Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Nonallergic (Vasomotor) Rhinitis: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/allergies/nonallergic-rhinitis

  Nonallergic rhinitis describes a set of symptoms that are similar to those of nasal allergies and hay fever but happen without a known cause. […] Unlike allergic rhinitis, nonallergic rhinitis does not involve the immune system. […] Often, what causes nonallergic rhinitis is unknown. […] Environmental irritants are common triggers of nonallergic rhinitis. […] Some medications can trigger nonallergic rhinitis. […] These environmental triggers often cause asthma, too: […] Several things can make you more likely to have nonallergic rhinitis: […] Nonallergic rhinitis often happens during periods of hormonal imbalance. […] The most common causes of nonallergic rhinitis are environmental triggers that don’t involve allergies, such as changes in weather, perfume, cigarette and tobacco smoke, auto emissions, and strong scents like chlorine.

• #2 Chapter 6: Nonallergic rhinitis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22794679/

  Nonallergic rhinitis represents a non-IgE-mediated group of disorders that share the symptoms of nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, sneezing, and/or postnasal discharge but not pruritus that characterizes allergic rhinitis. Nonallergic rhinitis may be divided into two broad categories, inflammatory and noninflammatory etiologies. The inflammatory causes include postinfectious (viral and bacterial), rhinitis associated with nasal polyps, and nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia, where eosinophils are present in nasal smears but skin testing for aeroallergens is negative. […] The noninflammatory causes include idiopathic nonallergic rhinitis (formerly referred to as vasomotor rhinitis or colloquially as an „overreactive nose”); rhinitis medicamentosa, which is medication-induced rhinitis; hormone related (pregnancy); systemic disease related (severe hypothyroidism); and structural defect related (deviated septum, head trauma causing cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea).

• #3 Nonallergic rhinitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonallergic-rhinitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351229

  Nonallergic rhinitis involves sneezing or a stuffy, drippy nose. It can be a long-term problem, and it has no clear cause. […] The exact cause of nonallergic rhinitis is unknown. […] But experts do know that nonallergic rhinitis happens when blood vessels in the nose expand. These blood vessels fill the tissue that lines the inside of the nose. Many things could cause this. For instance, the nerve endings in the nose might react to triggers too easily. […] But any cause brings on the same result: swelling inside the nose, congestion or lots of mucus. […] Triggers of nonallergic rhinitis can include: […] Irritants in the air. These include dust, smog and cigarette smoke. Strong odors such as perfumes also can cause the symptoms to start. So can chemical fumes, including fumes some workers might get exposed to at their jobs.

• #4 Vasomotor Rhinitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547704/

  Nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) describes a syndrome of chronic symptoms of nasal congestion and rhinorrhea, unrelated to a specific allergen. […] Although the etiology of vasomotor rhinitis is not well understood, it is thought to be associated with the dysregulation of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and nociceptive nerves innervating the nasal mucosa. […] The imbalance among mediators results in increased vascular permeability and mucus secretion from the submucosal nasal glands. […] Mucous secretion is regulated primarily by the parasympathetic nervous system, whereas the sympathetic nervous system controls vascular tone. […] Acetylcholine is the primary parasympathetic neurotransmitter that regulates mucus secretion and rhinorrhea. […] Sensory neuropeptides and nociceptive type C fibers of the trigeminal nerve contribute to mast cell degranulation as well as the itching/sneezing reflexes.

• #5 Chronic Nonallergic Rhinitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0801/p171.html

  Chronic nonallergic rhinitis encompasses a group of rhinitis subtypes without allergic or infectious etiologies. […] Although chronic nonallergic rhinitis represents at least 23% of rhinitis cases in the United States and impacts an estimated 20 to 30 million patients, its pathophysiology is unclear. […] The best current evidence supports nociceptor and autonomic nerve dysregulation as components in all forms of nonallergic rhinitis. […] A negative result on allergy testing is one unifying characteristic of the chronic nonallergic rhinitis subtypes. […] Clinically, chronic nonallergic rhinitis is characterized by its nonallergic triggers, including weather changes, tobacco smoke, automotive emission fumes, and irritants such as chemicals with strong odors (e.g., perfumes, chlorine).

• #6 Nonallergic rhinitis

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/n/nonallergic-rhinitis/?section=Diagnosis

  Nonallergic rhinitis involves chronic sneezing or a congested, drippy nose with no apparent cause. Nonallergic rhinitis symptoms are similar to those of hay fever (allergic rhinitis), but with none of the usual evidence of an allergic reaction. […] Triggers of nonallergic rhinitis symptoms vary and can include certain odors or irritants in the air, weather changes, some medications, certain foods, and chronic health conditions. […] The exact cause of nonallergic rhinitis is unknown. Experts do know that nonallergic rhinitis occurs when blood vessels in your nose expand and fill the nasal lining with blood and fluid. There are many possible causes, including the nerve endings in the nose being overly responsive, similar to the way the lungs react in asthma. […] There are many triggers of nonallergic rhinitis, including environmental or occupational irritants. Dust, smog, secondhand smoke or strong odors, such as perfumes, can trigger nonallergic rhinitis.

• #7 Nonallergic rhinitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonallergic_rhinitis

  Nonallergic rhinitis is rhinitis inflammation of the inner part of the nose not caused by an allergy. Nonallergic rhinitis displays symptoms including chronic sneezing or having a congested, drippy nose, without an identified allergic reaction with allergy testing being normal. […] Common triggers for non-allergic rhinitis include irritants such as tobacco smoke, cleaning agents, or abrupt changes in ambient temperature. […] Nonallergic rhinitis cases may subsequently develop polyps, turbinate hypertrophy and sinusitis. […] Sympathetic stimulation causes vasoconstriction and shrinkage of mucosa, which leads to decongestion of the nose. Parasympathetic stimulation causes not only excessive secretion from the nasal gland but also vasodilatation and engorgement, which lead to rhinorrhoea and congestion of the nose. […] The avoidance of inciting factors such as sudden changes in temperature, humidity, or blasts of air or dust is helpful where possible.

