Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Low White Blood Cell Count (Leukopenia): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17706-low-white-blood-cell-count

  Leukopenia (low white blood cell count) happens when you have a lower-than-normal number of white blood cells. Specifically, you have fewer neutrophils than normal. Neutrophils are white blood cells that act as your immune systems first line of defense. Without enough white blood cells, youre more vulnerable to developing infections. […] A white blood cell count thats less than 4,000 cells per microliter of blood is a low white blood cell count. Normal white blood cell counts vary depending on age and sex. […] Healthcare providers diagnose leukopenia by doing complete blood counts (CBCs). They may do additional tests if they think you may have an infection. […] Healthcare providers treat the underlying cause. For example, if you have leukopenia because you have an infection, they may use antibiotics or antiviral drugs to fight the infection.

• #2 Low White Blood Cell Count: Causes and Solutions

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/white-blood-cell-count-low

  A blood test that shows a WBC count of less than 4,000 per microliter (some labs say less than 4,500) could mean your body may not be able to fight infection the way it should. A low number is called leukopenia or neutropenia. Leukopenia can either be acute or chronic. […] Your doctor may order a WBC test if you come to see them with certain health problems. A technician will draw your blood and send it to a lab for a complete blood count, or CBC. […] If there’s no clear reason for a low WBC count, your doctor will probably want to do the test again or do a differential or diff along with the CBC. […] If you have a low WBC count, most of the time it’s nothing to worry about. However, if your count is below 4,000 per microliter, you have neutropenia, aka leukopenia, and you’ll need treatment. Treatment depends on the reason for the low WBC but generally involves giving antibiotics to fight any infections you might have. In some cases, you may need a bone marrow transplant or drugs to stimulate the production of neutrophils in your bone marrow.

• #3 White Blood Count (WBC): How to Read the Test Results | Ada

  https://ada.com/white-blood-cell-count/

  A low white blood cell count can indicate conditions including infections, inflammation, certain cancers, HIV/AIDS, and others, making it an important diagnostic test. […] The threshold for a low white blood cell count (leukopenia) varies between individuals and cases but is generally considered to be anything lower than 4,000 white blood cells per l of blood in an adult. […] A low white blood cell count may cause symptoms such as fever, chills, headache and bodyache. […] If you are experiencing symptoms that may be related to a low white blood cell count or one of the underlying conditions associated with it, begin your personal health assessment with the Ada app now.

• #4 Low white blood cell count (neutropenia) | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/treatments/side-effects/low-white-blood-cell-count

  Neutropenia and leukopenia are terms used to refer to lowered numbers of white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood. WBCs help the body fight infection and disease. When WBC counts are low, there is a higher risk of infection. Not every person receiving cancer treatment will experience neutropenia or leukopenia, but many do. […] A person has leukopenia when the total WBC count is less than 3.0 x 10 9/ L. A person has neutropenia when the ANC is less than 1.9 x 10 9/ L. The neutrophil count usually decreases with the WBC count, but it is possible to have a normal WBC count and still have neutropenia. […] Leukopenia or neutropenia are usually diagnosed by a complete blood count (CBC). You may also need to have bone marrow aspiration and biopsy to find the cause of leukopenia or neutropenia. […] If the healthcare team thinks you have an infection, they will: ask you about symptoms, medicines and treatments, do a physical exam, take your temperature.

• #5 Normal and Abnormal Complete Blood Count With Differential – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK604207/

  The complete blood count (CBC) is one of the most commonly performed laboratory investigations in medicine and provides information regarding circulating blood cell size and quantity. […] The standard CBC includes a measured red cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Hct), calculated red cell indices, a platelet count, and a white cell count (WBC). […] Leukopenia is defined as a low WBC and may be due to reduced production, increased utilization, or increased destruction of white blood cells. […] Identification of a WBC abnormality is followed by an assessment of the white cell differential to identify which white blood cell types are affected. […] The normal reference interval in adults is usually 4500 to 11000 cells/L.

• #6

  https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/medical-tests/wbc-count

  A low number of WBCs is called leukopenia. A count less than 4,500 cells per microliter (4.5 109/L) is below normal. […] A lower than normal WBC count may be due to: Bone marrow deficiency or failure (for example, due to infection, tumor, or abnormal scarring), Cancer treating drugs, or other medicines, Certain autoimmune disorders such as lupus (SLE), Disease of the liver or spleen, Radiation treatment for cancer, Certain viral illnesses, such as mononucleosis (mono), Cancers that damage the bone marrow, Very severe bacterial infections, Severe emotional or physical stress (such as from an injury or surgery), An ethnic/genetic trait (not uncommon in African Americans).

• #7 Blood differential test Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/tests/blood-differential-test

  The blood differential test measures the percentage of each type of white blood cell (WBC) that you have in your blood. It also reveals if there are any abnormal or immature cells. […] This test is done to diagnose an infection, anemia, or leukemia. It may also be used to monitor one of these conditions or to see if treatment is working. […] Abnormal or immature white blood cells may indicate leukemia or bone marrow invasion by cancer or infection. […] A decreased percentage of neutrophils may be due to: Aplastic anemia, Chemotherapy, Influenza (flu), Radiation therapy or exposure, Viral infection, Widespread severe bacterial infection (sepsis). […] A decreased percentage of lymphocytes may be due to: Chemotherapy, HIV/AIDS infection, Leukemia, Radiation therapy or exposure, Sepsis (severe, inflammatory response to bacteria or other germs), Steroid use. […] A decreased percentage of basophils may be due to: Acute infection, Cancer, Severe injury.

