Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Auditory Hallucinations – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557633/

  Auditory hallucinations are the sensory perceptions of hearing noises without an external stimulus. This symptom is particularly associated with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders but is not specific to them. […] Auditory hallucinations, or paracusias, are sensory perceptions of hearing in the absence of an external stimulus. Auditory hallucinations can refer to a plethora of sounds; however, when the hallucinations are voices, they are distinguished as auditory verbal hallucinations. This specific subset of paracusias is particularly associated with schizophrenia but is not specific to it. […] The evaluation of paracusias consists of a general psychiatric interview that includes details regarding the evolution of the hallucinations, triggering factors, psychiatric review of systems, past psychiatric diagnosis, history of substance use, family history of psychiatric illness, and history of trauma. […] The clinician’s most valuable assessment tool is the mental status examination, addressing mood, affect, appearance, behavior, speech, thought content, thought process, insight, and judgment. […] The treatment of choice for auditory hallucinations is antipsychotics.

• #2 Auditory Hallucinations: Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23233-auditory-hallucinations

  Auditory hallucinations happen when you hear voices or noises that dont exist in reality. […] Auditory hallucinations are often associated with schizophrenia and other mental health conditions, but they can happen for several other reasons, such as hearing loss, and arent always a sign of a mental health condition. […] Approximately 75% of people with schizophrenia experience auditory hallucinations usually hearing voices. […] Schizophrenia refers to both a single condition and a spectrum of conditions that fall under the category of psychotic disorders. […] People with other mental health conditions can experience auditory hallucinations. […] Auditory hallucinations occur in 16% of adults with hearing impairment, which can take two forms: simple hallucinations (tinnitus) and complex hallucinations (speech and music).

• #3 Frontiers | A comprehensive review of auditory verbal hallucinations: lifetime prevalence, correlates and mechanisms in healthy and clinical individuals

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00367/full

  The initiation and maintenance of AVH need to be distinguished and both explicated in order to begin to separate clinically relevant from protective factors for a differentiated trajectory of hallucinatory experiences. […] The current review aims to examine the phenomenology of AVH. […] The principles of a systematic review were adopted in completing this literature review. […] AVH are at their most prevalent in diagnosed psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder but also occur in other disorders including bipolar disorder, substance intoxication and organic dementias. […] Epidemiological studies have estimated the prevalence of AVH to be between 5 and 28% in the general population. […] The presence of childhood AVH are concurrently associated with depression and anxiety.

• #4 Auditory Hallucinations: Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23233-auditory-hallucinations

  Auditory hallucinations happen when you hear voices or noises that dont exist in reality. […] Auditory hallucinations are often associated with schizophrenia and other mental health conditions, but they can happen for several other reasons, such as hearing loss, and arent always a sign of a mental health condition. […] Approximately 75% of people with schizophrenia experience auditory hallucinations usually hearing voices. […] Schizophrenia refers to both a single condition and a spectrum of conditions that fall under the category of psychotic disorders. […] People with other mental health conditions can experience auditory hallucinations. […] Auditory hallucinations occur in 16% of adults with hearing impairment, which can take two forms: simple hallucinations (tinnitus) and complex hallucinations (speech and music).

• #5 Hear Voices in Your Head? When to Be Concerned

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/i-hear-voices-in-my-head

  Auditory hallucinations, or hearing voices, are relatively common. They can happen because of a mental health condition or during times of stress, grief, or lack of sleep. […] Research from 2020 notes that up to 15% of the general population experiences auditory hallucinations. […] The authors of that report urge mental health professionals to avoid diagnosing schizophrenia or any psychotic disorder when someone reports hearing voices without other symptoms. […] Research from 2023 suggests cultural background could play a part in the type of voice you hear. […] Hearing voices isnt always a cause for concern. […] When voices do occur alongside other symptoms, cause distress, or happen frequently enough to affect your daily life, you can talk with a healthcare professional to discuss diagnosis and treatment options. […] Experiencing auditory hallucinations may not automatically mean you have a mental health condition, but it can still feel unsettling and frightening.

• #6 Auditory Hallucinations in Psychiatric Illness

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/auditory-hallucinations-psychiatric-illness

  Auditory hallucinations feature prominently in many psychiatric disorders. It has been estimated that approximately 75% of people with schizophrenia experience auditory hallucinations. […] Not all auditory hallucinations are associated with mental illness, and studies show that 10% to 40% of people without a psychiatric illness report hallucinatory experiences in the auditory modality. […] The phenomenological characteristics of auditory hallucinations differ on the basis of their etiology, and this can have diagnostic implications. People without mental illness tend to report a greater proportion of positive voices, a higher level of control over the voices, less frequent hallucinatory experiences, and less interference with activities than people who have a psychiatric illness. […] There is also evidence that delusion formation may distinguish psychotic disorders from nonclinical hallucinatory experiences.

• #7 Auditory Hallucinations in Psychiatric Illness

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/auditory-hallucinations-psychiatric-illness

  By contrast, characteristics of auditory hallucinations that are thought to be more indicative of psychosis include higher frequency of hallucinatory experiences, localization of voices outside the head, greater linguistic complexity, greater emotional response, and the extent to which patients believe that other people share this experience. […] Because of the multiple causes of auditory hallucinations, physicians must take care to obtain detailed histories from the patient, to assess for mood and psychotic symptoms, and to obtain collateral information. […] Patients are usually able to describe their hallucinatory experiences. […] True auditory hallucinations must be differentiated from auditory illusions, vivid auditory imagery, and abnormal beliefs. […] The content of voices varies between individuals.

• #8 Voluntary control of auditory hallucinations: phenomenology to therapeutic implications | Schizophrenia

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41537-020-0106-8

  Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) have traditionally been thought to be outside the influence of conscious control. […] However, recent work with voice hearers makes clear that both treatment-seeking and non-treatment-seeking voice hearers may exert varying degrees of control over their voices. […] Non-treatment-seeking voice-hearing populations also consistently endorse a higher degree of control over their experiences than their treatment-seeking counterparts. […] Perhaps most strikingly, some individuals in non-treatment-seeking groups report an ability to control the onset and offset of their voices, which may make the experience of living with these voices significantly less disruptive and distressing. […] Although control over AVH has been reported repeatedly in the literature, there has been little in-depth examination of its meaning, its development, or its cognitive, computational, and neural bases.

• #9 Voluntary control of auditory hallucinations: phenomenology to therapeutic implications | Schizophrenia

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41537-020-0106-8

  Control of AVH may be defined as an ability to voluntarily influence one’s voice-hearing experience. […] The ability of some voice hearers to exercise indirect control by using cognitive strategies to manipulate the impact of voice hearing has served as the basis for cognitive-behavioral approaches to psychosis for several decades. […] Regardless of type, degree of perceived control over the voice-hearing experience appears to be critical for the level of distress or dysfunction experienced by the voice hearer. […] Birchwood et al. first identified that distress among patients with psychosis is potentially related to a perceived lack of control over their illness, including hallucinations. […] A recent systematic review found that, of the 12 studies identified at that time to have compared perceived control in these two groups, 10 found non-treatment-seekers to have higher endorsed control, while 2 showed no difference.

