Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8233382/

  Chronic spontaneous (idiopathic) urticaria (CSU), defined as the occurrence of wheals, angioedema, or both for more than 6 weeks, affects 12% of the population. It is more prevalent in women and represents an important burden that compromises patient’s quality of life, interferes with routine daily activities, and frequently is associated with psychiatric comorbidities (depression and/or anxiety). Mean yearly direct and indirect costs of CSU in the United States have been estimated to be $244 million, with medication costs accounting for 62.5% and work absenteeism for 15.7% of the expenses. […] The lifetime prevalence for all types of urticaria is usually described below 10% per different reports, while chronic urticaria (CU) only develops in approximately one-fourth of these individuals. Point prevalence of CU, based on coding reports in health systems from different countries, ranges from 0.1 to less than 1% globally. Currently the point prevalence is the best method to compare the frequency of CU between different populations but the development of a standardized and practical tool for this purpose remains an unmet need.

• #2 Urticaria | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-022-00389-z

  Urticaria is an inflammatory skin disorder that affects up to 20% of the world population at some point during their life. […] Chronic urticaria (CU) is either spontaneous or inducible, lasts 6 weeks and persists for 1 year in most patients. […] CU greatly affects patient quality of life, and is linked to psychiatric comorbidities and high healthcare costs. […] The diagnosis of urticaria is clinical, but several tests can be performed to exclude differential diagnoses and identify underlying causes in CSU or triggers in CIndU. […] Current urticaria treatment aims at complete response, with a stepwise approach using second-generation H1 antihistamines, omalizumab and cyclosporine. […] Further research should focus on defining disease endotypes and their biomarkers, identifying new treatment targets and developing improved therapies.

• #3 Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Adult and Pediatric Patients with Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/23/7482

  Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is when lesions occur for ≥6 weeks. However, its underlying mechanism remains unclear. CSU prevalence is similar in adult and pediatric patients; nevertheless, few data are available on CSU characteristics in pediatric patients. […] We aimed to describe the epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment approach of CSU in pediatrics and adults. […] The prevalence of CSU in pediatric patients is 0.5–1.5%, similar to that reported in adults. However, pediatric patients with CSU have a higher prevalence of atopic background (58%) than adults, and the prevalence of associated autoimmune diseases is similar in both age groups. […] This study aimed to describe the epidemiology, underlying conditions, autoimmunity, clinical features, and treatment modalities of CSU in pediatric and adult patients.

• #4 Recognize Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria

  https://www.type2inflammation.com/dermatology/csu/recognize

  CSU is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory skin Condition that may be a significant burden and result in a reduced quality of life. […] CSU is a chronic, relapsing-remitting, unpredictable disease. […] Prevalence is 0.1% to 1.5% of the global population. […] Prevalence in North America is 0.1%. […] Most patients diagnosed are 20 to 40 years old. […] Prevalence is highest among patients aged 40 to 59 years. […] Twice as many women are affected as men. […] The detrimental effect of CSU on quality of life is greater than most other skin diseases and similar to severe coronary artery disease.

• #5 Chronic spontaneous urticaria – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_spontaneous_urticaria

  Chronic spontaneous urticaria is defined by the presence of wheals, angioedema, or both for more than six weeks. […] It has been discovered by American authors that approximately one in five individuals will at some point in their lives suffer from urticaria of any kind. […] Nonetheless, studies conducted in Europe suggest a lower lifetime prevalence, or the prevalence observed throughout one’s lifetime up until the investigation, of approximately 8-10%. […] A study conducted forty years ago in Sweden found a point prevalence of about 0.1% in the population overall, and a different study conducted in Spain more recently reported a point prevalence of 0.6% in the population.

• #6 Chronic spontaneous urticaria

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/chronic-spontaneous-urticaria

  Chronic urticaria may be classified as either spontaneous or inducible, and both types may co-exist in one patient. […] Estimates of the incidence of chronic urticaria range from 0.05% to 2% of the population in the US, and up to 20% of the population in Thailand. […] The lifetime prevalence of chronic urticaria is approximately 1.8%. […] Chronic spontaneous urticaria occurs in 0.51% of the population at any point in time. […] Two out of three cases of chronic urticaria are spontaneous, with its incidence peaking between 20 and 40 years of age. […] Most studies have reported that women experience urticaria and chronic urticaria almost twice as often as men. […] The incidence of urticaria in children has been reported at between 2% and 7% and the incidence of chronic urticaria in this age group is between 0.1% and 3%.

