Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Low White Blood Cell Count (Leukopenia): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17706-low-white-blood-cell-count

  Leukopenia (low white blood cell count) happens when you have a lower-than-normal number of white blood cells. Specifically, you have fewer neutrophils than normal. Neutrophils are white blood cells that act as your immune systems first line of defense. Without enough white blood cells, youre more vulnerable to developing infections. […] In leukopenia (pronounced luke-a-PEE-ne-ah), you have lower-than-normal numbers of white blood cells. Specifically, you have fewer neutrophils than normal. […] A white blood cell count thats less than 4,000 cells per microliter of blood is a low white blood cell count. […] No, its not but theres a connection between leukopenia and cancer. Cancer treatments may cause leukopenia. […] No, but leukemia may cause leukopenia. Leukemia affects your blood cells, including white blood cells. Your bone marrow makes blood cells.

• #2 The Etiology and Management of Leukopenia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2154209/

  Leukopenia is an abnormal reduction of circulating white blood cells, especially the granulocytes. The term leukopenia is often used interchangeably with neutropenia. It may result from reduced production of white blood cells or increased utilization and destruction, or both. Infection, drugs, malignancy, megaloblastosis, hypersplenism and immunoneutropenia are responsible for most cases of neutropenia. […] The major danger of neutropenia is the risk of infection. Management requires identification of the cause and effective antimicrobial therapy, especially when serious systemic infection is present.

• #3 Low white blood cell count

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/low-white-blood-cell-count/

  A low white blood cell count usually means your body is not making enough white blood cells. It can increase your risk of getting infections. […] Agranulocytosis and neutropenia are conditions that cause a low white blood cell count. […] Treatment for a low white blood cell count depends on what’s causing it. Treatment often includes antibiotics. […] Occasionally, infections can lead to a life-threatening condition called sepsis.

• #4 The Etiology and Management of Leukopenia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2154209/

  Leukopenia is an abnormal reduction of circulating white blood cells, especially the granulocytes. The term leukopenia is often used interchangeably with neutropenia. It may result from reduced production of white blood cells or increased utilization and destruction, or both. Infection, drugs, malignancy, megaloblastosis, hypersplenism and immunoneutropenia are responsible for most cases of neutropenia. […] The major danger of neutropenia is the risk of infection. Management requires identification of the cause and effective antimicrobial therapy, especially when serious systemic infection is present.

• #5 Leukopenia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukopenia

  Leukopenia is a decrease in the number of leukocytes (WBC). Found in the blood, they are the white blood cells, and are the body’s primary defense against an infection. Thus the condition of leukopenia places individuals at increased risk of infection. […] Low white cell count may be due to acute viral infections, such as a cold or influenza. It has been associated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, myelofibrosis, aplastic anemia (failure of white cell, red cell and platelet production), stem cell transplant, bone marrow transplant, HIV, AIDS, and steroid use. […] Other causes of low white blood cell count include systemic lupus erythematosus, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, some types of cancer, typhoid, malaria, tuberculosis, dengue, rickettsial infections, enlargement of the spleen, folate deficiencies, psittacosis, sepsis, Sjgren syndrome and Lyme disease. It has also been shown to be caused by deficiency in certain minerals, such as copper and zinc.

• #6 Low white blood cell count

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/low-white-blood-cell-count/basics/causes/sym-20050615/sym-20050615

  White blood cells are made in bone marrow the spongy tissue inside some of the larger bones. Conditions that affect the bone marrow are the usual causes of low white blood cell count. Some of these conditions are present at birth, also known as congenital. […] Causes of a low white blood cell count include: Aplastic anemia, Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Epstein-Barr virus infection, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS, Infections, Leukemia, Lupus, Rheumatoid arthritis, Malaria, Malnutrition and lack of certain vitamins, Medications, such as antibiotics, Sarcoidosis, Sepsis (an overwhelming bloodstream infection), Tuberculosis. […] Causes shown here are commonly associated with this symptom. Work with your doctor or other health care professional for an accurate diagnosis.

• #7 Leukocyte Count (WBC): Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2054452-overview

  A white blood cell (WBC) count of less than 4 x 109/L indicates leukopenia. […] Decreased WBC count, leukopenia, is seen when supply is depleted by infection or treatment such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or when a hematopoietic stem cell abnormality does not allow normal growth/maturation within the bone marrow, such as myelodysplastic syndrome or leukemia. […] Leukopenia (decrease in WBC) is most often due to a lower number of neutrophils, referred to as neutropenia. Characteristically, the neutrophil count is less than 1.5 x 109/L. […] Formed in the bone marrow by multipotential progenitor cells/hematopoietic stem cells (hematopoiesis), white blood cells are a part of our immune system and play an essential role in protecting the body against infection. […] The peripheral blood white blood cell count (WBC) and differential count are used to assess the body’s response to certain benign conditions such as acute and chronic infections, inflammatory conditions, allergic reactions, and immunodeficiency states and various hematologic malignancies such as leukemias and lymphomas.

• #8 Low white blood cell count

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/low-white-blood-cell-count/basics/causes/sym-20050615/sym-20050615

  White blood cells are made in bone marrow the spongy tissue inside some of the larger bones. Conditions that affect the bone marrow are the usual causes of low white blood cell count. Some of these conditions are present at birth, also known as congenital. […] Causes of a low white blood cell count include: Aplastic anemia, Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Epstein-Barr virus infection, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS, Infections, Leukemia, Lupus, Rheumatoid arthritis, Malaria, Malnutrition and lack of certain vitamins, Medications, such as antibiotics, Sarcoidosis, Sepsis (an overwhelming bloodstream infection), Tuberculosis. […] Causes shown here are commonly associated with this symptom. Work with your doctor or other health care professional for an accurate diagnosis.

• #9 White Blood Cell Disorders | Blood Disorders

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  White blood cell disorders occur when you have too many white blood cells (leukocytosis) or not enough white blood cells (leukopenia). […] Cancers that attack your bone marrow, such as lymphoma, leukemia and multiple myeloma, may lead to a low white blood cell count. […] Your body may stop producing enough white blood cells (aplastic anemia). […] Immune system disorders, such as HIV/AIDS, can cause a low white blood cell count. […] Liver disease or spleen disease may lead to a low white blood cell count. […] A lack of vitamins, such as vitamin B12, can lead to a low blood cell count.

• #10 Quick Facts:Low White Blood Cell Count – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/quick-facts-blood-disorders/white-blood-cell-disorders/low-white-blood-cell-count

  A low white blood cell count is an unusually low number of one or more kinds of white blood cells. […] A low white blood cell count puts you at increased risk of infection, which can be life-threatening. […] A low white blood cell count can be a side effect of drugs, particularly chemotherapy drugs. […] Sometimes a low white blood cell count is caused by an infection or cancer. […] There are many causes of a low white blood cell count: Drugs: Many drugs, but particularly chemotherapy drugs. […] Infections: HIV, many other viral infections, and severe bodywide bacterial infection (sepsis). […] Cancer that starts in the bone marrow, such as leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma. […] Metastatic cancer in the bone marrow, such as from breast cancer or prostate cancer. […] Other bone marrow problems, such as myelodysplastic disorders. […] Radiation therapy that involves the bone marrow. […] Doctors treat a low white blood cell count using: Medicines that cause your body to make more white blood cells. […] Treatment for any diseases that may be causing the count to be low.

• #11 White Blood Cell Disorders | Blood Disorders

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  White blood cell disorders occur when you have too many white blood cells (leukocytosis) or not enough white blood cells (leukopenia). […] Cancers that attack your bone marrow, such as lymphoma, leukemia and multiple myeloma, may lead to a low white blood cell count. […] Your body may stop producing enough white blood cells (aplastic anemia). […] Immune system disorders, such as HIV/AIDS, can cause a low white blood cell count. […] Liver disease or spleen disease may lead to a low white blood cell count. […] A lack of vitamins, such as vitamin B12, can lead to a low blood cell count.

• #12 Quick Facts:Low White Blood Cell Count – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/quick-facts-blood-disorders/white-blood-cell-disorders/low-white-blood-cell-count

  A low white blood cell count is an unusually low number of one or more kinds of white blood cells. […] A low white blood cell count puts you at increased risk of infection, which can be life-threatening. […] A low white blood cell count can be a side effect of drugs, particularly chemotherapy drugs. […] Sometimes a low white blood cell count is caused by an infection or cancer. […] There are many causes of a low white blood cell count: Drugs: Many drugs, but particularly chemotherapy drugs. […] Infections: HIV, many other viral infections, and severe bodywide bacterial infection (sepsis). […] Cancer that starts in the bone marrow, such as leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma. […] Metastatic cancer in the bone marrow, such as from breast cancer or prostate cancer. […] Other bone marrow problems, such as myelodysplastic disorders. […] Radiation therapy that involves the bone marrow. […] Doctors treat a low white blood cell count using: Medicines that cause your body to make more white blood cells. […] Treatment for any diseases that may be causing the count to be low.

• #13 Low white blood cell count (neutropenia) | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/treatments/side-effects/low-white-blood-cell-count

  Neutropenia and leukopenia are terms used to refer to lowered numbers of white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood. WBCs help the body fight infection and disease. When WBC counts are low, there is a higher risk of infection. […] Leukopenia is a decrease in the total number of white blood cells. […] Neutropenia is a low neutrophil count. Neutrophils are a type of WBC that surround and destroy bacteria in the body. They are very important in fighting infection. […] A person has leukopenia when the total WBC count is less than 3.0 x 10 9/ L. A person has neutropenia when the ANC is less than 1.9 x 10 9/ L. The neutrophil count usually decreases with the WBC count, but it is possible to have a normal WBC count and still have neutropenia. […] The risk of developing an infection is greater when the ANC is less than 1.5 x 10 9/ L. The risk increases as the neutrophil level drops and the longer it remains low. An infection is likely to occur if the ANC is less than 0.5 x 10 9/ L.

• #14 Low white blood cell count (neutropenia) | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/treatments/side-effects/low-white-blood-cell-count

  Once the WBC count drops, it remains low for 710 days. The lowest level that blood cell counts reach is called the nadir. During nadir, the bodys resistance to infection is weakest. […] Leukopenia and neutropenia can be caused by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, certain biological therapies such as interleukin-2 (Aldesleukin, Proleukin) or rituximab (Rituxan), and bone marrow disease such as leukemia. […] The risk of low white blood cell counts is greater if chemotherapy and radiation therapy are given at the same time or if large areas of bone marrow are in the radiation treatment area. […] Leukopenia or neutropenia are usually diagnosed by a complete blood count (CBC). […] The healthcare team may recommend measures to reduce the effect of cancer treatments on white blood cell counts.

• #15 The Etiology and Management of Leukopenia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2154209/

  Leukopenia is an abnormal reduction of circulating white blood cells, especially the granulocytes. The term leukopenia is often used interchangeably with neutropenia. It may result from reduced production of white blood cells or increased utilization and destruction, or both. Infection, drugs, malignancy, megaloblastosis, hypersplenism and immunoneutropenia are responsible for most cases of neutropenia. […] The major danger of neutropenia is the risk of infection. Management requires identification of the cause and effective antimicrobial therapy, especially when serious systemic infection is present.

• #16 Leukopenia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukopenia

  Pseudoleukopenia can develop upon the onset of infection. The leukocytes (primarily neutrophils, responding to injury first) start migrating toward the site of infection, where they can be scanned. Their migration causes bone marrow to produce more WBCs to combat infection as well as to restore the leukocytes in circulation, but as the blood sample is taken upon the onset of infection, it contains low amount of WBCs, which is why it is termed „pseudoleukopenia”. […] Certain medications can alter the number and function of white blood cells. […] Chemotherapy targets cells that grow rapidly, such as tumors, but can also affect white blood cells, because they are characterized by bone marrow as rapid growing. A common side effect of cancer treatment is neutropenia, the lowering of neutrophils (a specific type of white blood cell).

• #17 What Are White Blood Cells?

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/what-are-white-blood-cells

  Your white blood cell count can be low for a number of reasons. This includes when something is destroying the cells more quickly than the body can replenish them. Or when the bone marrow stops making enough white blood cells to keep you healthy. When your white blood cell count is low, you are at great risk for any illness or infection, which can spiral into a serious health threat. […] A number of diseases and conditions may affect white blood cell levels: […] Weak immune system. This is often caused by illnesses, such as HIV/AIDS, or by cancer treatment. Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy can destroy white blood cells and leave you at risk for infection. […] Myelodysplastic syndrome. This condition causes abnormal production of blood cells. This includes white blood cells in the bone marrow.

• #18 Low White Blood Cell Count: Causes and Solutions

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/white-blood-cell-count-low

  A blood test that shows a WBC count of less than 4,000 per microliter (some labs say less than 4,500) could mean your body may not be able to fight infection the way it should. A low number is called leukopenia or neutropenia. Leukopenia can either be acute or chronic. […] Chronic leukopenia: Leukopenia is considered chronic if you’ve had a low neutrophil level on at least three occasions over a period of 3 months. It is usually caused by: An ongoing illness (such as cancer), A viral illness such as HIV, A genetic condition, An autoimmune disorder such as lupus. […] Low WBC counts are often linked to bone marrow problems. Being around certain chemicals, such as benzene and pesticides, as well as some types of cancer and cancer treatments including chemotherapy and radiation, can hurt your bone marrow’s ability to make WBCs. […] Some autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, will tell your body to attack and destroy its own WBCs. […] It’s estimated that 25%-50% of African Americans have a neutrophil count of under 1,500 per microliter, while less than 1% of white Americans do.

• #19 Lupus and Blood Cell Disorders | HSS Rheumatology

  https://www.hss.edu/conditions_top-ten-points-about-lupus-and-blood-cell-disorders.asp

  Half of patients with SLE may develop leukopenia (decrease in white blood cells), especially one type of the white blood cells called lymphocytes, which are part of the special task force of the immune system. There are two main possibilities for the drop in white blood cells: […] Autoantibodies directed against white blood cells, causing their destruction. This immune-mediated decline in white bloods cells is generally associated with lupus activity. […] The drugs causing anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia are often part of the lupus treatment. […] A common side effect of immunosuppressive drugs like azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, or methotrexate is bone marrow suppression. The bone marrow is the production site of the blood cells, and reduced activity therefore leads to an abnormally low blood cell count.

• #20 Leukopenia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukopenia

  Leukopenia is a decrease in the number of leukocytes (WBC). Found in the blood, they are the white blood cells, and are the body’s primary defense against an infection. Thus the condition of leukopenia places individuals at increased risk of infection. […] Low white cell count may be due to acute viral infections, such as a cold or influenza. It has been associated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, myelofibrosis, aplastic anemia (failure of white cell, red cell and platelet production), stem cell transplant, bone marrow transplant, HIV, AIDS, and steroid use. […] Other causes of low white blood cell count include systemic lupus erythematosus, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, some types of cancer, typhoid, malaria, tuberculosis, dengue, rickettsial infections, enlargement of the spleen, folate deficiencies, psittacosis, sepsis, Sjgren syndrome and Lyme disease. It has also been shown to be caused by deficiency in certain minerals, such as copper and zinc.

