Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Vaginal Fistula: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/womens/urogynecology/vaginal-fistula/treatment

  A vaginal fistula is an irregular opening in the vagina that connects to another organ, such as your bladder, colon, urethra, or rectum. […] NewYork-Presbyterian understands the importance of treating vaginal fistulas with the utmost sensitivity and provides top-notch surgical and non-surgical treatment options. […] Fistula treatment options often depend on the type of fistula and its size. Some small fistulas may be able to heal with the help of conservative medical treatments, including: […] Most vaginal fistulas require surgery in order to repair the irregular opening. The majority of these surgeries have positive outcomes. […] In order to close the abnormal opening, fistula surgery may be the only course of action. Your doctor will determine which type of surgery is best based on the type of fistula and your symptoms.

• #1 Vaginal Fistula – Health Information Library | PeaceHealth

  https://www.peacehealth.org/medical-topics/id/tn10138

  A vaginal fistula is usually painless. But a fistula lets urine or feces pass into your vagina. This is called incontinence. And it can cause soiling problems that you cannot control. […] If you have a vaginal fistula, you will most likely need surgery to repair it. Before surgery, your doctor will see whether the tissue is healthy or needs to heal first. […] After fistula repair surgery, be sure to follow your doctor’s instructions. See your doctor right away if you have signs of infection, such as a fever, tenderness, swelling, or redness.

• #1 Vaginal fistula – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginal-fistulas/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20563198

  Your healthcare professional has many ways to find out if a vaginal fistula is the cause of your symptoms. […] During the physical exam, your healthcare professional checks the outside of your vagina, anus and the area between the two, called the perineum. […] A pelvic exam also may be done to check the health of your outer vagina and your reproductive organs. […] If a vaginal fistula isn’t found during a physical exam, you may need other tests. […] If imaging tests find a vaginal fistula, your healthcare professional may remove a small sample of tissue. This is called a biopsy. […] Our caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your vaginal fistula-related health concerns Start Here. […] Treatment for a vaginal fistula depends on factors such as the type of fistula you have, its size and whether the tissue that surrounds it is healthy.

• #1 Nursing Care Plan For Fistula – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-fistula-promoting-healing-and-optimizing-quality-of-life/

  Nursing Care Plan for Fistula: Promoting Healing and Optimizing Quality of Life […] A fistula is an abnormal connection between two body structures, often resulting from trauma, infection, or surgery. Fistulas can cause significant physical discomfort and may require ongoing management and support. As a nurse, your role is crucial in assessing and addressing the needs of individuals with fistulas. This nursing care plan aims to outline evidence-based interventions to assess, manage, and support patients with a fistula. […] Assess the characteristics of the fistula, such as size, location, and amount of fluid leakage. […] Examine the fistula site for signs of infection, inflammation, or poor wound healing. […] Assess the patients understanding of the fistula, its causes, and potential complications. […] Educate the patient and caregivers about the signs of infection, proper wound care techniques, and the importance of reporting any changes promptly. […] Cleanse the fistula site using gentle, non-irritating solutions and a sterile technique. […] Educate the patient on self-care strategies, including proper hygiene, wound monitoring, and signs of infection to report. […] […] Improved tissue integrity with the prevention or treatment of infection. […] Increased knowledge and understanding of fistula management, self-care, and prevention of complications.

• #1 OBSTETRIC/VAGINAL FISTULA – Nurses Revision

  https://nursesrevisionuganda.com/obstetric-vaginal-fistula/

  Most fistulas will close spontaneously within 6 weeks as long as there is continuous bladder drainage, good health, and control of infections. […] Continuous bladder drainage to rest the bladder and allow proper healing. […] Plenty of fluids to flush the bladder and prevent pressure on the wound. […] Maintain a fluid balance chart. […] Observe the amount of urine passed and its colour, especially for blood clots which may block the catheter. […] Continuous bladder drainage to prevent the bladder from over-distending, ensuring proper healing. […] The catheter is kept in place for at least 2 weeks or until there is no more leakage of urine. […] Care is similar to that for any mother after an operation or obstructed labour. […] Catheter must drain freely at all times; if it becomes blocked, the operation may fail.

