Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Auditory Hallucinations – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557633/

  Auditory hallucinations are the sensory perceptions of hearing noises without an external stimulus. This symptom is particularly associated with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders but is not specific to them. […] The prevalence of auditory hallucinations in the general population ranges from 5% to 28%. Auditory hallucinations are most prevalent in patients who have psychosis. They are observed in 75% of individuals with schizophrenia, 20-50% of individuals with manic depression, 10% of individuals with major depression, and 40% of individuals with PTSD. […] The remission rate of auditory hallucinations in adolescence ranges from 3% to 40% each year.

• #2 Auditory Hallucinations: Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23233-auditory-hallucinations

  Auditory hallucinations happen when you hear voices or noises that dont exist in reality. […] Auditory hallucinations are often associated with schizophrenia and other mental health conditions, but they can happen for several other reasons, such as hearing loss, and arent always a sign of a mental health condition. […] Researchers estimate that 5% to 28% of people in the United States experience auditory hallucinations. […] Approximately 75% of people with schizophrenia experience auditory hallucinations usually hearing voices. […] People with other mental health conditions can experience auditory hallucinations. They affect: 20% to 50% of people with bipolar disorder, 40% of people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 14% of people with an anxiety disorder, and 10% of people with major depression. […] Auditory hallucinations occur in 16% of adults with hearing impairment, which can take two forms: simple hallucinations (tinnitus) and complex hallucinations (speech and music). […] Auditory hallucinations have several causes some of which are normal and harmless.

• #3 Auditory hallucinations across the lifespan: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/auditory-hallucinations-across-the-lifespan-a-systematic-review-and-metaanalysis/59BA9936F451CA2CBDF38B2B225175EF

  Auditory Hallucinations (AH) are nowadays regarded as symptoms following a continuum; from a (transient) phenomenon in healthy individuals on one end to a symptom of (psychiatric) illnesses at the other. […] An accumulating number of epidemiological studies focused on the prevalence of AH in the general population, but results vary widely. […] The current meta-analysis aims to synthesize existing evidence on lifetime prevalence of AH across the lifespan. […] Mean lifetime prevalence rate of AH was 9.6% (95% CI 6.713.6%). […] The mean lifetime prevalence was similar in children (12.7%) and adolescents (12.4%), but these two groups differed significantly from the adults (5.8%) and the elderly (4.5%). […] Current meta-analysis shows that AH are quite common (up to one in ten individuals) in the general population during lifetime, with children and adolescents reporting these experiences significantly more often compared with adults and elderly. […] Large follow-up studies on the longitudinal course of AH are needed to reveal associated risk and resilience factors.

• #4 Hallucinations: Types, causes, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327014

  Hallucinations can be a sign of a mental health illness, but they do not always mean a person is unwell. Hallucinations are, in fact, relatively common. […] One 2015 study from Europe found that 7.3 percent of people reported a life-long experience of hearing voices. A further study from South Africa on hallucinations in the general population put the rate higher at 12.7%. […] Scientists do not fully understand why some people have hallucinations, and others do not. Neither do they know what triggers hallucinations in people with conditions such as schizophrenia. […] Hallucinations can happen any time there is a change in brain activity. […] Numerous medical conditions and other factors can cause hallucinations. […] People with anxiety and depression may experience periodic hallucinations.

• #5 Auditory hallucinations across the lifespan: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/auditory-hallucinations-across-the-lifespan-a-systematic-review-and-metaanalysis/59BA9936F451CA2CBDF38B2B225175EF

  Auditory Hallucinations (AH) are nowadays regarded as symptoms following a continuum; from a (transient) phenomenon in healthy individuals on one end to a symptom of (psychiatric) illnesses at the other. […] An accumulating number of epidemiological studies focused on the prevalence of AH in the general population, but results vary widely. […] The current meta-analysis aims to synthesize existing evidence on lifetime prevalence of AH across the lifespan. […] Mean lifetime prevalence rate of AH was 9.6% (95% CI 6.713.6%). […] The mean lifetime prevalence was similar in children (12.7%) and adolescents (12.4%), but these two groups differed significantly from the adults (5.8%) and the elderly (4.5%). […] Current meta-analysis shows that AH are quite common (up to one in ten individuals) in the general population during lifetime, with children and adolescents reporting these experiences significantly more often compared with adults and elderly. […] Large follow-up studies on the longitudinal course of AH are needed to reveal associated risk and resilience factors.

• #6 Hallucination – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucination

  Prevalence of hallucinations varies depending on underlying medical conditions, which sensory modalities are affected, age and culture. As of 2022, auditory hallucinations are the most well studied and most common sensory modality of hallucinations, with an estimated lifetime prevalence of 9.6%. […] Children and adolescents have been found to experience similar rates (12.7% and 12.4% respectively) which occur mostly during late childhood and adolescence. This is compared with adults and those over 60 (with rates of 5.8% and 4.8% respectively). […] For those with schizophrenia, the lifetime prevalence of hallucinations is 80% and the estimated prevalence of visual hallucinations is 27%, compared to 79% for auditory hallucinations. […] A 2019 study suggested 16.2% of adults with hearing impairment experience hallucinations, with prevalence rising to 24% in the most hearing impaired group.

• #7

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00789221

  Hallucinations are often manifestations of severe psychiatric conditions seen clinically. However, unde is known about the distribution of incident hallucinations in the community, nor whether there has been a change over the past century. […] In the ECA data, the incidence of visual hallucinations was slightly higher in males (about 20 per 1000 per year) than females (about 13 per 1000 per year) across the age span from 18 to 80 years old, with a subsequent increase in the rate for females (up to about 40 per 1000 per year) after age 80. […] For auditory hallucinations there was an age 2530 peak in males with a trough for females, and a later age 4050 peak for females. Overall, there were substantial gender differences, and the effect of aging to increase the incidence of hallucinations was the most consistent and prominent. […] The Sidgewick study showed a much higher proportion of visual hallucinations than the ECA program. This might be due to factors affecting brain function as well as social and psychological changes over time, although methodological weaknesses in both studies might also be responsible.

• #8 Auditory Hallucinations – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557633/

  Auditory hallucinations are the sensory perceptions of hearing noises without an external stimulus. This symptom is particularly associated with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders but is not specific to them. […] The prevalence of auditory hallucinations in the general population ranges from 5% to 28%. Auditory hallucinations are most prevalent in patients who have psychosis. They are observed in 75% of individuals with schizophrenia, 20-50% of individuals with manic depression, 10% of individuals with major depression, and 40% of individuals with PTSD. […] The remission rate of auditory hallucinations in adolescence ranges from 3% to 40% each year.

• #9 Auditory Hallucinations: Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23233-auditory-hallucinations

  Auditory hallucinations happen when you hear voices or noises that dont exist in reality. […] Auditory hallucinations are often associated with schizophrenia and other mental health conditions, but they can happen for several other reasons, such as hearing loss, and arent always a sign of a mental health condition. […] Researchers estimate that 5% to 28% of people in the United States experience auditory hallucinations. […] Approximately 75% of people with schizophrenia experience auditory hallucinations usually hearing voices. […] People with other mental health conditions can experience auditory hallucinations. They affect: 20% to 50% of people with bipolar disorder, 40% of people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 14% of people with an anxiety disorder, and 10% of people with major depression. […] Auditory hallucinations occur in 16% of adults with hearing impairment, which can take two forms: simple hallucinations (tinnitus) and complex hallucinations (speech and music). […] Auditory hallucinations have several causes some of which are normal and harmless.

