Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Catarrh – ENT Consultant – ENT Surgery – London – Essex

  https://www.bajaj.org.uk/catarrh

  Catarrh is a condition that is very common but yet very difficult to describe well. It means different things to different people. […] Catarrh is not even well defined in the medical textbooks except to say that the term comes from ancient Greek times and literally means to flow down. […] What we do know about people who suffer from catarrh is that they experience the sensation most of the time and often for many years. […] People with chronic or long standing catarrh usually describe the feeling of having a constant cold but without any of the other symptoms of a cold. […] There is no diagnostic test for catarrh given that it is not due to an actual disease. When people are said to have catarrh, it is based only on a sensation that they feel. […] We know from research that tests for allergy, tests of mucus flow and CT x-ray scans of the sinuses are not helpful in the management of people who experience chronic catarrh.

• #1 Catarrh: Definition, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/catarrh

  A person who experiences chronic catarrh may need to visit a doctor to establish the cause. […] During the consultation, the doctor will ask the person about their symptoms. They will want to rule out the following potential causes: bacterial infections, allergies, nasal polyps, GER or GERD. […] The doctor may look inside the persons nose or throat using a small hand-held torch. […] Sometimes, however, an X-ray or endoscopy may be necessary for the doctor to take a closer look inside these structures. An endoscopy is a procedure that uses a thin, flexible tube called an endoscope to look inside the body.

• #1 Catarrh

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/catarrh/

  Catarrh is a build-up of mucus in your nose and sinuses and phlegm in your throat. It usually clears up by itself but see a GP if it lasts longer than a few weeks. […] You may get catarrh if you have an infection like a cold, flu or sinusitis. […] Symptoms of catarrh include: a constantly blocked nose, feeling like there’s a lump or something stuck in your throat, a frequent need to swallow or cough to try to clear your throat, a feeling that mucus is slowly dripping down the back of your throat (postnasal drip), a crackling feeling in your ears. […] Although catarrh can be annoying, phlegm and mucus are not harmful and are the body’s way of clearing infection. […] You could ask a pharmacist about decongestants and other medicines to help relieve catarrh. […] The GP may want to rule out other conditions that could be causing your catarrh, such as nasal polyps. […] A GP may suggest trying treatments for catarrh that you can get from a pharmacist, like decongestant medicines and salt water nose rinses. […] If your catarrh is caused by nasal polyps, a GP may prescribe steroid spray or nose drops.

• #1 Understanding Catarrh in Adults and Children

  https://www.healthline.com/health/allergies/catarrh

  Catarrh is when mucus accumulates in your nose, throat, or sinuses. […] There arent any specific diagnostic tests for catarrh. In most cases, people are said to have catarrh based on the sensations theyre feeling in their nose and throat. […] If you see your doctor for catarrh, theyll ask for your medical history and perform a physical examination. If they think an underlying condition like allergies, GERD, or a nasal polyp is causing your condition, they may order additional tests. […] Typically, catarrh goes away on its own and can be treated at home by using a humidifier, saline washes, or OTC medications. […] See your doctor or other healthcare provider if catarrh is persistent or occurs with shortness of breath, unexplained fever, or bloody mucus.

• #1 Catarrh | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/lungs-and-airways/catarrh/

  Your GP may check if theres a condition causing it like nasal polyps or allergies. […] You may be referred to a specialist for tests. […] Treating the underlying condition, if you have one, may help your catarrh.

• #1 Chronic Sinusitis Diagnosis | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/chronic-sinusitis/diagnosis

  Several common conditions can block the sinus drainage passages. […] Your doctor may recommend certain diagnostic tests to determine the cause of your symptoms. […] Fiberoptic nasal endoscopy is a diagnostic exam that provides detailed images of sinus cavities and nasal passages. […] During an endoscopy, your doctor may decide to take a mucus or tissue sample for laboratory testing if a bacterial infection is suspected. […] In order to diagnose chronic sinusitis caused by an allergic reaction, your doctor asks you questions about your medical history, including whether you’ve tested positive in the past for any allergies. […] A CT scan may be recommended to complement nasal endoscopy if your doctor needs more detail about the extent of a sinus infection and the anatomy of the sinus cavities. […] When the type of chronic sinusitis and the cause of the sinus blockage have been determined, our doctors can recommend treatment.

• #1 Causes and Treatment for Thick Mucus in the Throat

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/thick-sticky-mucus-6386328

  Thick mucus in the throat, also known as catarrh, is a symptom that often results from infection in the nasal passages, sinuses, lower airways, or lungs. […] A diagnosis of the cause of your thick mucus starts with a healthcare provider taking a detailed history of your symptoms and performing a physical exam. […] Your healthcare provider may order tests that include: Chest X-ray (CXR): This is a relatively quick and accessible imaging tool used to detect the presence of fluid in the lungs. […] Sputum culture: A sputum culture is a laboratory test that checks for bacteria-causing infections in the respiratory tract. It is frequently used to diagnose pneumonia, tuberculosis, and bronchiectasis.

• #1 Upper airway cough syndrome – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1209

  Chronic cough that occurs with coexisting upper airway symptoms, including abnormal sensations arising from the throat and a postnasal drip sensation. […] No pathognomonic findings exist; diagnosis should be determined by considering a combination of criteria, including the history, physical exam, imaging, and, ultimately, the response to therapy. […] Trial of empiric therapy with a first-generation antihistamine plus a decongestant is both diagnostic and therapeutic. […] Central to the diagnosis is the presence of abnormal sensations arising from the throat (e.g., patients may describe something stuck in the throat). […] The diagnostic precision of clinical assessment for this syndrome has also been challenged. […] UACS may also coexist with other airway and respiratory conditions.

