Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Auditory Hallucinations – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557633/

  If the etiology is of an organic nature, the prognosis is contingent upon the underlying disease process. Therefore, the hallucinations should, in theory, resolve as the precipitant resolves. However, when the perceptual anomaly occurs in the setting of a primary psychiatric disorder, the remittance of the paracusias is more independent. Evidence demonstrates that the positive symptoms of schizophrenia respond well to the administration of neuroleptics; however, the actual psychotic disorder does not. Thus, the resolution of the hallucinations does not necessarily indicate the resolution of the underlying thought disorder. Generally, factors that increase the risk of poor treatment response include early age of onset, male gender, and multiple inpatient hospitalizations.

• #2 Auditory Hallucinations: Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23233-auditory-hallucinations

  Auditory hallucinations happen when you hear voices or noises that dont exist in reality. In some cases, theyre temporary and harmless, while in others, they may be a sign of a more serious mental health or neurological condition. Auditory hallucinations are often associated with schizophrenia and other mental health conditions, but they can happen for several other reasons, such as hearing loss, and arent always a sign of a mental health condition. […] Approximately 75% of people with schizophrenia experience auditory hallucinations usually hearing voices. […] Schizophrenia is a chronic condition that may progress through several phases, although the length and patterns of the phases can vary. People with schizophrenia are more likely to experience hallucinations during the active phase.

• #3 Does hallucination perceptual modality impact psychosis risk?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6752971/

  Subclinical hallucinations and perceptual abnormalities do not predict risk of conversion among CHR populations. […] Verbal auditory experiences may be uniquely associated with greater risk of conversion to psychotic disorders.

• #4 The Role of Verbal Auditory Hallucinations in Influencing and Retrospectively Predicting Physical Harm Prevalence in Early Psychosis

  https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/20/ELOCATOR/e17450179286452/FULLTEXT/

  Research has established a relationship between psychosis and physical harm in the early course of psychosis. However, little is known about the relationship between specific psychosis symptoms, such as hearing voices, and physical harm. […] This study aimed to determine the prevalence and typology of physical harm related to hearing voices, as well as what aspects of the voice-hearing experience retrospectively predicted incidents of harm within an Early Intervention in Psychosis Service (EIPS). […] It was found that 32.2% of EI patients had an actual incident of physical harm in their case notes that was causally linked to hearing voices. […] Verbal auditory hallucinations commonly influence physical harm in the early course of psychosis. Hearing commands and/or believing the voice to be omnipotent are strong retrospective-correlative predictors that may aid in the assessment and therapeutic intervention. […] Patients were 20 times more likely to harm themselves if they heard self-harm commands and 7 times more likely if they perceived their voice as omnipotent. […] Patients were 6 times more likely to harm someone else if they heard violent commands.

• #5 Frontiers | A comprehensive review of auditory verbal hallucinations: lifetime prevalence, correlates and mechanisms in healthy and clinical individuals

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00367/full

  Over the years, the prevalence of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) have been documented across the lifespan in varied contexts, and with a range of potential long-term outcomes. […] However, recent research has identified significant differences in the presentation and outcomes of AVH in patients compared to those in non-clinical populations. […] It seems possible that the mechanisms which maintain AVH in non-clinical populations are different from those which are behind AVH presentations in psychotic illness. […] Future research needs to focus on the comparison of underlying factors and mechanisms that lead to the onset of AVH in both patient and non-clinical populations. […] The persistence of AVH in childhood is reported to be indicative of a more severe underlying pathology.

• #6 Frontiers | A comprehensive review of auditory verbal hallucinations: lifetime prevalence, correlates and mechanisms in healthy and clinical individuals

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00367/full

  The presence of childhood AVH are concurrently associated with depression and anxiety […] They are also predictive for the later onset of depression, anxiety, paranoia, and bipolar disorder as well as psychosis. […] The existence of such a continuum for healthy hallucinators progressing into adulthood could have functional benefits in relation to clinical staging assessments. […] The presence of AVH in an individual by no means indicates poor functioning, but the level of functioning is one of the most pivotal markers of whether their experience of AVH is associated with pathology. […] It may be that AVH are used by the human brain as some sort of coping mechanism in response to change, distress, or stress.

• #7 Robotically-induced auditory-verbal hallucinations: combining self-monitoring and strong perceptual priors | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/roboticallyinduced-auditoryverbal-hallucinations-combining-selfmonitoring-and-strong-perceptual-priors/1C33D245D2ED30F9E8CAFCAE88E07681

  Despite the increasing frequency and the large number of studies revolving around AVH, their etiology remains debated, with two prominent and seemingly opposing theoretical accounts, suggesting that AVH result either from deficits in self-monitoring, or overly strong perceptual priors. […] The self-monitoring account suggests that AVH arise from a deficit in self-monitoring, more specifically the inability to distinguish self- from other-related events. […] The second major account suggests that AVH might be engendered by overly strong beliefs about the environment. […] Here, we developed a new method of inducing AVH in a controlled laboratory environment by integrating methods from voice perception with sensorimotor stimulation, allowing us to investigate the contribution of both major AVH accounts.