• #8 Differential Blood Count: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2085133-overview

  A differential blood count gives the relative percentage of each type of white blood cell and also helps to reveal abnormal white blood cell populations (eg, blasts, immature granulocytes, and circulating lymphoma cells in the peripheral blood). […] Differential blood count is also used along with leukocyte count (WBC) to generate an absolute value for each type of white blood cells (eg, absolute neutrophil count, absolute lymphocyte count, or absolute eosinophil count), which usually gives more meaningful information than the percentage of each, since relative percentage can be misleading. […] Differential blood count is not a part of complete blood count (CBC) but is interpreted together with CBC to help support or exclude a suspected diagnosis. For example, the presence of anemia along with thrombocytopenia with a low or high white blood cell count may suggest bone marrow involvement by leukemia.

• #9 Leukocyte Count (WBC): Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2054452-overview

  A white blood cell (WBC) count of less than 4 x 109/L indicates leukopenia. […] Decreased WBC count, leukopenia, is seen when supply is depleted by infection or treatment such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or when a hematopoietic stem cell abnormality does not allow normal growth/maturation within the bone marrow, such as myelodysplastic syndrome or leukemia. […] Leukopenia (decrease in WBC) is most often due to a lower number of neutrophils, referred to as neutropenia. Characteristically, the neutrophil count is less than 1.5 x 109/L. […] The peripheral blood white blood cell count (WBC) and differential count are used to assess the body’s response to certain benign conditions such as acute and chronic infections, inflammatory conditions, allergic reactions, and immunodeficiency states and various hematologic malignancies such as leukemias and lymphomas. […] It is also used to monitor the response to chemotherapy, growth factors, and immunosuppressive therapies.

• #10 Low White Blood Cell Counts | Neutropenia | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/side-effects/low-blood-counts/neutropenia.html

  People with a low white blood cell count have a condition called neutropenia. […] How is neutropenia diagnosed? […] If you are getting medicine or other treatments that often cause neutropenia, your cancer care team might check your white blood cell counts with blood tests. […] Neutropenia itself doesn’t usually cause any signs or symptoms. […] Blood tests such as complete blood count with differential (CBC with diff), complete metabolic panel (CMP), and blood cultures to check your organs and levels of vitamins and minerals. […] Managing neutropenia depends on the cause. But if you have signs of an infection and have a low WBC count, you might be started on a treatment before they know what is causing it. […] Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) is the number (instead of the percentage) of neutrophils you have in a certain amount of blood.

• #10 Low White Blood Cell Counts | Neutropenia | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/side-effects/low-blood-counts/neutropenia.html

  You might also hear the word nadir when your cancer care team is talking about your blood counts or ANC. When the number of white blood cells goes down because of cancer treatments (especially chemotherapy), the very lowest number is called the nadir. […] The nadir usually occurs about 7 to 10 days after getting chemo. This is when a person is most at risk for a severe infection.

• #11 Low white blood cell count

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/low-white-blood-cell-count/basics/when-to-see-doctor/sym-20050615

  A test a health care provider orders to diagnose a condition can reveal a low white blood cell count. A low white blood cell count is rarely found by chance. […] Talk to your care provider about what your results mean. A low white blood cell count plus results from other tests might show the cause of your illness. Or you might need other tests for more information about your condition. […] A very low white blood cell count over time means you can get infections easily.

• #12 Low White Blood Cell Count | Its Impact On Your Health | LLS

  https://www.lls.org/treatment/lab-and-imaging-tests/understanding-blood-counts

  Blood cell counts give your doctor important clues about the state of your health before, during and after treatment. Blood counts alone can’t determine whether you have a blood cancer, but they can alert your doctor if further testing is needed. […] If you have low white cell counts and develop a fever, you’ll know to contact your doctor promptly. […] Blood cancers can affect blood cell counts in a number of ways, either lowering or increasing measurements. If you’re currently receiving cancer treatment such as chemotherapy, drug therapy or radiation, your blood counts will be affected. Blood counts usually return to normal after treatment is complete.

• #13 Low blood cell counts | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/treatments/side-effects/low-blood-cell-counts

  When the bone marrow doesnt make normal numbers of blood cells it is called bone marrow suppression or myelosuppression. […] Low blood cell counts can cause delays in treatment, changes in treatment and unscheduled trips to the hospital. Your healthcare team will frequently check your blood cell counts. […] A low white blood cell count is called neutropenia or leukopenia. It can cause: a greater risk of infection, fever and chills if an infection is present. […] Your doctor will try to find the cause of low blood cell counts. You may need to have the following tests. A complete blood count (CBC) measures the levels of blood cells. It is done before treatment starts to provide a baseline to compare blood test results done during and after treatment. CBCs are often done throughout treatment to check for low blood cell counts. […] Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy is a procedure in which a small amount of bone marrow and bone is removed and looked at under a microscope. This test may be done to find the cause of low blood cell counts if they are low for a long period of time.

• #14 Quick Facts:Low White Blood Cell Count – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/quick-facts-blood-disorders/white-blood-cell-disorders/low-white-blood-cell-count

  A low white blood cell count is an unusually low number of one or more kinds of white blood cells. […] Doctors may do blood tests and bone marrow tests to see why your white blood cell count is low. […] Doctors can tell you have a low white blood cell count by doing a routine complete blood count (CBC). […] If the cause isn’t clear, doctors may do: Blood, urine, and imaging tests looking for infection. […] Bone marrow biopsy (removing some bone marrow with a needle to do tests on it). […] Doctors treat a low white blood cell count using: Antibiotics to treat any infections. […] Medicines that cause your body to make more white blood cells. […] Treatment for any diseases that may be causing the count to be low.