• #1 OBSTETRIC/VAGINAL FISTULA – Nurses Revision

  https://nursesrevisionuganda.com/obstetric-vaginal-fistula/

  Patients must not lie on the catheter. […] Encourage plenty of oral fluids to prevent stenosis. […] Change linens daily and perform vulva swabbing twice a day. […] Pay attention to perineal hygiene and provide bed baths. […] Bladder training is a critical part of post-operative care for patients who have undergone surgery for vesico-vaginal fistula. […] The goal is to gradually restore normal bladder function and control. […] Bladder training is a key part of the overall recovery process, ensuring the patient can return to normal bladder function as soon as possible.

• #1 Vaginal fistula – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginal-fistulas/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20563198

  For a simple vaginal fistula or one with few symptoms, some procedures may help the fistula to heal on its own. […] A catheter is a medical device that sometimes can treat small fistulas between the vagina and bladder. […] Most often, surgery is needed to treat a vaginal fistula. […] Surgery for a vaginal fistula aims to remove the fistula tract and stitch together healthy tissue to close the opening. […] Surgery to repair a vaginal fistula often is successful, especially if you haven’t had the fistula for a long time.

• #1 Vaginal Fistula Treatments NYC | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/obgyn/services/fistula-care

  At Mount Sinai, our fistula experts are second to none in terms of surgical experience, patient care, and supportive services. We take a multidisciplinary and individualized approach to fistula care. […] We diagnose a rectovaginal fistula through a vaginal and rectal exam. If we need more information to be certain, we conduct a barium enema or CAT scan with oral and rectal contrast. […] We treat rectovaginal fistula by performing a multi-layer repair of the area between the rectum and the vagina. Most women have enough tissue in this area that we can place multiple layers between the previous defects in the rectum and the vagina to ensure that the fistula does not return. […] We treat vesicovaginal fistulas through a minimally invasive procedure, entering through the vagina. We either surgically remove the connection between the bladder and vagina by sealing the two organs separately or by closing off the connection at the very top of the vagina. […] Occasionally, we may need to perform the minimally invasive procedure through your belly. We usually perform this laparoscopic procedure by making tiny incisions in the belly and placing a small camera and instruments through them. For complicated cases, we may use robotics to aid in the repair.

• #1 Vesicovaginal and Ureterovaginal Fistula Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Therapy, Preoperative Details

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/452934-treatment

  No medical therapy is available for the management of vesicovaginal and ureterovaginal fistula. However, conjugated estrogen (oral or transvaginal) helps vaginal tissues become softer and more pliable for upcoming fistula repair. This is especially important for postmenopausal women and women with atrophic vaginitis. […] For personal hygiene and skin care, sitz baths with a solution of permanganate or baking soda douches may be helpful. […] Vesicovaginal and ureterovaginal fistulae recognized within 3-7 days after the causative operation may be repaired immediately via a transabdominal or transvaginal approach. Fistulae identified after 7-10 days postoperatively should be monitored periodically until all signs of inflammation and induration have resolved. Before embarking on fistula repair, the fistula tract should be well epithelialized and the vaginal wall should be soft and supple.

• #1 Vesicovaginal and Ureterovaginal Fistula Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Therapy, Preoperative Details

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/452934-treatment

  If ureteral reimplantation is necessary, dissect out the ureter prior to fistulectomy. Reimplant the ureter in the upper bladder wall after the fistula is closed with or without adjunct procedures such as a psoas hitch or boari flap. The ureter should be stented postoperatively. […] Continue intravenous antibiotics for at least 24 hours perioperatively. To prevent bladder spasms, prescribe anticholinergics or beta adrenergic medications. […] Many surgeons choose to keep a urethral catheter in place for 2-3 weeks and any stent for a ureterovaginal fistula repair in place for 4-6 weeks. […] Potential complications associated with repairing large vesicovaginal and ureterovaginal fistulae include the development of transient vesicoureteral reflux or de novo detrusor instability. […] If a large fistula is present, the nearby ureteral orifice is at risk of becoming obstructed during the repair. If this is the case, the ureter must be reimplanted during the initial operation.