• #21 White Blood Cell Disorders | Blood Disorders

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  White blood cell disorders occur when you have too many white blood cells (leukocytosis) or not enough white blood cells (leukopenia). […] Cancers that attack your bone marrow, such as lymphoma, leukemia and multiple myeloma, may lead to a low white blood cell count. […] Your body may stop producing enough white blood cells (aplastic anemia). […] Immune system disorders, such as HIV/AIDS, can cause a low white blood cell count. […] Liver disease or spleen disease may lead to a low white blood cell count. […] A lack of vitamins, such as vitamin B12, can lead to a low blood cell count.

• #22 Low white blood cell count

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/low-white-blood-cell-count/basics/causes/sym-20050615/sym-20050615

  White blood cells are made in bone marrow the spongy tissue inside some of the larger bones. Conditions that affect the bone marrow are the usual causes of low white blood cell count. Some of these conditions are present at birth, also known as congenital. […] Causes of a low white blood cell count include: Aplastic anemia, Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Epstein-Barr virus infection, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS, Infections, Leukemia, Lupus, Rheumatoid arthritis, Malaria, Malnutrition and lack of certain vitamins, Medications, such as antibiotics, Sarcoidosis, Sepsis (an overwhelming bloodstream infection), Tuberculosis. […] Causes shown here are commonly associated with this symptom. Work with your doctor or other health care professional for an accurate diagnosis.

• #23 Leukopenia physician – Cancer Therapy Advisor

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/hematology/leukopenia-physician/

  Leukopenia or neutropenia may develop as the result of many underlying conditions, most of which are described in detail elsewhere. The following is a brief description of the known pathophysiology underlying some forms of neutropenia: […] Severe congenital neutropenia is a heterogeneous disease. Autosomal dominant SCN is most commonly caused by mutations in neutrophil elastase (ELANE), which leads to the accumulation of mutant protein in the endoplasmic reticulum of neutrophils, triggering the unfolded protein response. This accounts for about 60% of cases of SCN. Autosomal recessive SCN (Kostmanns syndrome) is caused by absence of Hax-1, a mitochondrial protein. Loss of Hax-1 leads to mitochondrial membrane destabilization and apoptosis. Rarer causes of SCN include mutations in Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASp) and mutation of glucose-6 phosphatase catalytic subunit 3 (G6PC3).

• #24 Leukopenia physician – Cancer Therapy Advisor

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/hematology/leukopenia-physician/

  Leukopenia or neutropenia may develop as the result of many underlying conditions, most of which are described in detail elsewhere. The following is a brief description of the known pathophysiology underlying some forms of neutropenia: […] Severe congenital neutropenia is a heterogeneous disease. Autosomal dominant SCN is most commonly caused by mutations in neutrophil elastase (ELANE), which leads to the accumulation of mutant protein in the endoplasmic reticulum of neutrophils, triggering the unfolded protein response. This accounts for about 60% of cases of SCN. Autosomal recessive SCN (Kostmanns syndrome) is caused by absence of Hax-1, a mitochondrial protein. Loss of Hax-1 leads to mitochondrial membrane destabilization and apoptosis. Rarer causes of SCN include mutations in Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASp) and mutation of glucose-6 phosphatase catalytic subunit 3 (G6PC3).

• #25 White Blood Cell Disorders | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  Kostmann syndrome is a severe form of congenital neutropenia. In this inherited disorder, the blood virtually lacks neutrophils because they do not mature properly. […] Thanks to ongoing research, treatment for patients with low white blood cell counts has improved significantly over the past 20 years. […] Genetic testing, which is now available for many congenital white blood cell disorders, including congenital neutropenias, has allowed better estimation of a patient’s prognosis. Improved treatment and supportive care is helping patients with even the most severe of the neutrophil disorders to live longer.

• #26 Low White Blood Cell Count: Causes and Solutions

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/white-blood-cell-count-low

  A blood test that shows a WBC count of less than 4,000 per microliter (some labs say less than 4,500) could mean your body may not be able to fight infection the way it should. A low number is called leukopenia or neutropenia. Leukopenia can either be acute or chronic. […] Chronic leukopenia: Leukopenia is considered chronic if you’ve had a low neutrophil level on at least three occasions over a period of 3 months. It is usually caused by: An ongoing illness (such as cancer), A viral illness such as HIV, A genetic condition, An autoimmune disorder such as lupus. […] Low WBC counts are often linked to bone marrow problems. Being around certain chemicals, such as benzene and pesticides, as well as some types of cancer and cancer treatments including chemotherapy and radiation, can hurt your bone marrow’s ability to make WBCs. […] Some autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, will tell your body to attack and destroy its own WBCs. […] It’s estimated that 25%-50% of African Americans have a neutrophil count of under 1,500 per microliter, while less than 1% of white Americans do.

• #27 Reduced Neutrophil Count in People of African Descent Is Due To a Regulatory Variant in the Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines Gene | PLOS Genetics

  https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000360

  Persistently low white blood cell count (WBC) and neutrophil count is a well-described phenomenon in persons of African ancestry, whose etiology remains unknown. […] We demonstrate that the causal variant must be at least 91% different in frequency between West Africans and European Americans. An excellent candidate is the Duffy Null polymorphism (SNP rs2814778 at chromosome 1q23.2), which is the only polymorphism in the region known to be so differentiated in frequency and is already known to protect against Plasmodium vivax malaria. […] We also showed that the genetic change that is probably responsible is the Duffy Null polymorphism (rs2814778, also called FY+/), which is already known to protect individuals of African descent against Plasmodium vivax malaria infection. […] The dominant effect of European ancestry on white blood cell count is also visually apparent in Figure 1, which shows the distribution of neutrophil count for individuals grouped according to genotype at rs2814778.

• #28 Reduced Neutrophil Count in People of African Descent Is Due To a Regulatory Variant in the Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines Gene | PLOS Genetics

  https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000360

  The differential white blood cell count that was most significantly associated with ancestry was absolute neutrophil count (calculated as total WBC multiplied by the percentage of neutrophils). […] Neutrophil count was responsible for the vast majority of WBC association at the locus. […] The predictive effect of ancestry at the chromosome 1 locus was profound. Carrier status for the European-type (FY+) allele at the rs2814778 variant predicted 26.95% of the variance in normally transformed neutrophil count, which was far more than the 3.37% predicted by genome-wide European ancestry proportion. […] We were able to place strong constraints on the frequency of the variant affecting neutrophil count by analyzing the distributions of neutrophil count for individuals with 0, 1 and 2 copies of European ancestry at the chromosome 1 locus, which in practice we marked by the genotype at rs2814778.

• #29 Leukopenia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukopenia

  Pseudoleukopenia can develop upon the onset of infection. The leukocytes (primarily neutrophils, responding to injury first) start migrating toward the site of infection, where they can be scanned. Their migration causes bone marrow to produce more WBCs to combat infection as well as to restore the leukocytes in circulation, but as the blood sample is taken upon the onset of infection, it contains low amount of WBCs, which is why it is termed „pseudoleukopenia”. […] Certain medications can alter the number and function of white blood cells. […] Chemotherapy targets cells that grow rapidly, such as tumors, but can also affect white blood cells, because they are characterized by bone marrow as rapid growing. A common side effect of cancer treatment is neutropenia, the lowering of neutrophils (a specific type of white blood cell).

• #30 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Leukopenia-Causes.aspx

  Cancers when they have spread to the bone marrow may lead to leukopenia. This is seen in lymphomas and other cancers. […] This occurs when the body fails to recognise its own cells and begins to attack them. In cases of leukopenia the bodys WBCs are perceived as foreign and attacked. […] Severe infections that deplete the body of WBCs may lead to leukopenia. This is called sepsis. […] The mechanism of leukopenia caused by drugs is mainly mediated by the immune system itself. Some agents like cancer chemotherapy drugs however cause leukopenia by suppressing the bone marrow.

• #31 Leukopenia physician – Cancer Therapy Advisor

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/hematology/leukopenia-physician/

  Drug-induced agranulocytosis is a rare idiosyncratic reaction, that results in immune destruction of neutrophil precursors within the marrow. It resolves with discontinuation of the offending agent, but may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality from sepsis. Many other drugs cause a dose-related suppression of neutrophil proliferation that is more benign and may often be tolerated without stopping the drug. […] Primary autoimmune neutropenia is caused almost exclusively by antibodies directed against neutrophil antigens, including human neutrophil antigen (HNA1) and CD11b (HNA-4a), two surface antigens, or FcRIIIb, an immune complex receptor involved in secretion of toxic products. Cross-linking of these autoantibodies leads to neutrophil destruction in the spleen or to complement-mediated lysis. It is seen almost entirely in infants and toddlers, and resolves spontaneously in over 90% of cases over the course of 1 to 2 years.

• #32 Leukopenia physician – Cancer Therapy Advisor

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/hematology/leukopenia-physician/

  Drug-induced agranulocytosis is a rare idiosyncratic reaction, that results in immune destruction of neutrophil precursors within the marrow. It resolves with discontinuation of the offending agent, but may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality from sepsis. Many other drugs cause a dose-related suppression of neutrophil proliferation that is more benign and may often be tolerated without stopping the drug. […] Primary autoimmune neutropenia is caused almost exclusively by antibodies directed against neutrophil antigens, including human neutrophil antigen (HNA1) and CD11b (HNA-4a), two surface antigens, or FcRIIIb, an immune complex receptor involved in secretion of toxic products. Cross-linking of these autoantibodies leads to neutrophil destruction in the spleen or to complement-mediated lysis. It is seen almost entirely in infants and toddlers, and resolves spontaneously in over 90% of cases over the course of 1 to 2 years.

• #33 Low White Blood Cell Count: Causes and Solutions

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/white-blood-cell-count-low

  A blood test that shows a WBC count of less than 4,000 per microliter (some labs say less than 4,500) could mean your body may not be able to fight infection the way it should. A low number is called leukopenia or neutropenia. Leukopenia can either be acute or chronic. […] Chronic leukopenia: Leukopenia is considered chronic if you’ve had a low neutrophil level on at least three occasions over a period of 3 months. It is usually caused by: An ongoing illness (such as cancer), A viral illness such as HIV, A genetic condition, An autoimmune disorder such as lupus. […] Low WBC counts are often linked to bone marrow problems. Being around certain chemicals, such as benzene and pesticides, as well as some types of cancer and cancer treatments including chemotherapy and radiation, can hurt your bone marrow’s ability to make WBCs. […] Some autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, will tell your body to attack and destroy its own WBCs. […] It’s estimated that 25%-50% of African Americans have a neutrophil count of under 1,500 per microliter, while less than 1% of white Americans do.

• #34 Leukopenia physician – Cancer Therapy Advisor

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/hematology/leukopenia-physician/

  Drug-induced agranulocytosis is a rare idiosyncratic reaction, that results in immune destruction of neutrophil precursors within the marrow. It resolves with discontinuation of the offending agent, but may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality from sepsis. Many other drugs cause a dose-related suppression of neutrophil proliferation that is more benign and may often be tolerated without stopping the drug. […] Primary autoimmune neutropenia is caused almost exclusively by antibodies directed against neutrophil antigens, including human neutrophil antigen (HNA1) and CD11b (HNA-4a), two surface antigens, or FcRIIIb, an immune complex receptor involved in secretion of toxic products. Cross-linking of these autoantibodies leads to neutrophil destruction in the spleen or to complement-mediated lysis. It is seen almost entirely in infants and toddlers, and resolves spontaneously in over 90% of cases over the course of 1 to 2 years.

• #35 Leukopenia physician – Cancer Therapy Advisor

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/hematology/leukopenia-physician/

  Secondary autoimmune neutropenia is usually associated with another autoimmune disorder such as Graves disease, Wegeners granulomatosis, rheumatoid arthritis, or systemic lupus erythematosus. The pathogenesis is not clearly defined. Many patients have anti-neutrophil antibodies, but the correlation between the presence of antibodies and the degree of neutropenia is poor.

• #36 Leukopenia physician – Cancer Therapy Advisor

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/hematology/leukopenia-physician/

  Drug-induced agranulocytosis is a rare idiosyncratic reaction, that results in immune destruction of neutrophil precursors within the marrow. It resolves with discontinuation of the offending agent, but may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality from sepsis. Many other drugs cause a dose-related suppression of neutrophil proliferation that is more benign and may often be tolerated without stopping the drug. […] Primary autoimmune neutropenia is caused almost exclusively by antibodies directed against neutrophil antigens, including human neutrophil antigen (HNA1) and CD11b (HNA-4a), two surface antigens, or FcRIIIb, an immune complex receptor involved in secretion of toxic products. Cross-linking of these autoantibodies leads to neutrophil destruction in the spleen or to complement-mediated lysis. It is seen almost entirely in infants and toddlers, and resolves spontaneously in over 90% of cases over the course of 1 to 2 years.

• #37 Leukopenia physician – Cancer Therapy Advisor

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/hematology/leukopenia-physician/

  Secondary autoimmune neutropenia is usually associated with another autoimmune disorder such as Graves disease, Wegeners granulomatosis, rheumatoid arthritis, or systemic lupus erythematosus. The pathogenesis is not clearly defined. Many patients have anti-neutrophil antibodies, but the correlation between the presence of antibodies and the degree of neutropenia is poor.

• #38 Leukopenia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukopenia

  Leukopenia is a decrease in the number of leukocytes (WBC). Found in the blood, they are the white blood cells, and are the body’s primary defense against an infection. Thus the condition of leukopenia places individuals at increased risk of infection. […] Low white cell count may be due to acute viral infections, such as a cold or influenza. It has been associated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, myelofibrosis, aplastic anemia (failure of white cell, red cell and platelet production), stem cell transplant, bone marrow transplant, HIV, AIDS, and steroid use. […] Other causes of low white blood cell count include systemic lupus erythematosus, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, some types of cancer, typhoid, malaria, tuberculosis, dengue, rickettsial infections, enlargement of the spleen, folate deficiencies, psittacosis, sepsis, Sjgren syndrome and Lyme disease. It has also been shown to be caused by deficiency in certain minerals, such as copper and zinc.

• #39 Leukopenia foods: What to eat with a low white blood cell count | Nebraska Medicine Omaha, NE

  https://www.nebraskamed.com/cancer/leukopenia-foods-what-to-eat-with-a-low-white-blood-cell-count

  White blood cells (WBCs) are a type of blood cell found in your blood and lymph tissues. As part of your immune system, WBCs help fight infections. The medical term for low white blood cell counts is leukopenia. […] Good quality protein is important for cancer survivors. Our bodies use materials from the protein we eat to make new WBCs. […] The body uses vitamin B12 and folate to make WBCs.

• #40 Leukopenia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/leukopenia-5223575

  Cancers that affect the bone marrow, including multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndromes, and myelofibrosis, can cause leukopenia because white blood cells cannot be properly formed. It is also associated with blood cancers like leukemia and lymphoma. […] Underlying bone marrow disorders can lead to problems with leukocyte production. Bone marrow disorders may be congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life. […] Some autoimmune diseases cause leukopenia when the immune system mistakenly destroys white blood cells: […] Nutritional deficiencies are known to result in neutropenia, particularly deficiencies of vitamin B12, folic acid, or copper. Each of these vitamins is crucial for healthy blood cell production and function. […] The best approach to battling leukopenia is to try and prevent it. This may involve healthcare providers prescribing prophylactic (preventive) antibiotics for people at risk for bacterial infection. […] If you have leukopenia, its important to seek medical care to clarify the cause and treatment. Usually, identifying the underlying cause involves diagnostic testing before a treatment plan can be started.

