections including bacterial, viral or parasitic, respiratory infections (particularly in young children), certain underlying conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rubella and hepatitis, emotional stress, contact with plants or animals, heat, cold temperatures, exercise and sweating, bee and wasp stings. […] In chronic hives, it is rare to find a cause, although aspirin and codeine may aggravate it.

• #53 Urticaria (Hives): a complete overview — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/urticaria-an-overview

  Chronic urticaria may be spontaneous or inducible. Both types may co-exist. […] Chronic spontaneous urticaria is mainly idiopathic (cause unknown). An autoimmune cause is likely. About half of investigated patients carry functional IgG autoantibodies to immunoglobulin IgE or high-affinity receptor FcRI. […] Chronic spontaneous urticaria has also been associated with: Chronic underlying infection, such as Helicobacter pylori (bowel parasites) […] Chronic autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, thyroid disease, coeliac disease, vitiligo, and others. […] Weals in chronic spontaneous urticaria may be aggravated by: Heat […] Viral infection […] Tight clothing […] Drug pseudoallergyaspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opiates […] Food pseudoallergysalicylates, azo dye food colouring agents such as tartrazine (102), benzoate preservatives (210-220), and other food additives. […] Inducible urticaria is a response to a physical stimulus. […] Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain urticaria. The immune, arachidonic acid and coagulation systems are involved, and genetic mutations are under investigation.

• #54 Urticaria (Hives): a complete overview — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/urticaria-an-overview

  Chronic urticaria may be spontaneous or inducible. Both types may co-exist. […] Chronic spontaneous urticaria is mainly idiopathic (cause unknown). An autoimmune cause is likely. About half of investigated patients carry functional IgG autoantibodies to immunoglobulin IgE or high-affinity receptor FcRI. […] Chronic spontaneous urticaria has also been associated with: Chronic underlying infection, such as Helicobacter pylori (bowel parasites) […] Chronic autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, thyroid disease, coeliac disease, vitiligo, and others. […] Weals in chronic spontaneous urticaria may be aggravated by: Heat […] Viral infection […] Tight clothing […] Drug pseudoallergyaspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opiates […] Food pseudoallergysalicylates, azo dye food colouring agents such as tartrazine (102), benzoate preservatives (210-220), and other food additives. […] Inducible urticaria is a response to a physical stimulus. […] Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain urticaria. The immune, arachidonic acid and coagulation systems are involved, and genetic mutations are under investigation.

• #55 Urticaria (Hives): a complete overview — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/urticaria-an-overview

  Chronic urticaria may be spontaneous or inducible. Both types may co-exist. […] Chronic spontaneous urticaria is mainly idiopathic (cause unknown). An autoimmune cause is likely. About half of investigated patients carry functional IgG autoantibodies to immunoglobulin IgE or high-affinity receptor FcRI. […] Chronic spontaneous urticaria has also been associated with: Chronic underlying infection, such as Helicobacter pylori (bowel parasites) […] Chronic autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, thyroid disease, coeliac disease, vitiligo, and others. […] Weals in chronic spontaneous urticaria may be aggravated by: Heat […] Viral infection […] Tight clothing […] Drug pseudoallergyaspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opiates […] Food pseudoallergysalicylates, azo dye food colouring agents such as tartrazine (102), benzoate preservatives (210-220), and other food additives. […] Inducible urticaria is a response to a physical stimulus. […] Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain urticaria. The immune, arachidonic acid and coagulation systems are involved, and genetic mutations are under investigation.

• #56 Urticaria (Hives): a complete overview — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/urticaria-an-overview

  Chronic urticaria may be spontaneous or inducible. Both types may co-exist. […] Chronic spontaneous urticaria is mainly idiopathic (cause unknown). An autoimmune cause is likely. About half of investigated patients carry functional IgG autoantibodies to immunoglobulin IgE or high-affinity receptor FcRI. […] Chronic spontaneous urticaria has also been associated with: Chronic underlying infection, such as Helicobacter pylori (bowel parasites) […] Chronic autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, thyroid disease, coeliac disease, vitiligo, and others. […] Weals in chronic spontaneous urticaria may be aggravated by: Heat […] Viral infection […] Tight clothing […] Drug pseudoallergyaspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opiates […] Food pseudoallergysalicylates, azo dye food colouring agents such as tartrazine (102), benzoate preservatives (210-220), and other food additives. […] Inducible urticaria is a response to a physical stimulus. […] Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain urticaria. The immune, arachidonic acid and coagulation systems are involved, and genetic mutations are under investigation.

