Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Management of Rhinitis: Allergic and Non-Allergic

  https://e-aair.org/search.php?where=aview&id=10.4168/aair.2011.3.3.148&code=9999AAIR&vmode=PUBREADER

  Nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) is generally described as chronic nasal symptoms, such as obstruction and rhinorrhea that occur in relation to nonallergic, noninfectious triggers such as change in the weather, exposure to caustic odors or cigarette smoke, barometric pressure differences, etc. There is a lack of concomitant allergic disease, determined by negative skin prick test for relevant allergens and/or negative allergen-specific antibody tests. […] The exact prevalence and impact of NAR is not as established as it is for allergic rhinitis. It is estimated that it affects more than 19 to 20 million patients in the United States, with vasomotor rhinitis being the most common subtype seen. […] With many subtypes of disease, the true economic burden of NAR is most likely grossly underestimated.

• #2 Nonallergic Rhinitis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1180286

  Non-allergic rhinitis (NAR) is a heterogeneous nasal disease with high global prevalence. […] Limited data are available regarding the prevalence of general rhinitis, with even fewer statistics on Nonallergic rhinitis. However, estimates indicate that over 70 million individuals in the United States and 200 million globally are affected by chronic rhinitis. […] The absence of prevalence data for nonallergic rhinitis is attributed to the lack of a standardized definition and diagnostic criteria, as highlighted by Hellings. […] Savoure et al. perform a study of worldwide prevalence of rhinitis and described unspecified rhinitis prevalence at 29.4% (1.1 to 63.3%), allergic rhinitis with 18.1% (1 to 54.5%) and 12% for nonallergic rhinitis (4 to 31.4%). […] Dykewicz et al. estimated nonallergic rhinitis affect 1752% of adults in the United States and 34% may have a mixed rhinitis.

• #3 Prevalence of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis in a rural area of northern China based on sensitization to specific aeroallergens | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology | Full Text

  https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-018-0299-9

  Most epidemiologic studies reporting prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) and nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) have assessed solely self-reported prevalence, without confirmation by objective measures. […] Furthermore, reports of prevalence of NAR in Chinese subjects are scarce. […] Thus, we aimed to explore the prevalence and risk factors of AR and NAR in a Chinese, based on both clinical manifestation and allergic status. […] The confirmed standardized prevalence of AR and NAR were 16.78% and 24.60%, respectively. […] Combination of standardized questionnaires and specific allergen tests may provide more accurate estimates of prevalence of AR and NAR and associated risk factors. […] NAR, on the other hand, is a group of heterogeneous diseases, characterized by clinical nasal symptoms with negative specific allergen tests.

• #4 The prevalence of non‐allergic rhinitis phenotypes in the general population: A cross‐sectional study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9306544/

  Nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) can be subdivided into several phenotypes: rhinorrhea of the elderly, rhinitis medicamentosa, smokers’, occupational, hormonal, drug-induced, gustatory, and idiopathic rhinitis. […] The prevalence of chronic rhinitis in the general population was 40% (N = 558, of those, 65% had NAR and 28% AR, in 7% allergy status is unknown). […] This is the first study to describe the prevalences of NAR phenotypes in the general population. […] Our data on the prevalence of phenotypes may help clinicians to anticipate the type of patients at their clinic and help guide a tailored treatment approach. […] The high prevalence of rhinitis medicamentosa is alarming, since this is a potentially preventable phenotype. […] We found a prevalence of NAR of 28% in general population.

• #5 Nonallergic Rhinitis, With a Focus on Vasomotor Rhinitis Clinical Importance, Differential Diagnosis, and Effective Treatment Recommendations | World Allergy Organization Journal | Full Text

  https://waojournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1097/WAO.0b013e318196ca1e

  The incidence of NAR varies from study to study. Almost all publications on NAR are found in North American and European literature. Thus, it is unclear whether the incidence or the age and sex distribution applies to populations not yet studied elsewhere in the world. In 1 survey of US medical practices, the classification of patients with rhinitis was 43% AR, 23% NAR, and 34% mixed rhinitis (rhinitis with both AR and NAR features) [1]. These data suggest that at least 57% of rhinitis patients have some contribution from NAR causing their rhinitis symptoms. Similar European studies have found that approximately 1 in 4 patients complaining of nasal symptoms has pure NAR [2]. Recent estimates suggest that 50 million Europeans have NAR, with a total prevalence of greater than 200 million worldwide [3]. In the United States, there are approximately 60 million patients with AR and 30 million with nonallergic vasomotor rhinitis (VMR).

• #6 Nonallergic Rhinitis: Definition, Classification, and Management | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/nonallergic-rhinitis-definition-classification-and-management/

  Nonallergic rhinitis is common and is estimated to affect more than 200 million people worldwide. However, its exact prevalence is unknown, and its phenotypes need to be evaluated using appropriate methods for diagnosis and management. […] The prevalence of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis is reported to be between 10 and 50% of the population. Of these patients, about one-quarter to one-half of cases is reported to be nonallergic. […] Nonallergic rhinitis tends to be adult onset, with the typical age of presentation between 30 and 60 years. Once symptoms begin, they frequently last a lifetime and as described above sometimes evolve into other diseases, such as allergic rhinitis and CRS. […] In a Danish study classifying a population of both adults and adolescents, female predominance held true, with approximately double the prevalence of nonallergic rhinitis in women. […] Nonallergic rhinitis is uncommon in children; allergic rhinitis or anatomical factors are much more often the source of rhinitic symptoms.

• #7 AAIR :: Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research

  https://e-aair.org/DOIx.php?id=10.4168/aair.2011.3.3.148

  Nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) is generally described as chronic nasal symptoms, such as obstruction and rhinorrhea that occur in relation to nonallergic, noninfectious triggers such as change in the weather, exposure to caustic odors or cigarette smoke, barometric pressure differences, etc. […] The exact prevalence and impact of NAR is not as established as it is for allergic rhinitis. It is estimated that it affects more than 19 to 20 million patients in the United States, with vasomotor rhinitis being the most common subtype seen. […] With many subtypes of disease, the true economic burden of NAR is most likely grossly underestimated. […] As Ledford points out in his symposium on assessing the damage of inadequately diagnosed NAR, patients are often empirically treated with oral second generation antihistamines, which are usually not sufficient in relieving their symptoms.

• #8 Demographics and Epidemiology of Allergic and Nonallergic Rhiniti…: Ingenta Connect

  https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ocean/aap/2001/00000022/00000004/art00001

  Chronic rhinitis symptoms are among the most common problems presenting to physicians. […] Estimates of the prevalence of allergic rhinitis range from as low as 9% to as high as 42%. […] Although nonallergic rhinitis is a well-recognized diagnosis, its prevalence has not been studied definitively. […] Population survey results have estimated that 19 million Americans suffer from nonallergic rhinitis. […] Because 44% of patients with allergic rhinitis may have concomitant nonallergic rhinitis, it is estimated that an additional 26 million people have a nonallergic component to their rhinitis (mixed rhinitis). […] Therefore, a total estimated 45 million people have either pure nonallergic rhinitis or mixed rhinitis. […] Because nonallergic rhinitis is common, it is important to differentiate this condition from rhinitis of allergic etiology.

• #9 Rhinitis, Nonallergic | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/816536/5.0/Rhinitis__Nonallergic

  Nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) is a syndrome composed of relapsing and remitting nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, postnasal drainage, and/or sneezing. […] True incidence is difficult to assess given significant overlap with allergic rhinitis, although is estimated to affect 15 to 30 million Americans annually. […] NAR and allergic rhinitis affect 10-20% of the population in industrialized countries.