• #15 Low white blood cell count (neutropenia) | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/treatments/side-effects/low-white-blood-cell-count

  They will also order blood or urine tests or collect samples from any other possible site of infection. Samples are sent to a laboratory for culture and sensitivity (CS) tests. CS tests determine the type of micro-organism causing the infection (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa or parasites). Knowing the cause of an infection helps the healthcare team decide on the best treatment option.

• #16 Leukopenia: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/leukopenia

  Leukopenia is a low white blood cell count. […] Generally speaking, when WBC numbers fall below these reference ranges, you have leukopenia. Your doctor will order additional tests to determine whats leading to your low WBC levels. […] A complete blood count (CBC) is one of the first tests thats used to help diagnose leukopenia. This test will inform your doctor about the levels of WBCs, red blood cells, and platelets in your blood. […] Once your WBC count is deemed low, your doctor will order other tests to help determine the cause of your condition. […] Treatment for leukopenia depends on which type of WBC is low and whats causing it to be so. […] If you have an underlying health condition thats causing leukopenia, such as lupus or sarcoidosis, your doctor will develop a treatment plan to manage it. This can help to return your WBCs to typical levels. […] Depending on the cause, leukopenia can be treated in several ways.

• #17 White Blood Cell Count: Normal, High, and Low Counts

  https://www.healthline.com/health/wbc-count

  A white blood cell (WBC) count is a test that measures the number of white blood cells in your body. […] A white blood cell count can detect hidden infections within your body and alert doctors to undiagnosed medical conditions, such as: autoimmune diseases, immune deficiencies, blood disorders. […] A normal white blood cell count can mean your immune system is functioning as it should. […] If your test results are abnormal, it may mean that your numbers are higher or lower than the normal range. […] Leukopenia is the medical term used to describe a low WBC count. It can result from: autoimmune disorders, bone marrow disorders or damage, lymphoma, severe infections, liver and spleen diseases, such as an enlarged spleen, lupus, radiation therapy, some medications, such as chemotherapy and antibiotics, alcoholism, malaria, AIDS.

• #18 Low White Blood Cell Count (Neutropenia): What it Means

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/low-white-blood-cell-count-5222890

  Diagnostic tests can identify the white blood cell count, as well as the cause of low white blood cells. A complete blood count (CBC) is a blood test that measures the number of white blood cells, as well as the number and proportion of each type of white blood cell. […] The cause of a low white blood cell count can be identified with other diagnostic tests as well. The specific testing depends on the signs, symptoms, and risk factors. For example, an HIV test can identify HIV as the cause, while a bone marrow biopsy can often identify blood cancer. […] Diagnostic tests are not usually needed to identify the cause of low white blood cells when there is a known cause, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Your white blood cell count may be monitored to identify whether it is too low or is recovering after treatment.

• #18 Low White Blood Cell Count (Neutropenia): What it Means

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/low-white-blood-cell-count-5222890

  A low white blood cell count (leukopenia) means your body has fewer white blood cells than normal, causing a weaker immune system. A blood test can help determine what is a dangerously low white blood cell count. In general, if the test shows you have less than 4,000 white blood cells per microliter of blood, it could indicate a disorder. […] If your test results flag your white blood cell count as low, it is important to discuss its significance with your healthcare provider. It may only be slightly under the normal range for the laboratory and not be a health concern for you. […] A very low white blood cell count could be a symptom of a more serious condition such as hepatitis or certain types of cancer. If your white blood cell count is very low, it is important to find the underlying cause so it can be treated.

• #19 Her White Blood Count Was Dangerously Low. Was Med School Still Safe? – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/18/magazine/neutropenia-diagnosis.html

  They would look for infections. They would check her levels of vitamins and minerals. And if all these were normal, the next step would be a bone-marrow biopsy. […] The results came back faster than she expected. […] There was no sign of leukemia or any of the other processes that could affect her body’s ability to make neutrophils. […] That meant that whatever was happening to those warrior cells was happening after they left the safety of the bone marrow and entered the bloodstream. […] Many medications can cause neutropenia. Some drugs destroy these fighter cells directly. Some trigger an immune response so that other parts of the body’s defense system mistake these cells for invading pathogens and attack them. […] If it were a reaction to a medication, then stopping it would allow the cell count to rebound, sometimes almost immediately. […] The answer was a resounding yes. Her neutrophils had doubled from their lowest point weeks earlier. […] After a few weeks, the patient decided to try a different version of the medication. […] But when her neutrophils dropped again, she stopped — this time, she figures, for good.

• #20 Leukopenia physician – Cancer Therapy Advisor

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/hematology/leukopenia-physician/

  Leukopenia is a general term referring to a reduced number of white blood cells in the peripheral blood. It is almost always due to a decrease in one subset of white blood cells. […] The definition of leukopenia varies, but in most laboratories the lower limit of a normal total white cell count is 3000/l to 4000/l. Neutropenia is defined as an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of less than 1500/l. […] Mild or chronic reductions in white blood cells can be benign and in the absence of alarming symptoms may not require further evaluation. However, new or severe leukopenia, especially neutropenia, especially when accompanied by any of the signs or symptoms described below, should prompt a thorough investigation. […] All patients with a low white blood cell count should have the following: Repeat complete blood count (CBC) to confirm the low white blood cell count (WBC) and assess the erythrocyte and platelet cell lines.