• #10 Auditory Hallucinations in Psychiatric Illness

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/auditory-hallucinations-psychiatric-illness

  By contrast, characteristics of auditory hallucinations that are thought to be more indicative of psychosis include higher frequency of hallucinatory experiences, localization of voices outside the head, greater linguistic complexity, greater emotional response, and the extent to which patients believe that other people share this experience. […] Because of the multiple causes of auditory hallucinations, physicians must take care to obtain detailed histories from the patient, to assess for mood and psychotic symptoms, and to obtain collateral information. […] Patients are usually able to describe their hallucinatory experiences. […] True auditory hallucinations must be differentiated from auditory illusions, vivid auditory imagery, and abnormal beliefs. […] The content of voices varies between individuals.

• #11 Auditory Hallucinations in Psychiatric Illness

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/auditory-hallucinations-psychiatric-illness

  Auditory hallucinations feature prominently in many psychiatric disorders. It has been estimated that approximately 75% of people with schizophrenia experience auditory hallucinations. […] Not all auditory hallucinations are associated with mental illness, and studies show that 10% to 40% of people without a psychiatric illness report hallucinatory experiences in the auditory modality. […] The phenomenological characteristics of auditory hallucinations differ on the basis of their etiology, and this can have diagnostic implications. People without mental illness tend to report a greater proportion of positive voices, a higher level of control over the voices, less frequent hallucinatory experiences, and less interference with activities than people who have a psychiatric illness. […] There is also evidence that delusion formation may distinguish psychotic disorders from nonclinical hallucinatory experiences.

• #12 Auditory Hallucinations in Psychiatric Illness

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/auditory-hallucinations-psychiatric-illness

  By contrast, characteristics of auditory hallucinations that are thought to be more indicative of psychosis include higher frequency of hallucinatory experiences, localization of voices outside the head, greater linguistic complexity, greater emotional response, and the extent to which patients believe that other people share this experience. […] Because of the multiple causes of auditory hallucinations, physicians must take care to obtain detailed histories from the patient, to assess for mood and psychotic symptoms, and to obtain collateral information. […] Patients are usually able to describe their hallucinatory experiences. […] True auditory hallucinations must be differentiated from auditory illusions, vivid auditory imagery, and abnormal beliefs. […] The content of voices varies between individuals.

• #13 Auditory Hallucinations in Schizophrenia – Psychiatry Advisor

  https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/features/auditory-hallucinations-in-schizophrenia-dysfunction/

  Auditory hallucinations, or hearing voices, is one of the most prevalent symptoms of schizophrenia, reported by as many as 75% of patients. […] Auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia are heterogenous in nature. […] According to Dr McCarthy-Jones, there are many theories as to what causes people to hear voices: Some focus on events that happened to the person, whereas others focus on brain changes less clearly linked to life events. […] Almost all of our patients have experienced significant adversity for extended periods of their lives, and this adversity is often reflected in the identity of their voices. […] Unlike auditory hallucinations in nonclinical populations, which are largely neutral or positive, those in schizophrenia tend to be negative and controlling, taking a huge toll on the emotional well-being and quality of life of the individual.

• #14 Auditory Hallucinations in Psychiatric Illness

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/auditory-hallucinations-psychiatric-illness

  Auditory hallucinations feature prominently in many psychiatric disorders. It has been estimated that approximately 75% of people with schizophrenia experience auditory hallucinations. […] Not all auditory hallucinations are associated with mental illness, and studies show that 10% to 40% of people without a psychiatric illness report hallucinatory experiences in the auditory modality. […] The phenomenological characteristics of auditory hallucinations differ on the basis of their etiology, and this can have diagnostic implications. People without mental illness tend to report a greater proportion of positive voices, a higher level of control over the voices, less frequent hallucinatory experiences, and less interference with activities than people who have a psychiatric illness. […] There is also evidence that delusion formation may distinguish psychotic disorders from nonclinical hallucinatory experiences.

• #15 Frontiers | A comprehensive review of auditory verbal hallucinations: lifetime prevalence, correlates and mechanisms in healthy and clinical individuals

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00367/full

  A comprehensive review of auditory verbal hallucinations: lifetime prevalence, correlates and mechanisms in healthy and clinical individuals […] Over the years, the prevalence of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) have been documented across the lifespan in varied contexts, and with a range of potential long-term outcomes. […] It seems possible that the mechanisms which maintain AVH in non-clinical populations are different from those which are behind AVH presentations in psychotic illness. […] Future research needs to focus on the comparison of underlying factors and mechanisms that lead to the onset of AVH in both patient and non-clinical populations. […] Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) are a sensory experience that takes place in the absence of any external stimulation whilst in a fully conscious state.

• #16 Auditory Hallucinations – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557633/

  Auditory hallucinations are the sensory perceptions of hearing noises without an external stimulus. This symptom is particularly associated with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders but is not specific to them. […] Auditory hallucinations, or paracusias, are sensory perceptions of hearing in the absence of an external stimulus. Auditory hallucinations can refer to a plethora of sounds; however, when the hallucinations are voices, they are distinguished as auditory verbal hallucinations. This specific subset of paracusias is particularly associated with schizophrenia but is not specific to it. […] The evaluation of paracusias consists of a general psychiatric interview that includes details regarding the evolution of the hallucinations, triggering factors, psychiatric review of systems, past psychiatric diagnosis, history of substance use, family history of psychiatric illness, and history of trauma. […] The clinician’s most valuable assessment tool is the mental status examination, addressing mood, affect, appearance, behavior, speech, thought content, thought process, insight, and judgment. […] The treatment of choice for auditory hallucinations is antipsychotics.

• #17 Hallucinations: Causes, Types, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/what-are-hallucinations

  Hallucinations Diagnosis […] First, your doctor needs to find out what’s causing your hallucinations. They’ll ask about your medical history and do a physical exam. Then they’ll ask about your symptoms. […] They may need to do tests to help figure out the problem. For instance, an electroencephalogram (EEG) checks for unusual patterns of electrical activity in your brain. It could show if your hallucinations are due to seizures. […] You might get an MRI, which uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make pictures of the inside of your body. It can find out if a brain tumor or something else, such as an area that’s had a small stroke, could be to blame.

• #18 Hearing Voices – Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/symptoms-and-conditions/hearing-voices

  Seek prompt medical care if you are being treated for a condition associated with hearing voices and your symptoms are persistent, worsen, or otherwise cause you concern. […] To diagnose your condition, your doctor or licensed health care practitioner will ask you several questions related to your hearing voices including: When did you first hear voices? What do the voices say? Did any events or stresses occur before you started hearing voices? Do you have any other symptoms? Do you have any psychiatric or medical problems? What medications are you taking? Do you drink any alcohol? Are you using any illicit drugs? […] Because hearing voices can be due to serious diseases, failure to seek treatment can result in serious complications and permanent damage.

• #19 Auditory Hallucinations in Schizophrenia

  https://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/auditory-hallucinations

  Auditory hallucinations are when you hear voices or other sounds that no one else hears. […] Up to 80% of people with schizophrenia say they have auditory hallucinations, with hearing voices being the most common. […] Not all auditory hallucinations are linked to a psychiatric disorder or medical issue. […] To diagnose auditory hallucinations, a doctor or therapist may ask questions such as: Do you hear voices? What do they say? […] Your doctor might prescribe medication to help control the condition thats causing you to hear voices or sounds, including: Antipsychotics. […] Treatment depends on the cause. Antipsychotics are often used to manage auditory (or visual) hallucinations caused by mental health conditions like schizophrenia.