• #10 Auditory Hallucinations in Schizophrenia

  https://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/auditory-hallucinations

  Auditory hallucinations are when you hear voices or other sounds that no one else hears. […] Up to 80% of people with schizophrenia say they have auditory hallucinations, with hearing voices being the most common. […] Schizophrenia is one of the most common causes of auditory hallucinations, but there are many other reasons you might hear things that arent there, including: […] Youre more likely to hear voices or sounds that arent there if you have a condition that affects how your brain processes sound. […] Treatment depends on the cause. Antipsychotics are often used to manage auditory (or visual) hallucinations caused by mental health conditions like schizophrenia.

• #11 The Propensity to Hear “Voices” in Schizophrenia May Be Established by Infancy, Many Years Before Symptom Onset | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/about/newsroom/2019/the-propensity-to-hear-voices-in-schizophrenia-may-be-established-by-infancy-many-years-before-symptom-onset

  Some people suffering from severe mental illness, particularly schizophrenia, hear “voices,” known as auditory hallucinations. This symptom, which afflicts more than 80% of patients, is among the most prevalent and distressing symptoms of schizophrenia. […] Uncovering the biological origins of auditory hallucinations is essential for reducing their contribution to the disease burden of schizophrenia. […] The study findings suggest that the vulnerability to develop “voices” is probably established many years before symptoms begin. […] According to the authors, in addition to helping doctors spot people who are likely to experience hallucinations before the symptoms appear or become severe, the auditory cortex may be an area of consideration for novel neurmodulation methods to help patients who already have symptoms. […] The study was supported by the National Institutes of Mental Health, the National Cancer Institute, The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development, the Stanley Foundation and the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation.

• #12 Auditory Hallucinations – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557633/

  Auditory hallucinations are the sensory perceptions of hearing noises without an external stimulus. This symptom is particularly associated with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders but is not specific to them. […] The prevalence of auditory hallucinations in the general population ranges from 5% to 28%. Auditory hallucinations are most prevalent in patients who have psychosis. They are observed in 75% of individuals with schizophrenia, 20-50% of individuals with manic depression, 10% of individuals with major depression, and 40% of individuals with PTSD. […] The remission rate of auditory hallucinations in adolescence ranges from 3% to 40% each year.

• #13 Auditory Hallucinations: Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23233-auditory-hallucinations

  Auditory hallucinations happen when you hear voices or noises that dont exist in reality. […] Auditory hallucinations are often associated with schizophrenia and other mental health conditions, but they can happen for several other reasons, such as hearing loss, and arent always a sign of a mental health condition. […] Researchers estimate that 5% to 28% of people in the United States experience auditory hallucinations. […] Approximately 75% of people with schizophrenia experience auditory hallucinations usually hearing voices. […] People with other mental health conditions can experience auditory hallucinations. They affect: 20% to 50% of people with bipolar disorder, 40% of people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 14% of people with an anxiety disorder, and 10% of people with major depression. […] Auditory hallucinations occur in 16% of adults with hearing impairment, which can take two forms: simple hallucinations (tinnitus) and complex hallucinations (speech and music). […] Auditory hallucinations have several causes some of which are normal and harmless.

• #14 New study of auditory hallucinations in people who have bipolar disorder | The Royal

  https://www.theroyal.ca/news/new-study-auditory-hallucinations-people-who-have-bipolar-disorder

  Bipolar disorder (BD) is a mental health condition that affects approximately two per cent of the population. […] In fact, up to 25 per cent of people who have BD experience auditory hallucinations at some point during their illness. […] Auditory hallucinations also occur in other mental health conditions such as schizophrenia. […] What is known, however, is that people who have auditory hallucinations regardless of diagnosis struggle with daily living and are less likely to recover. […] Even though we have data showing that up to 25 per cent of individuals with bipolar disorder experience voices during their illness, we don’t really know much about them, says Jaworska. […] A better understanding of auditory hallucinations from a biological perspective would improve treatment in the future, ultimately improving the lives of people living with BD. […] While this particular study is an initial step within a broader scope of research, Jaworska believes a deeper exploration of auditory hallucinations could lead to non-pharmacological treatments as well as exponential improvement in other areas for people who hear voices.

• #15 Auditory Hallucinations – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557633/

  Auditory hallucinations are the sensory perceptions of hearing noises without an external stimulus. This symptom is particularly associated with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders but is not specific to them. […] The prevalence of auditory hallucinations in the general population ranges from 5% to 28%. Auditory hallucinations are most prevalent in patients who have psychosis. They are observed in 75% of individuals with schizophrenia, 20-50% of individuals with manic depression, 10% of individuals with major depression, and 40% of individuals with PTSD. […] The remission rate of auditory hallucinations in adolescence ranges from 3% to 40% each year.

• #16 Auditory Hallucinations: Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23233-auditory-hallucinations

  Auditory hallucinations happen when you hear voices or noises that dont exist in reality. […] Auditory hallucinations are often associated with schizophrenia and other mental health conditions, but they can happen for several other reasons, such as hearing loss, and arent always a sign of a mental health condition. […] Researchers estimate that 5% to 28% of people in the United States experience auditory hallucinations. […] Approximately 75% of people with schizophrenia experience auditory hallucinations usually hearing voices. […] People with other mental health conditions can experience auditory hallucinations. They affect: 20% to 50% of people with bipolar disorder, 40% of people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 14% of people with an anxiety disorder, and 10% of people with major depression. […] Auditory hallucinations occur in 16% of adults with hearing impairment, which can take two forms: simple hallucinations (tinnitus) and complex hallucinations (speech and music). […] Auditory hallucinations have several causes some of which are normal and harmless.

• #17 Auditory Hallucinations – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557633/

  Auditory hallucinations are the sensory perceptions of hearing noises without an external stimulus. This symptom is particularly associated with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders but is not specific to them. […] The prevalence of auditory hallucinations in the general population ranges from 5% to 28%. Auditory hallucinations are most prevalent in patients who have psychosis. They are observed in 75% of individuals with schizophrenia, 20-50% of individuals with manic depression, 10% of individuals with major depression, and 40% of individuals with PTSD. […] The remission rate of auditory hallucinations in adolescence ranges from 3% to 40% each year.

• #18 Auditory Hallucinations: Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23233-auditory-hallucinations

  Auditory hallucinations happen when you hear voices or noises that dont exist in reality. […] Auditory hallucinations are often associated with schizophrenia and other mental health conditions, but they can happen for several other reasons, such as hearing loss, and arent always a sign of a mental health condition. […] Researchers estimate that 5% to 28% of people in the United States experience auditory hallucinations. […] Approximately 75% of people with schizophrenia experience auditory hallucinations usually hearing voices. […] People with other mental health conditions can experience auditory hallucinations. They affect: 20% to 50% of people with bipolar disorder, 40% of people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 14% of people with an anxiety disorder, and 10% of people with major depression. […] Auditory hallucinations occur in 16% of adults with hearing impairment, which can take two forms: simple hallucinations (tinnitus) and complex hallucinations (speech and music). […] Auditory hallucinations have several causes some of which are normal and harmless.

• #19 Auditory Hallucinations: Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23233-auditory-hallucinations

  Auditory hallucinations happen when you hear voices or noises that dont exist in reality. […] Auditory hallucinations are often associated with schizophrenia and other mental health conditions, but they can happen for several other reasons, such as hearing loss, and arent always a sign of a mental health condition. […] Researchers estimate that 5% to 28% of people in the United States experience auditory hallucinations. […] Approximately 75% of people with schizophrenia experience auditory hallucinations usually hearing voices. […] People with other mental health conditions can experience auditory hallucinations. They affect: 20% to 50% of people with bipolar disorder, 40% of people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 14% of people with an anxiety disorder, and 10% of people with major depression. […] Auditory hallucinations occur in 16% of adults with hearing impairment, which can take two forms: simple hallucinations (tinnitus) and complex hallucinations (speech and music). […] Auditory hallucinations have several causes some of which are normal and harmless.