• #20 Leukopenia physician – Cancer Therapy Advisor

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/hematology/leukopenia-physician/

  Leukopenic patients who are acutely ill or unstable require aggressive evaluation and management to determine the cause of the leukopenia, as well as the source of any concurrent infection. […] Any patient with fever in the setting of an ANC less than 500/l or a steadily declining ANC less than 1000/l should be admitted to the hospital for expedited evaluation and intravenous antibiotics. […] Given the broad range of potential conditions that can give rise to leukopenia, prognosis cannot be determined until the underlying cause has been identified.

• #21 White Blood Cell Disorders | Blood Disorders

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  We offer the highest level of care for all types of white blood cell disorders. Our team provides diagnosis, treatment and support options customized just for you. […] At the UC Davis Division of Hematology and Oncology our experienced blood disorder doctors (hematologists) specialize in diagnosing and treating white blood cell disorders. No matter what white blood cell condition you have, we provide complete and compassionate care. […] White blood cell disorders occur when you have too many white blood cells (leukocytosis) or not enough white blood cells (leukopenia). […] Blood tests can diagnose a white blood cell disorder. Your provider may have you get a: […] If your blood tests show a high or low number of white blood cells, you may get a bone marrow biopsy. During this procedure, we remove a sample of your bone marrow tissue to look for abnormal blood cells. […] At UC Davis Health, our hematologists specialize in treating white blood cell conditions. We will work with you to create a treatment plan targeted toward your specific condition.

• #22 Chronic neutropenia | Immune Deficiency Foundation

  https://primaryimmune.org/understanding-primary-immunodeficiency/types-of-pi/chronic-neutropenia

  People with chronic neutropenia have low levels of white blood cells called neutrophils, and the condition is both a rare blood disorder and a rare type of primary immunodeficiency (PI). […] Chronic neutropenia can be diagnosed through a complete blood count (CBC) with differential, but a single low neutrophil count is not enough, neutrophil counts must be consistently low for more than three months. […] While CBC with differential can diagnose chronic neutropenia, CBC with differential cannot determine its cause. Diagnosing the cause of chronic neutropenia starts with a clinical history and hematology evaluation, which may include a bone marrow aspiration. […] Genetic testing is recommended for people with chronic neutropenia. Genetic testing for neutropenia may bring you one step closer to an accurate diagnosis and appropriate clinical management, help you make informed choices about your healthcare, learn the risk for your family members, find resources for your condition, and better understand your options for participating in clinical trial research on investigational therapies. […] According to a 2022 publication from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee, variants in more than 20 different genes can cause chronic neutropenia.

• #23 Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) | Diagnosing CML | LLS

  https://www.lls.org/leukemia/chronic-myeloid-leukemia/diagnosis

  Many people with CML do not have symptoms when diagnosed. The most common sign of CML is an abnormal white blood cell count often found during blood tests for an unrelated health problem or during a routine checkup. […] To diagnose CML, doctors use a variety of tests to analyze blood and bone marrow cells. […] The CBC should include a differential. The differential measures the different types of white blood cells in the sample. […] People with CML often have: An increased white blood cell count, often a very high level. […] The presence of the Ph chromosome in the bone marrow cells, along with a high white blood cell count and other characteristic blood and bone marrow test findings, confirm the diagnosis of CML. […] The qPCR test is the most sensitive test used to detect and measure the quantity of the BCR::ABL1 gene in blood or bone marrow samples.

• #24 White Blood Count (WBC): MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/white-blood-count-wbc/

  A white blood count measures the number of white blood cells (WBCs) in your blood. […] Other diseases can cause your body to make fewer white blood cells than you need. This lowers your white blood count. Diseases that can lower your white blood count include some types of cancer and HIV, a viral disease that attacks white blood cells. […] A white blood count is most often used to help diagnose or monitor disorders related to having a high white blood cell count or low white blood cell count. […] Disorders related to having a low white blood count include: Diseases of the immune system, such as HIV; Lymphoma, a cancer of the bone marrow; Diseases of the liver or spleen. […] A white blood count can show if the number of your white blood cells is too high or too low, but it can’t confirm a diagnosis. So it is usually done along with other tests to help confirm your diagnosis.

• #25 Complete Blood Count (CBC) : Johns Hopkins Lupus Center

  https://www.hopkinslupus.org/lupus-tests/screening-laboratory-tests/complete-blood-count-cbc/

  A complete blood count (CBC) is the most commonly performed lab test in the U.S. and is used to analyze red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. White blood cell counts can be low (leukopenia) due to lupus, immunosuppressive therapy, or the presence of a virus. […] Usually, your doctor will request that your white blood cell differential is also assessed as a part of your CBC. The white blood cell differential will measure whether these cells are present in your body in normal proportions, revealing information about certain deficiencies in your immune system. For example, both lupus and prednisone tend to lower an individuals lymphocyte count.

• #26 Why Is My White Blood Cell Count High?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/why_is_my_white_blood_cell_count_high/article.htm

  Some rare bone marrow conditions that cause a low white blood cell count include: Myelodysplastic syndromes, Myeloproliferative syndrome, Myelofibrosis. […] Autoimmune disorders: The immune system in some autoimmune disorders fails to differentiate between germs that attack the body and the body’s own cells such as the white blood cells. These conditions can cause your white blood cell count to become low. […] Problems with the spleen: Along with the bone marrow, the spleen also makes white blood cells. Inflammation of the spleen due to infections (such as malaria) and blood clots can lower your white blood cell count. […] The spleen also helps filter damaged blood cells from your system. If it becomes overactive (medically known as hypersplenism), it removes all types of blood cells, whether they are damaged or healthy, including the white blood cells from your body. This lowers your white blood cells count. […] Not eating well can result in vitamin deficiencies such as those of vitamin B12, folic acid/folate, copper, and zinc. These nutritional deficiencies can cause the white blood cell count to become low.