• #10 Prevalence of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis in a rural area of northern China based on sensitization to specific aeroallergens | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology | Full Text

  https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-018-0299-9

  Few epidemiologic studies have been reported on NAR, and most of the studies have concentrated solely on the self-reported prevalence. […] In this regard family history of AR and atopic dermatitis were significantly found to be associated with clinical AR and family history of AR and asthma significantly associated with NAR. […] Our study has demonstrated that the prevalence of clinical AR was 15.41%, which is similar to an AR prevalence of 16.67% found in a population-based survey of AR in Quebec in 2008. […] Moreover, the prevalence of NAR was 31.37% based on typical nasal symptoms as well as negative SPTs results. […] Studies from the US and Europe have reported the prevalence of NAR to range from 7 to 19% in adults. […] In summary, the confirmed standardized prevalence of AR and NAR were 16.78% and 24.60%, respectively.

• #11 Nonallergic Rhinitis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1180286

  Non-allergic rhinitis (NAR) is a heterogeneous nasal disease with high global prevalence. […] Limited data are available regarding the prevalence of general rhinitis, with even fewer statistics on Nonallergic rhinitis. However, estimates indicate that over 70 million individuals in the United States and 200 million globally are affected by chronic rhinitis. […] The absence of prevalence data for nonallergic rhinitis is attributed to the lack of a standardized definition and diagnostic criteria, as highlighted by Hellings. […] Savoure et al. perform a study of worldwide prevalence of rhinitis and described unspecified rhinitis prevalence at 29.4% (1.1 to 63.3%), allergic rhinitis with 18.1% (1 to 54.5%) and 12% for nonallergic rhinitis (4 to 31.4%). […] Dykewicz et al. estimated nonallergic rhinitis affect 1752% of adults in the United States and 34% may have a mixed rhinitis.

• #12 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics

  https://www.e-cep.org/m/journal/view.php?number=20125555352

  Rhinitis is among the most common respiratory diseases in children. Nonallergic rhinitis accounts for 16%89% of the chronic rhinitis cases, affecting 1%50% (median 10%) of the total pediatric population. […] Nonallergic rhinitis is a diagnosis of exclusion that is characterized by signs and/or symptoms similar to allergic rhinitis (e.g., rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, nasal itching, and sneezing after allergen exposure). After the exclusion of allergic rhinitis based on the identification of allergen sensitizations, nonallergic rhinitis is suspected and efforts are made to identify associated conditions like sinusitis or adenoid hypertrophy. Studies have reported that the prevalence of nonallergic rhinitis is 0.7%50.0 % (median, 10.1%) in pediatric population. Nonallergic rhinitis seems to account for 15.7%89.0% of the chronic rhinitis cases.

• #13 Non Allergic Rhinitis: Prevalence, Clinical Profile and Knowledge Gaps in Literature

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3251201/

  Although Nasal symptoms induced by Non-allergic rhinitis (NAR) are a cause of wide spread morbidity; the disease is trivialized. There is a lack of Epidemiological studies on the prevalence of non-allergic rhinitis. […] The objectives of the study were to examine the prevalence and clinical profile of non-allergic rhinitis in Oman. […] The overall prevalence of rhinitis was 18.5% (n=113). The prevalence of NAR was 7.5% (n=46). […] Among the rhinitis population (n=113), the prevalence of NAR was 57% (n=46). […] The knowledge gap study which consisted of the assessment and review of 115 Medline titles including 4 systematic reviews, and 34 research papers, as well as 2 recent otolaryngology text books revealed that no study on the prevalence of NAR from Oman. […] The study found that more than half of rhinitis patients suffered from NAR.

• #14 Non Allergic Rhinitis: Prevalence, Clinical Profile and Knowledge Gaps in Literature

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3251201/

  Although Nasal symptoms induced by Non-allergic rhinitis (NAR) are a cause of wide spread morbidity; the disease is trivialized. There is a lack of Epidemiological studies on the prevalence of non-allergic rhinitis. […] The objectives of the study were to examine the prevalence and clinical profile of non-allergic rhinitis in Oman. […] The overall prevalence of rhinitis was 18.5% (n=113). The prevalence of NAR was 7.5% (n=46). […] Among the rhinitis population (n=113), the prevalence of NAR was 57% (n=46). […] The knowledge gap study which consisted of the assessment and review of 115 Medline titles including 4 systematic reviews, and 34 research papers, as well as 2 recent otolaryngology text books revealed that no study on the prevalence of NAR from Oman. […] The study found that more than half of rhinitis patients suffered from NAR.

• #15 Nonallergic Rhinitis, With a Focus on Vasomotor Rhinitis Clinical Importance, Differential Diagnosis, and Effective Treatment Recommendations | World Allergy Organization Journal | Full Text

  https://waojournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1097/WAO.0b013e318196ca1e

  The incidence of NAR varies from study to study. Almost all publications on NAR are found in North American and European literature. Thus, it is unclear whether the incidence or the age and sex distribution applies to populations not yet studied elsewhere in the world. In 1 survey of US medical practices, the classification of patients with rhinitis was 43% AR, 23% NAR, and 34% mixed rhinitis (rhinitis with both AR and NAR features) [1]. These data suggest that at least 57% of rhinitis patients have some contribution from NAR causing their rhinitis symptoms. Similar European studies have found that approximately 1 in 4 patients complaining of nasal symptoms has pure NAR [2]. Recent estimates suggest that 50 million Europeans have NAR, with a total prevalence of greater than 200 million worldwide [3]. In the United States, there are approximately 60 million patients with AR and 30 million with nonallergic vasomotor rhinitis (VMR).

• #16 Diagnosing Rhinitis: Allergic vs. Nonallergic | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/0501/p1583.html

  The most common cause of nonallergic rhinitis is acute viral infection. […] The diagnosis of nonallergic rhinitis is made after eliminating allergic or IgE-mediated causes. The most common cause of nonallergic rhinitis is an acute viral infection. Less common chronic causes include vasomotor rhinitis, hormonal rhinitis, non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome, occupational rhinitis (irritant subtype), gustatory rhinitis, rhinitis medicamentosa, and drug-induced rhinitis. […] Research shows that the prevalence of pure allergic rhinitis in the adult population with symptoms is 43 percent, combination allergic rhinitis and nonallergic rhinitis is 34 percent, and pure nonallergic rhinitis is 23 percent. […] Controversy surrounds nonallergic rhinitis because the epidemiology and diagnostic criteria are confusing. The main controversy is how to differentiate allergic rhinitis from nonallergic rhinitis. […] Management of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis is slightly different; therefore, as more clinical data become available, determining the difference between the two types will become more important.

• #17 Nonallergic Rhinitis, With a Focus on Vasomotor Rhinitis Clinical Importance, Differential Diagnosis, and Effective Treatment Recommendations | World Allergy Organization Journal | Full Text

  https://waojournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1097/WAO.0b013e318196ca1e

  The incidence of NAR varies from study to study. Almost all publications on NAR are found in North American and European literature. Thus, it is unclear whether the incidence or the age and sex distribution applies to populations not yet studied elsewhere in the world. In 1 survey of US medical practices, the classification of patients with rhinitis was 43% AR, 23% NAR, and 34% mixed rhinitis (rhinitis with both AR and NAR features) [1]. These data suggest that at least 57% of rhinitis patients have some contribution from NAR causing their rhinitis symptoms. Similar European studies have found that approximately 1 in 4 patients complaining of nasal symptoms has pure NAR [2]. Recent estimates suggest that 50 million Europeans have NAR, with a total prevalence of greater than 200 million worldwide [3]. In the United States, there are approximately 60 million patients with AR and 30 million with nonallergic vasomotor rhinitis (VMR).