• #41 Leukopenia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/leukopenia-5223575

  Cancers that affect the bone marrow, including multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndromes, and myelofibrosis, can cause leukopenia because white blood cells cannot be properly formed. It is also associated with blood cancers like leukemia and lymphoma. […] Underlying bone marrow disorders can lead to problems with leukocyte production. Bone marrow disorders may be congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life. […] Some autoimmune diseases cause leukopenia when the immune system mistakenly destroys white blood cells: […] Nutritional deficiencies are known to result in neutropenia, particularly deficiencies of vitamin B12, folic acid, or copper. Each of these vitamins is crucial for healthy blood cell production and function. […] The best approach to battling leukopenia is to try and prevent it. This may involve healthcare providers prescribing prophylactic (preventive) antibiotics for people at risk for bacterial infection. […] If you have leukopenia, its important to seek medical care to clarify the cause and treatment. Usually, identifying the underlying cause involves diagnostic testing before a treatment plan can be started.

• #42 Leukopenia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukopenia

  Leukopenia is a decrease in the number of leukocytes (WBC). Found in the blood, they are the white blood cells, and are the body’s primary defense against an infection. Thus the condition of leukopenia places individuals at increased risk of infection. […] Low white cell count may be due to acute viral infections, such as a cold or influenza. It has been associated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, myelofibrosis, aplastic anemia (failure of white cell, red cell and platelet production), stem cell transplant, bone marrow transplant, HIV, AIDS, and steroid use. […] Other causes of low white blood cell count include systemic lupus erythematosus, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, some types of cancer, typhoid, malaria, tuberculosis, dengue, rickettsial infections, enlargement of the spleen, folate deficiencies, psittacosis, sepsis, Sjgren syndrome and Lyme disease. It has also been shown to be caused by deficiency in certain minerals, such as copper and zinc.

• #43 Low white blood cell count

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/low-white-blood-cell-count/basics/causes/sym-20050615/sym-20050615

  White blood cells are made in bone marrow the spongy tissue inside some of the larger bones. Conditions that affect the bone marrow are the usual causes of low white blood cell count. Some of these conditions are present at birth, also known as congenital. […] Causes of a low white blood cell count include: Aplastic anemia, Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Epstein-Barr virus infection, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS, Infections, Leukemia, Lupus, Rheumatoid arthritis, Malaria, Malnutrition and lack of certain vitamins, Medications, such as antibiotics, Sarcoidosis, Sepsis (an overwhelming bloodstream infection), Tuberculosis. […] Causes shown here are commonly associated with this symptom. Work with your doctor or other health care professional for an accurate diagnosis.

• #44 Clinical associations with a polygenic predisposition to benign lower white blood cell counts | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47804-5

  Polygenic variation unrelated to disease contributes to interindividual variation in baseline white blood cell (WBC) counts, but its clinical significance is uncharacterized. […] A predisposition to lower WBC counts was associated with a decreased risk of identifying pathology on a bone marrow biopsy performed for a low WBC count (odds-ratio=0.55 per standard deviation increase in PGSWBC [95%CI, 0.300.94], p=0.04), an increased risk of leukopenia (a low WBC count) when treated with a chemotherapeutic (n=1724, hazard ratio [HR]=0.78 [0.690.88], p=4.0105) or immunosuppressant (n=354, HR=0.61 [0.380.99], p=0.04). […] A predisposition to benign lower WBC counts was associated with an increased risk of discontinuing azathioprine treatment (n=1,466, HR=0.62 [0.440.87], p=0.006). […] In sum, a polygenic predisposition toward lower WBC counts was associated with an increased likelihood of having a bone marrow biopsy that was performed to investigate a low WBC count and a reduced likelihood of identifying pathology on the biopsy. […] A polygenic predisposition toward lower WBC counts was associated with an increased likelihood of having ICD codes for drug toxicity related to a low WBC count, developing leukopenia with treatment, and medication discontinuation.

• #45 Clinical associations with a polygenic predisposition to benign lower white blood cell counts | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47804-5

  Polygenic variation unrelated to disease contributes to interindividual variation in baseline white blood cell (WBC) counts, but its clinical significance is uncharacterized. […] A predisposition to lower WBC counts was associated with a decreased risk of identifying pathology on a bone marrow biopsy performed for a low WBC count (odds-ratio=0.55 per standard deviation increase in PGSWBC [95%CI, 0.300.94], p=0.04), an increased risk of leukopenia (a low WBC count) when treated with a chemotherapeutic (n=1724, hazard ratio [HR]=0.78 [0.690.88], p=4.0105) or immunosuppressant (n=354, HR=0.61 [0.380.99], p=0.04). […] A predisposition to benign lower WBC counts was associated with an increased risk of discontinuing azathioprine treatment (n=1,466, HR=0.62 [0.440.87], p=0.006). […] In sum, a polygenic predisposition toward lower WBC counts was associated with an increased likelihood of having a bone marrow biopsy that was performed to investigate a low WBC count and a reduced likelihood of identifying pathology on the biopsy. […] A polygenic predisposition toward lower WBC counts was associated with an increased likelihood of having ICD codes for drug toxicity related to a low WBC count, developing leukopenia with treatment, and medication discontinuation.

• #46 Clinical associations with a polygenic predisposition to benign lower white blood cell counts | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47804-5

  Polygenic variation unrelated to disease contributes to interindividual variation in baseline white blood cell (WBC) counts, but its clinical significance is uncharacterized. […] A predisposition to lower WBC counts was associated with a decreased risk of identifying pathology on a bone marrow biopsy performed for a low WBC count (odds-ratio=0.55 per standard deviation increase in PGSWBC [95%CI, 0.300.94], p=0.04), an increased risk of leukopenia (a low WBC count) when treated with a chemotherapeutic (n=1724, hazard ratio [HR]=0.78 [0.690.88], p=4.0105) or immunosuppressant (n=354, HR=0.61 [0.380.99], p=0.04). […] A predisposition to benign lower WBC counts was associated with an increased risk of discontinuing azathioprine treatment (n=1,466, HR=0.62 [0.440.87], p=0.006). […] In sum, a polygenic predisposition toward lower WBC counts was associated with an increased likelihood of having a bone marrow biopsy that was performed to investigate a low WBC count and a reduced likelihood of identifying pathology on the biopsy. […] A polygenic predisposition toward lower WBC counts was associated with an increased likelihood of having ICD codes for drug toxicity related to a low WBC count, developing leukopenia with treatment, and medication discontinuation.

• #47 Clinical associations with a polygenic predisposition to benign lower white blood cell counts | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47804-5

  Polygenic variation unrelated to disease contributes to interindividual variation in baseline white blood cell (WBC) counts, but its clinical significance is uncharacterized. […] A predisposition to lower WBC counts was associated with a decreased risk of identifying pathology on a bone marrow biopsy performed for a low WBC count (odds-ratio=0.55 per standard deviation increase in PGSWBC [95%CI, 0.300.94], p=0.04), an increased risk of leukopenia (a low WBC count) when treated with a chemotherapeutic (n=1724, hazard ratio [HR]=0.78 [0.690.88], p=4.0105) or immunosuppressant (n=354, HR=0.61 [0.380.99], p=0.04). […] A predisposition to benign lower WBC counts was associated with an increased risk of discontinuing azathioprine treatment (n=1,466, HR=0.62 [0.440.87], p=0.006). […] In sum, a polygenic predisposition toward lower WBC counts was associated with an increased likelihood of having a bone marrow biopsy that was performed to investigate a low WBC count and a reduced likelihood of identifying pathology on the biopsy. […] A polygenic predisposition toward lower WBC counts was associated with an increased likelihood of having ICD codes for drug toxicity related to a low WBC count, developing leukopenia with treatment, and medication discontinuation.

• #48 White Blood Cells | Rupa Health

  https://www.rupahealth.com/biomarkers/wbc

  Leukopenia, a decrease in the circulating white blood cell (WBC) count to 4000/mcL ( 4 109/L), can result from various causes: [6., 7., 12.] […] In leukemia or myeloproliferative disorders, leukopenia arises due to the disruption of normal white blood cell (WBC) production in the bone marrow. This disruption occurs because of the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells or their precursor cells, which leads to overcrowding of the bone marrow and suppression of normal hematopoiesis. […] As a result, there is a decrease in the production of mature, functional white blood cells including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Alterations in red blood cell and/or platelet count may also be seen. […] Neutropenia, where the neutrophil count drops below 1.5 x 10^9/L, is the most common form of leukopenia.

• #49 White Blood Cells | Rupa Health

  https://www.rupahealth.com/biomarkers/wbc

  Leukopenia, a decrease in the circulating white blood cell (WBC) count to 4000/mcL ( 4 109/L), can result from various causes: [6., 7., 12.] […] In leukemia or myeloproliferative disorders, leukopenia arises due to the disruption of normal white blood cell (WBC) production in the bone marrow. This disruption occurs because of the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells or their precursor cells, which leads to overcrowding of the bone marrow and suppression of normal hematopoiesis. […] As a result, there is a decrease in the production of mature, functional white blood cells including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Alterations in red blood cell and/or platelet count may also be seen. […] Neutropenia, where the neutrophil count drops below 1.5 x 10^9/L, is the most common form of leukopenia.

• #50 What Are White Blood Cells?

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/what-are-white-blood-cells

  Cancer of the blood. Cancers including leukemia and lymphoma can cause uncontrolled growth of an abnormal type of blood cell in the bone marrow. This results in a greatly increased risk for infection or serious bleeding. […] Myeloproliferative disorder. This disorder refers to various conditions that trigger the excessive production of immature blood cells. This can result in an unhealthy balance of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow and too many or too few white blood cells in the blood.

• #51 What Are White Blood Cells?

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/what-are-white-blood-cells

  Cancer of the blood. Cancers including leukemia and lymphoma can cause uncontrolled growth of an abnormal type of blood cell in the bone marrow. This results in a greatly increased risk for infection or serious bleeding. […] Myeloproliferative disorder. This disorder refers to various conditions that trigger the excessive production of immature blood cells. This can result in an unhealthy balance of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow and too many or too few white blood cells in the blood.

• #52 What Are White Blood Cells?

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/what-are-white-blood-cells

  Your white blood cell count can be low for a number of reasons. This includes when something is destroying the cells more quickly than the body can replenish them. Or when the bone marrow stops making enough white blood cells to keep you healthy. When your white blood cell count is low, you are at great risk for any illness or infection, which can spiral into a serious health threat. […] A number of diseases and conditions may affect white blood cell levels: […] Weak immune system. This is often caused by illnesses, such as HIV/AIDS, or by cancer treatment. Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy can destroy white blood cells and leave you at risk for infection. […] Myelodysplastic syndrome. This condition causes abnormal production of blood cells. This includes white blood cells in the bone marrow.

• #53 Low white blood cell count

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/low-white-blood-cell-count/basics/causes/sym-20050615/sym-20050615

  White blood cells are made in bone marrow the spongy tissue inside some of the larger bones. Conditions that affect the bone marrow are the usual causes of low white blood cell count. Some of these conditions are present at birth, also known as congenital. […] Causes of a low white blood cell count include: Aplastic anemia, Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Epstein-Barr virus infection, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS, Infections, Leukemia, Lupus, Rheumatoid arthritis, Malaria, Malnutrition and lack of certain vitamins, Medications, such as antibiotics, Sarcoidosis, Sepsis (an overwhelming bloodstream infection), Tuberculosis. […] Causes shown here are commonly associated with this symptom. Work with your doctor or other health care professional for an accurate diagnosis.

• #54 Leukopenia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukopenia

  Leukopenia is a decrease in the number of leukocytes (WBC). Found in the blood, they are the white blood cells, and are the body’s primary defense against an infection. Thus the condition of leukopenia places individuals at increased risk of infection. […] Low white cell count may be due to acute viral infections, such as a cold or influenza. It has been associated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, myelofibrosis, aplastic anemia (failure of white cell, red cell and platelet production), stem cell transplant, bone marrow transplant, HIV, AIDS, and steroid use. […] Other causes of low white blood cell count include systemic lupus erythematosus, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, some types of cancer, typhoid, malaria, tuberculosis, dengue, rickettsial infections, enlargement of the spleen, folate deficiencies, psittacosis, sepsis, Sjgren syndrome and Lyme disease. It has also been shown to be caused by deficiency in certain minerals, such as copper and zinc.

• #55 Leukopenia (Low white blood cell count): Causes and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320299

  A person with leukopenia has a low number of white blood cells, or leukocytes, in their blood. A low white blood cell count may make a person more likely to contract an infection. […] White blood cells form in the bone marrow and are critical for the immune system. A person with too few leukocytes is more prone to infections and diseases. […] Several medical conditions can cause leukopenia. Certain treatments and medications may also cause leukopenia. […] COVID-19 may also result in a shortage of white blood cells. […] Certain cancer treatments may affect a person’s white blood cell count, leading to leukopenia. […] A person may experience a short-term drop in their white blood cell count due to infection, drug interaction, or other causes. […] Healthcare professionals deem neutropenia to be chronic if a person has a low neutrophil level on at least three occasions over 3 months.

• #56 Correlation between white blood cell count at admission and mortality in COVID-19 patients: a retrospective study | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-021-06277-3

  WBC count at admission is significantly corelated with death in COVID-19 patients. […] Significant association was found between WBC count and death (HR=1.14, 95%CI: 1.091.20, p0.001). […] The regression analysis results showed there was a significant association between WBC count and death (HR=5.72, 95%CI: 2.2114.82, p0.001) when use the second quartile as a cutoff value (6.1610^9/L). […] The difference was still exist after adjusting for confounding factors (HR=6.26, 95%CI: 1.7222.77, p=0.005). […] In addition, Kaplan-meier survival analysis showed that there was a significant decline of the cumulative survival rate (p0.001) in those with WBC count 6.1610^9/L. […] Our results showed that the death risk was associated with the WBC count at admission, although the index was at the normal range, those with higher WBC count patients were facing a much higher death possibility.

• #57 Correlation between white blood cell count at admission and mortality in COVID-19 patients: a retrospective study | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-021-06277-3

  Our results of WBC and death may shed light on the treatment of lung inflammation caused by CoVs. […] In conclusion, our study suggests that WBC count at admission is significantly corelated with death in COVID-19 patients. Higher level of WBC count (6.1610^9/L) should be given more attention in the treatment of COVID-19.