• #7 Prevalence and Burden of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/14/4/1162

  The global prevalence of CSU ranges from 0.1% in the United States of America (USA) to 2.7% in China. […] In Japan, approximately 495,000 patients were diagnosed with CSU in a survey conducted by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in 2020. CSU is also the most prevalent (>66.0%) urticaria subtype in the Japanese population. […] The overall 12-month weighted prevalence of diagnosed CSU in Japan was 1.1% (95% confidence interval: 1.1–1.1%). […] Published evidence on the epidemiology and impact of urticaria, specifically CSU, on patients’ lives in Japan remains scarce. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of diagnosed CSU and evaluate the associated humanistic and economic burden in Japan. […] The existing published evidence on the prevalence and impact of CSU in Japan is limited, and the available studies tend to describe urticaria in general rather than focusing on CSU. […] The overall 12-month weighted prevalence of CSU in this study was estimated to be 1.1%, and CSU accounted for 75.2% of all physician-diagnosed CU.

• #8 Epidemiology of urticaria including physical urticaria and angioedema in Korea

  https://www.kjim.org/journal/view.php?number=170063

  The prevalence of all-type urticaria over the 5 years was 4.5% with a peak in individuals, especially females, aged 30 to 59 years. […] The annual prevalence of all-type urticaria, dermographism, and angioedema increased over the 5 years. […] The prevalence of urticaria has increased annually in Korea. […] The annual prevalence of all-type urticaria increased from 4.2% in 2010 to 4.7% in 2014. […] The prevalence of chronic or recurrent urticaria over 5 years was 0.38%. […] The annual prevalence of chronic or recurrent urticaria increased from 0.33% to 0.44% over the 5 years. […] A total of 29 patients among 100,000 individuals sought medical care for angioedema over 5 years in Korea. […] The annual prevalence of angioedema also increased over 5 years. […] The current study showed that, in Korea, the prevalence of all-type urticaria over 5 years was 4.5% with female predominance; moreover, the annual prevalence of all-type urticaria increased over the 5 years. […] This study presents the epidemiology of clinical urticaria based on diagnosis (ICD-10 codes) by physicians in real world of Korea. Clinical urticaria is very common, and its prevalence is increasing.

• #9 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Burden of and Trends in Urticaria Globally, Regionally, and Nationally from 1990 to 2019: Systematic Analysis

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e50114

  From 1990 to 2019, the global age-standardized prevalence, incidence, and DALY rates of urticaria showed marginal changes. […] In 2019, 65.14 million individuals were affected, with a prevalence rate of 841.88 per 100,000 population. […] The DALY rate was 50.39 per 100,000 population. […] Compared to 1990, the global age-standardized prevalence, incidence, and DALY rates saw increases of 2.92, 4.84, and 0.31 per 100,000 population, respectively. […] Women persistently had higher rates than men. […] At a regional level in 2019, low-middle SDI regions exhibited the highest age-standardized metrics, whereas high SDI regions reported the lowest. […] Central Europe showed the highest rates, contrasting with Western Europe’s lowest rates. […] Nationally, urticaria prevalence in 2019 varied dramatically, from a low of 27.1 per 100,000 population in Portugal to a high of 92.0 per 100,000 population in Nepal.

• #10 Global Epidemiology of Urticaria: Increasing Burden among Children, Females and Low-income Regions | HTML | Acta Dermato-Venereologica

  https://www.medicaljournals.se/acta/content/html/10.2340/00015555-3796

  Urticaria has a high socioeconomic burden worldwide. However, the global epidemiology of urticaria and its geographical and temporal trends are not well studied. Using the Global Burden of Disease dataset, the aim of this study was to analyse the age-standardized prevalence, incidence, years lived with disability, and mean duration of urticaria in 195 countries from 1990 to 2017. In addition, the relationship between socioeconomic development and urticaria was evaluated. The global prevalence of urticaria in 2017 was 86 million people. […] According to the Global Burden of Disease dataset for urticaria, its global prevalence, incidence, and years of life lived with disability, have remained stable between 1990 and 2017. Urticaria is more common in females than males, children than adults, and in regions with lower gross domestic product per capita.