• #18 Rhinitis – In-Depth Review – Sullivan A, Kushnir NM (Updated 2020)

  https://www.worldallergy.org/component/content/article/rhinitis-in-depth-review-sullivan-a-kushnir-nm-updated-2020?catid=16&Itemid=101

  Though rhinitis is commonly thought of as a response to the deposition of allergens on the nasal mucosa, a significant percentage of patients suffering with rhinitis are not allergic. From 44-87% of people with rhinitis have mixed allergic and non-allergic rhinitis. Non-allergic rhinitis is not one uniform syndrome but instead a collection of disorders that lead to the classic symptoms of rhinitis including rhinorrhea and/or nasal congestion. […] The underlying mechanisms leading to non-allergic rhinitis are quite variable and less well understood. The most common form of NAR has been known as vasomotor rhinitis (VMR) and is a common syndrome where middle-aged women develop rhinorrhea and nasal congestion in response to changing environmental conditions. […] Chronic sinusitis also causes a variety of nasal symptoms, which must be distinguished from rhinitis in order to treat sinusitis appropriately. Most symptoms of rhinitis involve the anterior aspects of the nose while sinusitis tends to cause posterior symptoms.

• #19 Demographics and Epidemiology of Allergic and Nonallergic Rhiniti…: Ingenta Connect

  https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ocean/aap/2001/00000022/00000004/art00001

  Chronic rhinitis symptoms are among the most common problems presenting to physicians. […] Estimates of the prevalence of allergic rhinitis range from as low as 9% to as high as 42%. […] Although nonallergic rhinitis is a well-recognized diagnosis, its prevalence has not been studied definitively. […] Population survey results have estimated that 19 million Americans suffer from nonallergic rhinitis. […] Because 44% of patients with allergic rhinitis may have concomitant nonallergic rhinitis, it is estimated that an additional 26 million people have a nonallergic component to their rhinitis (mixed rhinitis). […] Therefore, a total estimated 45 million people have either pure nonallergic rhinitis or mixed rhinitis. […] Because nonallergic rhinitis is common, it is important to differentiate this condition from rhinitis of allergic etiology.

• #20 Demographics and Epidemiology of Allergic and Nonallergic Rhiniti…: Ingenta Connect

  https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ocean/aap/2001/00000022/00000004/art00001

  Chronic rhinitis symptoms are among the most common problems presenting to physicians. […] Estimates of the prevalence of allergic rhinitis range from as low as 9% to as high as 42%. […] Although nonallergic rhinitis is a well-recognized diagnosis, its prevalence has not been studied definitively. […] Population survey results have estimated that 19 million Americans suffer from nonallergic rhinitis. […] Because 44% of patients with allergic rhinitis may have concomitant nonallergic rhinitis, it is estimated that an additional 26 million people have a nonallergic component to their rhinitis (mixed rhinitis). […] Therefore, a total estimated 45 million people have either pure nonallergic rhinitis or mixed rhinitis. […] Because nonallergic rhinitis is common, it is important to differentiate this condition from rhinitis of allergic etiology.

• #21 Nonallergic rhinitis: What clinicians should know – Pulmonology Advisor

  https://www.pulmonologyadvisor.com/slideshow/slides/nonallergic-rhinitis-what-clinicians-should-know/

  NAR is a form of rhinitis that does not involve the immune system and often has an unknown etiology, though many triggers have been identified. The prevalence of NAR remains unclear, but it appears to be common, with some estimates suggesting 19 million persons in the United States are affected. […] However, this number likely underestimates its prevalence because NAR is difficult to diagnose in the setting of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) positivity and the condition has been found to coexist with AR in a substantial number of patients. […] Based on such findings, it has been suggested that 50% to 80% of patients with rhinitis may have NAR, whether alone or, more commonly, as a mixed disease with some form of AR. […] To ensure a proper diagnosis, which is essential for optimal relief of symptoms and avoidance of unnecessary medications and treatments, clinicians must maintain a high degree of suspicion for NAR and should not rule out its presence based on an AR diagnosis alone.

• #22 Nonallergic Rhinitis, With a Focus on Vasomotor Rhinitis Clinical Importance, Differential Diagnosis, and Effective Treatment Recommendations | World Allergy Organization Journal | Full Text

  https://waojournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1097/WAO.0b013e318196ca1e

  Nonallergic rhinitis tends to be adult onset, with the typical age of presentation between 30 and 60 years [4]. Once symptoms begin, they frequently last a lifetime. If NAR is present in pediatric populations, it is more likely to be anatomic in nature and to be caused by either adenoid or turbinate hypertrophy, leading to persistent nasal obstruction. In adults, most studies report a clear female predominance, with estimates ranging from 58% to 71% of those affected being female. In a Danish study classifying a population of both adults and adolescents, female predominance held true with approximately double the prevalence of NAR in women [2]. […] The financial impact of NAR has not been studied directly, but numerous studies have looked at the direct and the indirect costs of AR. It is likely that because most studies indicate that at least 1 in 4 patients with nasal symptoms have pure NAR, the rough cost of the condition is approximately one third of AR. Direct and indirect US medical expenditures for AR are in excess of 2.7 billion dollars (1995 dollars) [5]. When lost productivity due to drowsiness, cognitive/motor impairment, and missed school and work is considered, the cost estimate increases to $6 billion [6]. Thus, although no reports of the costs of NAR have been reported, it is likely that this disease costs at least US$2 to 3 billion per year.

• #23 Nonallergic Rhinitis: Definition, Classification, and Management | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/nonallergic-rhinitis-definition-classification-and-management/

  Nonallergic rhinitis is common and is estimated to affect more than 200 million people worldwide. However, its exact prevalence is unknown, and its phenotypes need to be evaluated using appropriate methods for diagnosis and management. […] The prevalence of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis is reported to be between 10 and 50% of the population. Of these patients, about one-quarter to one-half of cases is reported to be nonallergic. […] Nonallergic rhinitis tends to be adult onset, with the typical age of presentation between 30 and 60 years. Once symptoms begin, they frequently last a lifetime and as described above sometimes evolve into other diseases, such as allergic rhinitis and CRS. […] In a Danish study classifying a population of both adults and adolescents, female predominance held true, with approximately double the prevalence of nonallergic rhinitis in women. […] Nonallergic rhinitis is uncommon in children; allergic rhinitis or anatomical factors are much more often the source of rhinitic symptoms.