• #20 Hallucination – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucination

  A risk factor for multimodal hallucinations is prior experience of unimodal hallucinations. In 90% cases of psychosis, a visual hallucination occurs in combination with another sensory modality, most often being auditory or somatic. […] In schizophrenia, multimodal hallucinations are twice as common as unimodal ones. […] A 2015 review of 55 publications from 1962 to 2014 found 1628.6% of those experiencing hallucinations report at least some religious content in them, along with 2060% reporting some religious content in delusions.

• #21 Hallucination – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucination

  A risk factor for multimodal hallucinations is prior experience of unimodal hallucinations. In 90% cases of psychosis, a visual hallucination occurs in combination with another sensory modality, most often being auditory or somatic. […] In schizophrenia, multimodal hallucinations are twice as common as unimodal ones. […] A 2015 review of 55 publications from 1962 to 2014 found 1628.6% of those experiencing hallucinations report at least some religious content in them, along with 2060% reporting some religious content in delusions.

• #22 Hallucinations: Definition, Causes, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23350-hallucinations

  Hallucinations are typically a symptom of a psychosis-related disorder, particularly schizophrenia, but they can also result from substance use, neurological conditions and some temporary situations. […] Hearing voices is the most common type of hallucination in people with these mental health conditions. […] Schizophrenia is the main mental health condition that causes hallucinations. Schizophrenia refers to both a single condition and a spectrum of conditions that fall under the category of psychosis-related disorders. […] Neurological conditions that may cause hallucinations include: Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease, Lewy body dementia, epilepsy, and narcolepsy. […] Many medical and mental health conditions that can cause hallucinations may quickly become emergencies.

• #23 Hallucinations: Definition, Causes, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23350-hallucinations

  Hallucinations are typically a symptom of a psychosis-related disorder, particularly schizophrenia, but they can also result from substance use, neurological conditions and some temporary situations. […] Hearing voices is the most common type of hallucination in people with these mental health conditions. […] Schizophrenia is the main mental health condition that causes hallucinations. Schizophrenia refers to both a single condition and a spectrum of conditions that fall under the category of psychosis-related disorders. […] Neurological conditions that may cause hallucinations include: Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease, Lewy body dementia, epilepsy, and narcolepsy. […] Many medical and mental health conditions that can cause hallucinations may quickly become emergencies.

• #24 Clinical Features of Auditory Hallucinations in Patients With Dementia With Lewy Bodies: A Soundtrack of Visual Hallucinations

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/auditory-hallucinations-in-dementia-with-lewy-bodies/

  Auditory hallucinations are an important symptom for diagnosing dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), yet they have received less attention than visual hallucinations. […] We investigated the clinical features of auditory hallucinations and the possible mechanisms by which they arise in patients with DLB. […] Of the 124 patients, 44 (35.5%) had auditory hallucinations and 75 (60.5%) had visual hallucinations. […] The majority of patients (90.9%) with auditory hallucinations also had visual hallucinations. […] Auditory hallucinations consist mostly of human voices, and 90% of patients described them as like hearing a soundtrack of the scene. […] Multiple logistic regression showed that the presence of auditory hallucinations was significantly associated with female sex (P = .04) and hearing impairment (P = .004).

• #25 Auditory hallucinations due to central nervous system lesions | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/auditory-hallucinations-due-to-central-nervous-system-lesions

  Auditory hallucinations due to central nervous system lesions are rare, and no general descriptive or analytic epidemiological studies are available. […] However, in some patient groups, there are crude estimates of frequency, although it is not always clear that such hallucinations occur in the absence of delirium, metabolic derangement, or drug toxicity. For example, auditory hallucinations occur in 3% to 10% of patients with intracranial neoplasms. […] Currie and colleagues found that 17% of 514 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy experienced ictal auditory hallucinations. […] Cases of brainstem auditory hallucinosis have, so far, only been reported as anecdotal case reports or small case series.

• #26 Hallucinations: Definition, Causes, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23350-hallucinations

  Hallucinations are typically a symptom of a psychosis-related disorder, particularly schizophrenia, but they can also result from substance use, neurological conditions and some temporary situations. […] Hearing voices is the most common type of hallucination in people with these mental health conditions. […] Schizophrenia is the main mental health condition that causes hallucinations. Schizophrenia refers to both a single condition and a spectrum of conditions that fall under the category of psychosis-related disorders. […] Neurological conditions that may cause hallucinations include: Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease, Lewy body dementia, epilepsy, and narcolepsy. […] Many medical and mental health conditions that can cause hallucinations may quickly become emergencies.

• #27 Auditory hallucinations due to central nervous system lesions | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/auditory-hallucinations-due-to-central-nervous-system-lesions

  Auditory hallucinations due to central nervous system lesions are rare, and no general descriptive or analytic epidemiological studies are available. […] However, in some patient groups, there are crude estimates of frequency, although it is not always clear that such hallucinations occur in the absence of delirium, metabolic derangement, or drug toxicity. For example, auditory hallucinations occur in 3% to 10% of patients with intracranial neoplasms. […] Currie and colleagues found that 17% of 514 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy experienced ictal auditory hallucinations. […] Cases of brainstem auditory hallucinosis have, so far, only been reported as anecdotal case reports or small case series.

• #28 Auditory hallucinations in adults with hearing impairment: a large prevalence study | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/auditory-hallucinations-in-adults-with-hearing-impairment-a-large-prevalence-study/36CABDC0AE1FF750CF07C9C63C50E2E0

  Auditory hallucinations are often suggested to occur in adults with hearing impairment. […] This observational, cross-sectional study tested whether auditory hallucinations are associated with hearing impairment, by assessing their prevalence in an adult population with various degrees of objectified hearing impairment. […] Out of 829 participants with hearing impairment, 16.2% (n = 134) had experienced auditory hallucinations in the past 4 weeks; significantly more than the non-impaired group [5.8%; n = 10/173; p 0.001, odds ratio 3.2 (95% confidence interval 1.66.2)]. […] Prevalence of auditory hallucinations significantly increased with categorized severity of impairment, with rates up to 24% in the most profoundly impaired group (p 0.001). […] Our findings reveal that auditory hallucinations are common among patients with hearing impairment, and increase with impairment severity. […] Clinicians should be aware of this phenomenon, by inquiring after hallucinations in hearing-impaired patients and, conversely, assessing hearing impairment in patients with auditory hallucinations, since it may be a treatable factor.

• #29 The Impact of Deafness on Hallucinations and Delusions – Psychiatry Advisor

  https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/features/the-impact-of-deafness-on-hallucinations-and-delusions/

  Although research has filled some of the knowledge gaps in the association between psychosis and hearing impairment, more data about this phenomenon and its confounding factors are needed. […] Studies have shown that hearing impairment increases the risk of psychosis. […] One study involving individuals who had experience of hallucinations revealed that 16.2% of participants with impaired hearing hallucinated in the last 4 weeks. However, only 5.8% of participants without impaired hearing hallucinated within the same period. […] We actually know very little about psychoses in the deaf. […] The prevalence of hearing loss increases as people age. […] The World Health Organization estimates that 5% of the worlds population has some form of hearing loss. […] More than 16% of participants with hearing loss experienced hallucinations in the previous month. However, among the participants with the most severe hearing impairment, 24% had auditory hallucinations in the same time frame.