• #26 Why Is My White Blood Cell Count High?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/why_is_my_white_blood_cell_count_high/article.htm

  Your doctor will ask you to follow-up with another test to monitor the levels of the white blood cells. They can order further tests to find out the underlying cause of your leucopenia. […] Various conditions can cause your white blood cell count to become low. These include infectious conditions (most common): Viral infections, Tuberculosis, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). […] Disorders of the bone marrow: Bone marrow is the place where the production of white blood cells takes place. Conditions or situations that affect the bone marrow can lower your white blood cell count. […] Aplastic anemia (a disorder when your bone marrow stops making new blood cells), Exposure to certain chemicals such as benzene and pesticides, Chemotherapy (a cancer therapy that uses anticancer medications), Radiation (a cancer therapy that makes use of high-energy waves to destroy the cancerous cells), Bone marrow transplant.

• #27 White Blood Count (WBC): MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/white-blood-count-wbc/

  Conditions that may cause a low white blood count, also called leukopenia, include: Bone marrow damage. This may be caused by infection, disease, or treatments such as chemotherapy; Cancers that affect the bone marrow; An autoimmune disorder, such as lupus; HIV. […] If you are already being treated for a white blood cell disorder, your results may show if your treatment is working or whether your condition has improved.

• #28 Low blood count: what is it, symptoms and treatment | Top Doctors

  https://www.topdoctors.co.uk/medical-dictionary/low-blood-count

  When an individual is told that they have a low blood count, which is often referred to as cytopenia in medical terms, what it simply means is that they have fewer white blood cells in the body than what is typically considered to be normal. […] Symptoms of a low white blood cell count can most typically include: fever, headache, body aches. […] In the case of a white blood cell count, possible causes include: medications such as anti-psychotic drugs, antibiotics, or medication for overactive thyroid, infections such as HIV or hepatitis, cancers such as leukaemia, cancer treatment such as radiotherapy or chemotherapy, autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency. […] A low blood count is diagnosed using a test called a full blood count, where your blood levels are compared with the population average.

• #28 Low blood count: what is it, symptoms and treatment | Top Doctors

  https://www.topdoctors.co.uk/medical-dictionary/low-blood-count

  If the doctor has detected a low blood count, it is likely that you will be referred to a haematologist for more tests to reach a diagnosis, and more specifically, to look for an infection or inflammation. […] Treatment will depend on the underlying condition found, but in the case of a low white blood cell count, you may be given treatment to boost your white cells to help you fight off disease.

• #29 Diagnosing Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  During a bone marrow aspiration, your doctor uses a needle to withdraw liquid and tissue from bone marrow in the back of the pelvis. […] Doctors may perform a lumbar puncture if they suspect you have a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that could spread to the cerebrospinal fluid, which surrounds the spine and brain. […] Our doctors may use a series of imaging tests to determine how far within the body non-Hodgkin lymphoma has spread.

• #30 Low White Blood Cell Count Tips

  https://www.virginiacancer.com/treatment-tips/low-white-blood-cell-count/

  Neutropenia is a low level of white blood cells. […] Patients receiving a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy are at greater risk for neutropenia. […] Your white blood cell count will be checked periodically throughout the course of your treatments. Any time that your white blood cell count drops below 1,000 per mm3, you will be considered neutropenic. […] If your white blood cell count drops to 1,000 per mm3 or below, you are considered to be neutropenic. Until your count rises, it will be necessary for you to take additional measures to further decrease your risk for infection. […] One growth factor stimulates the growth of white blood cells and is used frequently with cancer patients, especially those receiving chemotherapy and radiation therapy. By increasing your body’s production of white blood cells, this growth factor can decrease your risk of developing an infection.

• #30 Low White Blood Cell Count Tips

  https://www.virginiacancer.com/treatment-tips/low-white-blood-cell-count/

  If you develop an infection, your doctor will order medications to treat the infection. Depending on the cause and severity of the infection, the medications may be given either by mouth or through a vein using an intravenous (IV) catheter. […] If necessary, your oncologist may decide to delay further treatments until your white blood cell count has returned to normal levels and/or you are free of infection.

• #31 Leukopenia | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/leukopenia

  Leukopenia, also known as neutropenia or low white blood cell count, is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally low level of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the blood, measured at fewer than approximately 4.0 10^9 cells per liter. […] Diagnosis is typically confirmed through a blood test. […] Leukopenia is defined as a leukocyte count less than approximately 4.0 109 per liter. Mild leukopenia is defined as a leukocyte count of 1.0 to 2.0 109 per liter, and severe leukopenia is defined as a leukocyte count of less than 0.5 109 per liter. A blood test determines leukopenia. […] Most patients with leukopenia receive hematopoietic growth factors, such as filgrastim (Neupoegen), pegfilgrastim (Neulasta), or sargramostim (Leukine) to increase the number of circulating white blood cells. […] Left untreated, the patient is at risk for severe and possibly life-threatening infections.