• #20 Auditory hallucinations, not necessarily a hallmark of psychotic disorder | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/auditory-hallucinations-not-necessarily-a-hallmark-of-psychotic-disorder/FA5721C751DEE83F9A43C89AE6302429

  This view is promoted by the diagnostic criteria for Other Specified Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorder (OSSSOPD), a diagnostic category first introduced in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). […] To meet the DSM-5 criteria for a diagnosis of OSSSOPD, however, the sole presence of persistent AH is sufficient. […] Given that persistent AH are not always associated with a loss of contact with reality, lack of insight, or compromised dopaminergic transmission, it is questionable whether these types of AH should be treated with antipsychotic medication. […] In this paper, we argue for a clearer distinction between AH as part of a psychotic disorder and those experienced in a different context, as the former may be an indication for antipsychotic drugs, while the latter may benefit from an alternative therapeutic approach.

• #21 Auditory Hallucinations – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557633/

  Auditory hallucinations are the sensory perceptions of hearing noises without an external stimulus. This symptom is particularly associated with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders but is not specific to them. […] Auditory hallucinations, or paracusias, are sensory perceptions of hearing in the absence of an external stimulus. Auditory hallucinations can refer to a plethora of sounds; however, when the hallucinations are voices, they are distinguished as auditory verbal hallucinations. This specific subset of paracusias is particularly associated with schizophrenia but is not specific to it. […] The evaluation of paracusias consists of a general psychiatric interview that includes details regarding the evolution of the hallucinations, triggering factors, psychiatric review of systems, past psychiatric diagnosis, history of substance use, family history of psychiatric illness, and history of trauma. […] The clinician’s most valuable assessment tool is the mental status examination, addressing mood, affect, appearance, behavior, speech, thought content, thought process, insight, and judgment. […] The treatment of choice for auditory hallucinations is antipsychotics.

• #22 Hallucinations: Causes, Types, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/what-are-hallucinations

  Hallucinations Diagnosis […] First, your doctor needs to find out what’s causing your hallucinations. They’ll ask about your medical history and do a physical exam. Then they’ll ask about your symptoms. […] They may need to do tests to help figure out the problem. For instance, an electroencephalogram (EEG) checks for unusual patterns of electrical activity in your brain. It could show if your hallucinations are due to seizures. […] You might get an MRI, which uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make pictures of the inside of your body. It can find out if a brain tumor or something else, such as an area that’s had a small stroke, could be to blame.

• #23 Hallucinations: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003258.htm

  Your provider will do a physical exam and take a medical history. They will also ask you questions about your hallucinations. For example, how long the hallucinations have been happening, when they occur, or whether you have been taking medicines or using alcohol or illegal drugs. […] Treatment depends on the cause of your hallucinations.

• #24 Hallucinations: Symptoms, Types, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.verywellmind.com/what-are-hallucinations-378819

  Hallucinations are the perception of a nonexistent object or event and sensory experiences that are not caused by stimulation of the relevant sensory organs. […] Auditory hallucinations, which include hearing voices or other sounds that have no physical source, are the most common type. […] Hallucinations occur frequently in people with psychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder; however, you don’t necessarily need to have a mental illness to experience hallucinations. […] After asking about your symptoms, medical history, and lifestyle habits, your healthcare provider will likely do a physical exam and order a few tests to try and rule out medical or neurological causes of your hallucinations. […] Diagnostic tests may include: Blood tests to check for metabolic or toxic causes, Electroencephalogram (EEG) to check for abnormal electrical activity in your brain and to check for seizures, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to look for structural brain issues such as a brain tumor or stroke.

• #25 Auditory Hallucinations: Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23233-auditory-hallucinations

  Auditory hallucinations happen when you hear voices or noises that dont exist in reality. […] Auditory hallucinations are often associated with schizophrenia and other mental health conditions, but they can happen for several other reasons, such as hearing loss, and arent always a sign of a mental health condition. […] Approximately 75% of people with schizophrenia experience auditory hallucinations usually hearing voices. […] Schizophrenia refers to both a single condition and a spectrum of conditions that fall under the category of psychotic disorders. […] People with other mental health conditions can experience auditory hallucinations. […] Auditory hallucinations occur in 16% of adults with hearing impairment, which can take two forms: simple hallucinations (tinnitus) and complex hallucinations (speech and music).

• #26 Psychiatry.org – What is Schizophrenia?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/schizophrenia/what-is-schizophrenia

  Schizophrenia is a chronic brain disorder that affects less than one percent of the U.S. population. […] When schizophrenia is active, symptoms can include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, trouble with thinking and lack of motivation. […] Hallucinations are the experience of hearing, seeing, smelling, tasting, or feeling things that are not there. […] Auditory hallucinations, or hearing voices, are the most common in schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders. […] Symptoms of schizophrenia usually first appear in early adulthood and must persist for at least six months for a diagnosis to be made. […] Before a diagnosis can be made, however, a psychiatrist should conduct a thorough medical examination to rule out substance misuse or other neurological or medical illnesses whose symptoms may mimic schizophrenia. […] Diagnosis and treatment can be complicated by substance misuse. People with schizophrenia are at greater risk of substance-related disorder than the general population.

• #27 Diagnosing Schizophrenia | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/schizophrenia/diagnosis

  Hearing voices is the most common type of hallucination among people with schizophrenia. […] Hallucinations and delusions are part of psychosis, and people with schizophrenia often experience psychotic episodes. […] To make a diagnosis, a doctor performs a physical exam and conducts a thorough review of a persons medical, psychiatric, and family history. […] To receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia, a person must have experienced at least two of the following symptoms most of the time during a one-month period, with some level of disturbance being present for six months: […] hallucinations, such as hearing a voice that issues orders. […] An MRI scan may provide a good view of the structure of the brain and rule out schizophrenia by detecting abnormalities that may be causing schizophrenia-like symptoms. […] A routine blood test can help a doctor rule out conditions with similar symptoms, such as alcohol and drug abuse.

• #28 Schizophrenia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Options

  https://www.rethink.org/advice-and-information/about-mental-illness/mental-health-conditions/schizophrenia/

  Schizophrenia is a mental illness that affects the way you think, feel and behave. It affects about 1 in every 100 people. […] You could be diagnosed with schizophrenia if you experience some of the following symptoms: Hallucinations, Delusions, Disorganised thinking, Lack of motivation, Slow movement, Change in sleep patterns, Poor grooming or hygiene, Changes in body language and emotions, Loss interest in social activities. […] Hallucinations are when you see, smell, hear or feel things that other people don’t. For example: hearing voices, seeing things which other people don’t see, feeling someone touching you who is not there, or smelling things which other people cannot. […] Hearing voices or other sounds is the most common hallucination in schizophrenia. […] Only a psychiatrist can diagnose you with schizophrenia.

• #29 Symptoms – Schizophrenia – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/symptoms/

  Hallucinations are where someone sees, hears, smells, tastes or feels things that do not exist outside their mind. The most common hallucination is hearing voices. […] Research using brain-scanning equipment shows changes in the speech area in the brains of people with schizophrenia when they hear voices. These studies show the experience of hearing voices as a real one, as if the brain mistakes thoughts for real voices. […] Some people develop a delusional idea to explain a hallucination they’re having. For example, if they have heard voices describing their actions, they may have a delusion that someone is monitoring their actions. […] The negative symptoms of schizophrenia can often appear several months or years before somebody experiences their first acute schizophrenic episode with symptoms such as delusions or hallucinations.