• #30 Auditory hallucinations in adults with hearing impairment: a large prevalence study | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/auditory-hallucinations-in-adults-with-hearing-impairment-a-large-prevalence-study/36CABDC0AE1FF750CF07C9C63C50E2E0

  Auditory hallucinations are often suggested to occur in adults with hearing impairment. […] This observational, cross-sectional study tested whether auditory hallucinations are associated with hearing impairment, by assessing their prevalence in an adult population with various degrees of objectified hearing impairment. […] Out of 829 participants with hearing impairment, 16.2% (n = 134) had experienced auditory hallucinations in the past 4 weeks; significantly more than the non-impaired group [5.8%; n = 10/173; p 0.001, odds ratio 3.2 (95% confidence interval 1.66.2)]. […] Prevalence of auditory hallucinations significantly increased with categorized severity of impairment, with rates up to 24% in the most profoundly impaired group (p 0.001). […] Our findings reveal that auditory hallucinations are common among patients with hearing impairment, and increase with impairment severity. […] Clinicians should be aware of this phenomenon, by inquiring after hallucinations in hearing-impaired patients and, conversely, assessing hearing impairment in patients with auditory hallucinations, since it may be a treatable factor.

• #31 The Impact of Deafness on Hallucinations and Delusions – Psychiatry Advisor

  https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/features/the-impact-of-deafness-on-hallucinations-and-delusions/

  Although research has filled some of the knowledge gaps in the association between psychosis and hearing impairment, more data about this phenomenon and its confounding factors are needed. […] Studies have shown that hearing impairment increases the risk of psychosis. […] One study involving individuals who had experience of hallucinations revealed that 16.2% of participants with impaired hearing hallucinated in the last 4 weeks. However, only 5.8% of participants without impaired hearing hallucinated within the same period. […] We actually know very little about psychoses in the deaf. […] The prevalence of hearing loss increases as people age. […] The World Health Organization estimates that 5% of the worlds population has some form of hearing loss. […] More than 16% of participants with hearing loss experienced hallucinations in the previous month. However, among the participants with the most severe hearing impairment, 24% had auditory hallucinations in the same time frame.

• #32 Auditory Hallucinations: Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23233-auditory-hallucinations

  Auditory hallucinations happen when you hear voices or noises that dont exist in reality. […] Auditory hallucinations are often associated with schizophrenia and other mental health conditions, but they can happen for several other reasons, such as hearing loss, and arent always a sign of a mental health condition. […] Researchers estimate that 5% to 28% of people in the United States experience auditory hallucinations. […] Approximately 75% of people with schizophrenia experience auditory hallucinations usually hearing voices. […] People with other mental health conditions can experience auditory hallucinations. They affect: 20% to 50% of people with bipolar disorder, 40% of people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 14% of people with an anxiety disorder, and 10% of people with major depression. […] Auditory hallucinations occur in 16% of adults with hearing impairment, which can take two forms: simple hallucinations (tinnitus) and complex hallucinations (speech and music). […] Auditory hallucinations have several causes some of which are normal and harmless.

• #33

  https://www.psychiatria.com.pl/index.php/wydawnictwa/2019-vol-19-no-3/phenomenology-and-epidemiology-of-verbal-auditory-hallucinations-and-theories-explaining-their-formation?aid=882

  Auditory hallucinations can be manifested in a variety of ways, as a single voice or multiple voices that comment, communicate instructions, offend or comfort. […] Verbal auditory hallucinations are commonly associated with schizophrenia. However, different studies show that this symptom was also reported by individuals with other disorders, and by healthy people as well. […] In this paper, we present psychological theories and neurobiological mechanisms offering explanations for verbal auditory hallucinations. […] Finally, we stress the need for further, in-depth qualitative investigation of verbal auditory hallucinations in these groups, which could help clinicians choose more appropriate treatment solutions.

• #34 Occurrence and phenomenology of hallucinations in the general population: A large online survey | Schizophrenia

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41537-022-00229-9

  Although epidemiological studies report that hallucinations occur in 615% of the general population, little is known about their phenomenology. […] The phenomenology of hallucinations was assessed if hallucinations reportedly occurred in the past month. […] In the past month, auditory hallucinations were reported most frequently (29.5%), followed by visual (21.5%), tactile (19.9%), and olfactory hallucinations (17.3%); hallucinations in two or more modalities were reported by 47.6%. […] Our results indicate a wide variety of the phenomenology of hallucinations in the general population and support the existence of a phenomenological continuum. […] The current study provides detailed characteristics regarding the content and phenomenology of hallucinations in four sensory modalities, based on self-reports from an online survey of 10,448 individuals from the general population, aged 14 and over.

• #35 Auditory Hallucinations in Schizophrenia – Psychiatry Advisor

  https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/features/auditory-hallucinations-in-schizophrenia-dysfunction/

  Auditory hallucinations, or hearing voices, is one of the most prevalent symptoms of schizophrenia, reported by as many as 75% of patients. […] Auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia are heterogenous in nature. […] Unlike auditory hallucinations in nonclinical populations, which are largely neutral or positive, those in schizophrenia tend to be negative and controlling, taking a huge toll on the emotional well-being and quality of life of the individual. […] According to Joshua Kantrowitz, MD, associate professor of clinical psychiatry at Columbia University Department of Psychiatry in New York City, for most schizophrenia patients, antipsychotics are the treatment of choice and are effective for most patients. However, he also points out that about 30% of patients have treatment-resistant auditory hallucinations, for which the standard of care is to increase the dose of antipsychotics, which he believes may not be so effective.

• #36 Stanford researcher: Hallucinatory 'voices’ shaped by local culture | Stanford Report

  https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2014/07/voices-culture-luhrmann-071614

  People suffering from schizophrenia may hear voices auditory hallucinations differently depending on their cultural context, according to new Stanford research. […] The experience of hearing voices is complex and varies from person to person, according to Luhrmann. […] The findings revealed that hearing voices was broadly similar across all three cultures, according to Luhrmann. […] The striking difference was that while many of the African and Indian subjects registered predominantly positive experiences with their voices, not one American did. […] The Americans experienced voices as bombardment and as symptoms of a brain disease caused by genes or trauma. […] In Accra, Ghana, where the culture accepts that disembodied spirits can talk, few subjects described voices in brain disease terms. […] The research, Luhrmann observed, suggests that the harsh, violent voices so common in the West may not be an inevitable feature of schizophrenia. […] The findings may be clinically significant, according to the researchers.

• #37 The Role of Verbal Auditory Hallucinations in Influencing and Retrospectively Predicting Physical Harm Prevalence in Early Psychosis

  https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/20/ELOCATOR/e17450179286452/FULLTEXT/

  Research has established a relationship between psychosis and physical harm in the early course of psychosis. However, little is known about the relationship between specific psychosis symptoms, such as hearing voices, and physical harm. […] This study aimed to determine the prevalence and typology of physical harm related to hearing voices, as well as what aspects of the voice-hearing experience retrospectively predicted incidents of harm within an Early Intervention in Psychosis Service (EIPS). […] It was found that 32.2% of EI patients had an actual incident of physical harm in their case notes that was causally linked to hearing voices. […] Verbal auditory hallucinations commonly influence physical harm in the early course of psychosis. […] Hearing commands and/or believing the voice to be omnipotent are strong retrospective-correlative predictors that may aid in the assessment and therapeutic intervention.