• #32 Low white blood cell count and cancer: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000675.htm

  White blood cells (WBCs) fight infections from bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other germs. One important type of WBC is the neutrophil. These cells are made in the bone marrow and travel in the blood throughout the body. They sense infections, gather at sites of infection, and destroy the germs. […] When the body has too few neutrophils, the condition is called neutropenia. This makes it harder for the body to fight off infection, and a person is more likely to get sick. In general, an adult who has fewer than 1,000 neutrophils in a microliter of blood has neutropenia. […] If the neutrophil count is very low, fewer than 500 neutrophils in a microliter of blood, it is called severe neutropenia. When the neutrophil count gets this low, even the bacteria normally living in a person’s mouth, skin, and gut can cause serious infections.

• #32 Low white blood cell count and cancer: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000675.htm

  A person with cancer can develop a low WBC count from the cancer or from treatment for the cancer. Cancer may be in the bone marrow, causing fewer neutrophils to be made. The WBC count can also go down when cancer is treated with chemotherapy drugs, which slow bone marrow production of healthy WBCs. […] When your blood is tested, ask for your WBC count and specifically, your neutrophil count. If your counts are low, do what you can to prevent infections. Know the signs of infection and what to do if you have them.

• #33 Low Blood Counts – Chemocare

  https://chemocare.com/sideeffect/low-blood-counts

  Low white blood cell count (low WBC) is a decrease in the total number of white blood cells, which may lead to low white blood cell count. […] White blood cells fight infection. The white blood count (WBC) is part of a complete blood count (CBC) that is used to check your blood counts. […] When you have a low white blood cell count there is an increased risk of infection. The level of risk depends on several factors: […] One measure of risk is the absolute neutrophil count (ANC). […] Risk of Infection based on Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC): ANC greater than 1500: No increased risk of infection. […] When your white blood cell count is low you may NOT have the usual signs and symptoms when developing an infection such as: […] Therefore, it is extremely important to be alert to any change in how you feel and report and discuss what you are feeling with your doctor or nurse. […] Your doctor or health care provider may prescribe or suggest to treat low white blood cell count: […] The following medications may be given after each cycle of chemotherapy to prevent your white blood cells from falling too low and/or for too long.

• #34

  https://bpac.org.nz/Supplement/2008/May/complete-blood-count.aspx

  In routine clinical practice the most frequent cause of a low neutrophil count is overt or occult viral infection, including viral hepatitis. […] A low neutrophil count is often discovered in some people as an incidental finding in the CBC result. The patient is generally asymptomatic and the clinical examination is unremarkable. […] The risk of significant bacterial infection rises as the neutrophil count drops below 1.0 x 109/L, but is most marked as the count falls below 0.5 x 109/L. […] If the neutropenia persists for more than 6 weeks further investigation is indicated. […] Neutrophils are the primary white blood cells that respond to a bacterial infection. The most common cause of marked neutrophilia is a bacterial infection. […] Neutrophils will frequently be increased in any acute inflammation, therefore will often be raised after a heart attack, or other infarct and necrosis.

• #35 Low white blood cell count

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/low-white-blood-cell-count/basics/causes/sym-20050615

  White blood cells are made in bone marrow the spongy tissue inside some of the larger bones. Conditions that affect the bone marrow are the usual causes of low white blood cell count. […] Causes of a low white blood cell count include: Aplastic anemia, Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Epstein-Barr virus infection, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS, Infections, Leukemia, Lupus, Rheumatoid arthritis, Malaria, Malnutrition and lack of certain vitamins, Medications, such as antibiotics, Sarcoidosis, Sepsis (an overwhelming bloodstream infection), Tuberculosis. […] Work with your doctor or other health care professional for an accurate diagnosis.

• #36 Blood differential test

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/medical-tests/blood-differential-test

  The blood differential test measures the percentage of each type of white blood cell (WBC) that you have in your blood. […] This test is done to diagnose an infection, anemia, or leukemia. It may also be used to monitor one of these conditions or to see if treatment is working. […] Abnormal or immature white blood cells may indicate leukemia or bone marrow invasion by cancer or infection. […] It is important to realize that an abnormal increase in one type of white blood cell can cause a decrease in the percentage of other types of white blood cells. […] A decreased percentage of neutrophils may be due to: Aplastic anemia, Chemotherapy, Influenza (flu), Radiation therapy or exposure, Viral infection, Widespread severe bacterial infection (sepsis). […] A decreased percentage of lymphocytes may be due to: Chemotherapy, HIV/AIDS infection, Leukemia, Radiation therapy or exposure, Sepsis (severe, inflammatory response to bacteria or other germs), Steroid use. […] A decreased percentage of basophils may be due to: Acute infection, Cancer, Severe injury.

• #37 Neutropenia – Blood Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/blood-disorders/white-blood-cell-disorders/neutropenia

  Neutropenia is an abnormally low number of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) in the blood. […] A blood sample is used to make the diagnosis of neutropenia, and a sample of bone marrow may be needed if the cause is not apparent. […] When people have frequent or unusual infections or if people are taking medications known to cause neutropenia, doctors order a blood test (complete blood count) to make the diagnosis. A low neutrophil count indicates neutropenia. […] Doctors ask about medication or toxin exposures and look for infections or other disorders that can cause the neutropenia. […] The most important thing is to treat any infection that is found. In people with severe neutropenia, infections can rapidly become serious or fatal.