• #8 Pharmacotherapy for Nonallergic Rhinitis: Overview, Distinguishing Types of Nonallergic Rhinitis, Pharmacotherapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/874171-overview

  Autonomic stimuli have a greater effect on patients with nonallergic rhinitis than on those with allergic rhinitis. […] Elevated concentrations of immunoglobulin G subclass 1 (IgG1) and immunoglobulin G subclass 4 (IgG4) anti-IgE autoantibodies have been found in patients with nonallergic rhinitis compared with control subjects. […] Abnormal prostaglandin metabolism has been implicated as a cause of NARES.

• #9 Chronic Nonallergic Rhinitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0801/p171.html

  Chronic nonallergic rhinitis is grouped into eight subtypes or clinical entities based on a 2008 consensus panel classification. […] Nonallergic rhinitis with nasal eosinophilia syndrome is an inflammatory type of rhinitis with increased eosinophils in the secretions and on nasal biopsy, with increased mast cells and evidence of mast cell degranulation but without positive findings on allergy testing. […] Atrophic rhinitis involves atrophy of the nasal mucosa that can lead to nasal crusting and drying. […] Senile or geriatric rhinitis is distinguished by its late onset, occurring primarily in older patients. […] Gustatory rhinitis represents a nasal response to consuming specific foods (e.g., spicy foods) or liquids (e.g., alcohol). […] Drug-induced rhinitis can occur with use of various medications and illicit drugs, including antihypertensives, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, and cocaine.

• #10 Diagnosing Rhinitis: Allergic vs. Nonallergic | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/0501/p1583.html

  Allergic rhinitis, the most common type of rhinitis, generally can be differentiated from the numerous types of nonallergic rhinitis through a thorough history and physical examination. […] The most common cause of nonallergic rhinitis is acute viral infection. […] Other types of nonallergic rhinitis include vasomotor, hormonal, drug-induced, structural, and occupational (irritant) rhinitis, as well as rhinitis medicamentosa and nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome. […] The diagnosis of nonallergic rhinitis is made after eliminating allergic or IgE-mediated causes. The most common cause of nonallergic rhinitis is an acute viral infection. Less common chronic causes include vasomotor rhinitis, hormonal rhinitis, non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome, occupational rhinitis (irritant subtype), gustatory rhinitis, rhinitis medicamentosa, and drug-induced rhinitis.

• #11 Diagnosing Rhinitis: Allergic vs. Nonallergic | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/0501/p1583.html

  Controversy surrounds nonallergic rhinitis because the epidemiology and diagnostic criteria are confusing. […] The main controversy is how to differentiate allergic rhinitis from nonallergic rhinitis. […] Research shows that the prevalence of pure allergic rhinitis in the adult population with symptoms is 43 percent, combination allergic rhinitis and nonallergic rhinitis is 34 percent, and pure nonallergic rhinitis is 23 percent. […] Management of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis is slightly different; therefore, as more clinical data become available, determining the difference between the two types will become more important. […] Nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome presents as congestion and nasal eosinophilia with no obvious allergic source detected on skin testing or RAST. The cause of eosinophilia is unclear; however, the prevalence of nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia in adults may be 15 to 33 percent.

• #12 Nonallergic rhinitis: Types, symptoms, and risk factors

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/177085

  In nonallergic rhinitis, the inside of the nose becomes inflamed or swollen, causing cold-like symptoms, like a blocked or runny nose, and sneezing. […] The symptoms of nonallergic and allergic rhinitis are similar, but the causes are different. […] Infectious rhinitis, or viral rhinitis, is caused by an infection, such as the common cold or flu. […] Vasomotor rhinitis happens when the blood vessels in the nose are too sensitive, and there is abnormal nerve control of the blood vessels in the nose. This leads to inflammation. […] Atrophic rhinitis happens when the membranes inside the nose, called turbinate tissue, become thinner and harder, causing the nasal passages to widen and become drier. […] Rhinitis medicamentosa is caused by the use of drugs. This can be the overuse of nasal decongestants, beta blockers, aspirin or cocaine.

• #13 What Is Nonallergic Rhinitis? | Hampton Roads ENT ~ Allergy | Blog

  https://hamptonroadsent.com/what-is-nonallergic-rhinitis/

  Rhinitis causes the inside of the nose to become swollen and inflamed, resulting in cold-like symptoms such as itchiness, congestion, runny nose and sneezing. While rhinitis can be caused by an allergy, many cases are not this is referred to as nonallergic rhinitis. […] While the symptoms of nonallergic rhinitis and allergic rhinitis are similar, their causes and corresponding treatments are different. […] Infectious rhinitis, also called viral rhinitis, is caused by an infection such as the cold or flu. […] Vasomotor rhinitis occurs when the blood vessels of the nose are too sensitive, causing abnormal nerve control and inflammation. […] Environmental triggers, different from allergens, include chemical irritants, perfume, paint fumes, smoke, alcohol consumption, spicy foods, stress and change in humidity or temperature.

• #14 What Is Nonallergic Rhinitis? | Hampton Roads ENT ~ Allergy | Blog

  https://hamptonroadsent.com/what-is-nonallergic-rhinitis/

  Atrophic rhinitis is caused by turbinate tissue becoming thinner and harder, resulting in wider, drier nasal passages. […] Thinner turbinate tissue means it is easier for bacteria to grow in the nasal cavity, increasing risk of infection. […] Rhinitis medicamentosa is caused by drug use, including overuse of nasal decongestants, beta blockers, aspirin or cocaine.