• #38 The Role of Verbal Auditory Hallucinations in Influencing and Retrospectively Predicting Physical Harm Prevalence in Early Psychosis

  https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/20/ELOCATOR/e17450179286452/ABSTRACT/

  Research has established a relationship between psychosis and physical harm in the early course of psychosis. […] However, little is known about the relationship between specific psychosis symptoms, such as hearing voices, and physical harm. […] This study aimed to determine the prevalence and typology of physical harm related to hearing voices, as well as what aspects of the voice-hearing experience retrospectively predicted incidents of harm within an Early Intervention in Psychosis Service (EIPS). […] It was found that 32.2% of EI patients had an actual incident of physical harm in their case notes that was causally linked to hearing voices. […] The most common type of physical harm was neglect. […] In terms of cognitive phenomenological binary correlations that retrospectively predicted physical harm in the case notes, patients were 20 and 7 times more likely to have harmed themselves if they heard self-harm commands (i.e., directions to harm themselves physically) and perceived the voice as omnipotent, respectively.

• #39 The Role of Verbal Auditory Hallucinations in Influencing and Retrospectively Predicting Physical Harm Prevalence in Early Psychosis

  https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/20/ELOCATOR/e17450179286452/FULLTEXT/

  Patients were more than 20 times more likely to harm themselves if they heard self-harm-related commands than those who did not, and 7 times more likely if their voice was perceived as omnipotent. […] Command hallucinations that instruct the patient to harm themselves or others substantially increased the risk of harm to the self and others, respectively. […] The link between physical harm and command hallucinations is well documented in the literature. […] Our findings support the conclusions of previous studies that physical harm may be a common part of early-course psychosis in patients.

• #40 The Role of Verbal Auditory Hallucinations in Influencing and Retrospectively Predicting Physical Harm Prevalence in Early Psychosis

  https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/20/ELOCATOR/e17450179286452/ABSTRACT/

  Research has established a relationship between psychosis and physical harm in the early course of psychosis. […] However, little is known about the relationship between specific psychosis symptoms, such as hearing voices, and physical harm. […] This study aimed to determine the prevalence and typology of physical harm related to hearing voices, as well as what aspects of the voice-hearing experience retrospectively predicted incidents of harm within an Early Intervention in Psychosis Service (EIPS). […] It was found that 32.2% of EI patients had an actual incident of physical harm in their case notes that was causally linked to hearing voices. […] The most common type of physical harm was neglect. […] In terms of cognitive phenomenological binary correlations that retrospectively predicted physical harm in the case notes, patients were 20 and 7 times more likely to have harmed themselves if they heard self-harm commands (i.e., directions to harm themselves physically) and perceived the voice as omnipotent, respectively.

• #41 The Role of Verbal Auditory Hallucinations in Influencing and Retrospectively Predicting Physical Harm Prevalence in Early Psychosis

  https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/20/ELOCATOR/e17450179286452/FULLTEXT/

  Patients were more than 20 times more likely to harm themselves if they heard self-harm-related commands than those who did not, and 7 times more likely if their voice was perceived as omnipotent. […] Command hallucinations that instruct the patient to harm themselves or others substantially increased the risk of harm to the self and others, respectively. […] The link between physical harm and command hallucinations is well documented in the literature. […] Our findings support the conclusions of previous studies that physical harm may be a common part of early-course psychosis in patients.

• #42 The Role of Verbal Auditory Hallucinations in Influencing and Retrospectively Predicting Physical Harm Prevalence in Early Psychosis

  https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/20/ELOCATOR/e17450179286452/ABSTRACT/

  Research has established a relationship between psychosis and physical harm in the early course of psychosis. […] However, little is known about the relationship between specific psychosis symptoms, such as hearing voices, and physical harm. […] This study aimed to determine the prevalence and typology of physical harm related to hearing voices, as well as what aspects of the voice-hearing experience retrospectively predicted incidents of harm within an Early Intervention in Psychosis Service (EIPS). […] It was found that 32.2% of EI patients had an actual incident of physical harm in their case notes that was causally linked to hearing voices. […] The most common type of physical harm was neglect. […] In terms of cognitive phenomenological binary correlations that retrospectively predicted physical harm in the case notes, patients were 20 and 7 times more likely to have harmed themselves if they heard self-harm commands (i.e., directions to harm themselves physically) and perceived the voice as omnipotent, respectively.

• #43 The Role of Verbal Auditory Hallucinations in Influencing and Retrospectively Predicting Physical Harm Prevalence in Early Psychosis

  https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/20/ELOCATOR/e17450179286452/ABSTRACT/

  Patients were 6 times more likely to have harmed someone else if they heard violent commands. […] Verbal auditory hallucinations commonly influence physical harm in the early course of psychosis. […] Hearing commands and/or believing the voice to be omnipotent are strong retrospective-correlative predictors that may aid in the assessment and therapeutic intervention.

• #44 The Role of Verbal Auditory Hallucinations in Influencing and Retrospectively Predicting Physical Harm Prevalence in Early Psychosis

  https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/20/ELOCATOR/e17450179286452/ABSTRACT/

  Research has established a relationship between psychosis and physical harm in the early course of psychosis. […] However, little is known about the relationship between specific psychosis symptoms, such as hearing voices, and physical harm. […] This study aimed to determine the prevalence and typology of physical harm related to hearing voices, as well as what aspects of the voice-hearing experience retrospectively predicted incidents of harm within an Early Intervention in Psychosis Service (EIPS). […] It was found that 32.2% of EI patients had an actual incident of physical harm in their case notes that was causally linked to hearing voices. […] The most common type of physical harm was neglect. […] In terms of cognitive phenomenological binary correlations that retrospectively predicted physical harm in the case notes, patients were 20 and 7 times more likely to have harmed themselves if they heard self-harm commands (i.e., directions to harm themselves physically) and perceived the voice as omnipotent, respectively.

• #45 Frontiers | A comprehensive review of auditory verbal hallucinations: lifetime prevalence, correlates and mechanisms in healthy and clinical individuals

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00367/full

  The prevalence of voice hearing in adult non-clinical populations is roughly the same as that in children, ranging from 10 to 15%. […] The persistence of AVH in childhood is reported to be indicative of a more severe underlying pathology. […] The presence of childhood AVH are concurrently associated with depression and anxiety. […] The persistence of AVH may be more likely to precipitate the need to generate explanations of the experiences as outlined above. […] The experience of trauma as a vulnerability factor leading to hallucinatory experiences has been illustrated from child populations through to adulthood. […] The experience of AVH is significantly more likely to occur after psychological trauma in clinical and non-clinical groups.

• #46 Reconceptualizing Psychosis: The Hearing Voices Movement and Social Approaches to Health – Health and Human Rights Journal

  https://www.hhrjournal.org/2020/06/18/reconceptualizing-psychosis-the-hearing-voices-movement-and-social-approaches-to-health/

  Recent reviews and meta-analyses likewise find a robust connection between childhood trauma, particularly abuse, and later psychosis. […] Mechanisms implicated in the relationship between adversity and psychosis are varied and include heightened stress reactivity, negative belief systems about the self and the world, a tendency to perceive events as externally controlled, and the learned anticipation of threat. […] This latter approach has found popularity within the HVM. […] Participants in “hearing voices groups” are encouraged to engage their voices as disowned parts of the self that contain difficult emotions, embody core beliefs about the self and the world, or represent the phantoms of past survival strategies. […] In light of the abundance of research linking adversity and psychosis, the difficulty in differentiating between psychotic and post-traumatic or dissociative diagnoses has become a concern.

• #47 Why are auditory hallucinations called 'Hearing Voices’?

  https://www.amplifon.com/uk/audiology-magazine/auditory-hallucinations

  Hearing loss. People with hearing loss in one or both ears can hear anything from sounds, music and voices that aren’t real. […] Intense stress. Severe stress, particularly following a traumatic injury, can cause auditory hallucinations. It is also especially common to hear the voice of a loved one after his or her recent death. […] Medicinal side effects. If you start having auditory hallucinations after starting a new therapy or increasing the dosage of a medication you are already taking, this may lead to auditory hallucinations, especially in the elderly.