• #11 New-onset urticaria (hives) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/new-onset-urticaria

  Urticaria, or hives (sometimes referred to as welts or wheals), is a common disorder, with a lifetime prevalence of approximately 20 percent in the general population. […] The epidemiology, clinical manifestations, etiologies, diagnosis, evaluation, and management of new-onset urticaria will be reviewed here. Chronic urticaria and isolated angioedema are discussed separately.

• #12

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8233382/

  The natural history of the disease has a very wide range. Around half of patients will follow a three-month self-limited evolution and within a year it will resolve in almost 80% of them. However, in more than 10% of patients a duration of 5 years or longer is expected. […] Females are affected at least twice as often as males, and most patients are over 20 years of age. In children, the prevalence varies from less than 1% to almost 5%, depending largely upon the methodology. […] The economic burden of the pathology is not negligible. The CU related cost has been reported to be as high as $2050 per year per patient in the United States, having a huge personal and familiar impact, particularly in low to middle income countries. […] Registries in allergology have allowed investigators to obtain data inaccessible with other methodologies. Nevertheless, the use of well-designed and executed registries are essential for producing valid outcomes. The use of such registries for CU is invaluable.

• #13

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40521-024-00379-4

  Currently only Brazil has population studies evaluating the prevalence of urticaria; Balp et al. found a prevalence of 0.41% among those over 18 years of age. […] Among urticaria specialists (allergists and dermatologists) 3% to 17% of clinical appointments are due to chronic urticaria. […] There is not enough information in LATAM about the prevalence in childhood, but one study in an allergy center reported that 4/10 patients who consulted for urticaria symptoms were children which suggests that the prevalence could be higher than that reported in other regions. […] Similar to what has been reported in other regions, in LATAM there is a clear predominance of the disease in the female gender with a ratio of 2:1 to 4:1. […] The predominant age of onset is in the third to fifth decade of life.

• #14 Global Epidemiology of Urticaria: Increasing Burden among Children, Females and Low-income Regions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9364256/

  Urticaria has a high socioeconomic burden worldwide. However, the global epidemiology of urticaria and its geographical and temporal trends are not well studied. Using the Global Burden of Disease dataset, the aim of this study was to analyse the age-standardized prevalence, incidence, years lived with disability, and mean duration of urticaria in 195 countries from 1990 to 2017. […] The global prevalence of urticaria in 2017 was 86 million people. Females and children aged 14 years were more commonly affected than males and adults, respectively: these differences were outside the 95% uncertainty intervals. […] According to the Global Burden of Disease dataset for urticaria, its global prevalence, incidence, and years of life lived with disability, have remained stable between 1990 and 2017. Urticaria is more common in females than males, children than adults, and in regions with lower gross domestic product per capita.

• #15 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Burden of and Trends in Urticaria Globally, Regionally, and Nationally from 1990 to 2019: Systematic Analysis

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e50114

  India reported the most DALYs at 749,495.9, followed by China, Pakistan, and the United States. […] Agewise data showed higher rates in younger age groups, which diminished with age and then experienced a slight resurgence in the oldest populations. […] This pattern was pronounced in women and younger populations, with the largest rises seen in those aged less than 40 years and the smallest in those aged more than 70 years. […] Urticaria remains a significant global health issue, with considerable variation across regions, countries, and territories. […] The increased burden among women, the rising burden in younger populations, and the regional differences in disease burden call for tailored interventions and policies to tackle this emerging public health issue.

• #16 Chronic spontaneous urticaria

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/chronic-spontaneous-urticaria

  Chronic urticaria is more common in older children and adolescents. […] Spontaneous urticaria is the most common subgroup of chronic urticaria in children. […] The frequency of underlying causes varies in different studies of chronic spontaneous urticaria, reflecting regional differences in diet or the prevalence of infections. […] Chronic spontaneous urticaria has a high rate of remission; this rate of remission was up to 80% in 12 months in one population study. However, symptoms were reported to last for longer than 1 year in up to 20% of patients and for more than 5 years in 11.3% of patients in another study.