• #1 Post-Nasal Drip: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes and More

  https://www.health.com/postnasal-drip-7228969

  Post-nasal drip can typically be diagnosed after a healthcare provider reviews your symptoms and performs a physical exam. This usually involves asking questions about other symptoms that could indicate an infection. A healthcare provider will also inspect the back of your throat for any swelling, redness, or phlegm. […] The healthcare provider may determine that additional testing is needed to pinpoint the cause. Tests may include: […] Allergy testing: Evaluates whether the post-nasal drip might be related to an allergen (e.g., pollen) or food sensitivity […] Imaging (X-ray, MRI, or CT scan): Helps discern if there may be a structural issue with the anatomy of your sinuses, like a deviated septum […] Interventional tests: Uses a scope to examine the upper throat, check for acid reflux, or look at the digestive tract lining if GERD is suspected.

• #1 Catarrh Solutions: Symptoms, Risk Factors, Causes, and Care

  https://docus.ai/symptoms-guide/catarrh-solutions

  In cases where chronic catarrh is suspected or if conditions like sinusitis or nasal polyps are possible, your doctor may order imaging tests like an X-ray, CT scan, or MRI to look at your sinuses and nasal area more closely. […] If initial tests are inconclusive, or if your catarrh persists despite treatment, you might be referred to an ENT (ear, nose, and throat) specialist for further evaluation.

• #1 Blocked Nose & Catarrh: Causes & Treatments | Covonia | Covonia

  https://www.covonia.co.uk/articles-advice/congestion-catarrh-advice

  Catarrh, also called postnasal drip, is a medical term for a build-up of mucus or phlegm in an airway or cavity of the body. Its most commonly found in the nose, throat or sinuses. Having catarrh can make you feel like you constantly need to cough, have a blocked throat, difficulty swallowing or a sore throat. It is a symptom of an underlying cause and will usually clear up on its own. […] Catarrh is caused by inflammation or irritation of the nasal and throat lining, which causes it to create mucus to prevent pathogens from getting into the body. Common catarrh causes include allergic reactions, hay fever, allergic or nonallergic rhinitis and sudden changes in weather conditions. […] Try our Covonia Catarrh Relief Formula to ease the symptoms of nasal congestion and catarrh with a herbal remedy.

• #1

  https://www.allergyaffiliates.com/understanding-chronic-cough-causes-symptoms-and-diagnosis

  This test can help determine if GERD is a contributing factor by measuring the acidity in the esophagus. Chronic cough causes esophagus irritation that may lead to inflammation. […] In some cases, your doctor may suggest bronchoscopy. This procedure involves using a thin tube with a camera to examine the airways for abnormalities.

• #1 WHAT IS CHRONIC CATARRH AND HOW TO GET RID OF IT 

  https://lungnsleepclinic.com/chronic-catarrh-symptoms/

  Chronic Catarrh refers to the accumulation of mucus in the back of the nose, throat, or lungs. […] According to Dr. Mas Takashima, an ENT physician specializing in nose and sinus problems, Its not always just a runny nose. […] Additionally, in this blog, we will learn more about the condition, its symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and management. […] How is Chronic Catarrh Diagnosed? […] There is no test for catarrh because an actual disease doesn’t cause it. However, allergy, mucus tests, and CT X-rays of the sinuses do help treat people and identify symptoms of this condition. […] During the appointment, the doctor will inquire about the individuals symptoms. […] Furthermore, the following potential causes can be investigated: […] What are Some Chronic Catarrh Treatments? […] The treatment of this condition targets inflammation, symptoms, and causes.

• #1 Cough in Children and Adults: Diagnosis, Assessment and Management (CICADA). Summary of an updated position statement on chronic cough in Australia | The Medical Journal of Australia

  https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2024/220/1/cough-children-and-adults-diagnosis-assessment-and-management-cicada-summary

  The initial assessment for chronic cough relies on history and examination to identify any red flags indicators that may signal an underlying disease or systemic exposure. Probability-based algorithms are an important clinical decision tool and are presented for both children and adults separately. […] In children, specific cough refers to a cough that occurs with a condition known to be associated with or cause a chronic cough. Identification of the conditions associated with chronic cough forms the basis of specific treatment and investigation. […] The assessment of chronic cough in adults includes a history to define the duration and characteristics of the cough (sputum production, cough hypersensitivity, triggers), to elicit any red flags that suggest underlying disease. We recommend a chest xray and spirometry followed by use of a probability-based algorithm to identify whether these triggers are present and then to manage them to reduce chronic cough.

• #1 Idiopathic chronic cough: a real disease or a failure of diagnosis? | Cough | Full Text

  https://coughjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1745-9974-1-9

  Despite extensive diagnostic evaluation and numerous treatment trials, a number of patients remain troubled by a chronic and uncontrollable cough. […] Eosinophilic bronchitis, atopic cough and non-acid reflux have been recently added to the diagnostic spectrum for chronic cough. […] In some cases, failure to consider these conditions may explain treatment failure. […] However, a subset of patients with persisting symptoms may be regarded as having an idiopathic cough. […] This article seeks to examine the evidence for idiopathic cough as either a distinct diagnosis or simply the result of incomplete evaluation and inadequate courses of therapy. […] Although the systematic evaluation of both extrapulmonary and pulmonary causes for cough is widely held to be effective, doubt has been cast on the perception that the diagnostic triad of CVA, PNDS and GORD accounts for the almost all causes of chronic cough.