• #48 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Hearing-Voices.aspx

  The phenomenon of hearing voices inside the head, which others cannot, can be categorized as a common form of auditory hallucination. Hallucination is the perception or sensation of voices that can be heard by a person when they are awake and gives the feeling of being real. […] Hearing voices is much more common than many people realise, and sometimes they have positive effects. […] There are many significant factors that can cause hearing voices. The major factors that contribute to this condition are stress, anxiety, depression, and traumatic experiences. […] In recent studies, researchers have analyzed the occurrence of auditory hallucinations in the human brain. […] There are several possible causes that may cause people to hear voices, including: traumatic incidents, assault or abuse, sleeplessness, result of drugs, death of a loved one, and voices in sleep.

• #49 Why are auditory hallucinations called 'Hearing Voices’?

  https://www.amplifon.com/uk/audiology-magazine/auditory-hallucinations

  Hearing loss. People with hearing loss in one or both ears can hear anything from sounds, music and voices that aren’t real. […] Intense stress. Severe stress, particularly following a traumatic injury, can cause auditory hallucinations. It is also especially common to hear the voice of a loved one after his or her recent death. […] Medicinal side effects. If you start having auditory hallucinations after starting a new therapy or increasing the dosage of a medication you are already taking, this may lead to auditory hallucinations, especially in the elderly.

• #50 Auditory hallucination – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_hallucination

  Auditory hallucinations have been known to manifest as a result of intense stress, sleep deprivation, and drug use. […] High caffeine consumption has been linked to an increase in the likelihood of experiencing auditory hallucinations. […] Research has found that auditory hallucinations and hallucinations more broadly are not necessarily a symptom of „severe mental health” and instead might be more commonplace than assumed and also experienced by people in the general population. […] The studies took place from 1894 to 2007 and the nine countries in which the studies took place were the United Kingdom, Philippines, United States, Sweden, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, and New Zealand.

• #51 Auditory hallucination – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_hallucination

  Auditory hallucinations have been known to manifest as a result of intense stress, sleep deprivation, and drug use. […] High caffeine consumption has been linked to an increase in the likelihood of experiencing auditory hallucinations. […] Research has found that auditory hallucinations and hallucinations more broadly are not necessarily a symptom of „severe mental health” and instead might be more commonplace than assumed and also experienced by people in the general population. […] The studies took place from 1894 to 2007 and the nine countries in which the studies took place were the United Kingdom, Philippines, United States, Sweden, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, and New Zealand.

• #52 Auditory hallucination – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_hallucination

  An auditory hallucination, or paracusia, is a form of hallucination that involves perceiving sounds without auditory stimulus. While experiencing an auditory hallucination, the affected person hears a sound or sounds that did not come from the natural environment. […] A common form of auditory hallucination involves hearing one or more voices without a speaker present, known as an auditory verbal hallucination. This may be associated with psychotic disorders, most notably schizophrenia, and this phenomenon is often used to diagnose these conditions. […] However, individuals without any psychiatric disease whatsoever may hear voices, including those under the influence of mind-altering substances, such as cannabis, cocaine, amphetamines, and PCP. […] In 2015 a small survey reported voice hearing in persons with a wide variety of DSM-5 diagnoses, including: Bipolar disorder, Borderline personality disorder, Depression (mixed), Dissociative identity disorder, Generalized anxiety disorder, Major depression, Obsessive compulsive disorder, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Psychosis (NOS), Schizoaffective disorder, Schizophrenia, Substance-induced psychosis, Delusional disorder (non-prominently).

• #53 Auditory hallucinations: Causes, types, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/auditory-hallucinations

  Research from 2017 notes that auditory hallucinations may also occur with alcohol or drug misuse. […] Treating and managing auditory hallucinations vary according to the underlying condition. […] If auditory hallucinations have associations with psychosis, treatment involves an antipsychotic medication. […] A 2018 case study states that not everyone with auditory verbal hallucinations responds to drug treatment. […] Health experts advise seeking medical help for any hallucinations. […] A person with auditory hallucinations hears voices, sounds, cries, or music that do not come from an external source. The kind involving voices is common in schizophrenia. However, auditory hallucinations may also stem from various other psychiatric and nonpsychiatric conditions. […] Treatment for auditory hallucinations depends on the cause.

• #54 Reconceptualizing Psychosis: The Hearing Voices Movement and Social Approaches to Health – Health and Human Rights Journal

  https://www.hhrjournal.org/2020/06/18/reconceptualizing-psychosis-the-hearing-voices-movement-and-social-approaches-to-health/

  The Hearing Voices Movement is an international grassroots movement that aims to shift public and professional attitudes toward experiences—such as hearing voices and seeing visions—that are generally associated with psychosis. […] The HVM searches for the underlying meaning of experiences such as hearing voices or seeing visions. […] Given that the HVM engages heavily with the social context of voices for the individuals who hear them, its proliferation has sparked clinical interest in cultural and relational models of psychosis. […] The cardinal significance of heredity in schizophrenia is now disputed. […] Poverty is just one facet of the panoply of social stressors now recognized as central to psychosis; other culprits include isolation, inequality, racial discrimination, food insecurity, and migrant status.

• #55 Exclusive First Read: 'Hallucinations,’ By Oliver Sacks : NPR

  https://www.npr.org/2012/10/24/163271304/exclusive-first-read-hallucinations-by-oliver-sacks

  Various explanations have been offered for why people hear voices, and different ones may apply in different circumstances. […] Auditory hallucinations may be associated with abnormal activation of the primary auditory cortex; this is a subject which needs much more investigation not only in those with psychosis but in the population at large. […] Some researchers have proposed that auditory hallucinations result from a failure to recognize internally generated speech as one’s own. […] Hearing noises hummings, mutterings, twitterings, rappings, rustlings, ringings, muffled voices is commonly associated with hearing problems. […] Although musical phrases or songs may be heard along with voices or other noises, a great many people „hear” only music or musical phrases. […] Musical hallucinations can intrude upon and even overwhelm perception; like tinnitus, they can be so loud as to make it impossible to hear someone speak.

• #56 Symptoms – Schizophrenia – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/symptoms/

  Hallucinations are where someone sees, hears, smells, tastes or feels things that do not exist outside their mind. The most common hallucination is hearing voices. […] Research using brain-scanning equipment shows changes in the speech area in the brains of people with schizophrenia when they hear voices. These studies show the experience of hearing voices as a real one, as if the brain mistakes thoughts for real voices.

• #57 Exclusive First Read: 'Hallucinations,’ By Oliver Sacks : NPR

  https://www.npr.org/2012/10/24/163271304/exclusive-first-read-hallucinations-by-oliver-sacks

  Various explanations have been offered for why people hear voices, and different ones may apply in different circumstances. […] Auditory hallucinations may be associated with abnormal activation of the primary auditory cortex; this is a subject which needs much more investigation not only in those with psychosis but in the population at large. […] Some researchers have proposed that auditory hallucinations result from a failure to recognize internally generated speech as one’s own. […] Hearing noises hummings, mutterings, twitterings, rappings, rustlings, ringings, muffled voices is commonly associated with hearing problems. […] Although musical phrases or songs may be heard along with voices or other noises, a great many people „hear” only music or musical phrases. […] Musical hallucinations can intrude upon and even overwhelm perception; like tinnitus, they can be so loud as to make it impossible to hear someone speak.