• #1 Vesicovaginal and Ureterovaginal Fistula Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Therapy, Preoperative Details

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/452934-treatment

  The most feared complication is the recurrence of fistula. If this occurs, a proper waiting period is advised. The subsequent repair should be performed with a Martius flap, peritoneal interposition, or gracilis muscle flap. […] Long-term monitoring includes removing the urethral catheter and performing cystography 2-3 weeks following surgery.

• #1 Valerie’s search for expert rectovaginal fistula care leads her back to the worry-free life she thought was gone | University of Iowa Health Care

  https://uihc.org/patient-story/valeries-search-expert-rectovaginal-fistula-care-leads-her-back-worry-free-life-she

  For more than six years, Valerie Powell, of Pleasant Hill, Iowa, endured the distress and discomfort of a rectovaginal fistula. […] Rectovaginal fistula is an irregular connection between the rectum and the vagina. Along with the bowel control issues, primarily loss of stool through the vagina, rectovaginal fistulas can lead to other symptoms, such as pain and irritation and frequent urinary tract infections. […] Because Kenne closed the fistula through the vagina, rather than the rectum, her approach did not require Valerie to use an ostomy bag during recovery. […] The follow-up care was awesome, Valerie says. A couple of times, I thought I was having symptoms, and they would say, Come in and well check things out. It was a long drive for me, but it was worth it, because I could tell they were really listening to me and my concerns. […] Im now symptom-free, Valerie says. My life is back to the way it was seven years ago.

• #1 Fistulas – Urogynecology & Pelvic Health | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/womens-pelvic-health/conditions-treated/fistulas

  In women, a fistula can occur as a result of prolonged childbirth, connecting the bladder and vagina, or the rectum and vagina. […] Fistulas are preventable and treatable. […] A vesicovaginal fistula is usually associated with urinary incontinence, or leakage of urine into the vagina which can be quite severe. A rectovaginal fistula can lead to fecal incontinence or leakage of feces into the vagina. […] Proper medical care makes fistulas both treatable and preventable. […] Fistulas generally do not heal on their own. Some small vesicovaginal fistulas that are detected early may be treated by placing a catheter in the bladder for a period of time. However, the treatment for most fistulas is surgical repair. […] Most often vesicovaginal fistula can be repair by a minimally invasive vaginal approach. In some cases a minimally invasive laparoscopic or robotic or open surgical approach maybe preferred. […] After surgery, antibiotics or other medications may be prescribed.

• #1 Genitourinary and Rectovaginal Fistulas – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/obgyn/urogynecology/genitourinary-rectovaginal-fistulas

  Effective fistula treatment requires advanced care with an experienced team of specialized urogynecologic surgeons. At the University of Chicago Medicine, our experts will design a personalized plan to repair your fistula and improve your quality of life. […] Fistulas do not usually heal on their own. In most cases, surgery is needed to correct the problem and should only be performed by a urogynecologic surgeon with specialized training in fistula repair. […] Fistula repair surgery involves removing the fistula tract and repairing affected organs so they are no longer connected. It can be successfully performed using minimally invasive techniques (laparoscopic, robotic and through the vagina) to enhance healing and recovery. Whenever possible, treatment of the underlying cause of the fistula should occur before surgery to maximize its success.

• #1

  https://umiamihealth.org/en/treatments-and-services/urology/fistulas

  Our doctors specialize in womens health. You get individual attention and treatment thats customized to your needs, with personal attention from trained, compassionate experts who understand womens needs. […] Your doctor works with a team of specialists to give you complete care. You can be confident youre working with a highly trained team thats focused on womens health.

• #2 Vaginal fistula | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/vaginal-fistula

  A vaginal fistula is an unusual opening that forms between the vagina and another organ, such as the bladder, colon or rectum. Your healthcare professional might describe a vaginal fistula as a hole in the vagina that lets urine, gas or stool pass through the vagina. […] You may need surgery to fix a fistula. […] Get a healthcare checkup if you think you have symptoms of a vaginal fistula. Tell your healthcare professional if you have symptoms that affect your daily life, relationships or mental health. […] Vaginal fistulas can lead to other health conditions called complications. Complications of vaginal fistulas include: Fistulas that keep coming back. […] Most often, surgery is needed to treat a vaginal fistula. Before surgery can be done, any infection or swelling in tissue around the vaginal fistula needs to be treated.