• #1 Upper airway cough syndrome – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1209

  UACS was formerly known as postnasal drip syndrome. […] The American College of Chest Physicians defines upper airway cough syndrome (UACS) as a syndrome characterized by chronic cough (i.e., present for 8 weeks) related to upper airway abnormalities. […] Key diagnostic factors include cough, unpleasant sensation in throat, postnasal drip, and cobblestone mucosa. […] 1st tests to order include empiric treatment trial, chest x-ray, CBC, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP, and spirometry. […] Tests to consider include direct nasolaryngoscopy, serum IgE level, specific aeroallergen radioallergosorbent test (RAST), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), CT sinus, and CT chest with or without intravenous contrast.

• #1 Postnasal Drip | SRUK

  https://www.sruk.co.uk/scleroderma/scleroderma-and-your-body/post-nasal-drip/

  Postnasal drip is often associated with catarrh, meaning an excessive build-up of mucus that occurs most commonly within the sinuses but can also affect the throat, ears or chest. […] If the postnasal drip persists, your GP may want to investigate to determine whether an allergy or nasal polyp may be the cause. […] Some people living with scleroderma also find that they experience postnasal drip. […] Scleroderma can cause a change in the lining of the nose which may also lead to a degree of inflammation or local infection and this may contribute to a postnasal drip.

• #1 Allergic Sinusitis | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/a/allergic-sinusitis.html

  A physician can diagnose sinusitis by: […] Allergy skin tests may identify the allergen causing nasal flare-up. […] Nasal endoscopy – A flexible tube is inserted into the nasal passages and fiber optic light allows the doctor to see the smallest of abnormalities in the sinuses. […] Computed tomography (CT) scan – A CT of the sinus can help your physician to assess any injury, infection, or other abnormalities.

• #1 Catarrh: symptoms, causes and treatments – HSE.ie

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/catarrh/

  Catarrh is a build-up of mucus in an airway or cavity of the body. […] It usually affects the back of the nose, the throat or the sinuses (air-filled cavities in the bones of the face). […] Catarrh can be annoying and difficult to get rid of. But it’s not harmful and there are treatments. […] Speak to your GP if your catarrh persists and is becoming difficult to live with. […] They may want to rule out conditions that could be causing it, such as nasal polyps or allergies. […] If you’re diagnosed with an underlying condition, treating that can relieve your catarrh. […] Chronic catarrh can be hard to treat and may last a long time. […] Catarrh usually occurs when the immune system reacts to an infection or irritation. […] It’s unclear what causes chronic catarrh, but it’s not thought to be the result of an allergy or infection.

• #1 What is catarrh and how to get rid of it | SUDAFED®

  https://www.sudafed.co.uk/what-catarrh-and-how-get-rid-it

  Catarrh is a build-up of mucus in an airway or cavity in your body, such as the sinuses, nose and throat. […] Catarrh and post nasal drip symptoms can be annoying and uncomfortable to live with, as you may feel like there’s mucus in your throat that won’t go away. […] While some of these symptoms can overlap with other conditions, if it feels like mucus is stuck in your throat, nose and chest and you don’t have any other signs of a common cold or allergies, it may be due to catarrh or post nasal drip. […] The causes of post nasal drip are similar to those of catarrh. These include allergies, a viral infection (such as a cold or flu) and sinus infections. […] The main catarrh causes are triggered by your immune system reacting to an infection or irritant. […] Common triggers and causes of post nasal drip and catarrh can include: The common cold, flu and other viral infections. […] If you experience chronic catarrh that lasts for a few months or longer, or it becomes hard to live with, then speak to your GP. […] You should also seek medical attention if your catarrh or post nasal drip symptoms include a high fever.

• #1 Catarrh | Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment | #1 Pulmonologist

  https://novapulmonary.com/catarrh/

  Catarrh refers to excessive mucus buildup in the nose, throat, or sinuses, often as a result of inflammation in the mucous membranes. Its not a disease but rather a symptom of underlying conditions such as colds, allergies, or sinus infections. […] Addressing catarrh often requires identifying and treating the underlying cause while managing symptoms for relief. […] If catarrh persists for more than three weeks. […] Severe facial pain or swelling. […] Green or yellow mucus with fever, indicating a possible bacterial infection.

• #1 Catarrh Solutions: Symptoms, Risk Factors, Causes, and Care

  https://docus.ai/symptoms-guide/catarrh-solutions

  Diagnosing catarrh involves a few systematic steps to understand the underlying causes and to rule out other conditions that might mimic its symptoms. […] Here’s a step-by-step guide on how catarrh is typically diagnosed: […] The first step is often a detailed discussion of your medical history. Your doctor will ask about the symptoms you are experiencing, their duration, and any patterns you have noticed. This also includes any history of allergies or previous sinus issues. […] The doctor may perform a physical examination, especially looking at the nasal passages, to check for signs of inflammation or blockage. This might involve using a lighted instrument to look into your nose and throat. […] If allergies are suspected to be a cause of your catarrh, you might be referred for allergy testing. This can help pinpoint specific allergens that you are reacting to.

• #1 Cough: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0215/p567.html

  Most patients with chronic cough are otherwise healthy, and in these patients the four most common causes of cough are upper airway cough syndrome, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis. […] Patients with chronic cough should first be treated with a first-generation antihistamine/decongestant. […] It has been shown that bronchoprovocation is useful in the evaluation for cough caused by asthma. […] To diagnose nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis, an induced-sputum test should be performed to determine if the patient has an increased number of eosinophils. […] Any patient who responds only partially or not at all to the above therapies should be empirically treated for GERD. […] If a complete work-up fails to find a cause for the cough, the remaining diagnosis is unexplained cough.