• #57 CHRONIC URTICARIA

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3276885/

  It has recently been accepted that autoimmunity plays a critical role in its pathogenesis in some of these patients. […] Urticaria has been reported to be associated with a number of infections; however, these associations are not strong and may be spurious. […] Some authors suggest that the etiology of disease for a portion of CIU patients is a pseudoallergy to food ingredients. […] Chronic autoimmune urticaria is caused by anti-FcRI and less frequently, by anti-IgE autoantibodies that lead to mast cell and basophil activation.

• #58 Urticaria – Global Allergy & Airways Patient PlatformExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandToggle MenuScroll to topScroll to topExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpand

  https://gaapp.org/diseases/urticaria

  Not infrequently, chronic urticaria has been caused by a chronic infection (e.g. of the paranasal sinuses, the tonsils, the gastric mucosa, or the teeth): it is known that the removal of such a chronic focus of infection can lead to the healing of chronic urticaria. This is called urticaria due to infection. […] The term intolerance urticaria is used in cases in which the body cannot tolerate a particular substance. Discomfort occurs due to intolerance reactions to substances such as medicines, preservatives, or dyes in food. Avoidance of the triggering substance, e.g. by means of a diet, can bring about healing.

• #59 Chronic Urticaria: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1050052-overview

  Urticaria has been reported to be associated with a number of infections; however, these associations are not strong and may be spurious. […] The nematode Anisakis simplex is often the cause of chronic urticaria in areas where the population frequently consumes raw or marinated fish. […] Some patients report the onset of acute urticaria associated with the consumption of certain foods, such as shellfish, eggs, nuts, strawberries, or certain baked goods. However, food allergy is rarely the basis of chronic urticaria. […] Contactants may give rise to contact urticaria syndrome, a term referring to the onset of urticaria within 30-60 minutes of contact with an inciting agent. […] In approximately 20% of cases, physical factors can be identified as a consistent cause or trigger for chronic urticaria. […] Neurologic factors may play a causative role. […] Emotional and psychological factors are reported to play a role in a number of patients. […] Little evidence exists to support the concern that chronic urticaria may be a cutaneous sign of occult internal malignancy.

• #60 Hives Triggers | Chronic Urticaria

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/allergies/9-potential-causes-of-chronic-hives

  9 Potential Causes of Chronic Hives […] Experts don’t yet know the underlying cause of chronic hives, but studies are showing links between chronic conditions and environmental factors. […] Researchers suggest stress may play a role in chronic urticaria. […] Changes in temperature trigger the welts to develop in some people who have a version of chronic hives called physical urticaria. […] Autoimmune thyroid disease has been linked to some cases of chronic hives. […] Hepatitis B, which is a type of liver disease, has been associated with chronic urticaria. […] It’s definitely rare, but a few cases of cancer have been linked to chronic hives. […] Chronic hives are already associated with some other autoimmune conditions, and celiac disease is considered an “immune-mediated disease.” […] Some autoimmune diseases have been linked to some cases of chronic hives. […] Far and away, most cases of chronic hives can’t be traced back to a specific external cause. Chronic hives with no identifiable cause or trigger are called chronic spontaneous urticaria.

• #61 Chronic spontaneous urticaria – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_spontaneous_urticaria

  Chronic spontaneous urticaria, despite its cause being unknown, is linked to a higher prevalence of autoimmune diseases, and is often worsened by triggers like stress, infections, certain foods, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. […] While the cause of chronic spontaneous urticaria is unknown many individuals with chronic urticaria have been found to have a higher prevalence of various autoimmune diseases. […] Many patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria report that certain triggers, like stress, infections, certain foods, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug consumption, cause their disease to worsen. […] There is evidence that individuals with chronic urticaria are more likely to have a variety of autoimmune diseases. […] The majority of patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria frequently linked multiple triggers to flare-ups. […] A contributing factor to the exacerbation of chronic spontaneous urticaria in certain patients may be stress.

• #62 Hives – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hives

  Hives frequently occur following an infection or as a result of an allergic reaction such as to medication, insect bites, or food. […] In half of cases the cause remains unknown. […] Many different substances in the environment may cause hives, including medications, food and physical agents. In perhaps more than 50% of people with chronic hives of unknown cause, it is due to an autoimmune reaction. […] Over half of all cases of chronic idiopathic hives are the result of an autoimmune trigger. Roughly 50% of people with chronic urticaria spontaneously develop autoantibodies directed at the receptor FcRI located on skin mast cells. Chronic stimulation of this receptor leads to chronic hives. […] Hive-like rashes commonly accompany viral illnesses, such as the common cold. They usually appear three to five days after the cold has started, and may even appear a few days after the cold has resolved. […] Chronic idiopathic hives has been anecdotally linked to stress since the 1940s. […] A link between stress and this condition has also been shown.