• #38 Clinical associations with a polygenic predisposition to benign lower white blood cell counts | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47804-5

  Polygenic variation unrelated to disease contributes to interindividual variation in baseline white blood cell (WBC) counts, but its clinical significance is uncharacterized. […] A predisposition to lower WBC counts was associated with a decreased risk of identifying pathology on a bone marrow biopsy performed for a low WBC count (odds-ratio=0.55 per standard deviation increase in PGSWBC [95%CI, 0.300.94], p=0.04), an increased risk of leukopenia (a low WBC count) when treated with a chemotherapeutic (n=1724, hazard ratio [HR]=0.78 [0.690.88], p=4.0105) or immunosuppressant (n=354, HR=0.61 [0.380.99], p=0.04). […] A predisposition to benign lower WBC counts was associated with an increased risk of discontinuing azathioprine treatment (n=1,466, HR=0.62 [0.440.87], p=0.006). […] A genetic predisposition toward benign lower WBC counts can impact clinical care.

• #38 Clinical associations with a polygenic predisposition to benign lower white blood cell counts | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47804-5

  These actions are driven, in part, by the use of WBC count reference ranges that are not calibrated to this genotype. […] In sum, a polygenic predisposition toward lower WBC counts was associated with an increased likelihood of having a bone marrow biopsy that was performed to investigate a low WBC count and a reduced likelihood of identifying pathology on the biopsy. […] A polygenic predisposition toward lower WBC counts was associated with an increased likelihood of having ICD codes for drug toxicity related to a low WBC count, developing leukopenia with treatment, and medication discontinuation.

• #39 it-inline-white

  https://www.insidetracker.com/a/articles/what-does-a-low-white-blood-cell-count-mean

  Reasons for a low WBC count range from those relatively benign to those more serious, with the most common being: Vitamin and mineral deficiencies, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, bone marrow cancers, treatment and medication. […] If you notice a consistent pattern, you need to consult with your healthcare provider to identify and address any underlying causes.

• #40 Low White Blood Cell Count and Leukemia | MyLeukemiaTeam

  https://www.myleukemiateam.com/resources/low-white-blood-cell-count-and-leukemia

  A complete blood count (CBC) is one of several blood tests for leukemia. A CBC measures the main types of blood cells: platelets (thrombocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), and white blood cells (WBCs, also called leukocytes). While leukemia typically causes high WBC counts, it can also cause your levels to drop. […] The normal concentration of WBCs differs for adults and children. According to the Leukemia Lymphoma Society, normal blood WBC counts fall within the following ranges: 5,000 to 10,000 per microliter of blood for men, 4,500 to 11,000 per microliter of blood for women, 5,000 to 10,000 per microliter of blood for children. […] When someone has leukemia, their body overproduces WBCs. These extra leukemia cells dont function properly. Unlike their normal counterparts, they cant fight infection from viruses and bacteria, leaving the immune system vulnerable to attack.

• #40 Low White Blood Cell Count and Leukemia | MyLeukemiaTeam

  https://www.myleukemiateam.com/resources/low-white-blood-cell-count-and-leukemia

  Certain types of leukemia are especially associated with a low WBC count. These include: Acute promyelocytic leukemia, Hairy cell leukemia, Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. […] Any type of leukemia can eventually show low WBC counts due to bone marrow failure, a condition in which the bone marrow is unable to produce normal amounts of healthy blood cells. […] Both leukemia and some therapies to treat it can tax the immune system and reduce WBC levels. […] A high WBC count may indicate that the body is fighting an infection. It may also be an indicator of leukemia. […] Having a low or high WBC count isnt always an indication of leukemia. […] A person with leukemia is susceptible to foreign pathogens (viruses, bacteria, and allergens) and less equipped to fight off and heal from infections. […] If you think you may have an infection, reach out to a health care provider on your leukemia treatment team immediately.

• #41 Understanding and Monitoring Your Blood Counts – Virginia Cancer Institute

  https://www.vacancer.com/diagnosis-and-treatment/chemotheraphy/understanding-and-monitoring-your-blood-counts/

  Overview A reduced number of blood cells in circulation is a common side effect of chemotherapy. […] Blood counts are monitored with a laboratory test called a Complete Blood Count (CBC). […] How are low blood counts diagnosed? A test called the complete blood count (CBC) is used to determine whether your blood counts are low. The CBC measures the levels of the three basic blood cells: red, white, and platelets. […] White blood cells: White blood cells help protect individuals from infections. The above CBC report shows that the patient’s total white cell count is 1.5, which is lower than the normal range of 4.0-10.5. The low white cell count increases the risk of infection. […] Low white blood cell count: The blood cell growth factors approved by the FDA for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia are Neupogen® (filgrastim) and Neulasta® (pegfilgrastim). Multiple clinical trials have shown that Neulasta® and Neupogen® reduce the severity and duration of low white blood cell counts associated with many kinds of chemotherapy regimens. By increasing white blood cell counts, Neupogen® has been shown to decrease a patient’s risk of fever and admission to the hospital.

• #42 The complete blood count in the early diagnosis of acute leukemia in children | Medicina Universitaria

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-medicina-universitaria-304-articulo-the-complete-blood-count-in-S1665579617300030

  Most of the time, the diagnosis of ALL revolves around the complete blood count (CBC), because of the clinical situations which result in requesting them, as well as the significant interpretation data that can be derived from it. […] It is not difficult to diagnose leukemia or suspect it with a CBC reporting more than 50,000 leukocytes. However, it is very important to consider that 50% of children with ALL present with less than 11,000 leukocytes on an initial CBC, so it should be clear that there can be any white blood cell count in the initial CBC; only 20% of patients have more than 100,000 leukocytes at diagnosis and less than 7% have more than 200,000 per microliter. […] The absence of blasts or immature cells in the CBC report do not exclude a diagnosis of acute leukemia. […] Carrying out a timely diagnosis for ALL results in a better prognosis, and considering what has been referred in this article, the appropriate involvement of the pediatrician or primary care physician is of great importance for the course and outcome of children with this disease.