• #1 Chronic cough – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-cough/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351580

  Your healthcare professional asks about your medical history and does a physical exam. A thorough medical history and physical exam can give important clues about a chronic cough. Your health professional also may order tests to look for the cause of your chronic cough. […] But many health professionals start treatment for one of the common causes of chronic cough rather than ordering expensive tests. If the treatment doesn’t work, you may be tested for less common causes. […] If your healthcare professional can’t find the cause of your cough, special scope tests may be used to look for possible causes. These tests may include: […] A chest X-ray and spirometry, at a minimum, are usually ordered to find the cause of a chronic cough in children. […] Finding out what’s causing a chronic cough is very important to effective treatment. In many cases, more than one underlying condition may be causing your chronic cough. […] Your healthcare professional works to find the cause of your cough and the best treatment for you.

• #1 Catarrh

  https://www.entuk.org/patients/conditions/37/catarrh/

  How is catarrh diagnosed? There is no diagnostic test for catarrh given that it is not evidently due to an actual disease. When people are said to have catarrh, it is based only on a sensation that they feel. We know from research that tests for allergy, tests of mucus flow and CT x-ray scans of the sinuses are not helpful in the management of people who experience chronic catarrh. […] Unfortunately, there is no cure for chronic catarrh. Catarrh patients who also have a runny nose may benefit from a steroid nasal spray. Those who do not have a runny nose do not usually find such sprays helpful. On the whole, antibiotics dont seem to help.

• #1 Sinus Infection Basics | Sinus Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sinus-infection/about/index.html

  Your healthcare provider will determine if you have a sinus infection by asking about symptoms and examining you. […] You do not need antibiotics for many sinus infections. Most sinus infections usually get better on their own without antibiotics. […] However, in some cases, you may need antibiotics. Talk to your healthcare provider about the best treatment for your illness. […] For some sinus infections, your healthcare provider might recommend watchful waiting or delayed antibiotic prescribing.

• #1 WHAT IS CHRONIC CATARRH AND HOW TO GET RID OF IT 

  https://lungnsleepclinic.com/chronic-catarrh-symptoms/

  Consequently, talking to a healthcare expert is essential for an accurate diagnosis and a personalized treatment plan. […] Moreover, seeking individualized care from a medical expert must be considered. […] How do you know if you have chronic catarrh? […] Chronic catarrh can happen if you have signs like stuffy nose, too much mucus production, postnasal drip, and pain that goes along with it for a long time (usually more than 8 weeks).

• #1 Catarrh: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/catarrh/

  Diagnosing catarrh typically begins with a thorough medical history and physical examination by a healthcare professional. The doctor will inquire about the patient’s symptoms, duration, and any potential triggers or underlying conditions. […] In some cases, a nasal endoscopy may be performed to visualize the nasal passages and sinuses. This procedure involves inserting a thin, flexible tube with a camera into the nose to examine the mucous membranes and identify any blockages or inflammation. […] If allergies are suspected as the cause of catarrh, allergy testing may be recommended. This can involve skin prick tests or blood tests to identify specific allergens that may be triggering the condition. […] Diagnosis is based on patient history and symptoms. In cases of chronic catarrh, allergy testing or imaging may be done to identify the underlying cause.

• #1 Idiopathic chronic cough: a real disease or a failure of diagnosis? | Cough | Full Text

  https://coughjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1745-9974-1-9

  For some, this represents a population with idiopathic cough but others suggest it reflects failed management. […] The common and less common associations with cough must be rigorously excluded before a diagnosis of idiopathic cough can be assigned. […] None-the-less, this author firmly believes such a condition exists and it will be addressed in some detail in the following section. […] Although inadequate management will continue to explain a significant number of patients with a chronic and uncontrollable cough, an attempt has been made in this article to highlight idiopathic cough as a distinct clinical entity. […] The excess of middle-aged females with idiopathic cough raises the possibility of some sex hormonal influence.

• #2 Catarrh: symptoms, causes and treatments – HSE.ie

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/catarrh/

  Catarrh is a build-up of mucus in an airway or cavity of the body. […] It usually affects the back of the nose, the throat or the sinuses (air-filled cavities in the bones of the face). […] Catarrh can be annoying and difficult to get rid of. But it’s not harmful and there are treatments. […] Speak to your GP if your catarrh persists and is becoming difficult to live with. […] They may want to rule out conditions that could be causing it, such as nasal polyps or allergies. […] If you’re diagnosed with an underlying condition, treating that can relieve your catarrh. […] Chronic catarrh can be hard to treat and may last a long time. […] Catarrh usually occurs when the immune system reacts to an infection or irritation. […] It’s unclear what causes chronic catarrh, but it’s not thought to be the result of an allergy or infection.

• #2 Catarrh Solutions: Symptoms, Risk Factors, Causes, and Care

  https://docus.ai/symptoms-guide/catarrh-solutions

  Diagnosing catarrh involves a few systematic steps to understand the underlying causes and to rule out other conditions that might mimic its symptoms. […] Here’s a step-by-step guide on how catarrh is typically diagnosed: […] The first step is often a detailed discussion of your medical history. Your doctor will ask about the symptoms you are experiencing, their duration, and any patterns you have noticed. This also includes any history of allergies or previous sinus issues. […] The doctor may perform a physical examination, especially looking at the nasal passages, to check for signs of inflammation or blockage. This might involve using a lighted instrument to look into your nose and throat. […] If allergies are suspected to be a cause of your catarrh, you might be referred for allergy testing. This can help pinpoint specific allergens that you are reacting to.