• #30 Schizophrenia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/schizophrenia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354443

  Schizophrenia is a serious mental health condition that affects how people think, feel and behave. It may result in a mix of hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking and behavior. Hallucinations involve seeing things or hearing voices that aren’t observed by others. […] Hallucinations usually involve seeing or hearing things that other people don’t observe. For people with schizophrenia, these things seem real. Hallucinations can occur with any of the senses, but hearing voices is most common. […] People with schizophrenia usually are diagnosed in the late teen years to early 30s. […] People with schizophrenia often don’t know that they have a mental condition that needs medical attention.

• #31 Auditory hallucinations, not necessarily a hallmark of psychotic disorder | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/auditory-hallucinations-not-necessarily-a-hallmark-of-psychotic-disorder/FA5721C751DEE83F9A43C89AE6302429

  Auditory hallucinations (AH) are often considered a sign of a psychotic disorder. […] Many people who seek treatment for persistent AH have no other psychotic symptoms, have preserved reality-testing capacities, and will never develop a schizophrenia spectrum disorder. […] In such cases, the usage of the DSM-5 diagnosis of OSSSOPD would be incorrect, and it may prompt unwarranted treatment with antipsychotic medication. […] We therefore argue that a DSM-5 diagnosis of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder (or any other type of psychotic disorder) characterized by AH should require at least one more symptom listed under the A-criterion (i.e. delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior or negative symptoms). […] Adhering to these more stringent criteria may help to distinguish between individuals with persistent AH which are part of a psychotic disorder, for whom antipsychotic medication may be helpful, and individuals with AH in the absence of such a disorder who may benefit from other approaches (e.g. different pharmacological interventions, improving coping style, trauma-related therapy).

• #32 Auditory hallucinations, not necessarily a hallmark of psychotic disorder | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/auditory-hallucinations-not-necessarily-a-hallmark-of-psychotic-disorder/FA5721C751DEE83F9A43C89AE6302429

  It is widely recognized that AH can accompany virtually all psychiatric disorders, including borderline personality disorder and dissociative identity disorder (40%), unipolar depression and bipolar disorder (45%), anxiety disorders (14%), autism (6%), and post-traumatic stress disorder (15%). […] Even though such AH can also present with significant impairments in social, occupational and other areas of functioning, they are not always accompanied by problems with reality testing, lack of insight or disturbed beliefs, and therefore cannot be considered as part of a psychotic disorder. […] The question of whether isolated AH constitute a risk factor for developing a psychotic disorder, and therefore whether individuals with these experiences should receive early therapeutic interventions, cannot be answered conclusively.

• #33 Auditory hallucination – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_hallucination

  An auditory hallucination, or paracusia, is a form of hallucination that involves perceiving sounds without auditory stimulus. While experiencing an auditory hallucination, the affected person hears a sound or sounds that did not come from the natural environment. […] A common form of auditory hallucination involves hearing one or more voices without a speaker present, known as an auditory verbal hallucination. This may be associated with psychotic disorders, most notably schizophrenia, and this phenomenon is often used to diagnose these conditions. […] However, individuals without any psychiatric disease whatsoever may hear voices, including those under the influence of mind-altering substances, such as cannabis, cocaine, amphetamines, and PCP. […] In 2015 a small survey reported voice hearing in persons with a wide variety of DSM-5 diagnoses, including: Bipolar disorder, Borderline personality disorder, Depression (mixed), Dissociative identity disorder, Generalized anxiety disorder, Major depression, Obsessive compulsive disorder, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Psychosis (NOS), Schizoaffective disorder, Schizophrenia, Substance-induced psychosis, Delusional disorder (non-prominently).

• #34 Auditory hallucinations, not necessarily a hallmark of psychotic disorder | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/auditory-hallucinations-not-necessarily-a-hallmark-of-psychotic-disorder/FA5721C751DEE83F9A43C89AE6302429

  This view is promoted by the diagnostic criteria for Other Specified Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorder (OSSSOPD), a diagnostic category first introduced in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). […] To meet the DSM-5 criteria for a diagnosis of OSSSOPD, however, the sole presence of persistent AH is sufficient. […] Given that persistent AH are not always associated with a loss of contact with reality, lack of insight, or compromised dopaminergic transmission, it is questionable whether these types of AH should be treated with antipsychotic medication. […] In this paper, we argue for a clearer distinction between AH as part of a psychotic disorder and those experienced in a different context, as the former may be an indication for antipsychotic drugs, while the latter may benefit from an alternative therapeutic approach.

• #35 Auditory hallucinations, not necessarily a hallmark of psychotic disorder | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/auditory-hallucinations-not-necessarily-a-hallmark-of-psychotic-disorder/FA5721C751DEE83F9A43C89AE6302429

  The category OSSSOPD was devised for clinical presentations that are deemed characteristic of the group of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders, but which do not meet all the diagnostic criteria of Schizophrenia or Schizophreniform Disorder. […] The diagnosis can be established in the sole presence of persistent AH, i.e. in the absence of any other features. […] However, this creates a new problem of overinclusion, because any individual presenting with AH may now become labelled as having a psychotic disorder, even if the primary condition is a somatic disorder (e.g. migraine or Parkinson’s disease), other psychiatric disorder (e.g. dissociative disorder or personality disorder) or not demonstrable at all. […] The risk is that patients might be given unnecessary treatment and suffer from stigmatization.

• #36 Hallucinations: Types, causes, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327014

  Hallucinations can be a sign of a mental health illness, but they do not always mean a person is unwell. Hallucinations are, in fact, relatively common. […] One 2015 study from Europe found that 7.3 percent of people reported a life-long experience of hearing voices. A further study from South Africa on hallucinations in the general population put the rate higher at 12.7%. […] Scientists do not fully understand why some people have hallucinations, and others do not. Neither do they know what triggers hallucinations in people with conditions such as schizophrenia. […] Hallucinations can happen any time there is a change in brain activity. […] Hallucinations can occur when a person smells something that is not there. […] Schizophrenia is a mental health condition that changes the way a person thinks and behaves. It can also cause psychosis, which is a loss of being in touch with reality.

• #37 Hallucinations: Types, causes, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327014

  People with psychosis may experience delusions and hallucinations and exhibit behaviors that are not typical. […] Many new parents struggle with postpartum depression and anxiety. Less commonly, some experience postpartum psychosis, which can cause hallucinations. […] People with anxiety and depression may experience periodic hallucinations. […] Withdrawal from alcohol can cause hallucinations, especially in people who experience a severe withdrawal syndrome called delirium tremens. […] Dementia progressively damages the brain, including regions involved with sensory processing. People in mid to late stage dementia may experience auditory and visual hallucinations. […] Sometimes hallucinations are a symptom of a seizure disorder. […] Some people experience hallucinations that doctors associate with sleep disorders.