• #63 Chronic idiopathic urticaria triggers

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/chronic-idiopathic-urticaria-triggers

  Stress causes the body to release adrenaline. This can result in hives that appear quickly and last for 30-60 minutes. […] Pet allergies, including reactions to cats and dogs, can trigger hives. […] Physical urticaria means hives that have a physical cause. […] Several foods can trigger hives, such as nuts, peanuts, eggs, and shellfish. […] Additives in vitamin supplements and other supplements, spices, cosmetics, and personal care products can also trigger hives within 12-24 hours of use. […] When doctors define chronic urticaria as idiopathic, it means that there is no known trigger. However, immune-system-related causes can include an autoimmune reaction or a reaction to a food or drug that does not fit the definition of an allergy. […] While doctors have not identified a single cause of chronic idiopathic urticaria, it may relate to an overactive immune system or an infection.

• #64 The causes of hives

  https://www.avogel.co.uk/health/skin/hives/causes/

  When your immune system is weak or immature, it can become hyperactive and overworked, more sensitive to irritants and more prone to identifying harmless cells as pathogens. […] There is even some evidence to suggest that in some cases of hives, the immune system itself might be the main perpetrator, instigating an autoimmune reaction where the body starts to attack healthy cells. […] If your diet is high in acidic foods, refined sugars and caffeine, it can inspire the release of inflammatory chemicals, such as adrenalin or histamine. […] The link between stress and hives has been much discussed, with Stress Hives, even being acknowledged as a known subtype of the condition. […] H. Pylori bacteria, or Helicobacter pylori, is the most common cause of bacterial infections worldwide and has been linked to outbreaks of chronic hives.

• #65 Chronic Urticaria – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555910/

  Infections by a variety of organisms have also been associated with CSU. […] Foods and additives, while implicated in acute IgE-mediated food allergy, are rarely the cause of CSU. […] Evidence for the association between malignancy and CSU is conflicting as different studies, including retrospective studies and systematic reviews, demonstrate varying results.

• #66 Hives Triggers | Chronic Urticaria

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/allergies/9-potential-causes-of-chronic-hives

  9 Potential Causes of Chronic Hives […] Experts don’t yet know the underlying cause of chronic hives, but studies are showing links between chronic conditions and environmental factors. […] Researchers suggest stress may play a role in chronic urticaria. […] Changes in temperature trigger the welts to develop in some people who have a version of chronic hives called physical urticaria. […] Autoimmune thyroid disease has been linked to some cases of chronic hives. […] Hepatitis B, which is a type of liver disease, has been associated with chronic urticaria. […] It’s definitely rare, but a few cases of cancer have been linked to chronic hives. […] Chronic hives are already associated with some other autoimmune conditions, and celiac disease is considered an “immune-mediated disease.” […] Some autoimmune diseases have been linked to some cases of chronic hives. […] Far and away, most cases of chronic hives can’t be traced back to a specific external cause. Chronic hives with no identifiable cause or trigger are called chronic spontaneous urticaria.

• #67 Chronic Hives: Causes, Treatment, and How to Find Relief

  https://www.vucare.com/2021/10/12/chronic-hives-symptoms-causes-find-relief/

  Chronic hives, which may also be known as chronic urticaria, are similar to the hives most people are familiar with seeing appear as an allergic reaction or due to a viral infection. […] Unfortunately, the cause of chronic hives is often unknown. However, many times the causes of hives, whether acute or chronic, are the same. This includes, but is not limited to the following: […] Autoimmune conditions may be a trigger of chronic hives, with about 1 in 5 people who develop chronic hives also having an autoimmune condition like diabetes, thyroid disease, celiac disease, or vitiligo. […] Some forms of cancer may cause chronic hives, including thyroid cancer, breast cancer, lymphoma, and others. […] However, it is important to note that simply developing chronic hives does not necessarily indicate you have an underlying condition; hives can be triggered by almost anything bothering your body, including both external and internal irritants. This is why causes of chronic hives are so difficult to pinpoint; the good news is there are still options available to help treat your chronic hives, even if the cause is not immediately apparent.

• #68 Chronic Hives (Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22900-chronic-hives-chronic-idiopathic-urticaria

  Other conditions that may cause chronic hives include: Asthma, Infections like H. pylori bacterial infections and sinus infections (sinusitis), Liver disease, Lymphomas, including Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkins lymphoma, Vasculitis. […] Chronic hives are visible at least twice per week for more than six weeks. Some chronic hives last for months or years. The cause is often unknown.