• #2

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/catarrh/?locale=en

  Catarrh is a build-up of mucus in your nose and sinuses and phlegm in your throat. It usually clears up by itself but see a GP if it lasts longer than a few weeks. […] Symptoms of catarrh include: a constantly blocked nose, feeling like there’s a lump or something stuck in your throat, a frequent need to swallow or cough to try to clear your throat, a feeling that mucus is slowly dripping down the back of your throat (postnasal drip), a crackling feeling in your ears. […] See a GP if: you have the symptoms of catarrh for more than a few weeks. […] A GP may suggest trying treatments for catarrh that you can get from a pharmacist, like decongestant medicines and salt water nose rinses. […] If your catarrh is caused by nasal polyps, a GP may prescribe steroid spray or nose drops. If these do not work, surgery may be needed to remove the polyps. […] Causes of catarrh include: infections like cold, flu and sinusitis, pollution and cigarette smoke, allergic reactions to things like pollen, dust and pet fur, conditions that affect the nose, such as nasal polyps.

• #2 Catarrh (Postnasal Drip): Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, Prevention

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/ear-nose-and-throat/catarrh

  Catarrh is typically not harmful but can become difficult to live with, especially if you experience frequent and persistent symptoms. […] A doctor can help diagnose the cause of your postnasal drip. They can also see if you have an underlying condition or refer you to a specialist for further testing. Your doctor can also guide you with treatment options, including: […] To properly diagnose your cause of catarrh, a doctor will first ask you about your symptoms and medical history. This can help them determine whether your symptoms are intermittent or seasonal and rule out some potential causes, such as bacterial infections. […] Then, the doctor will usually look inside your nose or throat with a flashlight. […] If necessary, they may also perform a nasal endoscopy. Here, they use a thin, flexible tube with a small camera that goes into the nose and throat to take pictures. A specialist ear, nose, and throat doctor typically performs this procedure.

• #2 What is Catarrh?: Symptoms, Causes and When to seek medical care? | Ganesh Diagnostic

  https://www.ganeshdiagnostic.com/blog/what-is-catarrh-symptoms-causes-and-when-to-seek-medical-care

  Catarrh is locally known as Najla or postnasal drip isa medical term used to describe an overabundance of mucus in the nasal back, sinuses or throat. […] An individual suffering from chronic catarrh may consult with a doctor for a diagnosis of the cause. […] As part of the consultation, the doctor will ask the individual symptoms to determine if they might have: Bacterial infections, Allergies, Nasal polyps, GER or GERD. […] To help with diagnosis the doctor may inspect the person’s throat or inside the person’s nose using a small hand-held torch.

• #2 Catarrh – ENT Consultant – ENT Surgery – London – Essex

  https://www.bajaj.org.uk/catarrh

  Catarrh is a condition that is very common but yet very difficult to describe well. It means different things to different people. […] Catarrh is not even well defined in the medical textbooks except to say that the term comes from ancient Greek times and literally means to flow down. […] What we do know about people who suffer from catarrh is that they experience the sensation most of the time and often for many years. […] People with chronic or long standing catarrh usually describe the feeling of having a constant cold but without any of the other symptoms of a cold. […] There is no diagnostic test for catarrh given that it is not due to an actual disease. When people are said to have catarrh, it is based only on a sensation that they feel. […] We know from research that tests for allergy, tests of mucus flow and CT x-ray scans of the sinuses are not helpful in the management of people who experience chronic catarrh.

• #2 Catarrh

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/catarrh/

  Catarrh is a build-up of mucus in your nose and sinuses and phlegm in your throat. It usually clears up by itself but see a GP if it lasts longer than a few weeks. […] You may get catarrh if you have an infection like a cold, flu or sinusitis. […] Symptoms of catarrh include: a constantly blocked nose, feeling like there’s a lump or something stuck in your throat, a frequent need to swallow or cough to try to clear your throat, a feeling that mucus is slowly dripping down the back of your throat (postnasal drip), a crackling feeling in your ears. […] Although catarrh can be annoying, phlegm and mucus are not harmful and are the body’s way of clearing infection. […] You could ask a pharmacist about decongestants and other medicines to help relieve catarrh. […] The GP may want to rule out other conditions that could be causing your catarrh, such as nasal polyps. […] A GP may suggest trying treatments for catarrh that you can get from a pharmacist, like decongestant medicines and salt water nose rinses. […] If your catarrh is caused by nasal polyps, a GP may prescribe steroid spray or nose drops.

• #2

  https://www.allergyaffiliates.com/understanding-chronic-cough-causes-symptoms-and-diagnosis

  This test can help determine if GERD is a contributing factor by measuring the acidity in the esophagus. Chronic cough causes esophagus irritation that may lead to inflammation. […] In some cases, your doctor may suggest bronchoscopy. This procedure involves using a thin tube with a camera to examine the airways for abnormalities.

• #2 Catarrh Solutions: Symptoms, Risk Factors, Causes, and Care

  https://docus.ai/symptoms-guide/catarrh-solutions

  In cases where chronic catarrh is suspected or if conditions like sinusitis or nasal polyps are possible, your doctor may order imaging tests like an X-ray, CT scan, or MRI to look at your sinuses and nasal area more closely. […] If initial tests are inconclusive, or if your catarrh persists despite treatment, you might be referred to an ENT (ear, nose, and throat) specialist for further evaluation.

• #2 Upper airway cough syndrome – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1209

  UACS is preferred because it is unclear whether the mechanisms of cough are due to the drainage of secretions from the nose or paranasal sinuses into the pharynx, or the direct inflammation/irritation of cough receptors in the upper airway. […] Key diagnostic factors include cough, unpleasant sensation in throat, postnasal drip, and cobblestone mucosa. […] 1st investigations to order include empirical treatment trial, chest x-ray, FBC, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP, and spirometry. […] Investigations to consider include direct nasolaryngoscopy, serum IgE level, specific aeroallergen radioallergosorbent test (RAST), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), CT sinus, and CT chest with or without intravenous contrast.