• #15 Chronic Nonallergic Rhinitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0801/p171.html

  Hormonal rhinitis refers to the onset of nasal congestion and rhinorrhea associated with endogenous female hormones. […] Occupational rhinitis is a result of occupational exposures, ranging from latex and flour to chemicals and particles. […] Diagnosing chronic nonallergic rhinitis can be challenging because nasal congestion and rhinorrhea can also occur with allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis. […] It was diagnosed if a patient with suspected allergic rhinitis tested negative for allergies on skin prick testing or antigen-specific immunoglobulin E testing (formerly called radioallergosorbent testing), or if a patient had mild to no nasal eosinophilia on nasal cytology. […] However, it is now recognized that patients who experience characteristic nasal symptoms in response to defined triggers have a nonallergic component either as the sole diagnosis or as part of a mixed rhinitis (i.e., in patients with positive allergy test findings).

• #16 Patient education: Nonallergic rhinitis (runny or stuffy nose) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nonallergic-rhinitis-runny-or-stuffy-nose-beyond-the-basics

  WHAT IS NONALLERGIC RHINITIS? […] „Nonallergic rhinitis” is the medical term used to describe the following symptoms when they occur without a known allergic cause for weeks to months at a time for at least one year: […] ●Sneezing […] ●Runny nose […] ●Stuffy nose (congestion) […] ●Postnasal drip […] Symptoms are usually present year-round, although they may be worsened by certain weather conditions (eg, those that accompany changes of season). The condition does not usually develop until adulthood. […] NONALLERGIC RHINITIS TRIGGERS […] The cause of nonallergic rhinitis is not known. However, many triggers of symptoms are known. These include irritants, such as tobacco smoke, traffic fumes, strong odors, and perfumes, as well as weather conditions (such as the arrival of a weather front). People with nonallergic rhinitis are not bothered by pollen or furred animals (the common triggers in allergic rhinitis), unless they also happen to have allergic rhinitis. About one-half of all patients with longstanding nasal symptoms have both allergic and nonallergic rhinitis. (See „Patient education: Allergic rhinitis (Beyond the Basics).”)

• #17 Nonallergic (Vasomotor) Rhinitis: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/allergies/nonallergic-rhinitis

  Nonallergic rhinitis describes a set of symptoms that are similar to those of nasal allergies and hay fever but happen without a known cause. […] Unlike allergic rhinitis, nonallergic rhinitis does not involve the immune system. […] Often, what causes nonallergic rhinitis is unknown. […] Environmental irritants are common triggers of nonallergic rhinitis. […] Some medications can trigger nonallergic rhinitis. […] These environmental triggers often cause asthma, too: […] Several things can make you more likely to have nonallergic rhinitis: […] Nonallergic rhinitis often happens during periods of hormonal imbalance. […] The most common causes of nonallergic rhinitis are environmental triggers that don’t involve allergies, such as changes in weather, perfume, cigarette and tobacco smoke, auto emissions, and strong scents like chlorine.

• #18 Non-allergic rhinitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/non-allergic-rhinitis/

  Non-allergic rhinitis happens when the inside of your nose becomes irritated, causing a blocked or runny nose. […] Common causes of non-allergic rhinitis include: having a cold, changes in the weather, such as temperature or humidity, exercising, smoke, perfume and paint fumes, alcohol and spicy food, hormone changes in pregnancy or puberty, or from taking medicines such as hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and the contraceptive pill, conditions such as an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), medicines such as ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, aspirin and anti-inflammatory painkillers like ibuprofen, using decongestant nasal sprays too often. […] Non-allergic rhinitis is different from allergic rhinitis, which is caused by allergies such as hay fever.

• #19 The Difference Between Allergic and Nonallergic Rhinitis | South Valley Ear Nose & Throat | Blog

  https://southvalleyent.com/the-difference-between-allergic-and-nonallergic-rhinitis/

  Nonallergic rhinitis presents similarly to allergic rhinitis but isn’t caused by allergens. […] Nonallergic rhinitis can affect children and adults but is more common in those aged 20 and over. Common triggers include but are not limited to: Dust, fumes and airborne irritants, Weather changes, Spicy foods, Long-term health issues, Certain medicines, Hormonal changes, such as during pregnancy, Sleep issues.

• #20 Non-Allergic Rhinitis – Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA)

  https://www.allergy.org.au/patients/allergic-rhinitis-hay-fever-and-sinusitis/non-allergic-rhinitis

  Non-allergic rhinitis is a group of conditions that cause inflammation (redness and swelling) of the lining in the nose. The cause of non-allergic rhinitis is not fully known. […] Non-allergic rhinitis can be triggered by: Physical factors such as cold weather, dry air and/or exercise. […] Irritants such as strong odours, air pollution (including smoke) and petrol fumes, cleaning products, chlorine in swimming pools, spicy foods and smoking. […] Hormonal factors such as pregnancy and oral contraceptive pills. […] Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) including aspirin or ibuprofen and some blood pressure medications. […] Overuse of nasal decongestants which can cause a dependence effect called rhinitis medicamentosa (rebound congestion), resulting in inflammation of the lining in the nose. […] Older age and chronic health issues such as thyroid disease and previous radiation.

• #21 Nonallergic rhinitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonallergic-rhinitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351229

  Changes in temperature or humidity can trigger swelling in the lining of the nose. This can cause a runny or stuffy nose. […] Illnesses caused by a virus often cause nonallergic rhinitis. These include a cold or the flu. […] Nonallergic rhinitis can happen when you eat. Hot or spicy foods are the main triggers. Drinking alcohol also can cause the tissue that lines the inside of the nose to swell. This can lead to a stuffy nose. […] Some medicines. These include aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others). High blood pressure medicines such as beta blockers also can cause symptoms. […] Hormone changes. These can be due to pregnancy, periods or birth control use. Hormone problems that may trigger nonallergic rhinitis include a condition that happens when the thyroid gland doesn’t make enough thyroid hormone. This is called hypothyroidism. […] Issues linked with sleep. Lying on your back while you sleep can trigger nonallergic rhinitis. Acid reflux that happens overnight also can be a trigger.