• #38 Auditory hallucinations: Causes, types, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/auditory-hallucinations

  Auditory hallucinations involve hearing sounds that have no source or observable cause. It is common in several conditions. […] While this symptom occurs fairly often in people with schizophrenia, it can also occur in a range of other psychiatric conditions, such as depression. […] Auditory hallucinations have strong links to schizophrenia and related psychotic conditions, and 75% of people with these conditions experience them. The particular kind of auditory hallucinations they have is mostly verbal, meaning they involve voices. […] Psychiatric conditions other than schizophrenia that cause auditory hallucinations include: Depression: A persistent feeling of severe despair or sadness. […] Treatment for auditory hallucinations depends on the cause. To illustrate, doctors treat the cause of schizophrenia with antipsychotic medication, the cause of nutritional deficiencies with dietary intervention, and the cause of hearing loss with a hearing aid. […] Generally, anyone who experiences any kind of hallucination should seek medical help, as these symptoms can be dangerous.

• #39 Auditory hallucination – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_hallucination

  An auditory hallucination, or paracusia, is a form of hallucination that involves perceiving sounds without auditory stimulus. While experiencing an auditory hallucination, the affected person hears a sound or sounds that did not come from the natural environment. […] A common form of auditory hallucination involves hearing one or more voices without a speaker present, known as an auditory verbal hallucination. This may be associated with psychotic disorders, most notably schizophrenia, and this phenomenon is often used to diagnose these conditions. […] However, individuals without any psychiatric disease whatsoever may hear voices, including those under the influence of mind-altering substances, such as cannabis, cocaine, amphetamines, and PCP. […] In 2015 a small survey reported voice hearing in persons with a wide variety of DSM-5 diagnoses, including: Bipolar disorder, Borderline personality disorder, Depression (mixed), Dissociative identity disorder, Generalized anxiety disorder, Major depression, Obsessive compulsive disorder, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Psychosis (NOS), Schizoaffective disorder, Schizophrenia, Substance-induced psychosis, Delusional disorder (non-prominently).

• #40 Hearing Voices – Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/symptoms-and-conditions/hearing-voices

  Hearing voices is a common type of auditory hallucination. Hallucinations are sensations or perceptions that occur in a wakeful state and seem real, but are created by the brain. Overall, auditory hallucinations are the most common type of hallucination. […] Hearing voices can be associated with some psychiatric disorders or medical conditions. Psychiatric conditions associated with hearing voices include bipolar disorder, psychotic depression, schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders, and schizophrenia. Medical conditions affecting the central nervous system, such as brain tumors, delirium, dementia, epilepsy and other seizure disorders, and stroke, can be associated with hearing voices. […] The specific cause of hallucinations, including hearing voices, is not known. […] Hearing voices can be a symptom of serious, and even life-threatening, conditions. Seek immediate medical care (call 911) if you cannot distinguish the voices from reality or if the voices are accompanied by bluish coloration of the lips or fingernails; chest pain or pressure; cold, clammy or dry, hot skin; confusion or loss of consciousness for even a moment; high fever (higher than 101 degrees Fahrenheit); persistent vomiting; rapid, slow or absent pulse; respiratory or breathing problems, such as rapid or slow breathing, shortness of breath, or no breathing; seizure; serious injury; severe abdominal pain; or threatening, irrational or suicidal behavior.

• #41 Hallucinations and dementia | Alzheimer’s Society

  https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/symptoms-and-diagnosis/hallucinations

  Dementia may cause a person to have hallucinations or see things that aren’t there. This is most common in people living with dementia with Lewy bodies, although other types of dementia may also cause hallucinations. […] A hallucination is an experience of something that is not really there. It can involve any or all of the senses. […] Visual hallucinations (seeing things that aren’t there) are the most common type experienced by people with dementia. […] People with dementia are often thought to be hallucinating when in fact they are simply mistaken about what they have seen. […] Visual hallucinations are usually caused by damage to the brain. They are more common in people with dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinsons disease dementia. People with Alzheimers disease can also have hallucinations.

• #42 Hallucinations/Delusions | Parkinson’s Foundation

  https://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/non-movement-symptoms/hallucinations-delusions

  Psychosis can vary from severe confusion (disordered thinking) to seeing things that arent there (hallucinations) to believing things that are not true (delusions). […] It is important to report any hallucinations or delusions to your medical team, even if they are not bothersome. […] Between 20-40% of people with Parkinsons report the experience of hallucinations or delusions. […] Hallucinations are when someone sees, hears or feels something that is not actually there. […] Hearing voices or sounds that are not real is less common but is reported by a small percentage of people with PD. […] Hallucinations are most often a side effect of medication and are not necessarily a sign of a decline in cognitive abilities. […] Delusions are illogical, irrational, dysfunctional views or persistent thoughts that are not based in reality.

• #43 Auditory hallucination – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_hallucination

  Mood disorders such as bipolar disorder and major depression have also been known to correlate with auditory hallucinations, but tend to be milder than their psychosis-induced counterpart. […] Auditory hallucinations have been known to manifest as a result of intense stress, sleep deprivation, and drug use. […] High caffeine consumption has been linked to an increase in the likelihood of experiencing auditory hallucinations. […] The primary means of treating auditory hallucinations is antipsychotic medications which affect dopamine metabolism. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy has been shown to help decrease the frequency and distressfulness of auditory hallucinations, particularly when other psychotic symptoms were presenting. […] Between 25% and 30% of schizophrenia patients do not respond to antipsychotic medication which has led researchers to look for alternate sources to help them.

• #44 Hallucinations: Types, causes, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327014

  People with psychosis may experience delusions and hallucinations and exhibit behaviors that are not typical. […] Many new parents struggle with postpartum depression and anxiety. Less commonly, some experience postpartum psychosis, which can cause hallucinations. […] People with anxiety and depression may experience periodic hallucinations. […] Withdrawal from alcohol can cause hallucinations, especially in people who experience a severe withdrawal syndrome called delirium tremens. […] Dementia progressively damages the brain, including regions involved with sensory processing. People in mid to late stage dementia may experience auditory and visual hallucinations. […] Sometimes hallucinations are a symptom of a seizure disorder. […] Some people experience hallucinations that doctors associate with sleep disorders.

• #45 Auditory Hallucinations: Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23233-auditory-hallucinations

  Auditory hallucinations happen when you hear voices or noises that dont exist in reality. […] Auditory hallucinations are often associated with schizophrenia and other mental health conditions, but they can happen for several other reasons, such as hearing loss, and arent always a sign of a mental health condition. […] Approximately 75% of people with schizophrenia experience auditory hallucinations usually hearing voices. […] Schizophrenia refers to both a single condition and a spectrum of conditions that fall under the category of psychotic disorders. […] People with other mental health conditions can experience auditory hallucinations. […] Auditory hallucinations occur in 16% of adults with hearing impairment, which can take two forms: simple hallucinations (tinnitus) and complex hallucinations (speech and music).

• #46 Auditory hallucination – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_hallucination

  Mood disorders such as bipolar disorder and major depression have also been known to correlate with auditory hallucinations, but tend to be milder than their psychosis-induced counterpart. […] Auditory hallucinations have been known to manifest as a result of intense stress, sleep deprivation, and drug use. […] High caffeine consumption has been linked to an increase in the likelihood of experiencing auditory hallucinations. […] The primary means of treating auditory hallucinations is antipsychotic medications which affect dopamine metabolism. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy has been shown to help decrease the frequency and distressfulness of auditory hallucinations, particularly when other psychotic symptoms were presenting. […] Between 25% and 30% of schizophrenia patients do not respond to antipsychotic medication which has led researchers to look for alternate sources to help them.