• #2 Sputum Culture: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/sputum-culture/

  A sputum culture is a test that checks for bacteria or another type of germ that may be causing a respiratory tract infection (an infection in your lungs or airways). […] A sputum culture is most often used to: Find and diagnose bacteria or fungi that may be causing an infection in the lungs or airways. […] A sputum culture can help confirm this and determine the cause of the infection. […] Your sputum sample will be put in a dish with a special substance that allows bacteria to grow. […] If your results were not normal, it may mean you have some kind of bacterial or fungal infection. […] An abnormal sputum culture result may also mean a flare-up of a chronic condition, such as cystic fibrosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

• #2 Patient education: Chronic cough in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chronic-cough-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Chronic cough diagnosis includes lung imaging, lung function tests, and acid reflux testing. […] To investigate the cause of a chronic cough, your healthcare provider will ask about your symptoms and perform a physical examination. […] If asthma is suspected but cannot be confirmed, the clinician may perform lung function tests that measure the pattern of air flow into and out of the lungs. […] To confirm a diagnosis of acid reflux, a test may be done to measure the acid level of fluid in the esophagus.

• #2 WHAT IS CHRONIC CATARRH AND HOW TO GET RID OF IT 

  https://lungnsleepclinic.com/chronic-catarrh-symptoms/

  Consequently, talking to a healthcare expert is essential for an accurate diagnosis and a personalized treatment plan. […] Moreover, seeking individualized care from a medical expert must be considered. […] How do you know if you have chronic catarrh? […] Chronic catarrh can happen if you have signs like stuffy nose, too much mucus production, postnasal drip, and pain that goes along with it for a long time (usually more than 8 weeks).

• #2 Idiopathic chronic cough: a real disease or a failure of diagnosis? | Cough | Full Text

  https://coughjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1745-9974-1-9

  Despite extensive diagnostic evaluation and numerous treatment trials, a number of patients remain troubled by a chronic and uncontrollable cough. […] Eosinophilic bronchitis, atopic cough and non-acid reflux have been recently added to the diagnostic spectrum for chronic cough. […] In some cases, failure to consider these conditions may explain treatment failure. […] However, a subset of patients with persisting symptoms may be regarded as having an idiopathic cough. […] This article seeks to examine the evidence for idiopathic cough as either a distinct diagnosis or simply the result of incomplete evaluation and inadequate courses of therapy. […] Although the systematic evaluation of both extrapulmonary and pulmonary causes for cough is widely held to be effective, doubt has been cast on the perception that the diagnostic triad of CVA, PNDS and GORD accounts for the almost all causes of chronic cough.

• #2 Idiopathic chronic cough: a real disease or a failure of diagnosis? | Cough | Full Text

  https://coughjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1745-9974-1-9

  For some, this represents a population with idiopathic cough but others suggest it reflects failed management. […] The common and less common associations with cough must be rigorously excluded before a diagnosis of idiopathic cough can be assigned. […] None-the-less, this author firmly believes such a condition exists and it will be addressed in some detail in the following section. […] Although inadequate management will continue to explain a significant number of patients with a chronic and uncontrollable cough, an attempt has been made in this article to highlight idiopathic cough as a distinct clinical entity. […] The excess of middle-aged females with idiopathic cough raises the possibility of some sex hormonal influence.

• #2 Upper airway cough syndrome – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1209

  Chronic cough that occurs with coexisting upper airway symptoms, including abnormal sensations arising from the throat and a postnasal drip sensation. […] No pathognomonic findings exist; diagnosis should be determined by considering a combination of criteria, including the history, physical exam, imaging, and, ultimately, the response to therapy. […] Trial of empirical therapy with a first-generation antihistamine plus a decongestant is both diagnostic and therapeutic. […] Central to the diagnosis is the presence of abnormal sensations arising from the throat (e.g., patients may describe something stuck in the throat). […] The diagnostic precision of clinical assessment for this syndrome has also been challenged. […] UACS may also coexist with other airway and respiratory conditions.

• #2 Catarrh | Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment | #1 Pulmonologist

  https://novapulmonary.com/catarrh/

  Catarrh refers to excessive mucus buildup in the nose, throat, or sinuses, often as a result of inflammation in the mucous membranes. Its not a disease but rather a symptom of underlying conditions such as colds, allergies, or sinus infections. […] Addressing catarrh often requires identifying and treating the underlying cause while managing symptoms for relief. […] If catarrh persists for more than three weeks. […] Severe facial pain or swelling. […] Green or yellow mucus with fever, indicating a possible bacterial infection.

• #2 Phlegm or Mucus in Throat: Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/overproduction-of-mucus-in-throat

  When throat mucus overproduction becomes a regular and uncomfortable occurrence, consider consulting with your healthcare professional for a full diagnosis and a treatment plan. […] Your doctor may recommend over-the-counter (OTC) medicines. These may include expectorants, such as guaifenesin (Mucinex, Robitussin), which can thin and loosen mucus so it will clear out of your throat and chest. […] If your excess mucus is triggered by a bacterial infection, your doctor will most likely prescribe antibiotics. […] Make an appointment with your doctor if you have any of these symptoms: Your mucus isn’t going away, Your mucus is getting thicker, Your mucus is increasing in volume or changing color, You have a fever, You have chest pain, You’re experiencing shortness of breath, You’re coughing up blood, You’re wheezing. […] However, excess mucus can be a sign of a more serious condition. See your healthcare professional if the overproduction of mucus is persistent and recurring, the amount of mucus you’re producing increases dramatically, excess mucus is accompanied by other concerning symptoms.

• #2 Sinus Infection Basics | Sinus Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sinus-infection/about/index.html

  Your healthcare provider will determine if you have a sinus infection by asking about symptoms and examining you. […] You do not need antibiotics for many sinus infections. Most sinus infections usually get better on their own without antibiotics. […] However, in some cases, you may need antibiotics. Talk to your healthcare provider about the best treatment for your illness. […] For some sinus infections, your healthcare provider might recommend watchful waiting or delayed antibiotic prescribing.