• #22 Understanding Vasomotor Rhinitis: Causes & Relief Options

  https://enticare.com/2023/04/28/understanding-vasomotor-rhinitis-causes-relief/

  Vasomotor rhinitis is a common condition that affects the nose, causing symptoms such as congestion, runny nose, and sneezing. […] Unlike allergic rhinitis, vasomotor rhinitis is not caused by an allergy, but rather by irritants such as pollution, strong smells, and changes in temperature and humidity. […] The exact cause remains unknown, but it is believed to involve a dysfunction of the nerves that control the blood vessels in the nose. […] The exact cause of this is unknown. However, it is believed to be caused by a dysfunction of the nerves that control the blood vessels in the nose. […] Several triggers can cause occur, including: Changes in temperature and humidity: Changes in temperature and humidity levels can cause the blood vessels in the nose to expand or contract, leading to nasal congestion and other symptoms.

• #23

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abs1066

  Rhinitis is swelling and irritation in the nose. It’s often triggered by an allergy. Non-allergic rhinitis is the term used for rhinitis that is caused by things other than allergies. […] Certain triggers can cause swelling and irritation in the nose. They include: Infection with a virus (viral or post-viral rhinitis). Changes in the weather. Dry air. Polluted air, such as from fumes, smoke, odours, and perfumes. Spicy food or drink. Certain medicines, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and hormones. Hormone changes in the body (such as rhinitis of pregnancy). Alcohol use. Aging.

• #24 Nonallergic Rhinitis: Types, Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/nonallergic-rhinitis-7562108

  Nonallergic rhinitis is a stuffy nose, sneezing, and congestion that’s mediated by histamine and not caused by allergens like pollen or pet hair. […] Vasomotor rhinitis is the most common form of nonallergic rhinitis. It’s caused by environmental triggers like dry air and bright sunlight, and strong scents like fumes and perfumes. […] Gustatory rhinitis is caused by the foods you eat. It’s often triggered by hot foods, like soup, or spicy foods. With gustatory rhinitis, the response isn’t related to being allergic to the foods. […] Female hormones can cause congestion and other nasal symptoms, known as hormone-induced rhinitis. This is common during pregnancy, especially in the second trimester. […] This type of nonallergic rhinitis causes nasal symptoms and an increased white blood cell (WBC) count, known as eosinophilia. Healthcare providers aren’t sure what causes this type of rhinitis, but it’s linked to inflammation and mast cells, and it may result from problems with the immune system and an autoimmune disorder.

• #25 Rhinitis – ENT Health

  https://www.enthealth.org/conditions/rhinitis/

  Non-allergic rhinitis and vasomotor rhinitis (a type of non-allergic rhinitis) do not depend on the presence of IgE antibodies, and is not due to an allergic reaction. You can have non-allergic rhinitis even if you test positive for allergies. Some of the causes of non-allergic rhinitis include: […] Certain infections […] Certain medications (various over-the-counter and prescription preparations) […] Eating and drinking (sometimes specific foods, sometimes all food/drink consumption) […] Weather or temperature changes […] Aging […] Hormonal changes or pregnancy […] Consumption of alcohol, especially red wine […] Inflammation or irritation in the nose unrelated to allergy […] Nasal symptoms of other medical conditions.

• #26 Patient education: Nonallergic rhinitis (runny or stuffy nose) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nonallergic-rhinitis-runny-or-stuffy-nose-beyond-the-basics

  Medications that worsen symptoms — Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms (especially congestion). These include birth control pills, some drugs for high blood pressure (eg, alpha-blockers and beta-blockers), antidepressants, medications for erectile dysfunction, and some medications for prostatic enlargement. If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used, ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition. […] Some patients with nonallergic rhinitis resort to using over-the-counter nasal sprays containing a nasal decongestant (eg, oxymetazoline or phenylephrine). Although these sprays can give rapid relief of congestion when used occasionally, the effects lessen if they are used regularly. Over time, many patients become tolerant to their effects. When this occurs, decongestant sprays actually worsen symptoms, causing the nose to swell unless the spray is used. In such instances it may be difficult to discontinue the spray, and to do so, a medical professional may be needed.

• #27 Nonallergic rhinitis

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/n/nonallergic-rhinitis/?section=Diagnosis

  Weather changes. Temperature or humidity changes can trigger the membranes inside your nose to swell and cause a runny or stuffy nose. […] Viral infections such as a cold or the flu commonly cause nonallergic rhinitis. […] Nonallergic rhinitis can occur when you eat, especially when eating hot or spicy foods. Drinking alcoholic beverages also can cause the membranes inside your nose to swell, leading to nasal congestion. […] Certain medications. Medications that can cause nonallergic rhinitis include aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and high blood pressure medications, such as beta blockers. […] Hormonal changes due to pregnancy, menstruation, oral contraceptive use or other hormonal conditions such as hypothyroidism may cause nonallergic rhinitis. […] Lying on your back at night while you sleep can cause nonallergic rhinitis, as can obstructive sleep apnea or acid reflux.

• #28 Rhinitis: Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment

  https://liberatehealthcare.co.uk/conditions-treatments/rhinitis/

  Non allergic rhinitis is harder to diagnose, as there is no clear allergen that causes the symptoms. […] Non-allergic rhinitis is caused by an inflammation and swelling of the lining of the nose. It is usually due to swollen blood vessels and a build-up of fluid in the nasal tissues. […] The swelling blocks the passages of the nose and can cause the gland in the nose to produce excessive mucus, like what you experience with a cold. […] Common causes of non-allergic rhinitis include infection a viral, bacterial or fungal infection, can attack the lining of the nose and throat, environmental (vasomotor or autonomic rhinitis) can be triggered by substances in the environment such as perfume, smoke, paint fumes, weather changes, alcohol, spicy food or stress, medication beta-blockers, NSAIDs and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are a few medications known to cause non-allergic rhinitis, recreational drug misuse particularly cocaine, overuse of nasal decongestants (rhinitis medicamentosa) can cause swelling in the nose lining, hormonal imbalance caused by pregnancy, puberty, the contraceptive pill or HRT, tissue damage in the nose.