• #17 AAIR :: Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research

  https://e-aair.org/DOIx.php?id=10.4168/aair.2017.9.3.212

  Limited data is available on the prevalence and risk factors of acute and chronic urticaria in children. […] The prevalences of the life-time, acute, and chronic urticaria were 22.5%, 13.9%, and 1.8% (chronic continuous urticaria, 0.7%; and chronic recurrent urticaria, 1.1%), respectively. […] A total of 1.8% of children were found to have chronic urticaria. Living in a new residence and belonging to a family with a high income increased the risk of chronic continuous urticaria. […] The prevalence of chronic urticaria in children was similar to that previously reported for adults. […] We found the prevalence of chronic urticaria to be 1.8% (i.e., chronic continuous urticaria, 0.7%; chronic recurrent urticaria, 1.1%) in children who were 4 to 12 year-old. […] Living in a new house was the only factor that increased the risk of chronic urticaria (aOR=2.12, 95% CI=1.17-3.84, P=0.013).

• #18 Global Epidemiology of Urticaria: Increasing Burden among Children, Females and Low-income Regions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9364256/

  This study found that countries with lower socioeconomic development have higher age-standardized incidence, prevalence, and YLD rates of urticaria. Children have higher disease morbidity than adults, and females have a greater burden of disease than males. The age-standardized prevalence, incidence, and YLD rates of urticaria per 100,000 remained relatively unchanged between 1990 and 2017. […] The higher morbidity of urticaria amongst children is clinically important, because this disease imposes a notable burden on children. […] Countries with a lower GDP per capita often have less access to healthcare resources and physicians, which may result in suboptimal management of urticaria. This may contribute to our finding of higher prevalence of urticaria in areas with lower socioeconomic development. […] The higher morbidity of urticaria in lower income regions may also be explained by the higher burden of infectious disease and environmental pollution in these regions.

• #19

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40521-024-00379-4

  However, almost all studies included only patients over 18 years of age, therefore information about the prevalence and characteristics in children is unknown. […] Similar to other regions, hypothyroidism is more frequent in CSU patients than in the general population with a prevalence associated with patient age. […] CIndU occurs concomitantly in 30% to 60% of the CSU patients; the frequency depends on the diagnostic criteria. […] A study conducted in Colombia evaluated the frequency of CIndU among patients with CSU using challenge tests and observed a self-report of 70% versus only 33% confirmed by challenge tests. […] Two studies explored the clinical evolution of CSU in LATAM. […] A study carried out in Colombia reported, after follow-up for 5 years, a clinical remission rate without the need for pharmacological treatment of 59% and a relapse rate of 17% in the same period.

• #20

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40521-024-00379-4

  These diverse forms of evolution suggest that the initial causes of CSU could define the course of CSU to persistence or to CSU remission over time. […] Another study observed that among patients who had CSU and also NSAID-hypersensitivity, in those who achieved clinical CSU remission without treatment, more than 60% also achieved tolerance to the consumption of NSAIDs, which has great importance for the management approach and removal of unnecessary restrictions. […] There are few studies that included patients from different LATAM populations. […] The sociodemographic and clinical characteristics between Latin American and European countries were similar, with a small but significant difference in the frequency of CIndU (73% European countries versus 65% LATAM) and UCT (7.8 points versus 7.2 points).

• #21 What is Chronic Urticaria? – Allergy & Asthma Network

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/chronic-urticaria/

  Chronic urticaria is a frustrating and uncomfortable condition. But thankfully it’s not a life-threatening condition. Treatment with antihistamines or other medications will usually clear up symptoms. But chronic urticaria can have a significant impact on a person’s quality of life. […] About 30-40% of chronic urticaria cases are related to an autoimmune condition and can be considered autoimmune urticaria. […] Chronic urticaria is known to affect patients’ personal care and family life. It may impact work or school productivity and the ability to do housekeeping or yard work. […] A recent study found some patients with chronic urticaria may go to the doctor as often as 12 times more per year than people without chronic urticaria. They also had more emergency department visits and hospitalizations, according to the study.