• #8 Active Inference and Auditory Hallucinations | Computational Psychiatry

  https://cpsyjournal.org/articles/10.1162/CPSY_a_00022

  Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are often distressing symptoms of several neuropsychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia. […] Hallucinations can be conceptualized, in Bayesian terms, as representing false (positive) inference. […] This suggests that overly precise (confident) prior beliefs could be important in the genesis of schizophrenic hallucinations. […] A Bayesian approach to understanding hallucinations affords an opportunity for the construction of computational models of the phenomenon, which could shed light on information processing deficits in schizophrenia and suggest potential neural mechanisms for further investigation. […] We found that decreasing auditory precision, given a vulnerable policy space, could induce hallucinations, as could increasing the prior precision over policies in the presence of low likelihood precision.

• #9 Active Inference and Auditory Hallucinations | Computational Psychiatry

  https://cpsyjournal.org/articles/10.1162/CPSY_a_00022

  The effect of both decreased likelihood precision and increased prior precision over policies was highly dependent on the policies available to the agent, with only a subset of policy spaces producing specifically false positive inference. […] Thus we arrive at a conceptualization of auditory hallucinations as requiring some defect in policy space (a policy space vulnerable to hallucinations, potentially with an increased prior precision) and decreased likelihood precision, which renders it impossible for sensory evidence to prevent the emergence of a false positive percept.

• #10 Voice-selective prediction alterations in nonclinical voice hearers | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-32614-9

  Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are a cardinal symptom of psychosis but also occur in 613% of the general population. […] The experience of AVH in psychotic and nonpsychotic individuals seems to engage similar cognitive mechanisms and brain areas. […] A substantial body of evidence shows that a failure to distinguish between internally and externally generated sensory signals (e.g., ones own voice vs. somebody elses voice) may underlie the experience of AVH. […] The study of nonpsychotic individuals who hear voices thus provides a necessary next step to understand the role of altered voice processing in AVH. […] Our central hypothesis was that the experience of hallucinated voices involves alterations in the internal forward model. […] If psychotic-like experiences, such as AVH, are elicited by the same underlying neurocognitive mechanisms as in schizophrenia, nonpsychotic individuals with high hallucination predisposition (HP) should exhibit a similar pattern of EEG activity to that observed in schizophrenia. […] Together, the current findings suggest that sensory feedback to self-voice is altered in people with an AHV predisposition. Specific alterations in the processing of self-generated vocal sounds may thus establish a core feature on the psychosis continuum.

• #11 Hearing voices and dissociation — Dirk Corstens Praktijk Psychiatrie – Hearing Voices Maastricht

  http://www.dirkcorstens.com/hearing-voices-and-dissociation

  While auditory hallucinations are considered a core psychotic symptom, central to the diagnosis of schizophrenia, it has long been recognized that persons who are not psychotic may also hear voices. […] Voices heard by persons diagnosed schizophrenic appear to be indistinguishable, on the basis of their experienced characteristics, from voices heard by persons with dissociative disorders or with no mental disorder at all. […] Accordingly, we propose that AH should, under no circumstances, be considered a psychotic symptom, despite the fact that they sometimes occur in the context of a psychotic disorder. […] If this is so if there is no reliable way to distinguish hallucinations experienced in persons diagnosed with schizophrenia from those with other disorders or even from the general non-psychiatric population what then do we make of auditory hallucinations?

• #12 Hearing voices and dissociation — Dirk Corstens Praktijk Psychiatrie – Hearing Voices Maastricht

  http://www.dirkcorstens.com/hearing-voices-and-dissociation

  There is, however, considerable evidence that AH, particularly those considered pathognomic for schizophrenia, are not only not unique to that disorder but occur more frequently in dissociative identity disorder. […] In light of this observation, several authors have argued for new dissociative diagnostic categories in which AH are featured prominently. […] On balance, the above historical, clinical, and research evidence does not suggest that AH appearing in psychotic disorders can, on the basis of their experienced characteristics, be distinguished from AH reported by persons with no mental health system contact. […] Further, we believe that the evidence is strong enough to argue that, not only are voices non-pathological phenomena, but that they are dissociative in nature.

• #13 Robotically-induced auditory-verbal hallucinations: combining self-monitoring and strong perceptual priors | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/roboticallyinduced-auditoryverbal-hallucinations-combining-selfmonitoring-and-strong-perceptual-priors/1C33D245D2ED30F9E8CAFCAE88E07681

  Inducing hallucinations under controlled experimental conditions in non-hallucinating individuals represents a novel research avenue oriented toward understanding complex hallucinatory phenomena, avoiding confounds observed in patients. Auditory-verbal hallucinations (AVH) are one of the most common and distressing psychotic symptoms, whose etiology remains largely unknown. […] Hallucinations are of major negative impact. Associated with delusions and psychosis, they often require repeated hospitalization. In neurodegenerative diseases, they increase the likelihood of earlier home placement and have been linked to higher mortality. […] AVH, the sensation of hearing voices without any speaker present, are one of the most common and most distressing symptoms in schizophrenia spectrum disorder.

• #14 Auditory Hallucinations: Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23233-auditory-hallucinations

  If you experience auditory hallucinations while youre wide awake, it may be but isnt always a symptom of a mental health or neurological condition. Talk to your healthcare provider about the hallucinations and any other symptoms you have. […] Auditory hallucinations have several causes some of which are normal and harmless. But if youre experiencing auditory hallucinations that are causing you distress, talk to your healthcare provider.

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