• #29 Vasomotor Rhinitis (VMR)

  https://www.asthmafoundation.org.nz/your-health/other-respiratory-conditions/vasomotor-rhinitis-vmr

  Other causes of non-allergic rhinitis are: Nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES). Eosinophilic rhinitis (ie, perennial intrinsic rhinitis) accounts for up to 20% of rhinitis diagnoses. […] Occupational rhinitis is usually caused by an inhaled irritant or allergen (eg, laboratory animal antigens, grains, wood dusts, and chemicals). […] Hormonal rhinitis is caused by hormonal imbalances such as pregnancy, hypothyroid states, puberty, and oral contraceptive use, conjugated estrogen use. […] Drug-induced rhinitis is caused by several medications including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, reserpine, guanethidine, phentolamine, methyldopa, beta-blockers, chlorpromazine, gabapentin, penicillamine, aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled cocaine, exogenous estrogens, and oral contraceptives.

• #30 Allergic & Nonallergic Rhinitis NYC | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/ent/services/nasal-sinus-allergy/conditions/rhinitis

  Rhinitis is described as inflammation and irritation of the mucous membrane lining the nose. This condition can be caused by bacteria, allergens, pollen, air pollutants, certain foods and beverages, smoke, hormonal changes or viruses. […] Nonallergic rhinitis: causes and triggers are varied as noted below. Symptoms and trigger are extremely important in the diagnosis and proper treatment. Symptoms can be persistent or intermittent. […] Granulomatous rhinitis: relatively uncommon, this type is characterized by granuloma formation in the nasal lining. Tuberculosis and syphilis all produce this form of rhinitis. […] Medicamentosa: this is a drug-induced form of nonallergic rhinitis caused by the use of certain oral or topical medications. The biggest offender is habitual afrin use for longer than 5 days. When stopping these medications there is an overt rebound congestion.

• #31 Vasomotor Rhinitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17950-nonallergic-rhinitis

  Nonallergic rhinitis may also result from using nonprescription drugs, like cocaine. […] There isn’t a cure for nonallergic rhinitis. Most people manage symptoms with self-care measures, changes to their environment and medicine. […] There’s no way to prevent vasomotor rhinitis. You can lower your risk by avoiding triggers known to cause rhinitis.

• #32 Allergic & Nonallergic Rhinitis NYC | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/ent/services/nasal-sinus-allergy/conditions/rhinitis

  Non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia: thought to be in patients that have no evidence of allergy sensitivities on skin and blood work, this type could possibly generate local reaction at the nasal level. […] Occupational: induced by environmental or work environments, this category is typically triggered by dust, factory byproducts, and chemicals. […] Sicca: dryness of the mucous membrane is the primary indication of this category. […] Hormone Induced: pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, and hypothyroidism can trigger this category, which typically occurs at first trimester of pregnancy and resolves after delivery of child. […] Gustatory: this may be brought on by spicy, hot food or liquid intake. […] Atrophic: this is considered to be secondary change of the normal sinus mucosa to more squamous and is characterized by loss of mucosal glands and sensory nerves. Some forms include “empty nose syndrome,” chronic infection, nutritional deficiency, or irritant exposures.

• #33 Non-Allergic Rhinitis: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment

  https://www.allervie.com/condition/non-allergic-rhinitis/

  Thyroid irregularities and hormonal shifts, such as those occurring during puberty, menstruation, and pregnancy, often lie at the heart of some instances of nonallergic rhinitis. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and certain inflammatory diseases like granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly known as Wegener’s granulomatosis) may also play a silent yet significant role in the development of nonallergic rhinitis. […] Heightened discomfort or intensified symptoms, such as unrelenting nasal congestion that resists typical remedies or treatments, can be a red flag that non-allergic rhinitis is progressing.

• #34 Nonallergic rhinitis: Types, symptoms, and risk factors

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/177085

  A number of factors can increase the chance of having nonallergic rhinitis. […] Certain health conditions, including lupus, cystic fibrosis, some hormonal disorders, and asthma increase the chance of developing nonallergic rhinitis. […] In the case of rhinitis medicamentosa, the doctor will ask the patient about the use of nasal decongestants and other medications. […] A patient with rhinitis medicamentosa needs to stop using the nasal spray. […] Nonallergic rhinitis is not preventable, but patients who are diagnosed with it are advised to avoid the things that trigger symptoms, if they are known.

• #35 Chronic Rhinitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment in Denver | Advanced ENT & Allergy Center

  https://www.advancedentdenver.com/allergy/chronic-rhinitis/

  Common triggers include: Environmental irritants (like air pollution, perfume or detergent), Changes in the weather or air quality, Cold or flu, Stress, Thyroid conditions, Nasal passage issues (e.g. deviated septum, enlarged turbinates, or adenoids), Chronic sinusitis, Certain foods and beverages (hot foods, spicy foods, alcohol), Medications (aspirin, ibuprofen, beta-blockers, antidepressants, oral contraceptives, etc.), Overuse of nasal decongestant sprays, Hormonal changes (often due to pregnancy or menstruation), Sinus surgery, Asthma.