• #24 Chronic Nonallergic Rhinitis

  https://fpnotebook.com/ENT/Nose/ChrncNnlrgcRhnts.htm

  Prevalence: 20-30 Million in U.S. […] Accounts for 23% of Rhinitis cases in U.S. […] More common in women (by factor of 2:1 to 3:1) […] Age 35 years old (contrast with Allergic Rhinitis onset 20 years old) […] Typically no Family History of Allergic Rhinitis, Asthma or Eczema […] Perennial onset (but may also be seasonal)

• #25 Nonallergic Rhinitis, With a Focus on Vasomotor Rhinitis Clinical Importance, Differential Diagnosis, and Effective Treatment Recommendations | World Allergy Organization Journal | Full Text

  https://waojournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1097/WAO.0b013e318196ca1e

  Nonallergic rhinitis tends to be adult onset, with the typical age of presentation between 30 and 60 years [4]. Once symptoms begin, they frequently last a lifetime. If NAR is present in pediatric populations, it is more likely to be anatomic in nature and to be caused by either adenoid or turbinate hypertrophy, leading to persistent nasal obstruction. In adults, most studies report a clear female predominance, with estimates ranging from 58% to 71% of those affected being female. In a Danish study classifying a population of both adults and adolescents, female predominance held true with approximately double the prevalence of NAR in women [2]. […] The financial impact of NAR has not been studied directly, but numerous studies have looked at the direct and the indirect costs of AR. It is likely that because most studies indicate that at least 1 in 4 patients with nasal symptoms have pure NAR, the rough cost of the condition is approximately one third of AR. Direct and indirect US medical expenditures for AR are in excess of 2.7 billion dollars (1995 dollars) [5]. When lost productivity due to drowsiness, cognitive/motor impairment, and missed school and work is considered, the cost estimate increases to $6 billion [6]. Thus, although no reports of the costs of NAR have been reported, it is likely that this disease costs at least US$2 to 3 billion per year.

• #26 Nonallergic Rhinitis, With a Focus on Vasomotor Rhinitis Clinical Importance, Differential Diagnosis, and Effective Treatment Recommendations | World Allergy Organization Journal | Full Text

  https://waojournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1097/WAO.0b013e318196ca1e

  Nonallergic rhinitis tends to be adult onset, with the typical age of presentation between 30 and 60 years [4]. Once symptoms begin, they frequently last a lifetime. If NAR is present in pediatric populations, it is more likely to be anatomic in nature and to be caused by either adenoid or turbinate hypertrophy, leading to persistent nasal obstruction. In adults, most studies report a clear female predominance, with estimates ranging from 58% to 71% of those affected being female. In a Danish study classifying a population of both adults and adolescents, female predominance held true with approximately double the prevalence of NAR in women [2]. […] The financial impact of NAR has not been studied directly, but numerous studies have looked at the direct and the indirect costs of AR. It is likely that because most studies indicate that at least 1 in 4 patients with nasal symptoms have pure NAR, the rough cost of the condition is approximately one third of AR. Direct and indirect US medical expenditures for AR are in excess of 2.7 billion dollars (1995 dollars) [5]. When lost productivity due to drowsiness, cognitive/motor impairment, and missed school and work is considered, the cost estimate increases to $6 billion [6]. Thus, although no reports of the costs of NAR have been reported, it is likely that this disease costs at least US$2 to 3 billion per year.

• #27 Rhinitis, Cold Air-Induced | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/816428/all/Rhinitis__Cold_Air_Induced

  Overall epidemiology of rhinitis conditions is difficult to assess due to challenges in classifying rhinitis. […] Prevalence of cold air sensitivity in nonallergic chronic rhinitis is not known. […] Rhinitis is a very common disorder affecting 20-40% of the Western population. […] Most ENT clinics report a 50-50 division between allergic and nonallergic patients. […] Nonallergic rhinitis presents later in life than allergic rhinitis, with 70% of patients presenting after 20 years of age. […] The prevalence of nonallergic rhinitis in children is not well studied.

• #28 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics

  https://www.e-cep.org/m/journal/view.php?number=20125555352

  Rhinitis is among the most common respiratory diseases in children. Nonallergic rhinitis accounts for 16%89% of the chronic rhinitis cases, affecting 1%50% (median 10%) of the total pediatric population. […] Nonallergic rhinitis is a diagnosis of exclusion that is characterized by signs and/or symptoms similar to allergic rhinitis (e.g., rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, nasal itching, and sneezing after allergen exposure). After the exclusion of allergic rhinitis based on the identification of allergen sensitizations, nonallergic rhinitis is suspected and efforts are made to identify associated conditions like sinusitis or adenoid hypertrophy. Studies have reported that the prevalence of nonallergic rhinitis is 0.7%50.0 % (median, 10.1%) in pediatric population. Nonallergic rhinitis seems to account for 15.7%89.0% of the chronic rhinitis cases.

• #29 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics

  https://www.e-cep.org/m/journal/view.php?number=20125555352

  In a birth cohort from the United Kingdom, a decreasing trend in the proportion of children with symptomatic rhinitis was estimated at 79%, 45%, and 42.3%, respectively, at 2, 4, and 10 years of age. […] A recent study of a Korean population reported that the prevalence of allergic rhinitis increased from 22.1% to 28.3% from 7 to 12 years of age, while that of nonallergic rhinitis decreased from 21.3% to 13.3%. […] Considering the data of the studies mentioned above, nonallergic rhinitis is found to be prevalent in children younger than 2 years with chronic rhinitis, and the proportion tends to decrease with age, whereas the proportion of allergic rhinitis increases.

• #30 Prevalence, comorbidities, diagnosis, and treatment of nonallergic rhinitis: real-world comparison with allergic rhinitis

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?number=20125555352

  Rhinitis is among the most common respiratory diseases in children. Nonallergic rhinitis accounts for 16%89% of the chronic rhinitis cases, affecting 1%50% (median 10%) of the total pediatric population. Nonallergic rhinitis is more prevalent during the first 2 years of life; however, its underestimation for children with atopic tendencies is likely due to low positive rates of specific allergic tests during early childhood. Studies have reported that the prevalence of nonallergic rhinitis is 0.7%50.0 % (median, 10.1%) in pediatric population. Nonallergic rhinitis seems to account for 15.7%89.0% of the chronic rhinitis cases. In epidemiologic studies, decreasing trends in the incidence of nonallergic rhinitis were observed, while the incidence of allergic rhinitis increased with age. Considering the data of the studies mentioned above, nonallergic rhinitis is found to be prevalent in children younger than 2 years with chronic rhinitis, and the proportion tends to decrease with age, whereas the proportion of allergic rhinitis increases. […] A recent study of a Korean population reported that the prevalence of allergic rhinitis increased from 22.1% to 28.3% from 7 to 12 years of age, while that of nonallergic rhinitis decreased from 21.3% to 13.3%.

• #31 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics

  https://www.e-cep.org/m/journal/view.php?number=20125555352

  In a birth cohort from the United Kingdom, a decreasing trend in the proportion of children with symptomatic rhinitis was estimated at 79%, 45%, and 42.3%, respectively, at 2, 4, and 10 years of age. […] A recent study of a Korean population reported that the prevalence of allergic rhinitis increased from 22.1% to 28.3% from 7 to 12 years of age, while that of nonallergic rhinitis decreased from 21.3% to 13.3%. […] Considering the data of the studies mentioned above, nonallergic rhinitis is found to be prevalent in children younger than 2 years with chronic rhinitis, and the proportion tends to decrease with age, whereas the proportion of allergic rhinitis increases.