• #58 Leukopenia | Temple Health

  https://www.templehealth.org/services/conditions/leukopenia

  Leukopenia is a condition where the body doesnt have enough disease-fighting leukocytes in the blood. It is associated with a low white blood cell count. White blood cells are produced by the bone marrow. […] Leukopenia can be related to a number of factors including: Aplastic anemia A condition where the bone marrow doesnt produce new blood cells […] Cancer or diseases of the bone marrow Such as multiple myeloma […] Certain medications Such as antibiotics, that destroy white blood cells […] Cancer treatments Including chemotherapy, radiation and bone marrow transplant […] Severe infection An infection that uses white blood cells to fight infection faster than the body can produce them. […] Your treatment options will vary depending on what is causing leukopenia. Treatments include: Discontinuing treatment that causes low white blood cell counts Can include medications, chemotherapy or radiation […] Growth factor therapy Treatment derived from bone marrow that can stimulate white blood cell production […] Medications Therapy that helps the body produce more blood cells or that fights the infection that is causing low white blood cell counts.

• #59 Leukopenia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukopenia

  Leukopenia is a decrease in the number of leukocytes (WBC). Found in the blood, they are the white blood cells, and are the body’s primary defense against an infection. Thus the condition of leukopenia places individuals at increased risk of infection. […] Low white cell count may be due to acute viral infections, such as a cold or influenza. It has been associated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, myelofibrosis, aplastic anemia (failure of white cell, red cell and platelet production), stem cell transplant, bone marrow transplant, HIV, AIDS, and steroid use. […] Other causes of low white blood cell count include systemic lupus erythematosus, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, some types of cancer, typhoid, malaria, tuberculosis, dengue, rickettsial infections, enlargement of the spleen, folate deficiencies, psittacosis, sepsis, Sjgren syndrome and Lyme disease. It has also been shown to be caused by deficiency in certain minerals, such as copper and zinc.

• #60 Low White Blood Cell Count: Causes and Solutions

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/white-blood-cell-count-low

  A blood test that shows a WBC count of less than 4,000 per microliter (some labs say less than 4,500) could mean your body may not be able to fight infection the way it should. A low number is called leukopenia or neutropenia. Leukopenia can either be acute or chronic. […] Chronic leukopenia: Leukopenia is considered chronic if you’ve had a low neutrophil level on at least three occasions over a period of 3 months. It is usually caused by: An ongoing illness (such as cancer), A viral illness such as HIV, A genetic condition, An autoimmune disorder such as lupus. […] Low WBC counts are often linked to bone marrow problems. Being around certain chemicals, such as benzene and pesticides, as well as some types of cancer and cancer treatments including chemotherapy and radiation, can hurt your bone marrow’s ability to make WBCs. […] Some autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, will tell your body to attack and destroy its own WBCs. […] It’s estimated that 25%-50% of African Americans have a neutrophil count of under 1,500 per microliter, while less than 1% of white Americans do.

• #61 Leukopenia physician – Cancer Therapy Advisor

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/hematology/leukopenia-physician/

  Secondary autoimmune neutropenia is usually associated with another autoimmune disorder such as Graves disease, Wegeners granulomatosis, rheumatoid arthritis, or systemic lupus erythematosus. The pathogenesis is not clearly defined. Many patients have anti-neutrophil antibodies, but the correlation between the presence of antibodies and the degree of neutropenia is poor.

• #62 Lupus and Blood Cell Disorders | HSS Rheumatology

  https://www.hss.edu/conditions_top-ten-points-about-lupus-and-blood-cell-disorders.asp

  Half of patients with SLE may develop leukopenia (decrease in white blood cells), especially one type of the white blood cells called lymphocytes, which are part of the special task force of the immune system. There are two main possibilities for the drop in white blood cells: […] Autoantibodies directed against white blood cells, causing their destruction. This immune-mediated decline in white bloods cells is generally associated with lupus activity. […] The drugs causing anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia are often part of the lupus treatment. […] A common side effect of immunosuppressive drugs like azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, or methotrexate is bone marrow suppression. The bone marrow is the production site of the blood cells, and reduced activity therefore leads to an abnormally low blood cell count.

• #63 Leukopenia: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/leukopenia

  Leukopenia is a low white blood cell count. […] If you have too few WBCs, you have a condition known as leukopenia. […] Many diseases and conditions can cause leukopenia, such as: […] WBCs originate from the stem cells in the bone marrow. Because of this, conditions affecting blood cells or the bone marrow can lead to leukopenia. […] Cancer treatments are aimed at targeting and eliminating rapidly dividing cancer cells within your body. However, because blood cells also grow rapidly, some cancer treatments can destroy these cells as well. […] Some autoimmune disorders can kill WBCs or bone marrow stem cells, which make blood cells and can lead to leukopenia. […] Leukopenia can be caused by vitamin or mineral deficiencies, such as deficiencies in: […] Certain medications can also cause leukopenia as a side effect.

• #64 Lupus and Blood Cell Disorders | HSS Rheumatology

  https://www.hss.edu/conditions_top-ten-points-about-lupus-and-blood-cell-disorders.asp

  Half of patients with SLE may develop leukopenia (decrease in white blood cells), especially one type of the white blood cells called lymphocytes, which are part of the special task force of the immune system. There are two main possibilities for the drop in white blood cells: […] Autoantibodies directed against white blood cells, causing their destruction. This immune-mediated decline in white bloods cells is generally associated with lupus activity. […] The drugs causing anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia are often part of the lupus treatment. […] A common side effect of immunosuppressive drugs like azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, or methotrexate is bone marrow suppression. The bone marrow is the production site of the blood cells, and reduced activity therefore leads to an abnormally low blood cell count.

• #65 Lupus and Blood Cell Disorders | HSS Rheumatology

  https://www.hss.edu/conditions_top-ten-points-about-lupus-and-blood-cell-disorders.asp

  Depending on the type of anemia, the treatment strategy may vary. Independent of the cause, severe anemia could require blood transfusions to increase the blood cell count. […] Mild leukopenia in lupus usually does not require any treatment. If there is moderate-to-severe leukopenia, the first step is decreasing the dose or even discontinuing medications that could be responsible for the decreased blood cell counts. […] The strategy in patients with low platelet counts is similar to the management of lupus-related leukopenia. Mild thrombocytopenia (100,000 mm3 to 140,000 mm3) does not require any treatment. If there is moderate-to-severe thrombocytopenia (20,000 mm3) to 100,000 mm3), the first step is decreasing the dose or even discontinuing medications that could be responsible for the decreased blood cell counts.

• #66 Low white blood cell count (neutropenia) | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/treatments/side-effects/low-white-blood-cell-count

  Once the WBC count drops, it remains low for 710 days. The lowest level that blood cell counts reach is called the nadir. During nadir, the bodys resistance to infection is weakest. […] Leukopenia and neutropenia can be caused by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, certain biological therapies such as interleukin-2 (Aldesleukin, Proleukin) or rituximab (Rituxan), and bone marrow disease such as leukemia. […] The risk of low white blood cell counts is greater if chemotherapy and radiation therapy are given at the same time or if large areas of bone marrow are in the radiation treatment area. […] Leukopenia or neutropenia are usually diagnosed by a complete blood count (CBC). […] The healthcare team may recommend measures to reduce the effect of cancer treatments on white blood cell counts.

• #67 Low White Blood Cell Counts | Neutropenia | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/side-effects/low-blood-counts/neutropenia.html

  Managing neutropenia depends on the cause. But if you have signs of an infection and have a low WBC count, you might be started on a treatment before they know what is causing it. Antibiotics, antiviral, and antifungal medicines are often given when someone has a low WBC and is having fever. Growth factors are medicines that help the bone marrow make more white blood cells. They are also called granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs). They’re usually given as a shot. […] Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) is the number (instead of the percentage) of neutrophils you have in a certain amount of blood. Your cancer care team will use your ANC to get an idea of how well your immune system is working during treatment. […] You might also hear the word nadir when your cancer care team is talking about your blood counts or ANC. When the number of white blood cells goes down because of cancer treatments (especially chemotherapy), the very lowest number is called the nadir. The nadir usually occurs about 7 to 10 days after getting chemo. This is when a person is most at risk for a severe infection. Numbers of other blood cells (red blood cells and platelets) may be very low as well. After a nadir, blood counts start to slowly increase as the cells in your body recover.

• #68 Low White Blood Cell Counts | Neutropenia | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/side-effects/low-blood-counts/neutropenia.html

  Managing neutropenia depends on the cause. But if you have signs of an infection and have a low WBC count, you might be started on a treatment before they know what is causing it. Antibiotics, antiviral, and antifungal medicines are often given when someone has a low WBC and is having fever. Growth factors are medicines that help the bone marrow make more white blood cells. They are also called granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs). They’re usually given as a shot. […] Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) is the number (instead of the percentage) of neutrophils you have in a certain amount of blood. Your cancer care team will use your ANC to get an idea of how well your immune system is working during treatment. […] You might also hear the word nadir when your cancer care team is talking about your blood counts or ANC. When the number of white blood cells goes down because of cancer treatments (especially chemotherapy), the very lowest number is called the nadir. The nadir usually occurs about 7 to 10 days after getting chemo. This is when a person is most at risk for a severe infection. Numbers of other blood cells (red blood cells and platelets) may be very low as well. After a nadir, blood counts start to slowly increase as the cells in your body recover.

• #69 Low white blood cell count (neutropenia) | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/treatments/side-effects/low-white-blood-cell-count

  Once the WBC count drops, it remains low for 710 days. The lowest level that blood cell counts reach is called the nadir. During nadir, the bodys resistance to infection is weakest. […] Leukopenia and neutropenia can be caused by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, certain biological therapies such as interleukin-2 (Aldesleukin, Proleukin) or rituximab (Rituxan), and bone marrow disease such as leukemia. […] The risk of low white blood cell counts is greater if chemotherapy and radiation therapy are given at the same time or if large areas of bone marrow are in the radiation treatment area. […] Leukopenia or neutropenia are usually diagnosed by a complete blood count (CBC). […] The healthcare team may recommend measures to reduce the effect of cancer treatments on white blood cell counts.

• #70 Low White Blood Cell Counts | Neutropenia | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/side-effects/low-blood-counts/neutropenia.html

  Managing neutropenia depends on the cause. But if you have signs of an infection and have a low WBC count, you might be started on a treatment before they know what is causing it. Antibiotics, antiviral, and antifungal medicines are often given when someone has a low WBC and is having fever. Growth factors are medicines that help the bone marrow make more white blood cells. They are also called granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs). They’re usually given as a shot. […] Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) is the number (instead of the percentage) of neutrophils you have in a certain amount of blood. Your cancer care team will use your ANC to get an idea of how well your immune system is working during treatment. […] You might also hear the word nadir when your cancer care team is talking about your blood counts or ANC. When the number of white blood cells goes down because of cancer treatments (especially chemotherapy), the very lowest number is called the nadir. The nadir usually occurs about 7 to 10 days after getting chemo. This is when a person is most at risk for a severe infection. Numbers of other blood cells (red blood cells and platelets) may be very low as well. After a nadir, blood counts start to slowly increase as the cells in your body recover.

• #71 Low White Blood Cell Counts | Neutropenia | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/side-effects/low-blood-counts/neutropenia.html

  Managing neutropenia depends on the cause. But if you have signs of an infection and have a low WBC count, you might be started on a treatment before they know what is causing it. Antibiotics, antiviral, and antifungal medicines are often given when someone has a low WBC and is having fever. Growth factors are medicines that help the bone marrow make more white blood cells. They are also called granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs). They’re usually given as a shot. […] Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) is the number (instead of the percentage) of neutrophils you have in a certain amount of blood. Your cancer care team will use your ANC to get an idea of how well your immune system is working during treatment. […] You might also hear the word nadir when your cancer care team is talking about your blood counts or ANC. When the number of white blood cells goes down because of cancer treatments (especially chemotherapy), the very lowest number is called the nadir. The nadir usually occurs about 7 to 10 days after getting chemo. This is when a person is most at risk for a severe infection. Numbers of other blood cells (red blood cells and platelets) may be very low as well. After a nadir, blood counts start to slowly increase as the cells in your body recover.

• #72 The Etiology and Management of Leukopenia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2154209/

  Leukopenia is an abnormal reduction of circulating white blood cells, especially the granulocytes. The term leukopenia is often used interchangeably with neutropenia. It may result from reduced production of white blood cells or increased utilization and destruction, or both. Infection, drugs, malignancy, megaloblastosis, hypersplenism and immunoneutropenia are responsible for most cases of neutropenia. […] The major danger of neutropenia is the risk of infection. Management requires identification of the cause and effective antimicrobial therapy, especially when serious systemic infection is present.

• #73 Low white blood cell count

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/low-white-blood-cell-count/

  A low white blood cell count usually means your body is not making enough white blood cells. It can increase your risk of getting infections. […] Agranulocytosis and neutropenia are conditions that cause a low white blood cell count. […] Treatment for a low white blood cell count depends on what’s causing it. Treatment often includes antibiotics. […] Occasionally, infections can lead to a life-threatening condition called sepsis.

• #74 Low white blood cell count (neutropenia) | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/treatments/side-effects/low-white-blood-cell-count

  Neutropenia and leukopenia are terms used to refer to lowered numbers of white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood. WBCs help the body fight infection and disease. When WBC counts are low, there is a higher risk of infection. […] Leukopenia is a decrease in the total number of white blood cells. […] Neutropenia is a low neutrophil count. Neutrophils are a type of WBC that surround and destroy bacteria in the body. They are very important in fighting infection. […] A person has leukopenia when the total WBC count is less than 3.0 x 10 9/ L. A person has neutropenia when the ANC is less than 1.9 x 10 9/ L. The neutrophil count usually decreases with the WBC count, but it is possible to have a normal WBC count and still have neutropenia. […] The risk of developing an infection is greater when the ANC is less than 1.5 x 10 9/ L. The risk increases as the neutrophil level drops and the longer it remains low. An infection is likely to occur if the ANC is less than 0.5 x 10 9/ L.

• #75 Low white blood cell count (neutropenia) | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/treatments/side-effects/low-white-blood-cell-count

  Neutropenia and leukopenia are terms used to refer to lowered numbers of white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood. WBCs help the body fight infection and disease. When WBC counts are low, there is a higher risk of infection. […] Leukopenia is a decrease in the total number of white blood cells. […] Neutropenia is a low neutrophil count. Neutrophils are a type of WBC that surround and destroy bacteria in the body. They are very important in fighting infection. […] A person has leukopenia when the total WBC count is less than 3.0 x 10 9/ L. A person has neutropenia when the ANC is less than 1.9 x 10 9/ L. The neutrophil count usually decreases with the WBC count, but it is possible to have a normal WBC count and still have neutropenia. […] The risk of developing an infection is greater when the ANC is less than 1.5 x 10 9/ L. The risk increases as the neutrophil level drops and the longer it remains low. An infection is likely to occur if the ANC is less than 0.5 x 10 9/ L.

• #76 Low white blood cell count (neutropenia) | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/treatments/side-effects/low-white-blood-cell-count

  Neutropenia and leukopenia are terms used to refer to lowered numbers of white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood. WBCs help the body fight infection and disease. When WBC counts are low, there is a higher risk of infection. […] Leukopenia is a decrease in the total number of white blood cells. […] Neutropenia is a low neutrophil count. Neutrophils are a type of WBC that surround and destroy bacteria in the body. They are very important in fighting infection. […] A person has leukopenia when the total WBC count is less than 3.0 x 10 9/ L. A person has neutropenia when the ANC is less than 1.9 x 10 9/ L. The neutrophil count usually decreases with the WBC count, but it is possible to have a normal WBC count and still have neutropenia. […] The risk of developing an infection is greater when the ANC is less than 1.5 x 10 9/ L. The risk increases as the neutrophil level drops and the longer it remains low. An infection is likely to occur if the ANC is less than 0.5 x 10 9/ L.