• #36 Chronic Rhinitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/chronic-rhinitis

  Chronic nonallergic rhinitis isn’t as common as allergic rhinitis. Chronic nonallergic rhinitis represents about 25% of all rhinitis cases. […] Unlike allergic rhinitis, nonallergic rhinitis doesn’t involve the immune system. Nonallergic rhinitis is thought to occur when the blood vessels inside the nose expand. This leads to swelling and congestion. It’s not known exactly why the blood vessels in the nose dilate, but the reaction may be triggered by irritants or air pollution in the environment, fluctuations in the weather, upper respiratory infections like a cold or the flu, hot or spicy foods or drinks, certain medications, overuse of nasal decongestant sprays, hormonal changes associated with pregnancy, menstruation, or thyroid conditions, stress, extensive sinus surgery, structural problems that affect the nasal passages, and other medical conditions, including GERD, asthma, or chronic sinusitis. […] For some people, doctors can’t identify the specific cause of nonallergic rhinitis.

• #37 Nasal Allergy, Rhinitis and Allergic Rhinitis

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/allergies/nasal-allergy-allergic-rhinitis/

  Hormone changes can trigger symptoms. Hormones are often imbalanced during: pregnancy menstruation hypothyroidism […] Weather changes can trigger nonallergic rhinitis, especially when its abrupt. Cold air can cause sneezing or a runny nose. Humidity changes can cause swelling in the nasal passages. […] Stress and anxiety can trigger nonallergic rhinitis symptoms. […] Medical conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), chronic fatigue, or underactive thyroid may cause or worsen nonallergic rhinitis.

• #38 Nonallergic Rhinitis: causes and treatment – myDr.com.au

  https://mydr.com.au/symptoms/nonallergic-rhinitis-causes-and-treatment/

  Nonallergic rhinitis is inflammation of the nasal passages. There are many causes of a runny nose due to inflamed nasal passages, from infection through to cold weather or for no obvious reason at all. […] There are many known causes of NAR in Australia: irritants such as tobacco smoke, strong odours, perfumes, smog or detergents; viral infections, such as cold or flu; structural problems of a deviated nasal septum or enlarged turbinates; alcoholic drinks; weather changes, such as dry air or colder temperatures; chronic fatigue syndrome; hormonal changes due to thyroid disease (hypothyroidism), menstruation, pregnancy or birth; spicy foods; sleeping on your back; common medications such as aspirin, ibuprofen, oral contraceptives, antidepressants or high blood pressure (beta-blockers); and stress.

• #39 Rhinitis: Causes, Risk Factors, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/rhinitis

  Nonallergic rhinitis isnt triggered by a specific allergen, but instead is caused by one or more non-allergy inducing triggers. It can affect you for short or long periods of time. […] Nonallergic rhinitis may be more challenging to diagnose. It isnt triggered by allergens and doesnt involve the immune system response that occurs in allergic rhinitis. Potential triggers include: foreign material in your nose, infections, such as cold viruses, certain medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and some blood pressure-reducing medications, certain foods and odors, smoke, fumes, and other air pollutants, weather changes, hormonal changes, and stress. […] Nonallergic rhinitis may be related to structural problems in your nasal cavity, such as polyp formation or a deviated nasal septum with narrowed nasal passages.

• #40 Nonallergic Rhinitis: Types, Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/nonallergic-rhinitis-7562108

  Atrophic rhinitis happens when the mucus glands in the nose atrophy, or waste away. This causes dryness and crusts in the nose that can lead to congestion. […] Senile rhinitis happens in older individuals. When the mucus glands in the nose aren’t working well, they leave the nasal passages too dry. […] This form of rhinitis is caused by medications. […] Healthcare providers aren’t sure exactly what causes nonallergic rhinitis. Although anyone can develop nonallergic rhinitis, factors contributing to its occurrence include being exposed to strong scents or pollutants, being female or being pregnant, getting older, and having other health conditions. […] Nonallergic rhinitis is a runny nose or congestion that’s not caused by allergens. It can be triggered by environmental factors, hormonal changes, aging, medications and more.

• #41 Non-Allergic Rhinitis Symptoms, Causes And Treatment | OnlyMyHealth

  https://www.onlymyhealth.com/non-allergic-rhinitis-symptoms-causes-risk-factors-1640786179

  Certain infection may also have a role to play in non allergic rhinitis. […] It might sound strange but non-allergic rhinitis can also be triggered by certain foods. […] Changes that are associated with pregnancy or menstruation, especially in females can lead the person to non-allergic rhinitis as well. […] Some risk factors that could increase the tendency to fall for non-allergic rhinitis can be the following- Being older than 20 years of age is also one factor that can increase the risk of non allergic rhinitis. […] Having menstruation in females and pregnancy is also a risk factor for this type of rhinitis because of hormonal changes.

• #42 Nonallergic Rhinitis: Causes, Symptoms And Treatment

  https://breathefreely.com/nonallergic-rhinitis/

  Nonallergic rhinitis causes roughly the same symptoms as allergic rhinitis, but it doesn’t involve the immune system. Nonallergic rhinitis occurs when the swelling, runniness and congestion typically associated with allergies arise for no apparent reason. […] Nonallergic rhinitis triggers are notoriously difficult to determine because they can be almost anything. They can range from weather changes to household or occupational irritants, such as smog or sawdust. Even things like stress or spicy foods can be the culprit! […] Experts are uncertain of specific nonallergic rhinitis causes, but one possible explanation is oversensitive nerve endings in the nose. Think of it like nose-asthma. Tiny triggers cause massive over-responses in the nasal passages. […] Because nonallergic rhinitis is more common in older adults, some allergists believe it results from the degenerative aging process. Studies have also revealed that it’s more common in women, but there are no theories yet as to why.

• #43 Nonallergic Rhinitis: causes and treatment – Nonallergic

  https://capstonemed.com.au/health-article/nonallergic/

  Nonallergic rhinitis refers to inflammation of the nasal passages that can have various causes, from infections to cold weather. […] The causes of nonallergic rhinitis are numerous, such as irritants like tobacco smoke or perfumes, viral infections, structural problems, alcoholic drinks, weather changes, chronic fatigue syndrome, hormonal changes, spicy foods, medications, and stress. […] Factors that increase the risk of nonallergic rhinitis include being over 20 years old, female, a smoker, and taking certain medications or oral contraceptives.