• #58 What happens in the brain when people with schizophrenia hear voices

  https://www.statnews.com/2024/10/03/schizophrenia-hallucination-voices-brain-process-research/

  What they found was that every person with schizophrenia displayed broken and noisy motor signals, and that the interplay of these wonky signals fed into each other and led to hallucinations. […] Tian said the teams follow-up experiments with larger sample sizes that further probe these mechanisms have corroborated the findings. […] If our theory is right, then using a noninvasive neuromodulation technique can alleviate the hallucinations.

• #59 Link Between Hallucinations and Dopamine Not Such a Mystery, Finds Study | Columbia University Department of Psychiatry

  https://www.columbiapsychiatry.org/news/link-between-hallucinations-and-dopamine-not-such-mystery-finds-study

  All people have some perceptual distortions, but these results suggest that excess dopamine can exacerbate our distorted perceptions, said Dr. Horga. Novel therapies should aim to improve the processing of contextual information by targeting the dopamine system or downstream pathways associated with modulation of perceptual processing, which likely include the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex.

• #60 Link Between Hallucinations and Dopamine Not Such a Mystery, Finds Study | Columbia University Department of Psychiatry

  https://www.columbiapsychiatry.org/news/link-between-hallucinations-and-dopamine-not-such-mystery-finds-study

  New York, NY (February 16, 2018) Researchers at Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC) and New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI) found that people with schizophrenia who experience auditory hallucinations tend to hear what they expect, an exaggerated version of a perceptual distortion that is common among other people without hallucinations. […] The findings, published recently in Current Biology, explain why treatments targeting the production of dopamine could help alleviate this condition. […] In individuals with schizophrenia, this process appears to be altered, leading to extreme perceptual distortions, such as hearing voices that are not there. […] Patients with hallucinations tended to perceive sounds in a way that was more similar to what they had been cued to expect, even when sensory expectations were less reliable and illusions weakened in healthy participants.

• #61 Understanding Reality: What Hallucinations Reveal – The Atlantic

  https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2018/10/hallucinations-hearing-voices-reality-debate/571819/

  Experiences like hearing voices are leading psychologists to question how all people perceive reality. […] A survey in the early 1990s found that 10 to 15 percent of the population of the United States experienced vivid sensory hallucinations at some point in their lives. […] Scientists have begun to take seriously the idea that voice hearing and other forms of auditory hallucination can be benign or nonclinical. […] Corlett and Powers see this experiment as evidence for their perspective on how people understand the world around them. […] This example, Corlett says, builds the case that auditory hallucinations are linked to the processes of expectation and prediction. […] For some people, hallucinations can be more persistent and disturbing. […] The science of how these hallucinated touches, sounds, and sights manifest in the mind is still unclear. […] So far, the research has focused on auditory hallucinations. […] Hallucinations can be very distressing and debilitating. They can also be neutral or positive, Fernyhough says. A better understanding of how they occur and how they can be managed could alleviate a great deal of mental distress.

• #62 Auditory hallucinations across the lifespan: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/auditory-hallucinations-across-the-lifespan-a-systematic-review-and-metaanalysis/59BA9936F451CA2CBDF38B2B225175EF

  Auditory Hallucinations (AH) are nowadays regarded as symptoms following a continuum; from a (transient) phenomenon in healthy individuals on one end to a symptom of (psychiatric) illnesses at the other. […] An accumulating number of epidemiological studies focused on the prevalence of AH in the general population, but results vary widely. […] The current meta-analysis aims to synthesize existing evidence on lifetime prevalence of AH across the lifespan. […] Mean lifetime prevalence rate of AH was 9.6% (95% CI 6.713.6%). […] The mean lifetime prevalence was similar in children (12.7%) and adolescents (12.4%), but these two groups differed significantly from the adults (5.8%) and the elderly (4.5%). […] Current meta-analysis shows that AH are quite common (up to one in ten individuals) in the general population during lifetime, with children and adolescents reporting these experiences significantly more often compared with adults and elderly. […] Large follow-up studies on the longitudinal course of AH are needed to reveal associated risk and resilience factors.

• #63 Frontiers | A comprehensive review of auditory verbal hallucinations: lifetime prevalence, correlates and mechanisms in healthy and clinical individuals

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00367/full

  A comprehensive review of auditory verbal hallucinations: lifetime prevalence, correlates and mechanisms in healthy and clinical individuals […] Over the years, the prevalence of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) have been documented across the lifespan in varied contexts, and with a range of potential long-term outcomes. […] Epidemiological studies have estimated the prevalence of AVH to be between 5 and 28% in the general population. […] AVH are at their most prevalent in diagnosed psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder but also occur in other disorders including bipolar disorder, substance intoxication and organic dementias. […] AVH in children, like adults, are prevalent in both clinical and non-clinical populations. […] A prevalence of 8% for AVH has also been found in a cohort of 11-year old children.

• #64 Frontiers | A comprehensive review of auditory verbal hallucinations: lifetime prevalence, correlates and mechanisms in healthy and clinical individuals

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00367/full

  The prevalence of voice hearing in adult non-clinical populations is roughly the same as that in children, ranging from 10 to 15%. […] The persistence of AVH in childhood is reported to be indicative of a more severe underlying pathology. […] The presence of childhood AVH are concurrently associated with depression and anxiety. […] The persistence of AVH may be more likely to precipitate the need to generate explanations of the experiences as outlined above. […] The experience of trauma as a vulnerability factor leading to hallucinatory experiences has been illustrated from child populations through to adulthood. […] The experience of AVH is significantly more likely to occur after psychological trauma in clinical and non-clinical groups.

• #65 Frontiers | A comprehensive review of auditory verbal hallucinations: lifetime prevalence, correlates and mechanisms in healthy and clinical individuals

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00367/full

  The prevalence of voice hearing in adult non-clinical populations is roughly the same as that in children, ranging from 10 to 15%. […] The persistence of AVH in childhood is reported to be indicative of a more severe underlying pathology. […] The presence of childhood AVH are concurrently associated with depression and anxiety. […] The persistence of AVH may be more likely to precipitate the need to generate explanations of the experiences as outlined above. […] The experience of trauma as a vulnerability factor leading to hallucinatory experiences has been illustrated from child populations through to adulthood. […] The experience of AVH is significantly more likely to occur after psychological trauma in clinical and non-clinical groups.

• #66

  https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/Hearing-Voices-and-Seeing-Things-102.aspx

  Children who hear voices telling them to do bad things often have behavior problems. Voices that refer to suicide or dying may occur in children who are depressed. The content of a hallucination may help us understand what type of illness a child is having. Children who see things that are not there may be very anxious or depressed. […] If you are concerned, speak with your family physician or pediatrician. They may be able to help or will be able to refer you to a child and adolescent psychiatrist who is trained to evaluate, diagnose, and treat children with emotional and behavior problems.

• #67 Hallucinations | 5-Minute Emergency Consult

  https://emergency.unboundmedicine.com/emergency/view/5-Minute_Emergency_Consult/307655/all/Hallucinations

  Hallucinations and similar phenomena are often defined as follows: […] Incidence and prevalence estimates: […] Lifetime incidence of auditory hallucinations is 48% in general population (although some estimates are higher due to vague definitions or inclusion of pseudohallucinations) […] More than 50% of elderly patients with dementia have paranoia or hallucinations.