• #32 Nonallergic Rhinitis, With a Focus on Vasomotor Rhinitis Clinical Importance, Differential Diagnosis, and Effective Treatment Recommendations | World Allergy Organization Journal | Full Text

  https://waojournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1097/WAO.0b013e318196ca1e

  Nonallergic rhinitis tends to be adult onset, with the typical age of presentation between 30 and 60 years [4]. Once symptoms begin, they frequently last a lifetime. If NAR is present in pediatric populations, it is more likely to be anatomic in nature and to be caused by either adenoid or turbinate hypertrophy, leading to persistent nasal obstruction. In adults, most studies report a clear female predominance, with estimates ranging from 58% to 71% of those affected being female. In a Danish study classifying a population of both adults and adolescents, female predominance held true with approximately double the prevalence of NAR in women [2]. […] The financial impact of NAR has not been studied directly, but numerous studies have looked at the direct and the indirect costs of AR. It is likely that because most studies indicate that at least 1 in 4 patients with nasal symptoms have pure NAR, the rough cost of the condition is approximately one third of AR. Direct and indirect US medical expenditures for AR are in excess of 2.7 billion dollars (1995 dollars) [5]. When lost productivity due to drowsiness, cognitive/motor impairment, and missed school and work is considered, the cost estimate increases to $6 billion [6]. Thus, although no reports of the costs of NAR have been reported, it is likely that this disease costs at least US$2 to 3 billion per year.

• #33 Nonallergic Rhinitis, With a Focus on Vasomotor Rhinitis Clinical Importance, Differential Diagnosis, and Effective Treatment Recommendations | World Allergy Organization Journal | Full Text

  https://waojournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1097/WAO.0b013e318196ca1e

  Nonallergic rhinitis tends to be adult onset, with the typical age of presentation between 30 and 60 years [4]. Once symptoms begin, they frequently last a lifetime. If NAR is present in pediatric populations, it is more likely to be anatomic in nature and to be caused by either adenoid or turbinate hypertrophy, leading to persistent nasal obstruction. In adults, most studies report a clear female predominance, with estimates ranging from 58% to 71% of those affected being female. In a Danish study classifying a population of both adults and adolescents, female predominance held true with approximately double the prevalence of NAR in women [2]. […] The financial impact of NAR has not been studied directly, but numerous studies have looked at the direct and the indirect costs of AR. It is likely that because most studies indicate that at least 1 in 4 patients with nasal symptoms have pure NAR, the rough cost of the condition is approximately one third of AR. Direct and indirect US medical expenditures for AR are in excess of 2.7 billion dollars (1995 dollars) [5]. When lost productivity due to drowsiness, cognitive/motor impairment, and missed school and work is considered, the cost estimate increases to $6 billion [6]. Thus, although no reports of the costs of NAR have been reported, it is likely that this disease costs at least US$2 to 3 billion per year.

• #34 Nonallergic Rhinitis: Definition, Classification, and Management | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/nonallergic-rhinitis-definition-classification-and-management/

  Nonallergic rhinitis is common and is estimated to affect more than 200 million people worldwide. However, its exact prevalence is unknown, and its phenotypes need to be evaluated using appropriate methods for diagnosis and management. […] The prevalence of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis is reported to be between 10 and 50% of the population. Of these patients, about one-quarter to one-half of cases is reported to be nonallergic. […] Nonallergic rhinitis tends to be adult onset, with the typical age of presentation between 30 and 60 years. Once symptoms begin, they frequently last a lifetime and as described above sometimes evolve into other diseases, such as allergic rhinitis and CRS. […] In a Danish study classifying a population of both adults and adolescents, female predominance held true, with approximately double the prevalence of nonallergic rhinitis in women. […] Nonallergic rhinitis is uncommon in children; allergic rhinitis or anatomical factors are much more often the source of rhinitic symptoms.

• #35 Chronic Nonallergic Rhinitis

  https://fpnotebook.com/ENT/Nose/ChrncNnlrgcRhnts.htm

  Prevalence: 20-30 Million in U.S. […] Accounts for 23% of Rhinitis cases in U.S. […] More common in women (by factor of 2:1 to 3:1) […] Age 35 years old (contrast with Allergic Rhinitis onset 20 years old) […] Typically no Family History of Allergic Rhinitis, Asthma or Eczema […] Perennial onset (but may also be seasonal)

• #36 The prevalence of non‐allergic rhinitis phenotypes in the general population: A cross‐sectional study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9306544/

  Nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) can be subdivided into several phenotypes: rhinorrhea of the elderly, rhinitis medicamentosa, smokers’, occupational, hormonal, drug-induced, gustatory, and idiopathic rhinitis. […] The prevalence of chronic rhinitis in the general population was 40% (N = 558, of those, 65% had NAR and 28% AR, in 7% allergy status is unknown). […] This is the first study to describe the prevalences of NAR phenotypes in the general population. […] Our data on the prevalence of phenotypes may help clinicians to anticipate the type of patients at their clinic and help guide a tailored treatment approach. […] The high prevalence of rhinitis medicamentosa is alarming, since this is a potentially preventable phenotype. […] We found a prevalence of NAR of 28% in general population.

• #37 The prevalence of non‐allergic rhinitis phenotypes in the general population: A cross‐sectional study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9306544/

  To the best of our knowledge, the prevalence of the different phenotypes of NAR is currently unknown. […] The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of NAR phenotypes in the general population. […] This is the first paper that describes the prevalence of NAR phenotypes in the general population. […] The high prevalence of rhinitis medicamentosa is alarming. […] A new EAACI taskforce should systematically fill in gaps in knowledge about NAR phenotypes.

• #38 The prevalence of non‐allergic rhinitis phenotypes in the general population: A cross‐sectional study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9306544/

  Nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) can be subdivided into several phenotypes: rhinorrhea of the elderly, rhinitis medicamentosa, smokers’, occupational, hormonal, drug-induced, gustatory, and idiopathic rhinitis. […] The prevalence of chronic rhinitis in the general population was 40% (N = 558, of those, 65% had NAR and 28% AR, in 7% allergy status is unknown). […] This is the first study to describe the prevalences of NAR phenotypes in the general population. […] Our data on the prevalence of phenotypes may help clinicians to anticipate the type of patients at their clinic and help guide a tailored treatment approach. […] The high prevalence of rhinitis medicamentosa is alarming, since this is a potentially preventable phenotype. […] We found a prevalence of NAR of 28% in general population.

• #39 The prevalence of non‐allergic rhinitis phenotypes in the general population: A cross‐sectional study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9306544/

  To the best of our knowledge, the prevalence of the different phenotypes of NAR is currently unknown. […] The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of NAR phenotypes in the general population. […] This is the first paper that describes the prevalence of NAR phenotypes in the general population. […] The high prevalence of rhinitis medicamentosa is alarming. […] A new EAACI taskforce should systematically fill in gaps in knowledge about NAR phenotypes.

• #40 Non-allergic rhinitis in children: Epidemiological aspects, pathological features, diagnostic methodology and clinical management

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2222-0682/full/v6/i4/200.htm

  Although NAR were considered to be more prevalent in adults, actually those could represent a significant burden in the pediatric age, too. […] Unfortunately, detailed information regarding the prevalence and burden of NAR in children is lacking: That may partially be explained by the few allergen challenges that are performed in young ages. […] Moreover, the term NAR does not indicate a specific clinical entity and, therefore, includes a number of different forms of CR: As a consequence, several classifications and terminologies generated further imprecisions in the epidemiological evaluations. […] According to the Global Atlas of Allergic Rhinitis and Chronic Rhinosinusitis edited by the European Association of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), the following forms of NAR have been recognized: (1) non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES); (2) hormonal rhinitis (pregnancy, associated to menstrual cycle, acromegaly, hypothyroidism); (3) rhinitis of the elderly; (4) gustatory rhinitis (hot and spicy foods, alcohol consumption, etc.); (5) atrophic rhinitis (primary or secondary to sinus surgery, autoimmune and/or immune-mediated diseases); (6) cold-air induced rhinitis (triggered by cold and/or windy climate conditions); (7) drug-induced rhinitis (nasal decongestant rhinitis medicamentosa), aspirin, systemic alpha- and beta-adrenergic antagonist, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, neuroleptics, etc.); (8) occupational non-allergic rhinitis (irritants, corrosive substances); and (9) idiopathic rhinitis (vasomotor rhinitis).