• #44 Allergies Contact Right Rail

  https://www.marshfieldclinic.org/specialties/allergies/allergies-allergic-and-non-allergic-rhinitis-frequently-asked-questions

  Rhinitis may result from many causes other than allergic reaction. Not all rhinitis symptoms are the result of allergies. Listed below are the three most common Rhinitis types and their characteristics. […] Non-allergic. Common name: Irritant. Allergic sensitivity: No. Causes may include Smoke, air pollution, exhaust fumes, aerosol sprays, fragrance, paint fumes, etc. Duration of symptoms are Perennial and/or following exposure. […] Irritant rhinitis, or „vasomotor rhinitis” describes a group of poorly understood causes of rhinitis, with symptoms not caused by infection or allergy. Many people have recurrent or chronic nasal congestion, excess mucus production, itching, and other nasal symptoms similar to those of allergic rhinitis, but the disorder is not caused by allergy. […] The cause of vasomotor rhinitis is not well understood. In a sufficiently high concentration, many odors will cause nasal irritation in almost anyone. Some people are unusually sensitive to irritation and will have significant nasal symptoms even when exposed to low concentrations of irritants. Thus, vasomotor rhinitis seems to be an exaggeration of the normal nasal response to irritation, occurring at levels of exposure which don’t bother most people. It occurs more often in smokers and older individuals.

• #45 Rhinitis, Nasal Allergy, Hayfever

  https://aafa.org/allergies/allergy-symptoms/rhinitis-nasal-allergy-hayfever/

  Non-allergic rhinitis is not caused by allergens. Smoke, chemicals or other irritating environmental conditions may provoke non-allergic rhinitis. Hormonal changes, physical defects of the nose (like a deviated septum) and the overuse of nose sprays may also cause it. Sometimes medications cause it. Often, the cause of this type of rhinitis is not well understood. But it is common in patients with non-allergic asthma. The symptoms are similar to allergy symptoms.

• #46 Non-allergic rhinitis: a case report and review | Clinical and Molecular Allergy | Full Text

  https://clinicalmolecularallergy.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-7961-8-1

  The pathogeneses of these different conditions is not clearly defined and there are many proposed mechanisms. […] Vasomotor or idiopathic rhinitis (VMR) is the most commonly diagnosed form of NAR, accounting for ~60% cases in one series. […] VMR is characterized by sporadic or persistent nasal symptoms that are trigged by: strong smells, cold air, changes in temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, strong emotions, alcohol and changes in hormone levels. […] Non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES) usually develops in adulthood and is characterized by year round nasal symptoms such as, profuse rhinorrhea and nasal congestion. […] These patients have negative allergy skin testing and normal serum IgE levels. […] Many of these patients may develop aspirin (ASA) sensitivity, sinusitis, nasal polyps, and asthma.

• #47 Vasomotor Rhinitis (VMR)

  https://www.asthmafoundation.org.nz/your-health/other-respiratory-conditions/vasomotor-rhinitis-vmr

  Non-allergic, non-infectious eg Vasomotor Rhinitis (or Irritant rhinitis). „Vaso” means blood vessels and „motor” refers to the nerves, which innervates nasal tissue and the blood vessels. This is sometimes referred to as idiopathic non-allergic rhinitis. It is estimated that up to 10% of the population suffers from non-allergic rhinitis. […] Vasomotor Rhinitis is chronic rhinitis that is characterised by intermittent (coming and going) episodes of sneezing, watery nasal drainage (rhinorrhea), and blood vessel congestion of the nasal mucus membranes. There appears to be a hypersensitive response to stimuli such as a dry atmosphere, air pollutants, spicy foods, alcohol, strong emotions, and some medications. […] It is important to understand that VMR is a non-specific response to virtually any change or impurity in the air, as opposed to allergic rhinitis (or hay fever), which involves a response to a specific protein in pollen, dust, mould, or animal dander.

• #48 Chronic Rhinitis – Integrated ENT of Lone Tree, Colorado

  https://integratedent.com/chronic-rhinitis/

  Non-allergic or vasomotor rhinitis is associated with changes in the central nervous systems control of the blood vessels in the nose. This overactive nerve in the nose stimulates the lining of the nose to become congested, runny, and have a postnasal drip. As a result, people are more sensitive to various factors including changes in humidity or exposure to chemicals (e.g., fumes, smoke, drafts, or wind). […] People who have non-allergic rhinitis do not respond to allergy treatments and allergy testing is negative. Unlike allergic rhinitis, non-allergic rhinitis doesnt involve the immune system. And non-allergic rhinitis rarely causes an itchy nose, eyes, or throat as the allergic form does.

• #49 Non-allergic rhinitis: a case report and review | Clinical and Molecular Allergy | Full Text

  https://clinicalmolecularallergy.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-7961-8-1

  A percentage of NAR patients have been found to have increased numbers of nasal mucosal mast cells and eosinophils. […] These IgE expressing cells further support the role of a local allergic disease process in NAR. […] The pathogenesis of NARES is controversial and poorly understood. […] One theory suggests that irritants such as passive smoke exposure, induces a localized allergic inflammatory response. […] The pathogenesis of occupational rhinitis is based on the etiology of the rhinitis. […] The agents that cause corrosive rhinitis cause nasal inflammation which can break down and ulcerate the nasal mucosa. […] Hormonally induced rhinitis can be seen in pregnancy. […] It is unclear exactly how changes during pregnancy result in rhinitis. […] The cause is unknown, but maybe associated directly or indirectly with Klebsiella ozaenae, Staphlococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli from initial infection or secondary infection of already damaged nasal mucosa.