• #22 Chronic Urticaria | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/43025

  The prevalence of CSU is estimated at between 0.23% and 1.8% of the population in the U.S. and internationally. There is a strong female predilection, affecting women twice as often as men. Both children and adults are affected, although the prevalence is highest amongst those 40 to 60 years of age.[9][10] […] The etiology of CSU is yet to be fully established. The prevailing hypothesis is that it relates to autoimmune dysfunction involving autoantibodies targeting IgE and/or IgE receptors to activate histamine release from basophils and mast cells. Up to 40% of patients with CSU demonstrate a positive autologous serum skin test (ASST), whereby the patients serum injected into the dermis can induce urticaria. One-third of patients with CSU also has a positive basophil histamine release assay (BHRA), which tests for anti-FceRIa (an IgE receptor) or anti-IgE autoantibodies in the serum.[2][3]

• #23 Chronic Urticaria | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/43025

  Further support is lent by the increased prevalence of autoimmune disorders amongst CSU patients. Of these, autoimmune hypothyroidism is the most common, observed in up to 9.8%. Other associated conditions include rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren syndrome, celiac disease, and type-1 diabetes mellitus.[4]

• #24 Urticaria and Angioedema | Treatment & Management | Dublin, Ireland

  https://www.allergy-ireland.ie/allergy/urticaria-angioedema

  The lifetime prevalence of Acute Urticaria is almost 9% while Chronic Urticaria affects 2% of the population at some point during their life. Urticaria is almost twice as common in women than men. Peak incidence occurs between 20 and 40 years of age. […] Adults suffering from Chronic Urticaria have significantly higher rates of atopic conditions such as allergic rhinitis, eczema and asthma. Interestingly, this is not the case in children where the prevalence of atopic conditions is similar in those with chronic urticaria to other children. […] All cases which have persisted beyond 4 weeks despite treatment with a second generation anti-histamine should be referred for treatment by an allergy specialist, immunologist or dermatologist. […] Initially about 33% of adults will continue to suffer from symptoms despite maximal tolerated doses of antihistamines. Despite this, Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria has a high rate of remission of up to 80% within 12 months. In 10% of cases symptoms may persist beyond 5 years. […] In children with Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria, while just 25% are symptom free within 3 years, this rises to 96% after 7 years. Children with Chronic Inducible Urticaria who try to avoid their physical triggers (heat, cold, pressure, exercise etc) usually reach remission within 3 years.

• #25 AAIR :: Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research

  https://e-aair.org/DOIx.php?id=10.4168/aair.2017.9.3.212

  We also calculated the aORs for chronic recurrent urticaria and chronic continuous urticaria relative to controls after adjustment for the same confounders. The results showed that living in new house (aOR=2.38, 95% CI=1.02-5.54, P=0.044) and high income (aOR=4.24, 95% CI=1.24-14.56, P=0.022) significantly increased the risk of chronic continuous urticaria. […] The present study is the first population-based assessment of the prevalence of chronic urticaria in children. The prevalence of chronic urticaria in children appears to be similar to that reported for adults.

• #26 Is chronic urticaria more than skin deep? | Clinical and Translational Allergy | Full Text

  https://ctajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13601-019-0287-2

  Chronic urticaria is a disease characterized by the appearance of weals, angioedema or both longer than 6 weeks. […] Some chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) patients have gastrointestinal symptoms, flushing, joint pain or swelling, palpitations, headache/fatigue and wheezing during active urticarial flares suggesting systemic as well as cutaneous mast cell activation. […] In an epidemiological study, extracutaneous symptoms were found in over a third of cases (39.4%). […] Searching for reports of organ-based dysfunction in patients with urticaria revealed some evidence in cardiac, respiratory, gastrointestinal, central nervous and musculo-skeletal systems. […] The relative paucity of published reports does not exclude organ-based dysfunction if a relationship has not been looked for or written up in the medical literature.