• #42 The complete blood count in the early diagnosis of acute leukemia in children | Medicina Universitaria

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-medicina-universitaria-304-articulo-the-complete-blood-count-in-S1665579617300030

  The early suspicion of a diagnosis is the only prognostic factor that a pediatrician or primary care physician can influence, and therefore has an influence on the absolute leukocyte number in the initial blood count (BH) being less than 50,000/uL, most medical groups accept that children diagnosed with less than this figure have a better prognosis than those with higher counts, which are associated with an increased risk of relapse and should receive more intense chemotherapy schemes. […] What happens when a child is diagnosed with more than 50,000 white blood cells per microliter? Initially, they will be included in the group of patients receiving more intensive treatment, which is usually more toxic and more likely to develop complications, with an increased risk of presenting infiltration to the central nervous system and also in developing serious complications in the early days of treatment, such as tumor lysis syndrome. In effect, the fact of having more than 50,000 white blood cells per microliter at diagnosis is associated with a smaller possibility of a cure.

• #43 Low White Blood Cell Count (Leukopenia): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17706-low-white-blood-cell-count

  Your prognosis, or expected outcome, depends on why you have leukopenia. For example, you may have leukopenia because you have a viral infection. In that case, your white blood cell count should return to normal once youre over your infection. If your white blood cell count is low because youre receiving cancer treatment, your prognosis depends on your cancer diagnosis and treatment. […] Leukopenia increases your risk of developing infections, so you should contact your healthcare provider if you have leukopenia and think you may have an infection. […] If you have leukopenia, youre at risk of infections. If you know you have leukopenia, talk to your healthcare provider about ways to fend off infections.

• #44 Low white blood cell count

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/low-white-blood-cell-count/

  A low white blood cell count usually means your body is not making enough white blood cells. It can increase your risk of getting infections. […] A blood test can tell you if your white blood cell count is low. […] Treatment for a low white blood cell count depends on what’s causing it. Treatment often includes antibiotics. […] If you have a low white blood cell count caused by illness, cancer treatment or medicine, it’s important to take steps to avoid infections.

• #45 Leukopenia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/leukopenia-5223575

  Leukopenia is when you have an abnormally low number of white blood cells (leukocytes). A low white blood cell count may or may not cause symptoms, but can result in serious health complications since you have fewer disease-fighting blood cells. […] Once diagnosed, it’s important to have your blood levels monitored because people with leukopenia are at risk for serious infections, diseases, and other complications. […] If you have leukopenia, its important to determine why you have developed this problem. Your complete blood count (CBC) will provide information about your total number of leukocytes and the percentage and number of each type. This will help your healthcare providers get an idea about the possible cause. […] If you have leukopenia, its important to seek medical care to clarify the cause and treatment. Usually, identifying the underlying cause involves diagnostic testing before a treatment plan can be started.

• #46 Neutropenia (Low White Blood Cell Count) | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/patient-education/neutropenia-low-white-blood-cell-count

  Neutropenia (new-tro-PEE-nia) is when you have a low number of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) in your blood. Neutrophil levels are considered low if theyre below 500 cells/mm3. Its common to have neutropenia after certain types of cancer treatments. […] When you have neutropenia, you have a higher risk of getting an infection. A fever of 100.4 F (38.0 C) or higher, is usually the first sign of an infection. […] Call your healthcare provider if you have any signs or symptoms of an infection. […] Call your healthcare provider if you have any of the following signs of infection: A fever of 100.4 F (38 C) or higher.

• #47 Low White Blood Cell Count (Neutropenia) | OncoLink

  https://www.oncolink.org/support/side-effects/low-blood-counts/neutropenia

  White blood cells (WBC) are part of our body’s immune system. These cells protect us against infection. A low neutrophil count (less than 1,000) is known as neutropenia. The lower the neutrophil count, the higher the risk of infection. Neutropenia is most often caused by cancer therapies, like chemotherapy and radiation therapy. If you are in the hospital during your nadir, you will likely be placed on neutropenic precautions. […] An infection in a neutropenic patient is an emergency! If you notice any signs or symptoms of infection, you should call your provider right away – even if it is the middle of the night. You will likely need to have blood work drawn and other testing to look for a source of infection. It is important to receive antibiotics as soon as possible since your immune system is weakened (immunocompromised) and unable to fight some infections on its own. […] Every cancer center follows different rules for a neutropenic safe diet. Be sure to ask your healthcare team for any special instructions.

• #48 What Does a Low White Blood Count Mean? | YourCareEverywhere

  https://yourcareeverywhere.com/health-research/disease-and-conditions/what-does-a-low-white-blood-count-mean-.html

  One common type of leukopenia indicates you have a lower than normal level of neutrophils, the most common type of white blood cells. […] While a lower-than-normal neutrophils count can be due to simple viral infections, it may also be a sign of more serious health problems. […] Your doctor will keep regular track of your white blood cell count and use your neutrophil count to check how well your immune system is working during cancer treatment. […] If your WBC count turns up as lower than normal, talk to your doctor. […] Your doctor will use the finding, along with any symptoms you report and the result of other medical tests, if needed, to make a diagnosis and decide what treatment you may need.

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