• #2 Fistulas – Urogynecology & Pelvic Health | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/womens-pelvic-health/conditions-treated/fistulas

  In women, a fistula can occur as a result of prolonged childbirth, connecting the bladder and vagina, or the rectum and vagina. […] Fistulas are preventable and treatable. […] A vesicovaginal fistula is usually associated with urinary incontinence, or leakage of urine into the vagina which can be quite severe. A rectovaginal fistula can lead to fecal incontinence or leakage of feces into the vagina. […] Proper medical care makes fistulas both treatable and preventable. […] Fistulas generally do not heal on their own. Some small vesicovaginal fistulas that are detected early may be treated by placing a catheter in the bladder for a period of time. However, the treatment for most fistulas is surgical repair. […] Most often vesicovaginal fistula can be repair by a minimally invasive vaginal approach. In some cases a minimally invasive laparoscopic or robotic or open surgical approach maybe preferred. […] After surgery, antibiotics or other medications may be prescribed.

• #2 Vaginal fistula: Know all about causes, signs and treatment | HealthShots

  https://www.healthshots.com/preventive-care/reproductive-care/vaginal-fistula-know-all-about-causes-signs-and-treatment/

  More than 50,000 women worldwide develop a vaginal fistula every year, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). […] The fistula is a serious and often destructive medical condition. […] Vaginal care is important. […] Vaginal fistula symptoms that occur when the opening is between the vagina and the urinary system organs: * Urinary incontinence * Constant urine leakage * Painful intercourse * Skin irritation to your vagina * Abdominal pain * Nausea or vomiting * Foul-smelling vaginal discharge * Vaginal or rectal bleeding * Painful intercourse * Recurrent vaginal infections, kidney infections, or UTIs Treatment of Vaginal Fistula […] Based on the diagnosis of the fistula type, appropriate treatment is given. Following are some treatments: * Antibiotics: For infections and/or bowel disorders. * Ureteral stents: Also called kidney stents, ureteral stents keep your ureters open while the ureterovaginal fistula gets better. * Temporary self-catheterisation: This drains your bladder while the vesicovaginal fistula heals.

• #2 Vaginal Fistula Treatments NYC | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/obgyn/services/fistula-care

  At Mount Sinai, our fistula experts are second to none in terms of surgical experience, patient care, and supportive services. We take a multidisciplinary and individualized approach to fistula care. […] We diagnose a rectovaginal fistula through a vaginal and rectal exam. If we need more information to be certain, we conduct a barium enema or CAT scan with oral and rectal contrast. […] We treat rectovaginal fistula by performing a multi-layer repair of the area between the rectum and the vagina. Most women have enough tissue in this area that we can place multiple layers between the previous defects in the rectum and the vagina to ensure that the fistula does not return. […] We treat vesicovaginal fistulas through a minimally invasive procedure, entering through the vagina. We either surgically remove the connection between the bladder and vagina by sealing the two organs separately or by closing off the connection at the very top of the vagina. […] Occasionally, we may need to perform the minimally invasive procedure through your belly. We usually perform this laparoscopic procedure by making tiny incisions in the belly and placing a small camera and instruments through them. For complicated cases, we may use robotics to aid in the repair.

• #2

  https://care24.co.in/nursing/fistula/

  Our nurses are experienced in providing a complete range of nursing care specializations, including nursing care for Fistula: […] Caring and dressing wounds. […] The place for a fistula is around the anus and so requires a proper nursing care plan for fistula. […] Call a physician in case you have any of these symptoms to formulate and implement a successful nursing care plan for fistula in ano. […] Hence even after recovery, it could be more difficult to control your bowels although she will try to not hurt them. […] As per the AV fistula nursing care plan, the AV fistula should mature for many months or weeks before it may be properly used for haemodialysis, therefore following its surgically made, your physician will ask you to focus on strengthening it. […] As per our Arteriovenous fistula nursing care, Its vital that you keep it tidy as soon as your AV fistula is sufficiently strong to be used for hemodialysis. […] Most commonly for people who have recently started their dialysis, we provide AV fistula assessment nursing. […] We even provide tracheoesophageal fistula nursing care and arteriovenous fistula nursing care.