• #69 Chronic hives – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-hives/symptoms-causes/syc-20352719

  Chronic hives are welts that last for more than six weeks and return often over months or years. Often, the cause of chronic hives isn’t clear. […] It’s often not known why chronic hives happen or why short-term hives sometimes turn into a long-term problem. […] The welts that come with hives are caused by the release of immune system chemicals, such as histamine, into your bloodstream. […] The skin reaction may be triggered by medical conditions, such as thyroid disease, infection, allergy and cancer. […] In some people, the risk of chronic hives increases if they have certain medical conditions. These include infection, thyroid disease, allergy, cancer and swelling of the blood vessels, called vasculitis.

• #70 Chronic Hives (Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22900-chronic-hives-chronic-idiopathic-urticaria

  Other conditions that may cause chronic hives include: Asthma, Infections like H. pylori bacterial infections and sinus infections (sinusitis), Liver disease, Lymphomas, including Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkins lymphoma, Vasculitis. […] Chronic hives are visible at least twice per week for more than six weeks. Some chronic hives last for months or years. The cause is often unknown.

• #71 Urticaria: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/762917-overview

  The etiology of chronic urticaria is undetermined in at least 80-90% of patients. […] Urticaria pigmentosa (cutaneous mastocytosis) is a unique dermatologic disorder caused by infiltration of mast cells in the skin and has a pathology distinct from common urticaria but can present with urticarial lesions associated with blisters.

• #72 Chronic urticaria

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/chronic-urticaria

  Chronic urticaria can affect children and adults. Chronic inducible urticaria is more common than chronic spontaneous urticaria. […] Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain urticaria. The immune, arachidonic acid and coagulation systems are involved, and genetic mutations are under investigation, as are IL-4/-13 inhibitors such as dupilumab. […] Chronic spontaneous urticaria is mainly idiopathic (cause unknown). An autoimmune cause is likely. About half of investigated patients carry functional IgG autoantibodies to immunoglobulin IgE or high-affinity receptor FcRI. […] Chronic spontaneous urticaria has also been associated with chronic underlying infection, such as Helicobacter pylori, bowel parasites, chronic autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, thyroid disease, coeliac disease, vitiligo, and others, and lymphoma. […] Chronic inducible urticaria is a response to a physical stimulus. […] Recurrent angioedema without urticaria can be due to inherited or acquired complement C1 esterase deficiency, or to the longterm use of an ACE inhibitor drug.

• #73 Hives (Urticaria) and Angioedema Overview

  https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/conditions-library/allergies/hives-(urticaria)-and-angioedema-overview

  Hereditary angioedema (swelling) is a rare genetic disorder in which patients have a defect in the gene that controls a regulatory blood protein called C1 Inhibitor. […] Acquired angioedema (swelling) is an acquired form of C1 inhibitor deficiency that can occur in certain diseases. This is not hereditary or passed to your children.

• #74 Hives: Causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/hives-causes

  Others get hives when they have a medical treatment like radiation therapy or a blood transfusion. […] While some people can trace hives back to a trigger like an allergic reaction, exposure to cold, or stress, the cause remains a mystery for many people. […] It’s estimated that millions of people in the United States will develop hives during their lifetime and never find the cause. Some of these people will continue to have hives for six weeks or longer. When this happens, the person has a medical condition called chronic spontaneous urticaria. […] When chronic, hives can continue to appear for months and sometimes years. During this time, the swelling, pain, and discomfort can be difficult to live with. […] Women are twice as likely as men to develop chronic spontaneous hives during their lifetime. Most women develop this condition when they are 20 to 40 years of age. […] If you have long-lasting or widespread hives, seeing a dermatologist can help you feel more comfortable.

• #75 What Causes Hives: When to Worry | UPMC HealthBeat

  https://share.upmc.com/2024/08/what-causes-hives/

  Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a medical condition also known as chronic hives. […] CSU may have some association with thyroid disease, hormonal problems, and, in rare cases, cancer. Women are twice as likely as men to get CSU, according to the AAD, often between the ages of 20 and 40. […] Hives may be caused by a wide variety of triggers, which may include infection, medication, scratching on the skin, pressure on the skin, UV light, hot or cold air temperature changes, exercise, or sweating, says Nathaniel Hare, MD. […] Your body can release histamine in response to an allergic reaction. […] Some people get hives when they get infections, including COVID-19, hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, strep throat, and urinary tract infections. […] Any medication may cause hives. […] Sometimes, your body may release histamine because of physical and environmental triggers. These can cause inducible urticaria. About 20% to 30% of people with CSU may have a form of inducible urticaria.