• #41 Non-allergic rhinitis in children: Epidemiological aspects, pathological features, diagnostic methodology and clinical management

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2222-0682/full/v6/i4/200.htm

  The NAR consensus panel of World Allergy Organization (WAO) edited a similar classification, excluding automatically both anatomical/mechanical nose abnormalities and CRS. […] Epidemiologically, LAR might affect more than 40% people diagnosed with NAR. […] In a study including 428 patients with CR, Rondn et al diagnosed AR, LAR and NAR in 63%, 26% and 11% of patients, respectively. […] Importantly, in addition to highlighting the epidemiological importance of LAR among CR, this study noticed that 36% of patients with LAR had rhinitis since childhood. […] However, such a hypothesis upon LAR as an initial stage of AR needs to be tested adequately and immune processes might differ according to allergens. […] Currently, the diagnostic work-up of pediatric CR is often limited to the identification of AR, NAR (in general) and mixed rhinitis.

• #42 Non-allergic rhinitis in children: Epidemiological aspects, pathological features, diagnostic methodology and clinical management

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2222-0682/full/v6/i4/200.htm

  The NAR consensus panel of World Allergy Organization (WAO) edited a similar classification, excluding automatically both anatomical/mechanical nose abnormalities and CRS. […] Epidemiologically, LAR might affect more than 40% people diagnosed with NAR. […] In a study including 428 patients with CR, Rondn et al diagnosed AR, LAR and NAR in 63%, 26% and 11% of patients, respectively. […] Importantly, in addition to highlighting the epidemiological importance of LAR among CR, this study noticed that 36% of patients with LAR had rhinitis since childhood. […] However, such a hypothesis upon LAR as an initial stage of AR needs to be tested adequately and immune processes might differ according to allergens. […] Currently, the diagnostic work-up of pediatric CR is often limited to the identification of AR, NAR (in general) and mixed rhinitis.

• #43 Non-allergic rhinitis in children: Epidemiological aspects, pathological features, diagnostic methodology and clinical management

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2222-0682/full/v6/i4/200.htm

  The NAR consensus panel of World Allergy Organization (WAO) edited a similar classification, excluding automatically both anatomical/mechanical nose abnormalities and CRS. […] Epidemiologically, LAR might affect more than 40% people diagnosed with NAR. […] In a study including 428 patients with CR, Rondn et al diagnosed AR, LAR and NAR in 63%, 26% and 11% of patients, respectively. […] Importantly, in addition to highlighting the epidemiological importance of LAR among CR, this study noticed that 36% of patients with LAR had rhinitis since childhood. […] However, such a hypothesis upon LAR as an initial stage of AR needs to be tested adequately and immune processes might differ according to allergens. […] Currently, the diagnostic work-up of pediatric CR is often limited to the identification of AR, NAR (in general) and mixed rhinitis.

• #44 Nonallergic Rhinitis, With a Focus on Vasomotor Rhinitis Clinical Importance, Differential Diagnosis, and Effective Treatment Recommendations | World Allergy Organization Journal | Full Text

  https://waojournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1097/WAO.0b013e318196ca1e

  Nonallergic rhinitis tends to be adult onset, with the typical age of presentation between 30 and 60 years [4]. Once symptoms begin, they frequently last a lifetime. If NAR is present in pediatric populations, it is more likely to be anatomic in nature and to be caused by either adenoid or turbinate hypertrophy, leading to persistent nasal obstruction. In adults, most studies report a clear female predominance, with estimates ranging from 58% to 71% of those affected being female. In a Danish study classifying a population of both adults and adolescents, female predominance held true with approximately double the prevalence of NAR in women [2]. […] The financial impact of NAR has not been studied directly, but numerous studies have looked at the direct and the indirect costs of AR. It is likely that because most studies indicate that at least 1 in 4 patients with nasal symptoms have pure NAR, the rough cost of the condition is approximately one third of AR. Direct and indirect US medical expenditures for AR are in excess of 2.7 billion dollars (1995 dollars) [5]. When lost productivity due to drowsiness, cognitive/motor impairment, and missed school and work is considered, the cost estimate increases to $6 billion [6]. Thus, although no reports of the costs of NAR have been reported, it is likely that this disease costs at least US$2 to 3 billion per year.

• #45 Nonallergic Rhinitis, With a Focus on Vasomotor Rhinitis Clinical Importance, Differential Diagnosis, and Effective Treatment Recommendations | World Allergy Organization Journal | Full Text

  https://waojournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1097/WAO.0b013e318196ca1e

  Nonallergic rhinitis tends to be adult onset, with the typical age of presentation between 30 and 60 years [4]. Once symptoms begin, they frequently last a lifetime. If NAR is present in pediatric populations, it is more likely to be anatomic in nature and to be caused by either adenoid or turbinate hypertrophy, leading to persistent nasal obstruction. In adults, most studies report a clear female predominance, with estimates ranging from 58% to 71% of those affected being female. In a Danish study classifying a population of both adults and adolescents, female predominance held true with approximately double the prevalence of NAR in women [2]. […] The financial impact of NAR has not been studied directly, but numerous studies have looked at the direct and the indirect costs of AR. It is likely that because most studies indicate that at least 1 in 4 patients with nasal symptoms have pure NAR, the rough cost of the condition is approximately one third of AR. Direct and indirect US medical expenditures for AR are in excess of 2.7 billion dollars (1995 dollars) [5]. When lost productivity due to drowsiness, cognitive/motor impairment, and missed school and work is considered, the cost estimate increases to $6 billion [6]. Thus, although no reports of the costs of NAR have been reported, it is likely that this disease costs at least US$2 to 3 billion per year.

• #46 Nonallergic Rhinitis, With a Focus on Vasomotor Rhinitis Clinical Importance, Differential Diagnosis, and Effective Treatment Recommendations | World Allergy Organization Journal | Full Text

  https://waojournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1097/WAO.0b013e318196ca1e

  Nonallergic rhinitis tends to be adult onset, with the typical age of presentation between 30 and 60 years [4]. Once symptoms begin, they frequently last a lifetime. If NAR is present in pediatric populations, it is more likely to be anatomic in nature and to be caused by either adenoid or turbinate hypertrophy, leading to persistent nasal obstruction. In adults, most studies report a clear female predominance, with estimates ranging from 58% to 71% of those affected being female. In a Danish study classifying a population of both adults and adolescents, female predominance held true with approximately double the prevalence of NAR in women [2]. […] The financial impact of NAR has not been studied directly, but numerous studies have looked at the direct and the indirect costs of AR. It is likely that because most studies indicate that at least 1 in 4 patients with nasal symptoms have pure NAR, the rough cost of the condition is approximately one third of AR. Direct and indirect US medical expenditures for AR are in excess of 2.7 billion dollars (1995 dollars) [5]. When lost productivity due to drowsiness, cognitive/motor impairment, and missed school and work is considered, the cost estimate increases to $6 billion [6]. Thus, although no reports of the costs of NAR have been reported, it is likely that this disease costs at least US$2 to 3 billion per year.