• #2 Vesicovaginal and Ureterovaginal Fistula Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Therapy, Preoperative Details

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/452934-treatment

  If ureteral reimplantation is necessary, dissect out the ureter prior to fistulectomy. Reimplant the ureter in the upper bladder wall after the fistula is closed with or without adjunct procedures such as a psoas hitch or boari flap. The ureter should be stented postoperatively. […] Continue intravenous antibiotics for at least 24 hours perioperatively. To prevent bladder spasms, prescribe anticholinergics or beta adrenergic medications. […] Many surgeons choose to keep a urethral catheter in place for 2-3 weeks and any stent for a ureterovaginal fistula repair in place for 4-6 weeks. […] Potential complications associated with repairing large vesicovaginal and ureterovaginal fistulae include the development of transient vesicoureteral reflux or de novo detrusor instability. […] If a large fistula is present, the nearby ureteral orifice is at risk of becoming obstructed during the repair. If this is the case, the ureter must be reimplanted during the initial operation.

• #2 Vaginal Fistula | CommonSpirit Health

  https://www.commonspirit.org/conditions-treatments/vaginal-fistula

  A vaginal fistula is usually painless. But a fistula lets urine or feces pass into your vagina. This is called incontinence. And it can cause soiling problems that you cannot control. […] If you have a vaginal fistula, you will most likely need surgery to repair it. Before surgery, your doctor will see whether the tissue is healthy or needs to heal first. […] After fistula repair surgery, be sure to follow your doctor’s instructions. See your doctor right away if you have signs of infection, such as a fever, tenderness, swelling, or redness. […] If you need surgery, follow your doctor’s instructions on how to prepare. Take medicines as prescribed. To relieve pain and prevent irritation, keep your vulva clean. Wash with plain water or with mild, unscented soap. Don’t douche. Try using pads for any urine or stool leakage. After surgery, follow instructions for care at home.

• #2 Vaginal Fistula: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/womens/urogynecology/vaginal-fistula/treatment

  A vaginal fistula is an irregular opening in the vagina that connects to another organ, such as your bladder, colon, urethra, or rectum. […] NewYork-Presbyterian understands the importance of treating vaginal fistulas with the utmost sensitivity and provides top-notch surgical and non-surgical treatment options. […] Fistula treatment options often depend on the type of fistula and its size. Some small fistulas may be able to heal with the help of conservative medical treatments, including: […] Most vaginal fistulas require surgery in order to repair the irregular opening. The majority of these surgeries have positive outcomes. […] In order to close the abnormal opening, fistula surgery may be the only course of action. Your doctor will determine which type of surgery is best based on the type of fistula and your symptoms.

• #2 Genitourinary and Rectovaginal Fistulas – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/obgyn/urogynecology/genitourinary-rectovaginal-fistulas

  Effective fistula treatment requires advanced care with an experienced team of specialized urogynecologic surgeons. At the University of Chicago Medicine, our experts will design a personalized plan to repair your fistula and improve your quality of life. […] Fistulas do not usually heal on their own. In most cases, surgery is needed to correct the problem and should only be performed by a urogynecologic surgeon with specialized training in fistula repair. […] Fistula repair surgery involves removing the fistula tract and repairing affected organs so they are no longer connected. It can be successfully performed using minimally invasive techniques (laparoscopic, robotic and through the vagina) to enhance healing and recovery. Whenever possible, treatment of the underlying cause of the fistula should occur before surgery to maximize its success.

• #2 Vesicovaginal and Ureterovaginal Fistula Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Therapy, Preoperative Details

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/452934-treatment

  The presence of an active vaginal infection or persistent inflammatory or malignant process at the fistula site is a contraindication to surgical repair. […] Use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as both a novel primary treatment for closure of vesicovaginal fistula and as an adjuvant treatment to improve surgical wound healing have shown promising outcomes in reported cases and small series. […] The main goal in correcting vesicovaginal fistula is to separate the fistulous communication between the bladder and the vagina. This can be accomplished by inserting interposing tissue between the 2 organs and obtaining a watertight tension-free closure. […] Persistent incontinence after an adequate period of watchful waiting requires open exploration and formal fistula repair. […] A history of previous failed repairs does not preclude transvaginal reconstruction.