• #76 Hives: Causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/hives-causes

  Others get hives when they have a medical treatment like radiation therapy or a blood transfusion. […] While some people can trace hives back to a trigger like an allergic reaction, exposure to cold, or stress, the cause remains a mystery for many people. […] It’s estimated that millions of people in the United States will develop hives during their lifetime and never find the cause. Some of these people will continue to have hives for six weeks or longer. When this happens, the person has a medical condition called chronic spontaneous urticaria. […] When chronic, hives can continue to appear for months and sometimes years. During this time, the swelling, pain, and discomfort can be difficult to live with. […] Women are twice as likely as men to develop chronic spontaneous hives during their lifetime. Most women develop this condition when they are 20 to 40 years of age. […] If you have long-lasting or widespread hives, seeing a dermatologist can help you feel more comfortable.

• #77 What Causes Hives: When to Worry | UPMC HealthBeat

  https://share.upmc.com/2024/08/what-causes-hives/

  Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a medical condition also known as chronic hives. […] CSU may have some association with thyroid disease, hormonal problems, and, in rare cases, cancer. Women are twice as likely as men to get CSU, according to the AAD, often between the ages of 20 and 40. […] Hives may be caused by a wide variety of triggers, which may include infection, medication, scratching on the skin, pressure on the skin, UV light, hot or cold air temperature changes, exercise, or sweating, says Nathaniel Hare, MD. […] Your body can release histamine in response to an allergic reaction. […] Some people get hives when they get infections, including COVID-19, hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, strep throat, and urinary tract infections. […] Any medication may cause hives. […] Sometimes, your body may release histamine because of physical and environmental triggers. These can cause inducible urticaria. About 20% to 30% of people with CSU may have a form of inducible urticaria.

• #78 What Are Causes and Triggers of Chronic Hives?Share to Facebookprint pageBookmark for latercaret iconFollow us on facebookFollow us on instagramFollow us on facebookFollow us on linkedincaret icon

  https://chronic-hives.com/causes

  This led experts to believe that an autoimmune reaction is involved in chronic hives. This immune reaction may trigger histamine release from immune cells. But there is not yet enough evidence to prove this theory. […] People with chronic hives may have differences in how mast cells and basophils work. For example, mast cells of people with chronic hives may release more histamine. Or, basophils may be more active in the skin of people with chronic hives. […] Chronic infections and food allergies have also been linked to chronic hives. However, there is very little evidence to support these theories. […] Chronic hives are often triggered by physical exposures, even when the main cause is unknown. These triggers may not cause symptoms, but they may worsen them. […] Some individual risk factors that seem to increase the likelihood of acute or chronic hives include: Family history of asthma, hay fever (allergic rhinitis), or atopic dermatitis (eczema).

• #79 Chronic urticaria

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/chronic-urticaria

  Chronic urticaria can affect children and adults. Chronic inducible urticaria is more common than chronic spontaneous urticaria. […] Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain urticaria. The immune, arachidonic acid and coagulation systems are involved, and genetic mutations are under investigation, as are IL-4/-13 inhibitors such as dupilumab. […] Chronic spontaneous urticaria is mainly idiopathic (cause unknown). An autoimmune cause is likely. About half of investigated patients carry functional IgG autoantibodies to immunoglobulin IgE or high-affinity receptor FcRI. […] Chronic spontaneous urticaria has also been associated with chronic underlying infection, such as Helicobacter pylori, bowel parasites, chronic autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, thyroid disease, coeliac disease, vitiligo, and others, and lymphoma. […] Chronic inducible urticaria is a response to a physical stimulus. […] Recurrent angioedema without urticaria can be due to inherited or acquired complement C1 esterase deficiency, or to the longterm use of an ACE inhibitor drug.

• #80 Chronic hives – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-hives/symptoms-causes/syc-20352719

  Chronic hives are welts that last for more than six weeks and return often over months or years. Often, the cause of chronic hives isn’t clear. […] It’s often not known why chronic hives happen or why short-term hives sometimes turn into a long-term problem. […] The welts that come with hives are caused by the release of immune system chemicals, such as histamine, into your bloodstream. […] The skin reaction may be triggered by medical conditions, such as thyroid disease, infection, allergy and cancer. […] In some people, the risk of chronic hives increases if they have certain medical conditions. These include infection, thyroid disease, allergy, cancer and swelling of the blood vessels, called vasculitis.