• #77 Neutropenia (Low White Blood Cell Count) | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/patient-education/neutropenia-low-white-blood-cell-count

  Neutropenia (new-tro-PEE-nia) is when you have a low number of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) in your blood. Neutrophil levels are considered low if theyre below 500 cells/mm3. Its common to have neutropenia after certain types of cancer treatments. […] When you have neutropenia, you have a higher risk of getting an infection. A fever of 100.4 F (38.0 C) or higher, is usually the first sign of an infection. […] If you have neutropenia, its important to follow good hygiene. […] Here are some ways you can prevent infection: […] Talk to your healthcare about shots that you can get to help prevent infection (such as the flu shot).

• #78 Neutropenia | UPMC Hillman Cancer Center

  https://hillman.upmc.com/patients/community-support/education/miscellaneous/neutropenia

  Neutropenia is a low white blood cell count. Neutrophils are one type of white blood cell. White blood cells help the body fight infection. People with neutropenia have a low number of these white blood cells, so it is harder for their bodies to fight infection. Neutropenia can be caused by chemotherapy and radiation treatments to areas of the body that produce blood cells. In addition, some cancers may cause a decrease in the bodys ability to form normal new neutrophils. […] Urinary tract infections (UTI) are common among patients with low white blood cell counts. Symptoms of a UTI include: […] If you have an infection when your neutrophil count is low, you may not always recognize the usual warning signs (such as redness or swelling). A fever is often the first sign of an infection.

• #79 Low White Blood Cell Count (Neutropenia) | OncoLink

  https://www.oncolink.org/support/side-effects/low-blood-counts/neutropenia

  An infection in a neutropenic patient is an emergency! If you notice any signs or symptoms of infection, you should call your provider right away – even if it is the middle of the night. You will likely need to have blood work drawn and other testing to look for a source of infection. It is important to receive antibiotics as soon as possible since your immune system is weakened (immunocompromised) and unable to fight some infections on its own.

• #80 Low White Blood Cell Count: Causes and What It Means

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/blood-conditions/low-white-blood-cell-count

  A low white blood cell (WBC) count, or leukopenia, is a decreased number of WBCs (leukocytes) in the blood. WBCs are an important part of your immune system and your body’s natural weapon to fight off bacteria, viruses, and other germs. When you have a low WBC count, you may be immunosuppressed, which means that you are more vulnerable to potentially serious infections that do not go away on their own or are hard to treat. […] A low WBC count can be due to a variety of different conditions that either destroy WBCs or inhibit their production in the bone marrow. These include: […] A low WBC count can also be the result of medications or medical treatments that a doctor has given you for an underlying condition, such as: […] A poorly controlled or untreated low WBC count can be serious and even life threatening due to increased vulnerability to potentially life threatening infectious diseases, such as:

• #81 Low white blood cell count (neutropenia) | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/treatments/side-effects/low-white-blood-cell-count

  Colony-stimulating factors are special medicines called growth factors. They stimulate, or help, the bone marrow to make white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. […] With some chemotherapy drugs, G-CSFs or GM-CSFs may be given to stimulate the bone marrow to produce more WBCs. […] Antibiotics are drugs that fight infections caused by bacteria and other micro-organisms. The healthcare team may prescribe antibiotics if your white blood cell count is too low, the risk of infection is high or they suspect you have an infection. […] If the white blood cell count or ANC is too low, chemotherapy is sometimes stopped temporarily. Sometimes a lower dose of chemotherapy drugs is given to lessen the impact on white blood cell counts and reduce the risk of further delays in treatment.

• #82 Low white blood cell count (neutropenia) | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/treatments/side-effects/low-white-blood-cell-count

  Colony-stimulating factors are special medicines called growth factors. They stimulate, or help, the bone marrow to make white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. […] With some chemotherapy drugs, G-CSFs or GM-CSFs may be given to stimulate the bone marrow to produce more WBCs. […] Antibiotics are drugs that fight infections caused by bacteria and other micro-organisms. The healthcare team may prescribe antibiotics if your white blood cell count is too low, the risk of infection is high or they suspect you have an infection. […] If the white blood cell count or ANC is too low, chemotherapy is sometimes stopped temporarily. Sometimes a lower dose of chemotherapy drugs is given to lessen the impact on white blood cell counts and reduce the risk of further delays in treatment.

• #83 Molecule can quickly, and briefly, boost white blood cell counts | Yale News

  https://news.yale.edu/2024/01/31/molecule-can-quickly-and-briefly-boost-white-blood-cell-counts

  However, there are few pharmacological options for adjusting white blood cells counts in patients with abnormal levels. […] This increase in white blood cells, deployed from the animals bone marrow, occurred shortly after exposure to A485. […] Currently, the main treatment for low white blood cell counts is G-CSF, or granulocyte colony stimulating factor, which is produced by the body and can be administered as a drug, said Jaschke. […] When patients develop low white blood cell counts after chemotherapy, a condition called neutropenic fever, antibiotics are the only approved therapy, said Jaschke. A485 could be another option. […] Additionally, more research needs to be done to better understand how A485 has the effect that it does. […] Jaschke and his colleagues found that A485 works, in part, through endogenous G-CSF, which is a protein that simulates the bone marrow to make more blood cells. […] But we found that this hormone can regulate neutrophils, which opens up a whole new field of questions, said Jaschke. Along with A485 working through G-CSF, these findings mean there are pathways that mediate bone marrow mobilization that we dont even know about yet.

• #84 Chronic neutropenia | Immune Deficiency Foundation

  https://primaryimmune.org/understanding-primary-immunodeficiency/types-of-pi/chronic-neutropenia

  People with chronic neutropenia have low levels of white blood cells called neutrophils, and the condition is both a rare blood disorder and a rare type of primary immunodeficiency (PI). […] Chronic congenital neutropenia can be caused by genetic variants that are inherited or by spontaneous genetic variants that aren’t inherited. Genetic variants in the ELANE gene are the most common cause of severe congenital neutropenia and virtually all cases of cyclic neutropenia. Mutations in several other genes, including HAX1, G6PC3, and CXCR4, may also cause chronic neutropenia. […] Chronic neutropenia looks very different depending on how low a person’s neutrophil level is in the blood. The risk of infection due to neutropenia correlates with both its severity and duration. […] Those with chronic neutropenia are also at risk of eventually developing bone marrow or blood cancers like myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

• #85 Chronic neutropenia | Immune Deficiency Foundation

  https://primaryimmune.org/understanding-primary-immunodeficiency/types-of-pi/chronic-neutropenia

  People with chronic neutropenia have low levels of white blood cells called neutrophils, and the condition is both a rare blood disorder and a rare type of primary immunodeficiency (PI). […] Chronic congenital neutropenia can be caused by genetic variants that are inherited or by spontaneous genetic variants that aren’t inherited. Genetic variants in the ELANE gene are the most common cause of severe congenital neutropenia and virtually all cases of cyclic neutropenia. Mutations in several other genes, including HAX1, G6PC3, and CXCR4, may also cause chronic neutropenia. […] Chronic neutropenia looks very different depending on how low a person’s neutrophil level is in the blood. The risk of infection due to neutropenia correlates with both its severity and duration. […] Those with chronic neutropenia are also at risk of eventually developing bone marrow or blood cancers like myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

• #86 Chronic neutropenia | Immune Deficiency Foundation

  https://primaryimmune.org/understanding-primary-immunodeficiency/types-of-pi/chronic-neutropenia

  People with chronic neutropenia have low levels of white blood cells called neutrophils, and the condition is both a rare blood disorder and a rare type of primary immunodeficiency (PI). […] Chronic congenital neutropenia can be caused by genetic variants that are inherited or by spontaneous genetic variants that aren’t inherited. Genetic variants in the ELANE gene are the most common cause of severe congenital neutropenia and virtually all cases of cyclic neutropenia. Mutations in several other genes, including HAX1, G6PC3, and CXCR4, may also cause chronic neutropenia. […] Chronic neutropenia looks very different depending on how low a person’s neutrophil level is in the blood. The risk of infection due to neutropenia correlates with both its severity and duration. […] Those with chronic neutropenia are also at risk of eventually developing bone marrow or blood cancers like myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

• #87 Leukopenia (Low white blood cell count): Causes and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320299

  A person with leukopenia has a low number of white blood cells, or leukocytes, in their blood. A low white blood cell count may make a person more likely to contract an infection. […] White blood cells form in the bone marrow and are critical for the immune system. A person with too few leukocytes is more prone to infections and diseases. […] Several medical conditions can cause leukopenia. Certain treatments and medications may also cause leukopenia. […] COVID-19 may also result in a shortage of white blood cells. […] Certain cancer treatments may affect a person’s white blood cell count, leading to leukopenia. […] A person may experience a short-term drop in their white blood cell count due to infection, drug interaction, or other causes. […] Healthcare professionals deem neutropenia to be chronic if a person has a low neutrophil level on at least three occasions over 3 months.

• #88 Low White Blood Cell Count: Causes and Solutions

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/white-blood-cell-count-low

  A blood test that shows a WBC count of less than 4,000 per microliter (some labs say less than 4,500) could mean your body may not be able to fight infection the way it should. A low number is called leukopenia or neutropenia. Leukopenia can either be acute or chronic. […] Chronic leukopenia: Leukopenia is considered chronic if you’ve had a low neutrophil level on at least three occasions over a period of 3 months. It is usually caused by: An ongoing illness (such as cancer), A viral illness such as HIV, A genetic condition, An autoimmune disorder such as lupus. […] Low WBC counts are often linked to bone marrow problems. Being around certain chemicals, such as benzene and pesticides, as well as some types of cancer and cancer treatments including chemotherapy and radiation, can hurt your bone marrow’s ability to make WBCs. […] Some autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, will tell your body to attack and destroy its own WBCs. […] It’s estimated that 25%-50% of African Americans have a neutrophil count of under 1,500 per microliter, while less than 1% of white Americans do.

• #89 Leukopenia: Causes & Treatment – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/leukopenia-causes-and-treatment

  Treatment for leukopenia depends entirely on the underlying cause. For example, if you have an infection, your healthcare providers may prescribe antibiotics for bacterial infections, antiviral drugs for viral illnesses, or antifungal medicines for fungal infections. Other treatments may consist of anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, pain relievers, and immunosuppressant medications for autoimmune diseases. […] If there is a deficiency in your bone marrow, healthcare providers may use growth factors to help your bone marrow make more blood cells. For example, a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor such as filgrastim is used to treat neutropenia and prevent infections. […] Leukopenia increases your risk of infection. Call your healthcare provider if you develop recurrent or severe infections.

• #90 Chronic neutropenia | Immune Deficiency Foundation

  https://primaryimmune.org/understanding-primary-immunodeficiency/types-of-pi/chronic-neutropenia

  Genetic testing is recommended for people with chronic neutropenia. Genetic testing for neutropenia may bring you one step closer to an accurate diagnosis and appropriate clinical management, help you make informed choices about your healthcare, learn the risk for your family members, find resources for your condition, and better understand your options for participating in clinical trial research on investigational therapies. According to a 2022 publication from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee, variants in more than 20 different genes can cause chronic neutropenia. […] Therapy for chronic neutropenia focuses on preventing infection using specific bacterial or fungal antimicrobials. In case of an infection, your healthcare provider will carefully evaluate the pathogen causing it to determine the appropriate antibacterial or antifungal therapy. Another treatment for chronic neutropenia is granulocyte-colony stimulating factors (G-CSF). G-CSF is a man-made version of a hormone that causes bone marrow to make and release neutrophils, which improves a person’s ability to fight off bacterial and fungal infections.

• #91 Chronic neutropenia | Immune Deficiency Foundation

  https://primaryimmune.org/understanding-primary-immunodeficiency/types-of-pi/chronic-neutropenia

  People with chronic neutropenia have low levels of white blood cells called neutrophils, and the condition is both a rare blood disorder and a rare type of primary immunodeficiency (PI). […] Chronic congenital neutropenia can be caused by genetic variants that are inherited or by spontaneous genetic variants that aren’t inherited. Genetic variants in the ELANE gene are the most common cause of severe congenital neutropenia and virtually all cases of cyclic neutropenia. Mutations in several other genes, including HAX1, G6PC3, and CXCR4, may also cause chronic neutropenia. […] Chronic neutropenia looks very different depending on how low a person’s neutrophil level is in the blood. The risk of infection due to neutropenia correlates with both its severity and duration. […] Those with chronic neutropenia are also at risk of eventually developing bone marrow or blood cancers like myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

• #92 Chronic neutropenia | Immune Deficiency Foundation

  https://primaryimmune.org/understanding-primary-immunodeficiency/types-of-pi/chronic-neutropenia

  People with chronic neutropenia have low levels of white blood cells called neutrophils, and the condition is both a rare blood disorder and a rare type of primary immunodeficiency (PI). […] Chronic congenital neutropenia can be caused by genetic variants that are inherited or by spontaneous genetic variants that aren’t inherited. Genetic variants in the ELANE gene are the most common cause of severe congenital neutropenia and virtually all cases of cyclic neutropenia. Mutations in several other genes, including HAX1, G6PC3, and CXCR4, may also cause chronic neutropenia. […] Chronic neutropenia looks very different depending on how low a person’s neutrophil level is in the blood. The risk of infection due to neutropenia correlates with both its severity and duration. […] Those with chronic neutropenia are also at risk of eventually developing bone marrow or blood cancers like myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

• #93 Chronic neutropenia | Immune Deficiency Foundation

  https://primaryimmune.org/understanding-primary-immunodeficiency/types-of-pi/chronic-neutropenia

  Mavorixafor is an investigational medication that is being studied to see if it can help people with neutropenia by releasing neutrophils from the bone marrow. It works by blocking a receptor known as CXCR4 that is present on the surface of immune cells. Mavorixafor has been studied in healthy volunteers as well as people with WHIM syndrome (another PI) and cancer, and all studies showed increases in neutrophil count.

• #94 Leukopenia physician – Cancer Therapy Advisor

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/hematology/leukopenia-physician/

  Leukopenia or neutropenia may develop as the result of many underlying conditions, most of which are described in detail elsewhere. The following is a brief description of the known pathophysiology underlying some forms of neutropenia: […] Severe congenital neutropenia is a heterogeneous disease. Autosomal dominant SCN is most commonly caused by mutations in neutrophil elastase (ELANE), which leads to the accumulation of mutant protein in the endoplasmic reticulum of neutrophils, triggering the unfolded protein response. This accounts for about 60% of cases of SCN. Autosomal recessive SCN (Kostmanns syndrome) is caused by absence of Hax-1, a mitochondrial protein. Loss of Hax-1 leads to mitochondrial membrane destabilization and apoptosis. Rarer causes of SCN include mutations in Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASp) and mutation of glucose-6 phosphatase catalytic subunit 3 (G6PC3).