• #47 What are auditory hallucinations? | Connect Hearing

  https://www.connecthearing.ca/blog/hearing-health/autidory-hallucinations/

  The most common type of hallucination is auditory in nature. While auditory hallucinations are common symptoms of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, 10 to 15 percent of the healthy general population also experience them from time to time. […] Adults are not the only ones affected by auditory hallucinations. Studies show that they are relatively common among pre-pubertal children at psychiatric clinics as well. One study aimed to describe auditory hallucinations in children and establish links with DSM IV (fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) diagnoses. […] How your doctor will treat auditory hallucinations will depend on the cause of your particular symptoms. To find the reason for the voices you hear, your doctor will take your health history and ask many questions to understand your case better.

• #48

  https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/Hearing-Voices-and-Seeing-Things-102.aspx

  Hearing Voices and Seeing Things […] Children often hear or see things that may scare or upset them. […] Hallucinations are when one has heard, seen, or experienced something that is not there. They can occur in any of our senses including sound, sight, touch, taste, and smell. An auditory hallucination is when one has heard something that is not there. It is the most common type of hallucination. A visual hallucination is when one has seen something that is not there. Hallucinations may occur as part of normal development or may be a sign that your child is struggling with some type of emotional problems. […] In some cases, hallucinations may occur as a sign of a psychiatric illness such as a psychosis, or other serious medical problems. Psychotic disorders in children, while not common, are serious and severely interfere with a child’s thinking and functioning. […] Hearing voices or seeing things that are not there can be a part of normal development, but they may also happen as a result of the following: […] Children coping with the death of a parent or dealing with lots of stressors in their lives will sometimes hear voices or see things. […] The content of a hallucination may help us understand what type of illness a child is having. […] Children who see things that are not there may be very anxious or depressed. […] Any child with disordered thinking or behavior should be evaluated immediately. If you are concerned, speak with your family physician or pediatrician. They may be able to help or will be able to refer you to a child and adolescent psychiatrist who is trained to evaluate, diagnose, and treat children with emotional and behavior problems.

• #49 Visual and Auditory Hallucinations in Anxious Preadolescent Children

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/visual-auditory-hallucinations-anxious-preadolescent-children/

  There are few reports highlighting severe anxiety with psychosis in the pediatric population. However, it is important to note that around 27% of adolescent patients who have anxiety will also display psychosis. A case is presented of a 10-year-old boy with auditory and visual hallucinations in the context of long-standing anxiety, highlighting a unique phenomenon wherein symptoms persisted for years. […] The patient was a 10-year-old boy who presented to the outpatient clinic with his mother due to concerns of worsening anxiety, hearing voices, and seeing shadowy figures. […] His mother was aware of the symptoms; however, she believed it to be normal an imaginary friend. […] A diagnosis of severe anxiety with psychotic features was made. […] Initial workup must rule out medical causes of psychosis: seizures, infections, autoimmune disorders, medications, and neoplasms.

• #50 Schizophrenia in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/s/schizophrenia-in-children.html

  Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness. […] A child with this disorder has unusual behavior and strange feelings. […] Experiencing psychosis means having strange ideas, thoughts, or feelings that are not based in reality. […] The child may slowly become more shy and withdrawn. […] They may start to talk about odd ideas or fears and start to cling more to parents. […] Each child’s symptoms may vary. […] Seeing, hearing, or feeling things that are not real, such as hearing voices (hallucinations) […] Children with schizophrenia have the same symptoms as adults with the condition. […] A child psychiatrist or other qualified mental health expert can diagnose schizophrenia in children and teens. […] A child with symptoms of schizophrenia needs a thorough medical and mental health evaluation.

• #51 Assessing Malingered Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Forensic and Clinical Settings | Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law

  https://jaapl.org/content/47/4/448

  The gold standard for the detection of malingered psychosis involves expert clinical assessment augmented by standardized psychometric testing. […] The evaluation of malingered auditory verbal hallucinations is complicated, however, by increasing evidence that voice-hearing is a broadly heterogeneous experience that does not always reflect psychopathology, with atypical features nearly as common as typical characteristics. […] The detection of malingered auditory verbal hallucinations in clinical settings may be particularly vulnerable to false positives and false negatives due to low suspicion on the part of clinicians, low utilization and poor specificity of psychometric testing, and iatrogenic malingering that is less likely to include cartoonish claims and more likely to involve voice-hearing as a sole presenting symptom (i.e., monosymptomatic auditory verbal hallucinations).

• #52 Assessing Malingered Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Forensic and Clinical Settings | Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law

  https://jaapl.org/content/47/4/448

  In both clinical and forensic settings, the detection of malingered auditory verbal hallucinations requires detailed exploration of phenomenologic features along with mediating factors that influence the risk of associated violence or suicide. […] Unlike malingered physical injuries that might be thwarted by a private investigator armed with a camera, psychiatric symptoms in general and claims of voice-hearing in particular are relatively easy to feign and largely unverifiable. […] This article reviews challenges faced in the evaluation of malingered voice-hearing, highlighting differences in forensic and clinical settings, as well as the diagnostic conundrum of nonpsychotic AVH. […] The detection of malingered psychosis relies heavily on the endorsement of highly atypical symptomatic claims.

• #53 Assessing Auditory Hallucinations – PSYCH-MENTAL HEALTH HUB

  https://pmhealthnp.com/assessing-auditory-hallucinations/

  Mr Arnold, a 50-year-old Army veteran with a history of chronic depression and alcohol use disorder (in remission) was admitted to the hospital after complaining of voices telling me to bayonet my wife or someone else. […] His outpatient psychiatrist, who had been treating with mirtazapine 45 mg/day and quetiapine 300 mg/day over the previous year, documented new onset command hallucinations and admitted the patient involuntarily based on homicidal ideation. […] Without the ability to look inside the minds of patients who endorse hearing voices, and in the absence of any established biological marker or reliable neuroimaging blueprint for auditory verbal hallucinations, clinicians often resort to a benefit-of-the-doubt approach that assumes a help-seeking patient is ill. […] In order to distinguish between real and feigned psychotic symptoms, a generation of psychiatrists has followed the guidelines of forensic psychiatrist Phillip Resnick, MD, who first published specific criteria more than 20 years ago to alert clinicians of suspicion of malingered auditory verbal hallucinations.

• #54 Assessing Malingered Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Forensic and Clinical Settings | Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law

  https://jaapl.org/content/47/4/448

  Indeed, the most nave malingerers of AVH sometimes make cartoonish claims that are easily identified as improbable. […] In contrast, malingerers who have received coaching and possess clinical knowledge might be expected to be better at evading detection. […] The relevance of AVH to forensic assessments often relates to defendants’ claims that the AVH commanded criminal behavior. […] Research over the past 20 years has resulted in a more nuanced understanding of the predictors of compliance with CAH. […] Collectively, these findings dispel the popular myth that those experiencing CAH are automatons having high rates of compliance with malevolent voices urging violence. […] The evaluation of malingered voice-hearing is complicated by increasing evidence that voice-hearing is a broadly heterogeneous experience, with myriad exceptions to what constitutes a typical AVH.