• #81 Acute and Chronic Urticaria: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0601/p717.html

  Urticaria and angioedema have similar underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms: histamine and other mediators released from mast cells and basophils. If the release occurs in the dermis, it results in urticaria, whereas if the release occurs in the deeper dermis and subcutaneous tissues, it results in angioedema. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) often mediates this release, but non-IgE and nonimmunologic mast cell activation also can occur. Proteases from aeroallergens and activation of the complement system have been proposed as examples of non-IgE triggers. […] There are a number of identified causes of urticaria. Common causes include allergens, food pseudoallergens (foods that contain histamine or salicylates, or cause the release of histamine directly), insect envenomation, medications, and infections. Infections are the most common cause of urticaria in children. The infectious agents commonly associated with urticaria include various viruses (e.g., rhinovirus, rotavirus, Epstein-Barr, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, herpes simplex, human immunodeficiency virus), bacteria (e.g., urinary tract infections, streptococcus, mycoplasma, Helicobacter pylori), and parasites. Medications, notably beta-lactam antibiotics, typically cause urticaria via allergic reactions, although some medications (e.g., aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs], vancomycin, opiates) can also trigger urticaria through direct mast cell degranulation. […] Causes of acute urticaria often can be identified during the patient history, although 80% to 90% of chronic urticaria cases are idiopathic.

• #82 Hives (Urticaria) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/hives.html

  Hives (or urticaria) is a common skin reaction to something like an allergen (a substance that causes allergies). […] An allergic reaction can cause hives, as can: temperature extremes, stress, infections, some illnesses. […] The red welts of hives happen when mast cells in the bloodstream release the chemical histamine, which makes tiny blood vessels under the skin leak. […] In many cases the cause is never found. […] It can be hard to figure out what causes chronic urticaria, though it’s sometimes linked to an immune system illness, like lupus. Other times, medicines, food, insects, or an infection can trigger an outbreak. Often, though, doctors don’t know what causes chronic hives.

• #83 Patient education: Hives (urticaria) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hives-urticaria-beyond-the-basics

  Hives develop when there is a reaction that activates immune cells in the skin called mast cells. When activated, these cells release natural chemicals. One important chemical is histamine, which causes itching, redness, and swelling of the skin in an area: a hive. […] In most cases of chronic hives, the cause is unknown. Researchers suspect that problems in the immune system play a role. […] Hives can be a sign of several other medical or autoimmune conditions, including thyroid or liver diseases, chronic infections, or lupus. Most people with one of these conditions will have other symptoms apart from hives. […] Chronic hives are rarely caused by allergies and are not life threatening.

• #84 What Are Causes and Triggers of Chronic Hives?Share to Facebookprint pageBookmark for latercaret iconFollow us on facebookFollow us on instagramFollow us on facebookFollow us on linkedincaret icon

  https://chronic-hives.com/causes

  This led experts to believe that an autoimmune reaction is involved in chronic hives. This immune reaction may trigger histamine release from immune cells. But there is not yet enough evidence to prove this theory. […] People with chronic hives may have differences in how mast cells and basophils work. For example, mast cells of people with chronic hives may release more histamine. Or, basophils may be more active in the skin of people with chronic hives. […] Chronic infections and food allergies have also been linked to chronic hives. However, there is very little evidence to support these theories. […] Chronic hives are often triggered by physical exposures, even when the main cause is unknown. These triggers may not cause symptoms, but they may worsen them. […] Some individual risk factors that seem to increase the likelihood of acute or chronic hives include: Family history of asthma, hay fever (allergic rhinitis), or atopic dermatitis (eczema).

• #85 Urticaria | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-022-00389-z

  Urticaria is an inflammatory skin disorder that affects up to 20% of the world population at some point during their life. […] Chronic urticaria (CU) is either spontaneous or inducible, lasts 6 weeks and persists for 1 year in most patients. […] In contrast to chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), chronic inducible urticaria (CIndU) has definite and subtype-specific triggers that induce signs and symptoms. […] The pathogenesis of CSU consists of several interlinked events involving autoantibodies, complement and coagulation. […] The diagnosis of urticaria is clinical, but several tests can be performed to exclude differential diagnoses and identify underlying causes in CSU or triggers in CIndU. […] Autoimmune diseases are linked to type IIb autoimmune chronic spontaneous urticaria.