• #47 Allergic Rhinitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/134825-overview

  Allergic rhinitis can frequently lead to significant impairment of quality of life. Symptoms such as fatigue, drowsiness (due to the disease or to medications), and malaise can lead to impaired work and school performance, missed school or work days, and traffic accidents. Cost of allergic rhinitis have increased substantially in the United States. In 2000 the overall cost of treating allergic rhinitis was estimated at 6.1 billion dollars, while in 2005 this figure was noted to nearly double to 11.2 billion dollars. In addition to the direct costs attributed to allergic rhinitis, its economic impact is increased by associated disease processes including sinusitis and asthma. […] Allergic rhinitis occurs in persons of all races. Prevalence of allergic rhinitis seems to vary among different populations and cultures, which may be due to genetic differences, geographic factors or environmental differences, or other population-based factors. In childhood, allergic rhinitis is more common in boys than in girls, but in adulthood, the prevalence is approximately equal between men and women. Onset of allergic rhinitis is common in childhood, adolescence, and early adult years, with a mean age of onset 8-11 years, but allergic rhinitis may occur in persons of any age. In 80% of cases, allergic rhinitis develops by age 20 years. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis has been reported to be as high as 40% in children, subsequently decreasing with age. In the geriatric population, rhinitis is less commonly allergic in nature.

• #48 Nonallergic Rhinitis | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/nonallergic-rhinitis/

  Comorbid conditions such as asthma, sleep apnea, sinusitis, and otitis media contribute to the individual and societal burden of both nonallergic and allergic rhinitis. […] The prevalence of mixed rhinitis is likely underappreciated. […] There are also multiple biases in reporting. […] Most prevalence data are collected from physician reporting and retrospective data from the clinical offices of allergists and otorhinolaryngologists where specialty referral patterns may not represent the true prevalence of the general population.

• #49 AAIR :: Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research

  https://e-aair.org/DOIx.php?id=10.4168/aair.2011.3.3.148

  Beyond these physical and emotional impacts on patients there is also an economic burden from the incomplete diagnosis and treatment of rhinitis. Recent evidence shows that asthma and rhinitis are often coexisting in atopic and nonatopic patients and that effective treatment of rhinitis frequently improves asthma.

• #50 Non Allergic Rhinitis: Prevalence, Clinical Profile and Knowledge Gaps in Literature

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3251201/

  A substantial knowledge gap exists in literature with relations to pathogenesis, clinical and laboratory diagnosis, as well as in reference to medical and surgical outcomes. […] The prevalence of pure chronic NAR represents 17-52% amongst the rhinitis population. […] Prevalence of NAR in Oman was found to be 57% of the rhinitis population, these figures are very similar to the ones mentioned in literature. […] This study demonstrated that the overall prevalence of NAR in Oman is 7% in Otolaryngology clinic and 57% of rhinitis patients may suffer from it.

• #51 Nonallergic Rhinitis | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/nonallergic-rhinitis/

  Comorbid conditions such as asthma, sleep apnea, sinusitis, and otitis media contribute to the individual and societal burden of both nonallergic and allergic rhinitis. […] The prevalence of mixed rhinitis is likely underappreciated. […] There are also multiple biases in reporting. […] Most prevalence data are collected from physician reporting and retrospective data from the clinical offices of allergists and otorhinolaryngologists where specialty referral patterns may not represent the true prevalence of the general population.

• #52 Nonallergic Rhinitis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1180286

  Non-allergic rhinitis (NAR) is a heterogeneous nasal disease with high global prevalence. […] Limited data are available regarding the prevalence of general rhinitis, with even fewer statistics on Nonallergic rhinitis. However, estimates indicate that over 70 million individuals in the United States and 200 million globally are affected by chronic rhinitis. […] The absence of prevalence data for nonallergic rhinitis is attributed to the lack of a standardized definition and diagnostic criteria, as highlighted by Hellings. […] Savoure et al. perform a study of worldwide prevalence of rhinitis and described unspecified rhinitis prevalence at 29.4% (1.1 to 63.3%), allergic rhinitis with 18.1% (1 to 54.5%) and 12% for nonallergic rhinitis (4 to 31.4%). […] Dykewicz et al. estimated nonallergic rhinitis affect 1752% of adults in the United States and 34% may have a mixed rhinitis.

• #53 Non-allergic rhinitis in children: Epidemiological aspects, pathological features, diagnostic methodology and clinical management

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2222-0682/full/v6/i4/200.htm

  A recent retrospective analysis by Topal et al regarding 472 consecutive children evaluated for CR within 1-year period, showed that 76.9% patients were diagnosed with AR and, thus, the remaining 23.1% children had NAR. […] Previously, another pediatric study by Chiang et al enrolling 660 children (aged 1 to 18 year) with CR, provided very similar results, as AR was diagnosed in 75.9% cases and, by exclusion, NAR represented 24.1% of the total. […] Currently, NAR is basically diagnosed by exclusion of AR in the appropriate clinical setting. […] According to such a definition, it is estimated that at least a quarter of patients complaining of CR have NAR, but they might be more numerous, considering that some have mixed rhinitis and that NAR are still underrated. […] According to data from United States National Rhinitis Classification Task Force, which were collected more than 15 years ago, around 17 millions of Americans were affected with NAR and as many people suffered with a combination of non-allergic and allergic nasal disease (mixed rhinitis).

• #54 Prevalence of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis in a rural area of northern China based on sensitization to specific aeroallergens | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology | Full Text

  https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-018-0299-9

  Most epidemiologic studies reporting prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) and nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) have assessed solely self-reported prevalence, without confirmation by objective measures. […] Furthermore, reports of prevalence of NAR in Chinese subjects are scarce. […] Thus, we aimed to explore the prevalence and risk factors of AR and NAR in a Chinese, based on both clinical manifestation and allergic status. […] The confirmed standardized prevalence of AR and NAR were 16.78% and 24.60%, respectively. […] Combination of standardized questionnaires and specific allergen tests may provide more accurate estimates of prevalence of AR and NAR and associated risk factors. […] NAR, on the other hand, is a group of heterogeneous diseases, characterized by clinical nasal symptoms with negative specific allergen tests.

• #55 Non-allergic rhinitis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/231

  For non-allergic rhinitis, traditional triggers such as cat or dog exposure should be absent. […] A diagnosis of NAR requires negative specific IgE responses by skin or serologic testing. […] Environmental tobacco smoke, perfumes and fragrances, as well as temperature and barometric changes may aggravate symptoms in NAR, but specific IgE responses by skin or serologic testing are all negative. […] The presence of eosinophils in the nasal mucosa in NARES distinguishes it from other subtypes of NAR. […] It is a chronic condition that should be distinguished from a common cold, which can manifest with symptoms of NAR but is self-limiting.

• #56 Non-allergic rhinitis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/231

  For non-allergic rhinitis, traditional triggers such as cat or dog exposure should be absent. […] A diagnosis of NAR requires negative specific IgE responses by skin or serological testing. […] Environmental tobacco smoke, perfumes and fragrances, as well as temperature and barometric changes may aggravate symptoms in NAR, but specific IgE responses by skin or serological testing are all negative. […] The presence of eosinophils in the nasal mucosa in NARES distinguishes it from other sub-types of NAR. […] To establish a definitive diagnosis of NAR, all other chronic rhinitis syndromes should be properly considered and excluded.