• #55 Assessing Auditory Hallucinations – PSYCH-MENTAL HEALTH HUB

  https://pmhealthnp.com/assessing-auditory-hallucinations/

  However, more recent survey data has revealed that genuine auditory verbal hallucinations are more heterogeneous across the psychosis spectrum than originally thought, such that Resnick has since de-emphasized typical and atypical features of voice-hearing in favor of topics of inquiry when assessing for malingered auditory verbal hallucinations. […] Clinicians should also bear in mind that feigned symptoms in clinical settings often represent iatrogenic malingering that is incentivized by structural barriers to receiving comprehensive care. […] With increasing recognition of the heterogeneity of voice-hearing experiences across the psychotic spectrum, relying on correct answers to questions about features of endorsed auditory verbal hallucinations to guide assessments of malingering has significant limitations.

• #56 Auditory Hallucinations in Psychiatric Illness

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/auditory-hallucinations-psychiatric-illness

  Studies in cross-cultural psychiatry show that auditory hallucinations occur in similar forms in all societies around the world but that there are cultural differences in the content and interpretation of voices. […] Stress has been implicated in provoking episodes of auditory hallucinations. […] The presence of hallucinations does not necessarily imply a need for medical treatment if the experience is not intrusive and does not interfere with everyday activities. […] When treatment is required, antipsychotic medication is usually the treatment of choice in organic and psychiatric conditions. […] Studies show that some patients respond well to cognitive-behavioral therapy, where the focus is on evaluating and monitoring one’s perceptions, beliefs, and reasoning; promoting alternative ways of coping; and reducing distress.

• #57 What Does “Hearing Voices” Mean?

  https://www.rethink.org/advice-and-information/about-mental-illness/mental-health-symptoms/hearing-voices/

  This section may help you if you hear voices, or if you know someone who does. Hearing voices is a very common experience. Hearing voices can be a symptom of some mental health problems, but not everyone that hears voices are unwell. […] Another term for hearing voices is auditory hallucinations. […] Hearing voices is not always a sign of a mental health problem. […] Up to 1 in 10 people hear voices. Hearing voices is a very common experience. […] Hearing voices may be a symptom of a mental illness. A doctor may diagnose you psychosis or bipolar disorder. But you can hear voices without having a mental health diagnosis. […] Research shows that many people hear voices or experience other types of hallucinations. It is not always a sign of being unwell. […] It is also common for people from different cultures to experience hearing voices differently.

• #58 Exploring how deaf people 'hear’ voice-hallucinations | UCL News – UCL – University College London

  https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2007/jul/exploring-how-deaf-people-hear-voice-hallucinations

  A new UCL study, published in the July 2007 issue of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, systematically explores the perceptual characteristics of voice hallucinations in deaf people with schizophrenia for the first time. […] Dr Atkinson’s team then collated the results into five factors according to their perceptions. Participants born profoundly deaf reported non-auditory, clear and easy to understand voices. […] Dr Atkinson concluded: „The results support the notion that the perceptual characteristics of voice-hallucinations map closely onto an individual’s real life communication preferences and experience of language and sound.” […] The methodology demonstrates that the diversity of voice hallucination experience reflects the variety of experience with language and hearing loss among deaf individuals.

• #59 Auditory hallucinations, not necessarily a hallmark of psychotic disorder | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/auditory-hallucinations-not-necessarily-a-hallmark-of-psychotic-disorder/FA5721C751DEE83F9A43C89AE6302429

  At this stage, however, the existing evidence suggests that the risk is low, unless AH are accompanied by other psychotic symptoms and/or functional deficits. […] Altogether, AH and other hallucinations occur at relatively high rates in many different conditions and are not pathognomonic for any given disorder (including schizophrenia). […] In all cases, an accurate diagnosis is critically important, as persistent AH as part of a psychotic disorder may be a good indication for antipsychotic medication, whereas persistent AH in the absence of such a disorder are probably not. […] The habitual conceptualization of AH as a sure sign of schizophrenia spectrum disorder is a particularly good example of this problem, although a primary diagnosis of psychotic disorder is not justified for all individuals troubled by persistent hallucinations.

• #60 Hallucinations: Definition, Causes, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23350-hallucinations

  Many medical and mental health conditions that can cause hallucinations may quickly become emergencies. The person experiencing hallucinations shouldnt be left alone. […] It’s important for people experiencing hallucinations to talk about them with their family and healthcare team. Hallucinations are manageable with treatment and can become disturbing or dangerous if theyre not treated.

• #61 Auditory hallucinations, not necessarily a hallmark of psychotic disorder | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/auditory-hallucinations-not-necessarily-a-hallmark-of-psychotic-disorder/FA5721C751DEE83F9A43C89AE6302429

  At this stage, however, the existing evidence suggests that the risk is low, unless AH are accompanied by other psychotic symptoms and/or functional deficits. […] Altogether, AH and other hallucinations occur at relatively high rates in many different conditions and are not pathognomonic for any given disorder (including schizophrenia). […] In all cases, an accurate diagnosis is critically important, as persistent AH as part of a psychotic disorder may be a good indication for antipsychotic medication, whereas persistent AH in the absence of such a disorder are probably not. […] The habitual conceptualization of AH as a sure sign of schizophrenia spectrum disorder is a particularly good example of this problem, although a primary diagnosis of psychotic disorder is not justified for all individuals troubled by persistent hallucinations.

• #62 Auditory hallucinations, not necessarily a hallmark of psychotic disorder | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/auditory-hallucinations-not-necessarily-a-hallmark-of-psychotic-disorder/FA5721C751DEE83F9A43C89AE6302429

  Auditory hallucinations (AH) are often considered a sign of a psychotic disorder. […] Many people who seek treatment for persistent AH have no other psychotic symptoms, have preserved reality-testing capacities, and will never develop a schizophrenia spectrum disorder. […] In such cases, the usage of the DSM-5 diagnosis of OSSSOPD would be incorrect, and it may prompt unwarranted treatment with antipsychotic medication. […] We therefore argue that a DSM-5 diagnosis of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder (or any other type of psychotic disorder) characterized by AH should require at least one more symptom listed under the A-criterion (i.e. delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior or negative symptoms). […] Adhering to these more stringent criteria may help to distinguish between individuals with persistent AH which are part of a psychotic disorder, for whom antipsychotic medication may be helpful, and individuals with AH in the absence of such a disorder who may benefit from other approaches (e.g. different pharmacological interventions, improving coping style, trauma-related therapy).

• #63 When Hearing Voices Is Not a Symptom of Mental Illness | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-leading-edge/202404/when-hearing-voices-is-not-a-symptom-of-mental-illness

  Not everyone who hears voices is mentally ill. […] It is important to distinguish pathological hallucinations from helpful inner voices. […] Hearing voices that others do not hear is often considered a symptom of mental illness. […] Approximately 75 percent of people diagnosed with schizophrenia hear verbal hallucinations. […] Studies performed at Murray State University and in the Netherlands found many people who hear voices are not mentally ill. […] Distinguishing characteristics include the nature of the voices, their content, and their effects on those who hear them. […] Verbal hallucinations tend to speak in single words, short phrases, or brief sentences, whereas helpful inner voices generally speak in complete sentences or extended discourses. […] Learning to recognize helpful inner voices can help us avoid pathologizing these beneficial experiences and the people who hear them. […] Incorrectly judging helpful inner voices to be hallucinations and mislabeling the people who hear them as mentally ill can result in stigmatization and the inappropriate administration of antipsychotic medications.