• #27

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8233382/

  An online academia-driven, investigator-initiated registry on chronic urticaria is available from www.urticaria-registry.com. Another registry, the Latin American Chronic Urticaria Registry, has unraveled the understanding and knowledge of CU in that region. The published data of this last registry confirm the classical pattern of age and gender for this population of 300 patients, besides other peculiar data such as low prevalence of parasite associated infestations, and more than half of these patients having significantly affected their quality of life.

• #28 CURE – Urticaria Registry |

  https://urticaria-registry.com/

  The chronic urticaria registry (CURE) is a prospective, international, multi-center, observational (non-interventional) disease registry developed and managed by UNEV. […] The registry collects real life data with the objective to improve the knowledge on these conditions, among others regarding its epidemiology e. g. frequency, duration, course of disease, underlying causes, comorbidities, trigger factors, treatment response, costs and impact of disease as well as to globally improve the understanding of these conditions. […] As of now, the epidemiology, duration, course, response to treatment and underlying causes are still ill defined. […] Therefore, the Chronic Urticaria Registry (CURE) was set up as an academia-driven registry for all subtypes of chronic urticaria to assess these features.

• #29

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40521-024-00379-4

  Studies are needed comparing different LATAM populations to evaluate whether behavior is homogeneous or presents changes according to the particular conditions of each Latin American country. […] Collaborative work between the 19 LATAM centers of excellence in urticaria (UCARE network) can improve the quality of research in the region and the performance of multicentric studies.

• #30 Global Epidemiology of Urticaria: Increasing Burden among Children, Females and Low-income Regions | HTML | Acta Dermato-Venereologica

  https://www.medicaljournals.se/acta/content/html/10.2340/00015555-3796

  Despite the significant burden of disease, the global epidemiology of urticaria is not well documented. […] The aim of this study was to evaluate the global patterns and trends for urticaria over the last 3 decades. In particular, this study aimed to assess the effect of socioeconomic development on the prevalence of urticaria. […] This study found that countries with lower socioeconomic development have higher age-standardized incidence, prevalence, and YLD rates of urticaria. Children have higher disease morbidity than adults, and females have a greater burden of disease than males. The age-standardized prevalence, incidence, and YLD rates of urticaria per 100,000 remained relatively unchanged between 1990 and 2017. […] Countries with a lower GDP per capita often have less access to healthcare resources and physicians, which may result in suboptimal management of urticaria. This may contribute to our finding of higher prevalence of urticaria in areas with lower socioeconomic development. […] The higher morbidity of urticaria in lower income regions may also be explained by the higher burden of infectious disease and environmental pollution in these regions.

• #31

  https://www.termedia.pl/Clinical-characteristics-and-epidemiology-of-chronic-urticaria-a-nationwide-multicentre-study-on-r-n1091-patients,7,36444,1,1.html

  Chronic urticaria (CU) manifests by reoccurrence of typical lesions for at least 6 weeks or longer and affects up to 1% of general population at any given time. […] Epidemiological data on CU, especially its clinical and demographic determinants as well as health care system patterns, are still scarce in the literature. […] Our study provides a number of new epidemiological data concerning CU. As to the aetiology, CSU represents more than 60% of all cases of CU. […] Inducible urticaria occurred in approximately one third of patients, however, its prevalence varies greatly among the studies from 10% even to almost 100%. […] Compared to the general population, wherein the average prevalence of allergic rhinitis is approximately 25%, the prevalence of allergic rhinitis in CU patients seems to be higher.

• #32

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40521-024-00379-4

  Chronic Urticaria is a multifactorial disease. […] The aim of this review is to present the particularities of urticaria in Latin America (LATAM) and evaluate the clinical and investigation costs of CSU in LATAM and other regions. […] In the last 10 years there has been a significant increase in research on CSU in LATAM. […] Latin America (LATAM) represents 6% of the world’s population but only 3% of published articles are conducted with population from the region, which highlights an important gap in knowledge of the disease in this part of the world. […] Despite this gap in knowledge, some studies published in the last 10 years provide epidemiological and mechanistic information that allow us to understand the impact of international recommendations on medical management in CSU patients from LATAM.

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