• #95 Leukopenia physician – Cancer Therapy Advisor

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/hematology/leukopenia-physician/

  Leukopenia or neutropenia may develop as the result of many underlying conditions, most of which are described in detail elsewhere. The following is a brief description of the known pathophysiology underlying some forms of neutropenia: […] Severe congenital neutropenia is a heterogeneous disease. Autosomal dominant SCN is most commonly caused by mutations in neutrophil elastase (ELANE), which leads to the accumulation of mutant protein in the endoplasmic reticulum of neutrophils, triggering the unfolded protein response. This accounts for about 60% of cases of SCN. Autosomal recessive SCN (Kostmanns syndrome) is caused by absence of Hax-1, a mitochondrial protein. Loss of Hax-1 leads to mitochondrial membrane destabilization and apoptosis. Rarer causes of SCN include mutations in Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASp) and mutation of glucose-6 phosphatase catalytic subunit 3 (G6PC3).

• #96 Leukopenia physician – Cancer Therapy Advisor

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/hematology/leukopenia-physician/

  Leukopenia or neutropenia may develop as the result of many underlying conditions, most of which are described in detail elsewhere. The following is a brief description of the known pathophysiology underlying some forms of neutropenia: […] Severe congenital neutropenia is a heterogeneous disease. Autosomal dominant SCN is most commonly caused by mutations in neutrophil elastase (ELANE), which leads to the accumulation of mutant protein in the endoplasmic reticulum of neutrophils, triggering the unfolded protein response. This accounts for about 60% of cases of SCN. Autosomal recessive SCN (Kostmanns syndrome) is caused by absence of Hax-1, a mitochondrial protein. Loss of Hax-1 leads to mitochondrial membrane destabilization and apoptosis. Rarer causes of SCN include mutations in Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASp) and mutation of glucose-6 phosphatase catalytic subunit 3 (G6PC3).

• #97 Clinical associations with a polygenic predisposition to benign lower white blood cell counts | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47804-5

  Polygenic variation unrelated to disease contributes to interindividual variation in baseline white blood cell (WBC) counts, but its clinical significance is uncharacterized. […] A predisposition to lower WBC counts was associated with a decreased risk of identifying pathology on a bone marrow biopsy performed for a low WBC count (odds-ratio=0.55 per standard deviation increase in PGSWBC [95%CI, 0.300.94], p=0.04), an increased risk of leukopenia (a low WBC count) when treated with a chemotherapeutic (n=1724, hazard ratio [HR]=0.78 [0.690.88], p=4.0105) or immunosuppressant (n=354, HR=0.61 [0.380.99], p=0.04). […] A predisposition to benign lower WBC counts was associated with an increased risk of discontinuing azathioprine treatment (n=1,466, HR=0.62 [0.440.87], p=0.006). […] In sum, a polygenic predisposition toward lower WBC counts was associated with an increased likelihood of having a bone marrow biopsy that was performed to investigate a low WBC count and a reduced likelihood of identifying pathology on the biopsy. […] A polygenic predisposition toward lower WBC counts was associated with an increased likelihood of having ICD codes for drug toxicity related to a low WBC count, developing leukopenia with treatment, and medication discontinuation.

• #98 Molecule can quickly, and briefly, boost white blood cell counts | Yale News

  https://news.yale.edu/2024/01/31/molecule-can-quickly-and-briefly-boost-white-blood-cell-counts

  However, there are few pharmacological options for adjusting white blood cells counts in patients with abnormal levels. […] This increase in white blood cells, deployed from the animals bone marrow, occurred shortly after exposure to A485. […] Currently, the main treatment for low white blood cell counts is G-CSF, or granulocyte colony stimulating factor, which is produced by the body and can be administered as a drug, said Jaschke. […] When patients develop low white blood cell counts after chemotherapy, a condition called neutropenic fever, antibiotics are the only approved therapy, said Jaschke. A485 could be another option. […] Additionally, more research needs to be done to better understand how A485 has the effect that it does. […] Jaschke and his colleagues found that A485 works, in part, through endogenous G-CSF, which is a protein that simulates the bone marrow to make more blood cells. […] But we found that this hormone can regulate neutrophils, which opens up a whole new field of questions, said Jaschke. Along with A485 working through G-CSF, these findings mean there are pathways that mediate bone marrow mobilization that we dont even know about yet.

• #99 Molecule can quickly, and briefly, boost white blood cell counts | Yale News

  https://news.yale.edu/2024/01/31/molecule-can-quickly-and-briefly-boost-white-blood-cell-counts

  However, there are few pharmacological options for adjusting white blood cells counts in patients with abnormal levels. […] This increase in white blood cells, deployed from the animals bone marrow, occurred shortly after exposure to A485. […] Currently, the main treatment for low white blood cell counts is G-CSF, or granulocyte colony stimulating factor, which is produced by the body and can be administered as a drug, said Jaschke. […] When patients develop low white blood cell counts after chemotherapy, a condition called neutropenic fever, antibiotics are the only approved therapy, said Jaschke. A485 could be another option. […] Additionally, more research needs to be done to better understand how A485 has the effect that it does. […] Jaschke and his colleagues found that A485 works, in part, through endogenous G-CSF, which is a protein that simulates the bone marrow to make more blood cells. […] But we found that this hormone can regulate neutrophils, which opens up a whole new field of questions, said Jaschke. Along with A485 working through G-CSF, these findings mean there are pathways that mediate bone marrow mobilization that we dont even know about yet.

• #100 Molecule can quickly, and briefly, boost white blood cell counts | Yale News

  https://news.yale.edu/2024/01/31/molecule-can-quickly-and-briefly-boost-white-blood-cell-counts

  However, there are few pharmacological options for adjusting white blood cells counts in patients with abnormal levels. […] This increase in white blood cells, deployed from the animals bone marrow, occurred shortly after exposure to A485. […] Currently, the main treatment for low white blood cell counts is G-CSF, or granulocyte colony stimulating factor, which is produced by the body and can be administered as a drug, said Jaschke. […] When patients develop low white blood cell counts after chemotherapy, a condition called neutropenic fever, antibiotics are the only approved therapy, said Jaschke. A485 could be another option. […] Additionally, more research needs to be done to better understand how A485 has the effect that it does. […] Jaschke and his colleagues found that A485 works, in part, through endogenous G-CSF, which is a protein that simulates the bone marrow to make more blood cells. […] But we found that this hormone can regulate neutrophils, which opens up a whole new field of questions, said Jaschke. Along with A485 working through G-CSF, these findings mean there are pathways that mediate bone marrow mobilization that we dont even know about yet.

• #101 Molecule can quickly, and briefly, boost white blood cell counts | Yale News

  https://news.yale.edu/2024/01/31/molecule-can-quickly-and-briefly-boost-white-blood-cell-counts

  However, there are few pharmacological options for adjusting white blood cells counts in patients with abnormal levels. […] This increase in white blood cells, deployed from the animals bone marrow, occurred shortly after exposure to A485. […] Currently, the main treatment for low white blood cell counts is G-CSF, or granulocyte colony stimulating factor, which is produced by the body and can be administered as a drug, said Jaschke. […] When patients develop low white blood cell counts after chemotherapy, a condition called neutropenic fever, antibiotics are the only approved therapy, said Jaschke. A485 could be another option. […] Additionally, more research needs to be done to better understand how A485 has the effect that it does. […] Jaschke and his colleagues found that A485 works, in part, through endogenous G-CSF, which is a protein that simulates the bone marrow to make more blood cells. […] But we found that this hormone can regulate neutrophils, which opens up a whole new field of questions, said Jaschke. Along with A485 working through G-CSF, these findings mean there are pathways that mediate bone marrow mobilization that we dont even know about yet.

• #102 Leukocyte Count (WBC): Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2054452-overview

  A white blood cell (WBC) count of less than 4 x 109/L indicates leukopenia. […] Decreased WBC count, leukopenia, is seen when supply is depleted by infection or treatment such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or when a hematopoietic stem cell abnormality does not allow normal growth/maturation within the bone marrow, such as myelodysplastic syndrome or leukemia. […] Leukopenia (decrease in WBC) is most often due to a lower number of neutrophils, referred to as neutropenia. Characteristically, the neutrophil count is less than 1.5 x 109/L. […] Formed in the bone marrow by multipotential progenitor cells/hematopoietic stem cells (hematopoiesis), white blood cells are a part of our immune system and play an essential role in protecting the body against infection. […] The peripheral blood white blood cell count (WBC) and differential count are used to assess the body’s response to certain benign conditions such as acute and chronic infections, inflammatory conditions, allergic reactions, and immunodeficiency states and various hematologic malignancies such as leukemias and lymphomas.

• #103 Low white blood cell count (neutropenia) | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/treatments/side-effects/low-white-blood-cell-count

  Neutropenia and leukopenia are terms used to refer to lowered numbers of white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood. WBCs help the body fight infection and disease. When WBC counts are low, there is a higher risk of infection. […] Leukopenia is a decrease in the total number of white blood cells. […] Neutropenia is a low neutrophil count. Neutrophils are a type of WBC that surround and destroy bacteria in the body. They are very important in fighting infection. […] A person has leukopenia when the total WBC count is less than 3.0 x 10 9/ L. A person has neutropenia when the ANC is less than 1.9 x 10 9/ L. The neutrophil count usually decreases with the WBC count, but it is possible to have a normal WBC count and still have neutropenia. […] The risk of developing an infection is greater when the ANC is less than 1.5 x 10 9/ L. The risk increases as the neutrophil level drops and the longer it remains low. An infection is likely to occur if the ANC is less than 0.5 x 10 9/ L.

• #104 White Blood Cell Count: Normal, High, and Low Counts

  https://www.healthline.com/health/wbc-count

  A normal white blood cell count is 5,000 to 10,000 for people assigned male at birth and 4,500 to 11,000 for people assigned female at birth. […] A white blood cell (WBC) count is a test that measures the number of white blood cells in your body. […] White blood cells, also called leukocytes, are an important part of the immune system. […] A white blood cell count can detect hidden infections within your body and alert doctors to undiagnosed medical conditions, such as autoimmune diseases, immune deficiencies, and blood disorders. […] If your test results are abnormal, it may mean that your numbers are higher or lower than the normal range. […] Leukopenia is the medical term used to describe a low WBC count. It can result from autoimmune disorders, bone marrow disorders or damage, lymphoma, severe infections, liver and spleen diseases, such as an enlarged spleen, lupus, radiation therapy, some medications, such as chemotherapy and antibiotics, alcoholism, malaria, and AIDS. […] Sometimes, neutropenia is also used to indicate a low blood count. […] Having neutropenia may put you at an increased risk for infection. […] A WBC count outside that range may result from an underlying health condition.

• #105 Leukocyte Count (WBC): Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2054452-overview

  A white blood cell (WBC) count of less than 4 x 109/L indicates leukopenia. […] Decreased WBC count, leukopenia, is seen when supply is depleted by infection or treatment such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or when a hematopoietic stem cell abnormality does not allow normal growth/maturation within the bone marrow, such as myelodysplastic syndrome or leukemia. […] Leukopenia (decrease in WBC) is most often due to a lower number of neutrophils, referred to as neutropenia. Characteristically, the neutrophil count is less than 1.5 x 109/L. […] Formed in the bone marrow by multipotential progenitor cells/hematopoietic stem cells (hematopoiesis), white blood cells are a part of our immune system and play an essential role in protecting the body against infection. […] The peripheral blood white blood cell count (WBC) and differential count are used to assess the body’s response to certain benign conditions such as acute and chronic infections, inflammatory conditions, allergic reactions, and immunodeficiency states and various hematologic malignancies such as leukemias and lymphomas.

• #106 Low White Blood Cell Counts | Neutropenia | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/side-effects/low-blood-counts/neutropenia.html

  Managing neutropenia depends on the cause. But if you have signs of an infection and have a low WBC count, you might be started on a treatment before they know what is causing it. Antibiotics, antiviral, and antifungal medicines are often given when someone has a low WBC and is having fever. Growth factors are medicines that help the bone marrow make more white blood cells. They are also called granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs). They’re usually given as a shot. […] Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) is the number (instead of the percentage) of neutrophils you have in a certain amount of blood. Your cancer care team will use your ANC to get an idea of how well your immune system is working during treatment. […] You might also hear the word nadir when your cancer care team is talking about your blood counts or ANC. When the number of white blood cells goes down because of cancer treatments (especially chemotherapy), the very lowest number is called the nadir. The nadir usually occurs about 7 to 10 days after getting chemo. This is when a person is most at risk for a severe infection. Numbers of other blood cells (red blood cells and platelets) may be very low as well. After a nadir, blood counts start to slowly increase as the cells in your body recover.

• #107 Low White Blood Cell Count – Chemocare

  https://chemocare.com/sideeffect/low-white-blood-cell-count

  Low white blood cell count (low WBC) is associated with leukopenia, which is a decrease in the total number of white blood cells. […] Neutropenia is a decrease in the number of neutrophils, which may lead to low white blood count. […] Granulocytopenia is sometimes used in place of neutropenia. […] When you have a low white blood cell count, there is an increased risk of infection. […] The level of risk depends on several factors, including how low your white blood count falls and how long it remains low. […] One measure of risk is the absolute neutrophil count (ANC). […] The ANC is calculated by multiplying the total white blood count by the percent of neutrophils. […] Risk of infection based on Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) indicates that an ANC greater than 1500 shows no increased risk of infection, while an ANC less than 100 indicates an extremely high risk of infection.

• #108 Low White Blood Cell Count – Chemocare

  https://chemocare.com/sideeffect/low-white-blood-cell-count

  Low white blood cell count (low WBC) is associated with leukopenia, which is a decrease in the total number of white blood cells. […] Neutropenia is a decrease in the number of neutrophils, which may lead to low white blood count. […] Granulocytopenia is sometimes used in place of neutropenia. […] When you have a low white blood cell count, there is an increased risk of infection. […] The level of risk depends on several factors, including how low your white blood count falls and how long it remains low. […] One measure of risk is the absolute neutrophil count (ANC). […] The ANC is calculated by multiplying the total white blood count by the percent of neutrophils. […] Risk of infection based on Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) indicates that an ANC greater than 1500 shows no increased risk of infection, while an ANC less than 100 indicates an extremely high risk of infection.

• #109 Leukocyte Count (WBC): Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2054452-overview

  A white blood cell (WBC) count of less than 4 x 109/L indicates leukopenia. […] Decreased WBC count, leukopenia, is seen when supply is depleted by infection or treatment such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or when a hematopoietic stem cell abnormality does not allow normal growth/maturation within the bone marrow, such as myelodysplastic syndrome or leukemia. […] Leukopenia (decrease in WBC) is most often due to a lower number of neutrophils, referred to as neutropenia. Characteristically, the neutrophil count is less than 1.5 x 109/L. […] Formed in the bone marrow by multipotential progenitor cells/hematopoietic stem cells (hematopoiesis), white blood cells are a part of our immune system and play an essential role in protecting the body against infection. […] The peripheral blood white blood cell count (WBC) and differential count are used to assess the body’s response to certain benign conditions such as acute and chronic infections, inflammatory conditions, allergic reactions, and immunodeficiency states and various hematologic malignancies such as leukemias and lymphomas.