• #86 Hives that come and go daily: Causes and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hives-that-come-and-go-daily

  Chronic hives can happen for various reasons. In most cases, however, it is not possible to identify the trigger. […] The medical name for chronic hives that have no clear trigger is chronic idiopathic urticaria. […] According to the American Osteopathic College of Dermatology (AOCD), the immune system is overactive in about half of people who have chronic idiopathic urticaria. […] However, some research notes that certain bacteria, viruses, or parasites are also associated with cases of chronic hives. […] Some cases of chronic hives may stem from an underlying autoimmune disease. […] Research suggests that 9.8% of people with chronic hives also have autoimmune hypothyroidism. […] Chronic hives can stem from physical stimulation, such as scratching or rubbing the skin. […] Chronic hives can also occur due to an allergy. However, unlike acute hives, this is a rare cause for chronic hives. […] Most cases do not have an identifiable cause, but it is associated with an infection, autoimmune condition, allergy, or physical cause in some people. […] Chronic idiopathic urticaria when there is no known cause is more common.

• #87 Chronic idiopathic urticaria triggers

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/chronic-idiopathic-urticaria-triggers

  Chronic idiopathic urticaria is the medical term for hives, and doctors usually refer to it as chronic spontaneous urticaria. Although there are no known causes, various triggers may include allergies, pets, medications, and foods. […] Idiopathic means that doctors do not know the underlying cause of the condition, which occurs spontaneously. […] Doctors think that the condition is an immune system response, despite not knowing the exact mechanism behind why it happens. However, they do know a number of triggers that can bring on the hives. […] Chronic idiopathic urticaria is a condition in which hives or rashes that appear on the skin have no known cause. […] In rare cases, a type 1 allergy can trigger chronic idiopathic urticaria. […] Several types of medication, such as antibiotics, aspirin, and ibuprofen, can trigger hives.

• #88 Acute Hives versus Chronic Hives

  https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/conditions-library/allergies/acute-hives-versus-chronic-hives

  Chronic hives stick around for a longer period of time. […] Most chronic hives are idiopathic, meaning that the exact cause cannot be identified, although many are associated with autoantibodies to Immunoglobulin E or IgE, and some may be autoimmune related. […] Only a small percentage of chronic hives are due to an allergy.

• #89 CHRONIC URTICARIA

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3276885/

  Chronic urticaria (CU) is a disturbing allergic condition of the skin. […] A multitude of etiologies have been implicated in the causation of CU, including physical, infective, vasculitic, psychological and idiopathic. […] An autoimmune basis of most of the idiopathic forms is now hypothesized. […] Establishing the cause of CU is difficult and at times almost impossible. […] Recent advances in our understanding of its pathogenesis include the finding of autoantibodies to mast cell receptors in nearly half of patients. […] In 1983, Leznoff et al, suggested an autoimmune basis for the urticaria. […] It is now well-established that about 30-50% patients with CU have circulating functional auto antibodies against the high-affinity IgE receptor (FCeRIa) or against IgE. […] Most cases of CU are considered idiopathic.

• #90 What Are Causes and Triggers of Chronic Hives?Share to Facebookprint pageBookmark for latercaret iconFollow us on facebookFollow us on instagramFollow us on facebookFollow us on linkedincaret icon

  https://chronic-hives.com/causes

  This led experts to believe that an autoimmune reaction is involved in chronic hives. This immune reaction may trigger histamine release from immune cells. But there is not yet enough evidence to prove this theory. […] People with chronic hives may have differences in how mast cells and basophils work. For example, mast cells of people with chronic hives may release more histamine. Or, basophils may be more active in the skin of people with chronic hives. […] Chronic infections and food allergies have also been linked to chronic hives. However, there is very little evidence to support these theories. […] Chronic hives are often triggered by physical exposures, even when the main cause is unknown. These triggers may not cause symptoms, but they may worsen them. […] Some individual risk factors that seem to increase the likelihood of acute or chronic hives include: Family history of asthma, hay fever (allergic rhinitis), or atopic dermatitis (eczema).

• #91 Chronic spontaneous urticaria – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_spontaneous_urticaria

  Chronic spontaneous urticaria, despite its cause being unknown, is linked to a higher prevalence of autoimmune diseases, and is often worsened by triggers like stress, infections, certain foods, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. […] While the cause of chronic spontaneous urticaria is unknown many individuals with chronic urticaria have been found to have a higher prevalence of various autoimmune diseases. […] Many patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria report that certain triggers, like stress, infections, certain foods, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug consumption, cause their disease to worsen. […] There is evidence that individuals with chronic urticaria are more likely to have a variety of autoimmune diseases. […] The majority of patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria frequently linked multiple triggers to flare-ups. […] A contributing factor to the exacerbation of chronic spontaneous urticaria in certain patients may be stress.