• #2 What Is Postnasal Drip: Sore Throat From Sinus Drainage

  https://www.webmd.com/allergies/postnasal-drip

  Postnasal drip is a common symptom of colds, allergies, and infections. […] To figure out what’s causing your postnasal drip, your doctor will: Ask about your medical history, including symptoms with your postnasal drip. Do a physical exam of your ear, nose, and throat. […] Your doctor may refer you to an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) doctor, called an otolaryngologist. The ENT doctor may recommend a nasal endoscopy. This procedure looks inside your nasal cavity and the openings of your sinuses using a special device called an endoscope — a thin flexible tube with a camera and a light. […] If your doctor thinks allergies are causing your postnasal drip, they may refer you to an allergy doctor for testing and treatment.

• #2 Chronic cough – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-cough/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351580

  Your healthcare professional asks about your medical history and does a physical exam. A thorough medical history and physical exam can give important clues about a chronic cough. Your health professional also may order tests to look for the cause of your chronic cough. […] But many health professionals start treatment for one of the common causes of chronic cough rather than ordering expensive tests. If the treatment doesn’t work, you may be tested for less common causes. […] If your healthcare professional can’t find the cause of your cough, special scope tests may be used to look for possible causes. These tests may include: […] A chest X-ray and spirometry, at a minimum, are usually ordered to find the cause of a chronic cough in children. […] Finding out what’s causing a chronic cough is very important to effective treatment. In many cases, more than one underlying condition may be causing your chronic cough. […] Your healthcare professional works to find the cause of your cough and the best treatment for you.

• #2 Cough in Children and Adults: Diagnosis, Assessment and Management (CICADA). Summary of an updated position statement on chronic cough in Australia | The Medical Journal of Australia

  https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2024/220/1/cough-children-and-adults-diagnosis-assessment-and-management-cicada-summary

  Where cough persists despite optimal treatment of diagnosed conditions, it is termed refractory chronic cough (RCC). If no identifiable cause for the cough can be determined, it is termed unexplained chronic cough (UCC), estimated to occur in 10% of adult chronic cough, and is clinically important. We recommend referral for all adults with RCC or UCC to a specialist respiratory clinic.

• #2 WHAT IS CHRONIC CATARRH AND HOW TO GET RID OF IT 

  https://lungnsleepclinic.com/chronic-catarrh-symptoms/

  Chronic Catarrh refers to the accumulation of mucus in the back of the nose, throat, or lungs. […] According to Dr. Mas Takashima, an ENT physician specializing in nose and sinus problems, Its not always just a runny nose. […] Additionally, in this blog, we will learn more about the condition, its symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and management. […] How is Chronic Catarrh Diagnosed? […] There is no test for catarrh because an actual disease doesn’t cause it. However, allergy, mucus tests, and CT X-rays of the sinuses do help treat people and identify symptoms of this condition. […] During the appointment, the doctor will inquire about the individuals symptoms. […] Furthermore, the following potential causes can be investigated: […] What are Some Chronic Catarrh Treatments? […] The treatment of this condition targets inflammation, symptoms, and causes.

• #2 Post-nasal Drip – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/post-nasal-drip

  Post-nasal drip happens when mucus builds up in the back of the nose and throat. Post-nasal drip is not a medical condition, but it may be a symptom of another medical condition that causes excessive mucus production (e.g., sinusitis, rhinitis, or infections). […] The first step is to figure out what’s causing the post-nasal drip. Your doctor will help with this by asking questions about your symptoms and examining your ears, nose, and throat. Your doctor will want to know if you have any allergy symptoms or if you have symptoms of an infection (e.g., fever). In some cases, other tests (e.g., X-rays) may be needed to determine the cause. […] The treatment of post-nasal drip depends on its cause. […] If your doctor determines that an infection is causing post-nasal drip, the infection will most likely be caused by a virus and antibiotics are not required. However, decongestants may help a stuffy nose and pain relievers can be used to help with pain. Sometimes, bacterial infections can occur and antibiotics may be prescribed. […] If allergies are responsible for post-nasal drip, over-the-counter antihistamines (e.g., loratadine, desloratadine, cetirizine, fexofenadine) can be used to help with symptoms.

• #2 Specialists Reach a Consensus on Chronic Cough Assessment and Diagnosis

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/specialists-reach-a-consensus-on-chronic-cough-assessment-and-diagnosis

  Panelists reached a consensus on statements about chronic cough diagnosis, helping to solidify opinions that can assist in the future creation of assessment guidelines. […] Medical specialists agreed upon several items surrounding the initial assessment and referral process for patients with chronic cough (CC) in primary care, according to a study published in Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease. […] A statement highlighted by the researchers was for PCPs to utilize the terms refractory chronic cough and unexplained chronic cough to diagnose patients with a cough that persists after the underlying disease is controlled or a cough without a final diagnosis after a complete work-up. […] The researchers emphasized an additional 3 consensus items to prepare for dealing with CC diagnosis effectively. They noted that all patients should undergo a complete work-up until a diagnosis is made, no matter if it is CC caused by underlying pathology, unexplained CC, or refractory CC. […] Lastly, the researchers acknowledged that experts opinions are not ideal to base recommendations on, but they are vital when no other evidence is available.