• #2 Vaginal Fistula – Health Information Library | PeaceHealth

  https://www.peacehealth.org/medical-topics/id/tn10138

  A vaginal fistula is usually painless. But a fistula lets urine or feces pass into your vagina. This is called incontinence. And it can cause soiling problems that you cannot control. […] If you have a vaginal fistula, you will most likely need surgery to repair it. Before surgery, your doctor will see whether the tissue is healthy or needs to heal first. […] After fistula repair surgery, be sure to follow your doctor’s instructions. See your doctor right away if you have signs of infection, such as a fever, tenderness, swelling, or redness.

• #2 Vaginal Fistula: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/womens/urogynecology/vaginal-fistula/treatment

  Surgical procedures for vaginal fistulas have a high success rate. The majority of patients make a full recovery and find relief from symptoms. […] Here at NewYork-Presbyterian, we know how distressing vaginal fistulas and other pelvic floor issues can be. Our Columbia and Weill Cornell physicians are experts in urogynecology and take a multidisciplinary, individualized approach to fistula care.

• #2 Vaginal Fistula Repair | Types, Causes, Symptoms and TreatmentsTikTok

  https://www.ibihealthcare.com/womens-health/vaginal-fistula/

  As with any surgery, there is a small amount of risk. […] This will depend on the extent of the surgery required. […] If it is a simple closure of the fistula, your recovery will not take long although you may require a catheter for up to three weeks. […] If the surgery is more extensive, you may require more downtime to fully recovery. […] Look for highly trained surgeons who have accumulated years of expertise. […] That will help you feel secure knowing you are in the hands of a surgeon who is rigorously trained in your procedure.

• #2

  https://umiamihealth.org/en/treatments-and-services/urology/fistulas

  Our doctors specialize in womens health. You get individual attention and treatment thats customized to your needs, with personal attention from trained, compassionate experts who understand womens needs. […] Your doctor works with a team of specialists to give you complete care. You can be confident youre working with a highly trained team thats focused on womens health.

• #3 Vaginal Fistula Ocala, FL

  https://ocalaflwomenshealth.com/womens-health/healthwise?DOCHWID=tn10138

  A vaginal fistula starts with some kind of tissue damage. After days to years of tissue breakdown, a fistula opens up. […] If you have a vaginal fistula, you will most likely need surgery to repair it. Before surgery, your doctor will see whether the tissue is healthy or needs to heal first. […] After fistula repair surgery, be sure to follow your doctor’s instructions. See your doctor right away if you have signs of infection, such as a fever, tenderness, swelling, or redness.

• #3 Fistulas | Urogynecologist | Pelvic Reconstruction Surgery | Transgender Care | Dr. Olivia Chang | UCI Urology

  https://oliviachangmd.com/conditions/fistulas/

  A fistula is an abnormal connection between two organs or vessels. A fistula can form between an intestine and the skin, between the vagina and the rectum, and in the urinary tract. […] Patients with a fistula may experience the following symptoms: […] Urine leakage from the vagina […] Recurrent vaginal infections […] Leakages of gas and/or feces into the vagina […] Fluid drainage from the vagina […] Pain during sexual intercourse […] Foul-smelling vaginal discharge. […] A rectovaginal fistula may be diagnosed with the following tests: […] Other tests, such as a colonoscopy or biopsy. […] Surgical treatment for fistulas include: […] Vesicovaginal fistulas can only be addressed with surgery to close the opening. In some cases, patients may need additional procedures to address the underlying cause of the problem, such as damage to the bladder. […] A rectovaginal fistula may be treated with medication, such as antibiotics to address an infection and infliximab to reduce inflammation. Surgical options include: […] Repairing the anal sphincter muscles.