• #92 What Is Chronic Hives? | Never Just Hives

  https://www.neverjusthives.com/chronic-hives-symptoms

  Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), also known as chronic hives with no known external trigger, is a condition characterized by hives, swelling, or both for more than 6 weeks. […] While it is natural to look for causes for your chronic hives, CSU isn’t caused by an allergy or external trigger, so what you ate, wore, or touched does not start or trigger your flares, but some may worsen symptoms. Chronic hives is thought to be linked to an overactive immune system. […] While the exact cause of your CSU is unknown, it’s believed to start with the immune system getting confused by an unknown internal cause and mistakenly reacting to an internal trigger. […] The signal causes the cells to release a large amount of histamine. […] The result is the common symptoms of CSU, including hives, itch, and severe swelling under the skin (angioedema).

• #93 Patient education: Hives (urticaria) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hives-urticaria-beyond-the-basics/print

  Hives develop when there is a reaction that activates immune cells in the skin called mast cells. […] In most cases of chronic hives, the cause is unknown. Researchers suspect that problems in the immune system play a role. […] Hives can be a sign of several other medical or autoimmune conditions, including thyroid or liver diseases, chronic infections, or lupus. Most people with one of these conditions will have other symptoms apart from hives. […] Chronic hives are rarely caused by allergies and are not life threatening.

• #94 What’s causing these mysterious hives? | Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America

  https://community.aafa.org/db/ask-the-allergist/record/what-s-causing-these-mysterious-hives

  If your hives have been occurring for over 6 weeks, the hives are not likely caused by an allergy. When hives occur for more than 6 weeks, we typically call it chronic urticaria. […] Research suggests that the hives are caused by the spontaneous release of histamine from skin allergy cells. This is not caused by an allergic trigger. It may be due to the accidental development of an antibody. This antibody binds to allergy cells and breaks them open. This causes the spontaneous release of histamine which causes hives and itching. […] People with CsU do not have allergies.

• #95

  https://www.healthshare.com.au/questions/48205-what-causes-chronic-urticaria-and-how-long-can-it-last/

  Chronic urticaria can occur for a number of reasons. The majority of cases are caused by our own immune system reacting to some stimulus. […] Sometimes sensitivity to food chemicals can cause chronic urticaria. Urticaria can last just for a few days or it can continue for many years. If the urticaria continues for more than six weeks it is called chronic urticaria and should be investigated for possible causes. […] Chronic urticaria is urticaria (hives) that persists for more than 6 weeks. Most cases that resolve spontaneously will do so within 2-4 weeks and are called acute urticaria. […] Furthermore, while it is usual to find a cause for acute urticaria, it is unusual to find a cause for chronic urticaria. Endless investigations looking for a cause are only occasionally useful.

• #96 10 ways to get relief from chronic hives

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/hives-chronic-relief

  Hives are itchy welts on the skin. They can be caused by: An allergic reaction […] A medical condition, such as an infection or autoimmune disease. If you continue to get hives daily or almost every day for 6 weeks or longer, you have chronic hives. The medical term for this condition is chronic urticaria. While medications and medical conditions can cause hives, there are many other causes, including foods, insect bites, and pressure on the skin. […] About 50% of people who have chronic hives never find out what’s causing their flare-ups. Even when you cannot find the cause, treatment can help you clear your skin and prevent new flare-ups. […] Understand that extensive allergy testing often does not find a specific cause or allergen. Many people believe that their hives would go away if they could just find out what’s causing the flare-ups. Even when the cause remains unknown, treatment can clear your skin and keep it clear.

• #97 Hives (urticaria) – treatment, causes and symptoms | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/hives

  Chronic urticaria is when some people have hives that don’t go away or recur on a frequent basis. […] Sometimes hives can last for a long time. If you have hives for more than 6 weeks, your doctor may refer you for more tests to check if an underlying infection or chronic immune disorder is causing the symptoms.

• #98 Urticaria | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-022-00389-z

  This study involving more than 12,000 patients with CU points to a strong association between CU and major autoimmune diseases. […] In this report, functional histamine-releasing IgG autoantibodies to the -subunit of the high-affinity IgE receptor are detected in the circulation of some patients with CU, suggesting an involvement of these autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of CU. […] This publication describes systemic mast cell depletion associated with administration of an anti-KIT mAb that may represent a safe and novel approach to treat mast cell-driven disorders. […] The results of this study indicate that fenebrutinib, a BTK inhibitor, can be effective in reducing disease activity in patients with antihistamine-refractory CSU including patients with refractory type IIb autoimmunity.

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