• #57 Non-allergic rhinitis in children: Epidemiological aspects, pathological features, diagnostic methodology and clinical management

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2222-0682/full/v6/i4/200.htm

  Although NAR were considered to be more prevalent in adults, actually those could represent a significant burden in the pediatric age, too. […] Unfortunately, detailed information regarding the prevalence and burden of NAR in children is lacking: That may partially be explained by the few allergen challenges that are performed in young ages. […] Moreover, the term NAR does not indicate a specific clinical entity and, therefore, includes a number of different forms of CR: As a consequence, several classifications and terminologies generated further imprecisions in the epidemiological evaluations. […] According to the Global Atlas of Allergic Rhinitis and Chronic Rhinosinusitis edited by the European Association of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), the following forms of NAR have been recognized: (1) non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES); (2) hormonal rhinitis (pregnancy, associated to menstrual cycle, acromegaly, hypothyroidism); (3) rhinitis of the elderly; (4) gustatory rhinitis (hot and spicy foods, alcohol consumption, etc.); (5) atrophic rhinitis (primary or secondary to sinus surgery, autoimmune and/or immune-mediated diseases); (6) cold-air induced rhinitis (triggered by cold and/or windy climate conditions); (7) drug-induced rhinitis (nasal decongestant rhinitis medicamentosa), aspirin, systemic alpha- and beta-adrenergic antagonist, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, neuroleptics, etc.); (8) occupational non-allergic rhinitis (irritants, corrosive substances); and (9) idiopathic rhinitis (vasomotor rhinitis).

• #58 Rhinitis, Cold Air-Induced | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/816428/all/Rhinitis__Cold_Air_Induced

  Overall epidemiology of rhinitis conditions is difficult to assess due to challenges in classifying rhinitis. […] Prevalence of cold air sensitivity in nonallergic chronic rhinitis is not known. […] Rhinitis is a very common disorder affecting 20-40% of the Western population. […] Most ENT clinics report a 50-50 division between allergic and nonallergic patients. […] Nonallergic rhinitis presents later in life than allergic rhinitis, with 70% of patients presenting after 20 years of age. […] The prevalence of nonallergic rhinitis in children is not well studied.

• #59 Prevalence of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis in a rural area of northern China based on sensitization to specific aeroallergens | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology | Full Text

  https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-018-0299-9

  Few epidemiologic studies have been reported on NAR, and most of the studies have concentrated solely on the self-reported prevalence. […] In this regard family history of AR and atopic dermatitis were significantly found to be associated with clinical AR and family history of AR and asthma significantly associated with NAR. […] Our study has demonstrated that the prevalence of clinical AR was 15.41%, which is similar to an AR prevalence of 16.67% found in a population-based survey of AR in Quebec in 2008. […] Moreover, the prevalence of NAR was 31.37% based on typical nasal symptoms as well as negative SPTs results. […] Studies from the US and Europe have reported the prevalence of NAR to range from 7 to 19% in adults. […] In summary, the confirmed standardized prevalence of AR and NAR were 16.78% and 24.60%, respectively.

• #60 Prevalence of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis in a rural area of northern China based on sensitization to specific aeroallergens | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology | Full Text

  https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-018-0299-9

  Most epidemiologic studies reporting prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) and nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) have assessed solely self-reported prevalence, without confirmation by objective measures. […] Furthermore, reports of prevalence of NAR in Chinese subjects are scarce. […] Thus, we aimed to explore the prevalence and risk factors of AR and NAR in a Chinese, based on both clinical manifestation and allergic status. […] The confirmed standardized prevalence of AR and NAR were 16.78% and 24.60%, respectively. […] Combination of standardized questionnaires and specific allergen tests may provide more accurate estimates of prevalence of AR and NAR and associated risk factors. […] NAR, on the other hand, is a group of heterogeneous diseases, characterized by clinical nasal symptoms with negative specific allergen tests.

• #61 Prevalence of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis in a rural area of northern China based on sensitization to specific aeroallergens | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology | Full Text

  https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-018-0299-9

  Most epidemiologic studies reporting prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) and nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) have assessed solely self-reported prevalence, without confirmation by objective measures. […] Furthermore, reports of prevalence of NAR in Chinese subjects are scarce. […] Thus, we aimed to explore the prevalence and risk factors of AR and NAR in a Chinese, based on both clinical manifestation and allergic status. […] The confirmed standardized prevalence of AR and NAR were 16.78% and 24.60%, respectively. […] Combination of standardized questionnaires and specific allergen tests may provide more accurate estimates of prevalence of AR and NAR and associated risk factors. […] NAR, on the other hand, is a group of heterogeneous diseases, characterized by clinical nasal symptoms with negative specific allergen tests.

• #62 Non Allergic Rhinitis: Prevalence, Clinical Profile and Knowledge Gaps in Literature

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3251201/

  A substantial knowledge gap exists in literature with relations to pathogenesis, clinical and laboratory diagnosis, as well as in reference to medical and surgical outcomes. […] The prevalence of pure chronic NAR represents 17-52% amongst the rhinitis population. […] Prevalence of NAR in Oman was found to be 57% of the rhinitis population, these figures are very similar to the ones mentioned in literature. […] This study demonstrated that the overall prevalence of NAR in Oman is 7% in Otolaryngology clinic and 57% of rhinitis patients may suffer from it.

• #63 Non-allergic rhinitis in children: Epidemiological aspects, pathological features, diagnostic methodology and clinical management

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2222-0682/full/v6/i4/200.htm

  Although NAR were considered to be more prevalent in adults, actually those could represent a significant burden in the pediatric age, too. […] Unfortunately, detailed information regarding the prevalence and burden of NAR in children is lacking: That may partially be explained by the few allergen challenges that are performed in young ages. […] Moreover, the term NAR does not indicate a specific clinical entity and, therefore, includes a number of different forms of CR: As a consequence, several classifications and terminologies generated further imprecisions in the epidemiological evaluations. […] According to the Global Atlas of Allergic Rhinitis and Chronic Rhinosinusitis edited by the European Association of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), the following forms of NAR have been recognized: (1) non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES); (2) hormonal rhinitis (pregnancy, associated to menstrual cycle, acromegaly, hypothyroidism); (3) rhinitis of the elderly; (4) gustatory rhinitis (hot and spicy foods, alcohol consumption, etc.); (5) atrophic rhinitis (primary or secondary to sinus surgery, autoimmune and/or immune-mediated diseases); (6) cold-air induced rhinitis (triggered by cold and/or windy climate conditions); (7) drug-induced rhinitis (nasal decongestant rhinitis medicamentosa), aspirin, systemic alpha- and beta-adrenergic antagonist, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, neuroleptics, etc.); (8) occupational non-allergic rhinitis (irritants, corrosive substances); and (9) idiopathic rhinitis (vasomotor rhinitis).

• #64 The prevalence of non‐allergic rhinitis phenotypes in the general population: A cross‐sectional study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9306544/

  To the best of our knowledge, the prevalence of the different phenotypes of NAR is currently unknown. […] The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of NAR phenotypes in the general population. […] This is the first paper that describes the prevalence of NAR phenotypes in the general population. […] The high prevalence of rhinitis medicamentosa is alarming. […] A new EAACI taskforce should systematically fill in gaps in knowledge about NAR phenotypes.

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