• #110 White Blood Cells | Rupa Health

  https://www.rupahealth.com/biomarkers/wbc

  Leukopenia, a decrease in the circulating white blood cell (WBC) count to 4000/mcL ( 4 109/L), can result from various causes: [6., 7., 12.] […] In leukemia or myeloproliferative disorders, leukopenia arises due to the disruption of normal white blood cell (WBC) production in the bone marrow. This disruption occurs because of the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells or their precursor cells, which leads to overcrowding of the bone marrow and suppression of normal hematopoiesis. […] As a result, there is a decrease in the production of mature, functional white blood cells including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Alterations in red blood cell and/or platelet count may also be seen. […] Neutropenia, where the neutrophil count drops below 1.5 x 10^9/L, is the most common form of leukopenia.

• #111 Low White Blood Cell Count Tips

  https://www.virginiacancer.com/treatment-tips/low-white-blood-cell-count/

  Neutropenia is a low level of white blood cells. […] Patients receiving a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy are at greater risk for neutropenia. […] Since white blood cells play an important role in preventing infection, any time your white blood cell count drops, you are at higher risk of getting an infection. […] Your white blood cell count will be checked periodically throughout the course of your treatments. […] Any time that your white blood cell count drops below 1,000 per mm3, you will be considered neutropenic. […] If your white blood cell count drops to 1,000 per mm3 or below, you are considered to be neutropenic. […] Until your count rises, it will be necessary for you to take additional measures to further decrease your risk for infection. […] One growth factor stimulates the growth of white blood cells and is used frequently with cancer patients, especially those receiving chemotherapy and radiation therapy. […] By increasing your body’s production of white blood cells, this growth factor can decrease your risk of developing an infection.

• #112 Low White Blood Cell Count Tips

  https://www.virginiacancer.com/treatment-tips/low-white-blood-cell-count/

  Neutropenia is a low level of white blood cells. […] Patients receiving a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy are at greater risk for neutropenia. […] Since white blood cells play an important role in preventing infection, any time your white blood cell count drops, you are at higher risk of getting an infection. […] Your white blood cell count will be checked periodically throughout the course of your treatments. […] Any time that your white blood cell count drops below 1,000 per mm3, you will be considered neutropenic. […] If your white blood cell count drops to 1,000 per mm3 or below, you are considered to be neutropenic. […] Until your count rises, it will be necessary for you to take additional measures to further decrease your risk for infection. […] One growth factor stimulates the growth of white blood cells and is used frequently with cancer patients, especially those receiving chemotherapy and radiation therapy. […] By increasing your body’s production of white blood cells, this growth factor can decrease your risk of developing an infection.

• #113 Low White Blood Cell Count Tips

  https://www.virginiacancer.com/treatment-tips/low-white-blood-cell-count/

  Neutropenia is a low level of white blood cells. […] Patients receiving a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy are at greater risk for neutropenia. […] Since white blood cells play an important role in preventing infection, any time your white blood cell count drops, you are at higher risk of getting an infection. […] Your white blood cell count will be checked periodically throughout the course of your treatments. […] Any time that your white blood cell count drops below 1,000 per mm3, you will be considered neutropenic. […] If your white blood cell count drops to 1,000 per mm3 or below, you are considered to be neutropenic. […] Until your count rises, it will be necessary for you to take additional measures to further decrease your risk for infection. […] One growth factor stimulates the growth of white blood cells and is used frequently with cancer patients, especially those receiving chemotherapy and radiation therapy. […] By increasing your body’s production of white blood cells, this growth factor can decrease your risk of developing an infection.

• #114 Low White Blood Cell Count Tips

  https://www.virginiacancer.com/treatment-tips/low-white-blood-cell-count/

  Neutropenia is a low level of white blood cells. […] Patients receiving a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy are at greater risk for neutropenia. […] Since white blood cells play an important role in preventing infection, any time your white blood cell count drops, you are at higher risk of getting an infection. […] Your white blood cell count will be checked periodically throughout the course of your treatments. […] Any time that your white blood cell count drops below 1,000 per mm3, you will be considered neutropenic. […] If your white blood cell count drops to 1,000 per mm3 or below, you are considered to be neutropenic. […] Until your count rises, it will be necessary for you to take additional measures to further decrease your risk for infection. […] One growth factor stimulates the growth of white blood cells and is used frequently with cancer patients, especially those receiving chemotherapy and radiation therapy. […] By increasing your body’s production of white blood cells, this growth factor can decrease your risk of developing an infection.

• #115 Low White Blood Cell Count Tips

  https://www.virginiacancer.com/treatment-tips/low-white-blood-cell-count/

  Neutropenia is a low level of white blood cells. […] Patients receiving a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy are at greater risk for neutropenia. […] Since white blood cells play an important role in preventing infection, any time your white blood cell count drops, you are at higher risk of getting an infection. […] Your white blood cell count will be checked periodically throughout the course of your treatments. […] Any time that your white blood cell count drops below 1,000 per mm3, you will be considered neutropenic. […] If your white blood cell count drops to 1,000 per mm3 or below, you are considered to be neutropenic. […] Until your count rises, it will be necessary for you to take additional measures to further decrease your risk for infection. […] One growth factor stimulates the growth of white blood cells and is used frequently with cancer patients, especially those receiving chemotherapy and radiation therapy. […] By increasing your body’s production of white blood cells, this growth factor can decrease your risk of developing an infection.

• #116 The Etiology and Management of Leukopenia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2154209/

  Leukopenia is an abnormal reduction of circulating white blood cells, especially the granulocytes. The term leukopenia is often used interchangeably with neutropenia. It may result from reduced production of white blood cells or increased utilization and destruction, or both. Infection, drugs, malignancy, megaloblastosis, hypersplenism and immunoneutropenia are responsible for most cases of neutropenia. […] The major danger of neutropenia is the risk of infection. Management requires identification of the cause and effective antimicrobial therapy, especially when serious systemic infection is present.

• #117 Low white blood cell count

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/low-white-blood-cell-count/

  A low white blood cell count usually means your body is not making enough white blood cells. It can increase your risk of getting infections. […] Agranulocytosis and neutropenia are conditions that cause a low white blood cell count. […] Treatment for a low white blood cell count depends on what’s causing it. Treatment often includes antibiotics. […] Occasionally, infections can lead to a life-threatening condition called sepsis.

• #118 Low White Blood Cell Count (Leukopenia): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17706-low-white-blood-cell-count

  In leukemia, your body makes abnormal blood cells that multiply and divide. The abnormal cells eventually outnumber healthy cells, including healthy white blood cells. That leaves your body with lower-than-normal levels of white blood cells or leukopenia. […] People may develop leukopenia because they have certain medical conditions, take certain medications or have malnutrition and/or dont get enough of certain vitamins. Medical conditions include: Bone marrow disorders: Multiple myeloma and aplastic anemia are examples of bone marrow disorders that cause leukopenia. […] Healthcare providers treat the underlying cause. For example, if you have leukopenia because you have an infection, they may use antibiotics or antiviral drugs to fight the infection. Other treatments may include: Growth factors: These drugs encourage your bone marrow to make more blood cells. In this case, growth factor medication may boost white blood cell production.

• #119 Leukopenia (Low white blood cell count): Causes and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320299

  A person who develops an infection of the spleen can also experience chronic leukopenia. […] Leukopenia refers to a reduced number of total white blood cells. A person with leukopenia can have a reduction in any type of white blood cell. […] The American Cancer Society notes that a person’s neutrophil count is an important indicator of their infection risk. […] The treatment for leukopenia depends on the cause of the condition. […] Although leukopenia has no symptoms, it makes a person more susceptible to infections.

• #120 Low White Blood Cell Count (Leukopenia): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17706-low-white-blood-cell-count

  In leukemia, your body makes abnormal blood cells that multiply and divide. The abnormal cells eventually outnumber healthy cells, including healthy white blood cells. That leaves your body with lower-than-normal levels of white blood cells or leukopenia. […] People may develop leukopenia because they have certain medical conditions, take certain medications or have malnutrition and/or dont get enough of certain vitamins. Medical conditions include: Bone marrow disorders: Multiple myeloma and aplastic anemia are examples of bone marrow disorders that cause leukopenia. […] Healthcare providers treat the underlying cause. For example, if you have leukopenia because you have an infection, they may use antibiotics or antiviral drugs to fight the infection. Other treatments may include: Growth factors: These drugs encourage your bone marrow to make more blood cells. In this case, growth factor medication may boost white blood cell production.

• #121 Low white blood cell count (neutropenia) | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/treatments/side-effects/low-white-blood-cell-count

  Colony-stimulating factors are special medicines called growth factors. They stimulate, or help, the bone marrow to make white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. […] With some chemotherapy drugs, G-CSFs or GM-CSFs may be given to stimulate the bone marrow to produce more WBCs. […] Antibiotics are drugs that fight infections caused by bacteria and other micro-organisms. The healthcare team may prescribe antibiotics if your white blood cell count is too low, the risk of infection is high or they suspect you have an infection. […] If the white blood cell count or ANC is too low, chemotherapy is sometimes stopped temporarily. Sometimes a lower dose of chemotherapy drugs is given to lessen the impact on white blood cell counts and reduce the risk of further delays in treatment.

• #122 Low White Blood Cell Counts | Neutropenia | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/side-effects/low-blood-counts/neutropenia.html

  People with a low white blood cell count have a condition called neutropenia. […] Neutropenia can be caused by cancer, cancer treatments, or something not related to cancer. Some common causes are: Cancers affecting the bone marrow (leukemias, lymphomas, multiple myeloma), Cancer treatments such as chemo, targeted drug therapy, and bone marrow or stem cell transplant, Disorders that affect the bone marrow such as myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), Many types of infections such as COVID-19, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), HIV, and hepatitis, Immune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), Nutrition problems including low vitamin B12, copper, or folate, Chronic idiopathic neutropenia (CIN) is long-term neutropenia without a clear cause. […] If chemotherapy, medicine, or other treatment is causing neutropenia, the dose might be lowered, the treatment switched, or the treatment held off until your body recovers.

• #123 Low white blood cell count (neutropenia) | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/treatments/side-effects/low-white-blood-cell-count

  Colony-stimulating factors are special medicines called growth factors. They stimulate, or help, the bone marrow to make white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. […] With some chemotherapy drugs, G-CSFs or GM-CSFs may be given to stimulate the bone marrow to produce more WBCs. […] Antibiotics are drugs that fight infections caused by bacteria and other micro-organisms. The healthcare team may prescribe antibiotics if your white blood cell count is too low, the risk of infection is high or they suspect you have an infection. […] If the white blood cell count or ANC is too low, chemotherapy is sometimes stopped temporarily. Sometimes a lower dose of chemotherapy drugs is given to lessen the impact on white blood cell counts and reduce the risk of further delays in treatment.

• #124 Low white blood cell count (neutropenia) | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/treatments/side-effects/low-white-blood-cell-count

  Colony-stimulating factors are special medicines called growth factors. They stimulate, or help, the bone marrow to make white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. […] With some chemotherapy drugs, G-CSFs or GM-CSFs may be given to stimulate the bone marrow to produce more WBCs. […] Antibiotics are drugs that fight infections caused by bacteria and other micro-organisms. The healthcare team may prescribe antibiotics if your white blood cell count is too low, the risk of infection is high or they suspect you have an infection. […] If the white blood cell count or ANC is too low, chemotherapy is sometimes stopped temporarily. Sometimes a lower dose of chemotherapy drugs is given to lessen the impact on white blood cell counts and reduce the risk of further delays in treatment.

• #125 Low White Blood Cell Count (Neutropenia) | OncoLink

  https://www.oncolink.org/support/side-effects/low-blood-counts/neutropenia

  White blood cells (WBC) are part of our body’s immune system. These cells protect us against infection. A neutrophil is one type of WBC and makes up most of our WBCs. They are the „first responders” and quickly go to the site of infection, taking in and destroying foreign particles (something not found in the body). They can be found in the pus of a wound and play a role in acute inflammation (redness, warmth, swelling, and pain). […] A low neutrophil count (less than 1,000) is known as neutropenia. The lower the neutrophil count, the higher the risk of infection. […] Neutropenia is most often caused by cancer therapies, like chemotherapy and radiation therapy. […] You may receive a medication called a granulocyte colony stimulating factor, or GCSF, which stimulates (revs up) neutrophil production. This is a man-made version of a natural hormone that causes the body to make more neutrophils. It is given by an injection just under the skin. There are a few growth factors available in the United States: filgrastim (Neupogen), pegfilgrastim (Neulasta), and sargramostim (Leukine).

• #126 Low White Blood Cell Count – Chemocare

  https://chemocare.com/sideeffect/low-white-blood-cell-count

  When your white blood cell count is low, you may not have the usual signs and symptoms when developing an infection. […] It is extremely important to be alert to any change in how you feel and report and discuss what you are feeling with your doctor or nurse. […] Your doctor or health care provider may prescribe medications to treat low white blood cell count, such as Filgrastim (Neupogen) or Pegfilgrastim (Neulasta). […] The basic holistic tenets of good hygiene, a well-balanced nutritious diet, stress avoidance, sufficient sleep, and moderate exercise are more important than ever for a person with low white blood cell count.

• #127 Low White Blood Cell Count (Neutropenia) | OncoLink

  https://www.oncolink.org/support/side-effects/low-blood-counts/neutropenia

  White blood cells (WBC) are part of our body’s immune system. These cells protect us against infection. A neutrophil is one type of WBC and makes up most of our WBCs. They are the „first responders” and quickly go to the site of infection, taking in and destroying foreign particles (something not found in the body). They can be found in the pus of a wound and play a role in acute inflammation (redness, warmth, swelling, and pain). […] A low neutrophil count (less than 1,000) is known as neutropenia. The lower the neutrophil count, the higher the risk of infection. […] Neutropenia is most often caused by cancer therapies, like chemotherapy and radiation therapy. […] You may receive a medication called a granulocyte colony stimulating factor, or GCSF, which stimulates (revs up) neutrophil production. This is a man-made version of a natural hormone that causes the body to make more neutrophils. It is given by an injection just under the skin. There are a few growth factors available in the United States: filgrastim (Neupogen), pegfilgrastim (Neulasta), and sargramostim (Leukine).

• #128 Chronic neutropenia | Immune Deficiency Foundation

  https://primaryimmune.org/understanding-primary-immunodeficiency/types-of-pi/chronic-neutropenia

  Genetic testing is recommended for people with chronic neutropenia. Genetic testing for neutropenia may bring you one step closer to an accurate diagnosis and appropriate clinical management, help you make informed choices about your healthcare, learn the risk for your family members, find resources for your condition, and better understand your options for participating in clinical trial research on investigational therapies. According to a 2022 publication from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee, variants in more than 20 different genes can cause chronic neutropenia. […] Therapy for chronic neutropenia focuses on preventing infection using specific bacterial or fungal antimicrobials. In case of an infection, your healthcare provider will carefully evaluate the pathogen causing it to determine the appropriate antibacterial or antifungal therapy. Another treatment for chronic neutropenia is granulocyte-colony stimulating factors (G-CSF). G-CSF is a man-made version of a hormone that causes bone marrow to make and release neutrophils, which improves a person’s ability to fight off bacterial and fungal infections.