• #3 Vaginal Fistula Treatments NYC | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/obgyn/services/fistula-care

  At Mount Sinai, our fistula experts are second to none in terms of surgical experience, patient care, and supportive services. We take a multidisciplinary and individualized approach to fistula care. […] We diagnose a rectovaginal fistula through a vaginal and rectal exam. If we need more information to be certain, we conduct a barium enema or CAT scan with oral and rectal contrast. […] We treat rectovaginal fistula by performing a multi-layer repair of the area between the rectum and the vagina. Most women have enough tissue in this area that we can place multiple layers between the previous defects in the rectum and the vagina to ensure that the fistula does not return. […] We treat vesicovaginal fistulas through a minimally invasive procedure, entering through the vagina. We either surgically remove the connection between the bladder and vagina by sealing the two organs separately or by closing off the connection at the very top of the vagina. […] Occasionally, we may need to perform the minimally invasive procedure through your belly. We usually perform this laparoscopic procedure by making tiny incisions in the belly and placing a small camera and instruments through them. For complicated cases, we may use robotics to aid in the repair.

• #3 Genitourinary and Rectovaginal Fistulas – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/obgyn/urogynecology/genitourinary-rectovaginal-fistulas

  At UChicago Medicine, our fellowship-trained urogynecologic surgeons are experts in fistula repair. The Center for Pelvic Health also brings together experts from multiple specialties, including urogynecology, colorectal surgery, urology and radiology to provide coordinated care for our patients who have more complicated cases requiring a multidisciplinary approach.

• #4 Vaginal fistula: Know all about causes, signs and treatment | HealthShots

  https://www.healthshots.com/preventive-care/reproductive-care/vaginal-fistula-know-all-about-causes-signs-and-treatment/

  More than 50,000 women worldwide develop a vaginal fistula every year, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). […] The fistula is a serious and often destructive medical condition. […] Vaginal care is important. […] Vaginal fistula symptoms that occur when the opening is between the vagina and the urinary system organs: * Urinary incontinence * Constant urine leakage * Painful intercourse * Skin irritation to your vagina * Abdominal pain * Nausea or vomiting * Foul-smelling vaginal discharge * Vaginal or rectal bleeding * Painful intercourse * Recurrent vaginal infections, kidney infections, or UTIs Treatment of Vaginal Fistula […] Based on the diagnosis of the fistula type, appropriate treatment is given. Following are some treatments: * Antibiotics: For infections and/or bowel disorders. * Ureteral stents: Also called kidney stents, ureteral stents keep your ureters open while the ureterovaginal fistula gets better. * Temporary self-catheterisation: This drains your bladder while the vesicovaginal fistula heals.

• #5 OBSTETRIC/VAGINAL FISTULA – Nurses Revision

  https://nursesrevisionuganda.com/obstetric-vaginal-fistula/

  Vaginal Fistula is an abnormal communication (opening) of the vagina and the neighbouring -pelvic organs as a result of obstetrical causes e.g. delivery. […] A fistula is an abnormal communication between two or more epithelial surfaces. […] Vesicovaginal fistula or VVF is an abnormal fistulous tract extending between the bladder (vesico) and the vagina that allows the continuous involuntary discharge of urine into the vaginal vault. […] If the woman is very ill and the fistula is small and does not involve the urethra: she can be managed conservatively while treating the cause of the illness. […] Small vesico-vaginal fistulas can often be repaired with a high chance of success. A catheter is passed into the bladder and left in place for several days to keep the bladder empty while the tissues heal.

• #6 Fistulas | Urogynecologist | Pelvic Reconstruction Surgery | Transgender Care | Dr. Olivia Chang | UCI Urology

  https://oliviachangmd.com/conditions/fistulas/

  A fistula is an abnormal connection between two organs or vessels. A fistula can form between an intestine and the skin, between the vagina and the rectum, and in the urinary tract. […] Patients with a fistula may experience the following symptoms: […] Urine leakage from the vagina […] Recurrent vaginal infections […] Leakages of gas and/or feces into the vagina […] Fluid drainage from the vagina […] Pain during sexual intercourse […] Foul-smelling vaginal discharge. […] A rectovaginal fistula may be diagnosed with the following tests: […] Other tests, such as a colonoscopy or biopsy. […] Surgical treatment for fistulas include: […] Vesicovaginal fistulas can only be addressed with surgery to close the opening. In some cases, patients may need additional procedures to address the underlying cause of the problem, such as damage to the bladder. […] A rectovaginal fistula may be treated with medication, such as antibiotics to address an infection and infliximab to reduce inflammation. Surgical options include: […] Repairing the anal sphincter muscles.

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