• #64 Hallucinations: Definition, Causes, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23350-hallucinations

  Many medical and mental health conditions that can cause hallucinations may quickly become emergencies. The person experiencing hallucinations shouldnt be left alone. […] It’s important for people experiencing hallucinations to talk about them with their family and healthcare team. Hallucinations are manageable with treatment and can become disturbing or dangerous if theyre not treated.

• #65 National Hearing Voices Network – For people who hear voices, see visions or have other unusual perceptions

  https://www.hearing-voices.org/

  If you hear voices, see visions or have similar sensory experiences youre not alone. The statistics vary, but somewhere between 3 and 10% of the population have experiences like these (increasing to about 75% if you include one off experiences like hearing someone call your name out loud). […] Despite being relatively common, many people who hear voices, see visions or have similar experiences feel alone. Fear of prejudice, discrimination, and being dismissed as crazy can keep people silent. At a time when we are told that it is time to talk, it is important that anyone courageous enough to speak out is met with respect and empathy. […] The English National Hearing Voices Network focuses on helping to create respectful and empowering spaces, whilst challenging the inequalities oppressive practices that hold people back.

• #66 National Hearing Voices Network – For people who hear voices, see visions or have other unusual perceptions

  https://www.hearing-voices.org/

  Raise awareness of the diversity of voices, visions and similar experiences […] Challenge negative stereotypes, stigma and discrimination […] Help create more spaces for people of all ages and backgrounds to talk freely about voice-hearing, visions and similar sensory experiences […] Raise awareness of a range of different ways to manage distressing, confusing or difficult voices […] Encourage a more positive response to voice-hearing and related experiences in healthcare settings and wider society.

• #67 Auditory Hallucinations – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557633/

  Auditory hallucinations are the sensory perceptions of hearing noises without an external stimulus. This symptom is particularly associated with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders but is not specific to them. […] Auditory hallucinations, or paracusias, are sensory perceptions of hearing in the absence of an external stimulus. Auditory hallucinations can refer to a plethora of sounds; however, when the hallucinations are voices, they are distinguished as auditory verbal hallucinations. This specific subset of paracusias is particularly associated with schizophrenia but is not specific to it. […] The evaluation of paracusias consists of a general psychiatric interview that includes details regarding the evolution of the hallucinations, triggering factors, psychiatric review of systems, past psychiatric diagnosis, history of substance use, family history of psychiatric illness, and history of trauma. […] The clinician’s most valuable assessment tool is the mental status examination, addressing mood, affect, appearance, behavior, speech, thought content, thought process, insight, and judgment. […] The treatment of choice for auditory hallucinations is antipsychotics.

• #68 Hallucinations: Causes, Types, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/what-are-hallucinations

  Hallucinations Diagnosis […] First, your doctor needs to find out what’s causing your hallucinations. They’ll ask about your medical history and do a physical exam. Then they’ll ask about your symptoms. […] They may need to do tests to help figure out the problem. For instance, an electroencephalogram (EEG) checks for unusual patterns of electrical activity in your brain. It could show if your hallucinations are due to seizures. […] You might get an MRI, which uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make pictures of the inside of your body. It can find out if a brain tumor or something else, such as an area that’s had a small stroke, could be to blame.

• #69 Auditory hallucinations, not necessarily a hallmark of psychotic disorder | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/auditory-hallucinations-not-necessarily-a-hallmark-of-psychotic-disorder/FA5721C751DEE83F9A43C89AE6302429

  Auditory hallucinations (AH) are often considered a sign of a psychotic disorder. […] Many people who seek treatment for persistent AH have no other psychotic symptoms, have preserved reality-testing capacities, and will never develop a schizophrenia spectrum disorder. […] In such cases, the usage of the DSM-5 diagnosis of OSSSOPD would be incorrect, and it may prompt unwarranted treatment with antipsychotic medication. […] We therefore argue that a DSM-5 diagnosis of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder (or any other type of psychotic disorder) characterized by AH should require at least one more symptom listed under the A-criterion (i.e. delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior or negative symptoms). […] Adhering to these more stringent criteria may help to distinguish between individuals with persistent AH which are part of a psychotic disorder, for whom antipsychotic medication may be helpful, and individuals with AH in the absence of such a disorder who may benefit from other approaches (e.g. different pharmacological interventions, improving coping style, trauma-related therapy).

• #70 What Does “Hearing Voices” Mean?

  https://www.rethink.org/advice-and-information/about-mental-illness/mental-health-symptoms/hearing-voices/

  You may find it helpful to have a diagnosis. But you may not identify with a diagnosis. […] Some people have spiritual or religious reasons to explain the voices they hear. […] The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommends that you should be offered antipsychotic medication and talking therapy if you hear voices. […] If you decide not to take medication you should still be offered talking therapy. […] Antipsychotic medication can help with hearing voices. […] Medication may not make symptoms go away, but it can make voices seem distant or less noticeable. […] There are different types of talking therapies recommended for people who hear voices. […] CBT can help you to manage your voices and to notice any patterns with the voices. […] Family intervention is where you and your family work with mental health professionals to help you to manage your relationships.

• #71 Auditory Hallucinations in Schizophrenia – Psychiatry Advisor

  https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/features/auditory-hallucinations-in-schizophrenia-dysfunction/

  For most schizophrenia patients, antipsychotics are the treatment of choice and are effective for most patients. […] However, about 30% of patients have treatment-resistant auditory hallucinations, for which the standard of care is to increase the dose of antipsychotics, which he believes may not be so effective. […] Cognitive behavioral approaches, in particular, are widely used, including distraction techniques (listening to music, reading, art) or focusing techniques (rational responding, generating compassion towards the voice, mindfulness). […] When the root cause of auditory hallucinations can be traced to trauma, Dr Hayward opines that for some patients, it can be important to revisit and generate new meanings around these root causes. […] Digital technologies are also facilitating novel approaches to the treatment of auditory hallucinations.

• #72 Auditory Hallucinations in Psychiatric Illness

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/auditory-hallucinations-psychiatric-illness

  Studies in cross-cultural psychiatry show that auditory hallucinations occur in similar forms in all societies around the world but that there are cultural differences in the content and interpretation of voices. […] Stress has been implicated in provoking episodes of auditory hallucinations. […] The presence of hallucinations does not necessarily imply a need for medical treatment if the experience is not intrusive and does not interfere with everyday activities. […] When treatment is required, antipsychotic medication is usually the treatment of choice in organic and psychiatric conditions. […] Studies show that some patients respond well to cognitive-behavioral therapy, where the focus is on evaluating and monitoring one’s perceptions, beliefs, and reasoning; promoting alternative ways of coping; and reducing distress.

• #73 Auditory Hallucinations in Psychiatric Illness

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/auditory-hallucinations-psychiatric-illness

  Studies in cross-cultural psychiatry show that auditory hallucinations occur in similar forms in all societies around the world but that there are cultural differences in the content and interpretation of voices. […] Stress has been implicated in provoking episodes of auditory hallucinations. […] The presence of hallucinations does not necessarily imply a need for medical treatment if the experience is not intrusive and does not interfere with everyday activities. […] When treatment is required, antipsychotic medication is usually the treatment of choice in organic and psychiatric conditions. […] Studies show that some patients respond well to cognitive-behavioral therapy, where the focus is on evaluating and monitoring one’s perceptions, beliefs, and reasoning; promoting alternative ways of coping; and reducing distress.

Zobacz więcej