• #2 Causes and Treatment for Thick Mucus in the Throat

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/thick-sticky-mucus-6386328

  Thick mucus in the throat, also known as catarrh, is a symptom that often results from infection in the nasal passages, sinuses, lower airways, or lungs. […] A diagnosis of the cause of your thick mucus starts with a healthcare provider taking a detailed history of your symptoms and performing a physical exam. […] Your healthcare provider may order tests that include: Chest X-ray (CXR): This is a relatively quick and accessible imaging tool used to detect the presence of fluid in the lungs. […] Sputum culture: A sputum culture is a laboratory test that checks for bacteria-causing infections in the respiratory tract. It is frequently used to diagnose pneumonia, tuberculosis, and bronchiectasis.

• #2 Catarrh

  https://www.entuk.org/patients/conditions/37/catarrh/

  How is catarrh diagnosed? There is no diagnostic test for catarrh given that it is not evidently due to an actual disease. When people are said to have catarrh, it is based only on a sensation that they feel. We know from research that tests for allergy, tests of mucus flow and CT x-ray scans of the sinuses are not helpful in the management of people who experience chronic catarrh. […] Unfortunately, there is no cure for chronic catarrh. Catarrh patients who also have a runny nose may benefit from a steroid nasal spray. Those who do not have a runny nose do not usually find such sprays helpful. On the whole, antibiotics dont seem to help.

• #3 Catarrh | Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment | #1 Pulmonologist

  https://novapulmonary.com/catarrh/

  Catarrh refers to excessive mucus buildup in the nose, throat, or sinuses, often as a result of inflammation in the mucous membranes. Its not a disease but rather a symptom of underlying conditions such as colds, allergies, or sinus infections. […] Addressing catarrh often requires identifying and treating the underlying cause while managing symptoms for relief. […] If catarrh persists for more than three weeks. […] Severe facial pain or swelling. […] Green or yellow mucus with fever, indicating a possible bacterial infection.

• #3 What is Catarrh?: Symptoms, Causes and When to seek medical care? | Ganesh Diagnostic

  https://www.ganeshdiagnostic.com/blog/what-is-catarrh-symptoms-causes-and-when-to-seek-medical-care

  Catarrh is locally known as Najla or postnasal drip isa medical term used to describe an overabundance of mucus in the nasal back, sinuses or throat. […] An individual suffering from chronic catarrh may consult with a doctor for a diagnosis of the cause. […] As part of the consultation, the doctor will ask the individual symptoms to determine if they might have: Bacterial infections, Allergies, Nasal polyps, GER or GERD. […] To help with diagnosis the doctor may inspect the person’s throat or inside the person’s nose using a small hand-held torch.

• #3 Catarrh: symptoms, causes and treatments – HSE.ie

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/catarrh/

  Catarrh is a build-up of mucus in an airway or cavity of the body. […] It usually affects the back of the nose, the throat or the sinuses (air-filled cavities in the bones of the face). […] Catarrh can be annoying and difficult to get rid of. But it’s not harmful and there are treatments. […] Speak to your GP if your catarrh persists and is becoming difficult to live with. […] They may want to rule out conditions that could be causing it, such as nasal polyps or allergies. […] If you’re diagnosed with an underlying condition, treating that can relieve your catarrh. […] Chronic catarrh can be hard to treat and may last a long time. […] Catarrh usually occurs when the immune system reacts to an infection or irritation. […] It’s unclear what causes chronic catarrh, but it’s not thought to be the result of an allergy or infection.

• #3 Catarrh

  https://www.entuk.org/patients/conditions/37/catarrh/

  How is catarrh diagnosed? There is no diagnostic test for catarrh given that it is not evidently due to an actual disease. When people are said to have catarrh, it is based only on a sensation that they feel. We know from research that tests for allergy, tests of mucus flow and CT x-ray scans of the sinuses are not helpful in the management of people who experience chronic catarrh. […] Unfortunately, there is no cure for chronic catarrh. Catarrh patients who also have a runny nose may benefit from a steroid nasal spray. Those who do not have a runny nose do not usually find such sprays helpful. On the whole, antibiotics dont seem to help.

• #3

  https://www.wyndly.com/blogs/learn/post-nasal-drip?srsltid=AfmBOoq93FthxvJPOg4wk2c_ibvSOFS7bRoyltZz_SEGWfFBlLculeXX

  Post-nasal drip happens when the nose and throat produce an excessive amount of mucus. This extra mucus can’t drain properly through the nasal passages and instead drips down the back of the throat. This can cause symptoms, such as coughing, sore throat, and nasal congestion. […] Post-nasal drip is diagnosed based on a person’s symptoms, medical history, and physical examination. Your doctor may perform a nasal examination to check for any signs of inflammation or infection and may also ask about your symptoms to determine what is causing your post-nasal drip. […] In some cases, your doctor may recommend additional tests to help determine the underlying cause, including: Nasal Endoscopy: This is when a thin, flexible tube with a light on the end is inserted into the nose to examine the nasal passages and throat. Allergy Testing: Allergy testing, including skin or blood tests, can help determine if allergies are causing post-nasal drip. X-rays or CT Scans: Your doctor can use X-rays or CT scans to examine the sinuses and determine if any structural problems are contributing to post-nasal drip. […] It’s important to see a doctor if you experience symptoms to receive an accurate diagnosis and proper treatment. Your doctor will work with you to determine the underlying cause and develop a treatment plan that is right for you.

• #3 Cough in Children and Adults: Diagnosis, Assessment and Management (CICADA). Summary of an updated position statement on chronic cough in Australia | The Medical Journal of Australia

  https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2024/220/1/cough-children-and-adults-diagnosis-assessment-and-management-cicada-summary

  Where cough persists despite optimal treatment of diagnosed conditions, it is termed refractory chronic cough (RCC). If no identifiable cause for the cough can be determined, it is termed unexplained chronic cough (UCC), estimated to occur in 10% of adult chronic cough, and is clinically important. We recommend referral for all adults with RCC or UCC to a specialist respiratory clinic.

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