• #50 Nonallergic rhinitis: Common problem, chronic symptoms | MDedge

  https://medauth2.mdedge.com/content/nonallergic-rhinitis-common-problem-chronic-symptoms

  Patients for whom an allergic cause cannot be found by allergy skin testing or serum specific IgE immunoassay (Immunocap/RAST) for environmental aeroallergens are classified as having nonallergic rhinitis. […] Vasomotor rhinitis is thought to be caused by a variety of neural and vascular triggers, often without an inflammatory cause. These triggers lead to symptoms involving nasal congestion and clear rhinorrhea more than sneezing and itching. The symptoms can be sporadic, with acute onset in relation to identifiable nonallergic triggers, or chronic, with no clear trigger. […] Drug-induced rhinitis has been divided into different types based on the mechanism involved. […] The local inflammatory type occurs in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, which is characterized by nasal polyposis with chronic rhinosinusitis, hyposmia, and moderate to severe persistent asthma. Aspirin and other NSAIDs induce an acute local inflammation, leading to severe rhinitis and asthma symptoms.

• #51 Vasomotor Rhinitis (VMR)

  https://www.asthmafoundation.org.nz/your-health/other-respiratory-conditions/vasomotor-rhinitis-vmr

  Rhinitis medicamentosa is considered a drug-induced rhinitis and results from prolonged use (ie, longer than 5-10 days) of over-the-counter topical nasal decongestants. […] Gustatory rhinitis occurs following consumption of hot and spicy foods. This is a „wet” (profuse watery) runny nose, secondary to nasal vasodilatation (dilated blood vessels) and it is due to stimulation of the vagus nerve, generally occurring within a few hours of eating the food.

• #52 Nonallergic rhinitis: Common problem, chronic symptoms | MDedge

  https://medauth2.mdedge.com/content/nonallergic-rhinitis-common-problem-chronic-symptoms

  Hormonal rhinitis, ie, rhinitis related to metabolic and endocrine conditions, is most commonly associated with high estrogen states. Nasal congestion has been reported with pregnancy, menses, menarche, and the use of oral contraceptives. The mechanism for congestion in these conditions still needs clarification. […] Anatomic abnormalities that can cause persistent nasal congestion include nasal septal deviation, turbinate hypertrophy, enlarged adenoids, tumors, and foreign bodies. These can be visualized by simple anterior nasal examination, nasal endoscopy, or radiologic studies. If structural causes lead to impaired quality of life or chronic rhinosinusitis, then consider referral to a specialist for possible surgical treatment. […] Atrophic rhinitis is categorized as primary or secondary. Primary (idiopathic) atrophic rhinitis is characterized by atrophy of the nasal mucosa and mucosal colonization with Klebsiella ozaenae associated with a foul-smelling nasal discharge. This disorder has been primarily reported in young people who present with nasal obstruction, dryness, crusting, and epistaxis.

• #53 Nonallergic rhinitis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/nonallergic-rhinitis/

  Rhinitis medicamentosa is a type of drug-induced rhinitis that manifests as rebound nasal congestion after discontinuing an intranasal decongestant used for 35 days. […] Hormonal rhinitis is associated with hormonal changes. […] Nonallergic occupational rhinitis is a result of exposure to irritants in a particular work environment. […] Gustatory rhinitis is episodic rhinitis with diffuse watery rhinorrhea caused by consumption of certain foods and beverages. […] Atrophic rhinitis is characterized by chronic atrophy of nasal mucosa with nasal crusting and dry mucosa. […] Primary atrophic rhinitis is idiopathic. […] Secondary atrophic rhinitis is more common in the US and can be caused by trauma or chronic granulomatous diseases. […] Vasomotor rhinitis (VMR) is caused by an increase in blood flow to the nasal mucosa usually in response to triggers. […] The etiology of VMR includes irritant odors, cold and/or dry air, changes in humidity, exercise, and certain foods.

• #54 Nonallergic rhinitis: Common problem, chronic symptoms | MDedge

  https://medauth2.mdedge.com/content/nonallergic-rhinitis-common-problem-chronic-symptoms

  A 55-year-old woman has come to the clinic because of clear rhinorrhea and nasal congestion, which occur year-round but are worse in the winter. She reports that at times her nose runs continuously. Nasal symptoms have been present for 4 to 5 years but are worsening. The clear discharge is not associated with sneezing or itching. Though she lives with a cat, her symptoms are not exacerbated by close contact with it. […] One year ago, an allergist performed skin testing but found no evidence of allergies as a cause of her rhinitis. A short course of intranasal steroids did not seem to improve her nasal symptoms. […] While allergic rhinitis leads to symptoms when airborne allergens bind with specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the nose, the etiology of most forms of nonallergic rhinitis is unknown. However, several mechanisms have been proposed. These include entopy (local nasal IgE synthesis with negative skin tests), nocioceptive dysfunction (hyperactive sensory receptors), and autonomic nervous system abnormalities (hypoactive or hyperactive dysfunction of sympathetic or parasympathetic nerves in the nose).

• #55 Allergic(Hay Fever)/Non-Allergic(Vasomotor) Rhinitis – South Bay Manhattan Beach, CA: Song Institute of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology

  https://www.songallergy.com/contents/patient-resources/patient-handbook/allergichay-fevernon-allergicvasomotor-rhinitis

  Allergic/Non-allergic (Vasomotor) Rhinitis […] The most common form of non-allergic rhinitis is called vasomotor rhinitis. For these patients, irritants, rather than allergens, are the major triggers. […] Chronic sinus infections due to bacteria, viruses, or fungi […] Gastro-esophageal reflux can lead to chronic sinusitis. […] In rare cases (when patients are immunologically compromised), fungi can infect the sinus cavity. […] If patients have frequent or persistent sinusitis, immune deficiency should be ruled out. […] Recent animal studies show that lack of normal bacteria in the nasal linings may be associated with chronic sinusitis.

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