• #129 Low white blood cell count (neutropenia) | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/treatments/side-effects/low-white-blood-cell-count

  Colony-stimulating factors are special medicines called growth factors. They stimulate, or help, the bone marrow to make white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. […] With some chemotherapy drugs, G-CSFs or GM-CSFs may be given to stimulate the bone marrow to produce more WBCs. […] Antibiotics are drugs that fight infections caused by bacteria and other micro-organisms. The healthcare team may prescribe antibiotics if your white blood cell count is too low, the risk of infection is high or they suspect you have an infection. […] If the white blood cell count or ANC is too low, chemotherapy is sometimes stopped temporarily. Sometimes a lower dose of chemotherapy drugs is given to lessen the impact on white blood cell counts and reduce the risk of further delays in treatment.

• #130 Molecule can quickly, and briefly, boost white blood cell counts | Yale News

  https://news.yale.edu/2024/01/31/molecule-can-quickly-and-briefly-boost-white-blood-cell-counts

  Treatment with a molecule known as A485 can quickly and temporarily increase levels of white blood cells, a critical part of the bodys immune system, an effect that is difficult to deliver with currently available pharmaceuticals, a new Yale study finds. […] In an experiment, the researchers found that exposure to the molecule in mice caused white blood cells to mobilize from the bone marrow, a response that could inform future treatment for patients who need a boost in immune activity, the researchers say. […] There are certain conditions in which individuals may be affected by low white blood cell counts. These include genetic conditions such as severe congenital neutropenia, a rare disease in children who are prone to repeated infections due to low levels of white blood cells called neutrophils and acquired conditions, such as reduced white blood cell counts following chemotherapy treatment.

• #131 Molecule can quickly, and briefly, boost white blood cell counts | Yale News

  https://news.yale.edu/2024/01/31/molecule-can-quickly-and-briefly-boost-white-blood-cell-counts

  However, there are few pharmacological options for adjusting white blood cells counts in patients with abnormal levels. […] This increase in white blood cells, deployed from the animals bone marrow, occurred shortly after exposure to A485. […] Currently, the main treatment for low white blood cell counts is G-CSF, or granulocyte colony stimulating factor, which is produced by the body and can be administered as a drug, said Jaschke. […] When patients develop low white blood cell counts after chemotherapy, a condition called neutropenic fever, antibiotics are the only approved therapy, said Jaschke. A485 could be another option. […] Additionally, more research needs to be done to better understand how A485 has the effect that it does. […] Jaschke and his colleagues found that A485 works, in part, through endogenous G-CSF, which is a protein that simulates the bone marrow to make more blood cells. […] But we found that this hormone can regulate neutrophils, which opens up a whole new field of questions, said Jaschke. Along with A485 working through G-CSF, these findings mean there are pathways that mediate bone marrow mobilization that we dont even know about yet.

• #132 Chronic neutropenia | Immune Deficiency Foundation

  https://primaryimmune.org/understanding-primary-immunodeficiency/types-of-pi/chronic-neutropenia

  Mavorixafor is an investigational medication that is being studied to see if it can help people with neutropenia by releasing neutrophils from the bone marrow. It works by blocking a receptor known as CXCR4 that is present on the surface of immune cells. Mavorixafor has been studied in healthy volunteers as well as people with WHIM syndrome (another PI) and cancer, and all studies showed increases in neutrophil count.

• #133 Molecule can quickly, and briefly, boost white blood cell counts | Yale News

  https://news.yale.edu/2024/01/31/molecule-can-quickly-and-briefly-boost-white-blood-cell-counts

  Treatment with a molecule known as A485 can quickly and temporarily increase levels of white blood cells, a critical part of the bodys immune system, an effect that is difficult to deliver with currently available pharmaceuticals, a new Yale study finds. […] In an experiment, the researchers found that exposure to the molecule in mice caused white blood cells to mobilize from the bone marrow, a response that could inform future treatment for patients who need a boost in immune activity, the researchers say. […] There are certain conditions in which individuals may be affected by low white blood cell counts. These include genetic conditions such as severe congenital neutropenia, a rare disease in children who are prone to repeated infections due to low levels of white blood cells called neutrophils and acquired conditions, such as reduced white blood cell counts following chemotherapy treatment.

• #134 Molecule can quickly, and briefly, boost white blood cell counts | Yale News

  https://news.yale.edu/2024/01/31/molecule-can-quickly-and-briefly-boost-white-blood-cell-counts

  However, there are few pharmacological options for adjusting white blood cells counts in patients with abnormal levels. […] This increase in white blood cells, deployed from the animals bone marrow, occurred shortly after exposure to A485. […] Currently, the main treatment for low white blood cell counts is G-CSF, or granulocyte colony stimulating factor, which is produced by the body and can be administered as a drug, said Jaschke. […] When patients develop low white blood cell counts after chemotherapy, a condition called neutropenic fever, antibiotics are the only approved therapy, said Jaschke. A485 could be another option. […] Additionally, more research needs to be done to better understand how A485 has the effect that it does. […] Jaschke and his colleagues found that A485 works, in part, through endogenous G-CSF, which is a protein that simulates the bone marrow to make more blood cells. […] But we found that this hormone can regulate neutrophils, which opens up a whole new field of questions, said Jaschke. Along with A485 working through G-CSF, these findings mean there are pathways that mediate bone marrow mobilization that we dont even know about yet.

• #135 Molecule can quickly, and briefly, boost white blood cell counts | Yale News

  https://news.yale.edu/2024/01/31/molecule-can-quickly-and-briefly-boost-white-blood-cell-counts

  However, there are few pharmacological options for adjusting white blood cells counts in patients with abnormal levels. […] This increase in white blood cells, deployed from the animals bone marrow, occurred shortly after exposure to A485. […] Currently, the main treatment for low white blood cell counts is G-CSF, or granulocyte colony stimulating factor, which is produced by the body and can be administered as a drug, said Jaschke. […] When patients develop low white blood cell counts after chemotherapy, a condition called neutropenic fever, antibiotics are the only approved therapy, said Jaschke. A485 could be another option. […] Additionally, more research needs to be done to better understand how A485 has the effect that it does. […] Jaschke and his colleagues found that A485 works, in part, through endogenous G-CSF, which is a protein that simulates the bone marrow to make more blood cells. […] But we found that this hormone can regulate neutrophils, which opens up a whole new field of questions, said Jaschke. Along with A485 working through G-CSF, these findings mean there are pathways that mediate bone marrow mobilization that we dont even know about yet.

• #136 Lupus and Blood Cell Disorders | HSS Rheumatology

  https://www.hss.edu/conditions_top-ten-points-about-lupus-and-blood-cell-disorders.asp

  Depending on the type of anemia, the treatment strategy may vary. Independent of the cause, severe anemia could require blood transfusions to increase the blood cell count. […] Mild leukopenia in lupus usually does not require any treatment. If there is moderate-to-severe leukopenia, the first step is decreasing the dose or even discontinuing medications that could be responsible for the decreased blood cell counts. […] The strategy in patients with low platelet counts is similar to the management of lupus-related leukopenia. Mild thrombocytopenia (100,000 mm3 to 140,000 mm3) does not require any treatment. If there is moderate-to-severe thrombocytopenia (20,000 mm3) to 100,000 mm3), the first step is decreasing the dose or even discontinuing medications that could be responsible for the decreased blood cell counts.

• #137 Lupus and Blood Cell Disorders | HSS Rheumatology

  https://www.hss.edu/conditions_top-ten-points-about-lupus-and-blood-cell-disorders.asp

  Depending on the type of anemia, the treatment strategy may vary. Independent of the cause, severe anemia could require blood transfusions to increase the blood cell count. […] Mild leukopenia in lupus usually does not require any treatment. If there is moderate-to-severe leukopenia, the first step is decreasing the dose or even discontinuing medications that could be responsible for the decreased blood cell counts. […] The strategy in patients with low platelet counts is similar to the management of lupus-related leukopenia. Mild thrombocytopenia (100,000 mm3 to 140,000 mm3) does not require any treatment. If there is moderate-to-severe thrombocytopenia (20,000 mm3) to 100,000 mm3), the first step is decreasing the dose or even discontinuing medications that could be responsible for the decreased blood cell counts.

• #138 Lupus and Blood Cell Disorders | HSS Rheumatology

  https://www.hss.edu/conditions_top-ten-points-about-lupus-and-blood-cell-disorders.asp

  Depending on the type of anemia, the treatment strategy may vary. Independent of the cause, severe anemia could require blood transfusions to increase the blood cell count. […] Mild leukopenia in lupus usually does not require any treatment. If there is moderate-to-severe leukopenia, the first step is decreasing the dose or even discontinuing medications that could be responsible for the decreased blood cell counts. […] The strategy in patients with low platelet counts is similar to the management of lupus-related leukopenia. Mild thrombocytopenia (100,000 mm3 to 140,000 mm3) does not require any treatment. If there is moderate-to-severe thrombocytopenia (20,000 mm3) to 100,000 mm3), the first step is decreasing the dose or even discontinuing medications that could be responsible for the decreased blood cell counts.

• #139 Lupus and Blood Cell Disorders | HSS Rheumatology

  https://www.hss.edu/conditions_top-ten-points-about-lupus-and-blood-cell-disorders.asp

  Depending on the type of anemia, the treatment strategy may vary. Independent of the cause, severe anemia could require blood transfusions to increase the blood cell count. […] Mild leukopenia in lupus usually does not require any treatment. If there is moderate-to-severe leukopenia, the first step is decreasing the dose or even discontinuing medications that could be responsible for the decreased blood cell counts. […] The strategy in patients with low platelet counts is similar to the management of lupus-related leukopenia. Mild thrombocytopenia (100,000 mm3 to 140,000 mm3) does not require any treatment. If there is moderate-to-severe thrombocytopenia (20,000 mm3) to 100,000 mm3), the first step is decreasing the dose or even discontinuing medications that could be responsible for the decreased blood cell counts.

• #140 Lupus and Blood Cell Disorders | HSS Rheumatology

  https://www.hss.edu/conditions_top-ten-points-about-lupus-and-blood-cell-disorders.asp

  Depending on the type of anemia, the treatment strategy may vary. Independent of the cause, severe anemia could require blood transfusions to increase the blood cell count. […] Mild leukopenia in lupus usually does not require any treatment. If there is moderate-to-severe leukopenia, the first step is decreasing the dose or even discontinuing medications that could be responsible for the decreased blood cell counts. […] The strategy in patients with low platelet counts is similar to the management of lupus-related leukopenia. Mild thrombocytopenia (100,000 mm3 to 140,000 mm3) does not require any treatment. If there is moderate-to-severe thrombocytopenia (20,000 mm3) to 100,000 mm3), the first step is decreasing the dose or even discontinuing medications that could be responsible for the decreased blood cell counts.

• #141 Leukopenia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/leukopenia-5223575

  Cancers that affect the bone marrow, including multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndromes, and myelofibrosis, can cause leukopenia because white blood cells cannot be properly formed. It is also associated with blood cancers like leukemia and lymphoma. […] Underlying bone marrow disorders can lead to problems with leukocyte production. Bone marrow disorders may be congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life. […] Some autoimmune diseases cause leukopenia when the immune system mistakenly destroys white blood cells: […] Nutritional deficiencies are known to result in neutropenia, particularly deficiencies of vitamin B12, folic acid, or copper. Each of these vitamins is crucial for healthy blood cell production and function. […] The best approach to battling leukopenia is to try and prevent it. This may involve healthcare providers prescribing prophylactic (preventive) antibiotics for people at risk for bacterial infection. […] If you have leukopenia, its important to seek medical care to clarify the cause and treatment. Usually, identifying the underlying cause involves diagnostic testing before a treatment plan can be started.

• #142 Leukopenia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/leukopenia-5223575

  Cancers that affect the bone marrow, including multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndromes, and myelofibrosis, can cause leukopenia because white blood cells cannot be properly formed. It is also associated with blood cancers like leukemia and lymphoma. […] Underlying bone marrow disorders can lead to problems with leukocyte production. Bone marrow disorders may be congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life. […] Some autoimmune diseases cause leukopenia when the immune system mistakenly destroys white blood cells: […] Nutritional deficiencies are known to result in neutropenia, particularly deficiencies of vitamin B12, folic acid, or copper. Each of these vitamins is crucial for healthy blood cell production and function. […] The best approach to battling leukopenia is to try and prevent it. This may involve healthcare providers prescribing prophylactic (preventive) antibiotics for people at risk for bacterial infection. […] If you have leukopenia, its important to seek medical care to clarify the cause and treatment. Usually, identifying the underlying cause involves diagnostic testing before a treatment plan can be started.

• #143 Leukopenia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/leukopenia-5223575

  Cancers that affect the bone marrow, including multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndromes, and myelofibrosis, can cause leukopenia because white blood cells cannot be properly formed. It is also associated with blood cancers like leukemia and lymphoma. […] Underlying bone marrow disorders can lead to problems with leukocyte production. Bone marrow disorders may be congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life. […] Some autoimmune diseases cause leukopenia when the immune system mistakenly destroys white blood cells: […] Nutritional deficiencies are known to result in neutropenia, particularly deficiencies of vitamin B12, folic acid, or copper. Each of these vitamins is crucial for healthy blood cell production and function. […] The best approach to battling leukopenia is to try and prevent it. This may involve healthcare providers prescribing prophylactic (preventive) antibiotics for people at risk for bacterial infection. […] If you have leukopenia, its important to seek medical care to clarify the cause and treatment. Usually, identifying the underlying cause involves diagnostic testing before a treatment plan can be started.

• #144 Low White Blood Cell Count – Chemocare

  https://chemocare.com/sideeffect/low-white-blood-cell-count

  When your white blood cell count is low, you may not have the usual signs and symptoms when developing an infection. […] It is extremely important to be alert to any change in how you feel and report and discuss what you are feeling with your doctor or nurse. […] Your doctor or health care provider may prescribe medications to treat low white blood cell count, such as Filgrastim (Neupogen) or Pegfilgrastim (Neulasta). […] The basic holistic tenets of good hygiene, a well-balanced nutritious diet, stress avoidance, sufficient sleep, and moderate exercise are more important than ever for a person with low white blood cell count.

• #145 Neutropenia (Low White Blood Cell Count) | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/patient-education/neutropenia-low-white-blood-cell-count

  Neutropenia (new-tro-PEE-nia) is when you have a low number of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) in your blood. Neutrophil levels are considered low if theyre below 500 cells/mm3. Its common to have neutropenia after certain types of cancer treatments. […] When you have neutropenia, you have a higher risk of getting an infection. A fever of 100.4 F (38.0 C) or higher, is usually the first sign of an infection. […] If you have neutropenia, its important to follow good hygiene. […] Here are some ways you can prevent infection: […] Talk to your healthcare about shots that you can get to help prevent infection (such as the flu shot).

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