• #68 Clinical Features of Auditory Hallucinations in Patients With Dementia With Lewy Bodies: A Soundtrack of Visual Hallucinations

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/auditory-hallucinations-in-dementia-with-lewy-bodies/

  Auditory hallucinations are an important symptom for diagnosing dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), yet they have received less attention than visual hallucinations. […] We investigated the clinical features of auditory hallucinations and the possible mechanisms by which they arise in patients with DLB. […] Of the 124 patients, 44 (35.5%) had auditory hallucinations and 75 (60.5%) had visual hallucinations. […] The majority of patients (90.9%) with auditory hallucinations also had visual hallucinations. […] Auditory hallucinations consist mostly of human voices, and 90% of patients described them as like hearing a soundtrack of the scene. […] Multiple logistic regression showed that the presence of auditory hallucinations was significantly associated with female sex (P = .04) and hearing impairment (P = .004).

• #69 Clinical Features of Auditory Hallucinations in Patients With Dementia With Lewy Bodies: A Soundtrack of Visual Hallucinations

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/auditory-hallucinations-in-dementia-with-lewy-bodies/

  The analysis also revealed independent correlations between the presence of auditory hallucinations and visual hallucinations (P .001), phantom boarder delusions (P = .001), and depression (P = .038). […] Auditory hallucinations are common neuropsychiatric symptoms in DLB and usually appear as a background soundtrack accompanying visual hallucinations. […] Auditory hallucinations in patients with DLB are more likely to occur in women and those with impaired hearing, depression, delusions, or visual hallucinations.

• #70 Auditory hallucinations in adults with hearing impairment: a large prevalence study | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/auditory-hallucinations-in-adults-with-hearing-impairment-a-large-prevalence-study/36CABDC0AE1FF750CF07C9C63C50E2E0

  Auditory hallucinations are often suggested to occur in adults with hearing impairment. […] This observational, cross-sectional study tested whether auditory hallucinations are associated with hearing impairment, by assessing their prevalence in an adult population with various degrees of objectified hearing impairment. […] Out of 829 participants with hearing impairment, 16.2% (n = 134) had experienced auditory hallucinations in the past 4 weeks; significantly more than the non-impaired group [5.8%; n = 10/173; p 0.001, odds ratio 3.2 (95% confidence interval 1.66.2)]. […] Prevalence of auditory hallucinations significantly increased with categorized severity of impairment, with rates up to 24% in the most profoundly impaired group (p 0.001). […] Our findings reveal that auditory hallucinations are common among patients with hearing impairment, and increase with impairment severity. […] Clinicians should be aware of this phenomenon, by inquiring after hallucinations in hearing-impaired patients and, conversely, assessing hearing impairment in patients with auditory hallucinations, since it may be a treatable factor.

• #71 The Impact of Deafness on Hallucinations and Delusions – Psychiatry Advisor

  https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/features/the-impact-of-deafness-on-hallucinations-and-delusions/

  An improved understanding of the content and topography of hallucinations among individuals who are deaf is particularly important since clinicians have made some misinterpretations with regard to deaf peoples experiences of hallucinations. […] Early diagnosis and treatment of hearing loss is also important to help prevent psychosis. […] More robust data on the topography and content of hallucinations and delusions can reveal how psychosis is shaped by experiences that are unique to those with a hearing impairment.

• #72 Auditory hallucinations in adults with hearing impairment: a large prevalence study | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/auditory-hallucinations-in-adults-with-hearing-impairment-a-large-prevalence-study/36CABDC0AE1FF750CF07C9C63C50E2E0

  Auditory hallucinations are often suggested to occur in adults with hearing impairment. […] This observational, cross-sectional study tested whether auditory hallucinations are associated with hearing impairment, by assessing their prevalence in an adult population with various degrees of objectified hearing impairment. […] Out of 829 participants with hearing impairment, 16.2% (n = 134) had experienced auditory hallucinations in the past 4 weeks; significantly more than the non-impaired group [5.8%; n = 10/173; p 0.001, odds ratio 3.2 (95% confidence interval 1.66.2)]. […] Prevalence of auditory hallucinations significantly increased with categorized severity of impairment, with rates up to 24% in the most profoundly impaired group (p 0.001). […] Our findings reveal that auditory hallucinations are common among patients with hearing impairment, and increase with impairment severity. […] Clinicians should be aware of this phenomenon, by inquiring after hallucinations in hearing-impaired patients and, conversely, assessing hearing impairment in patients with auditory hallucinations, since it may be a treatable factor.

• #73 The Role of Verbal Auditory Hallucinations in Influencing and Retrospectively Predicting Physical Harm Prevalence in Early Psychosis

  https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/20/ELOCATOR/e17450179286452/FULLTEXT/

  Hearing voices during the early course of psychosis is associated with poorer overall mental health and worse functioning. […] Risk assessment is a core part of the care package offered to those under the care of Early Intervention in Psychosis Services (EIPS). […] When trying to identify what aspects of psychosis are associated with violence, hearing distressing voices is considered to elevate the likelihood of actual violence. […] A subtype of the voice-hearing experience, command hallucinations, has been identified as particularly risky, where these acts of violence represent compliance with their voices. […] A review found that a pooled estimate of 18.4% of patients had engaged in self-harm prior to their FEP, with fewer (9.8%) cases of self-harming during the first year of their psychosis.

• #74 The Role of Verbal Auditory Hallucinations in Influencing and Retrospectively Predicting Physical Harm Prevalence in Early Psychosis

  https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/20/ELOCATOR/e17450179286452/FULLTEXT/

  Hearing voices during the early course of psychosis is associated with poorer overall mental health and worse functioning. […] Risk assessment is a core part of the care package offered to those under the care of Early Intervention in Psychosis Services (EIPS). […] When trying to identify what aspects of psychosis are associated with violence, hearing distressing voices is considered to elevate the likelihood of actual violence. […] A subtype of the voice-hearing experience, command hallucinations, has been identified as particularly risky, where these acts of violence represent compliance with their voices. […] A review found that a pooled estimate of 18.4% of patients had engaged in self-harm prior to their FEP, with fewer (9.8%) cases of self-harming during the first year of their psychosis.

• #75 The Role of Verbal Auditory Hallucinations in Influencing and Retrospectively Predicting Physical Harm Prevalence in Early Psychosis

  https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/20/ELOCATOR/e17450179286452/FULLTEXT/

  Hearing voices in the context of psychosis is associated with increased suicidal thoughts and attempts and self-harm. […] Command hallucinations specifically have been implicated as elevating the risk of self-harm and suicidality. […] The three areas that we suggest requiring further exploration are the need to move beyond past epidemiologically correlative research to explore the causal influence of voices, the relationship between a multitude of voice-related risk factors and physical harm in a single analysis, and for the conceptualisation of physical harm to be broadened to include wider domains. […] The data from this QIP has provided an opportunity to address these gaps in the literature. […] The aims of the present project are: (1) To determine the prevalence of potential and actual incidents of physical harm in a single EIPS and the typology of this physical harm, where the health record indicates that voices were causal to the physical harm; (2) To identify what evidence-based risk factors of the voice-hearing experience are associated with actual incidents of harm amongst patients with early-course psychosis.

• #76 The Role of Verbal Auditory Hallucinations in Influencing and Retrospectively Predicting Physical Harm Prevalence in Early Psychosis

  https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/20/ELOCATOR/e17450179286452/FULLTEXT/

  Hearing voices in the context of psychosis is associated with increased suicidal thoughts and attempts and self-harm. […] Command hallucinations specifically have been implicated as elevating the risk of self-harm and suicidality. […] The three areas that we suggest requiring further exploration are the need to move beyond past epidemiologically correlative research to explore the causal influence of voices, the relationship between a multitude of voice-related risk factors and physical harm in a single analysis, and for the conceptualisation of physical harm to be broadened to include wider domains. […] The data from this QIP has provided an opportunity to address these gaps in the literature. […] The aims of the present project are: (1) To determine the prevalence of potential and actual incidents of physical harm in a single EIPS and the typology of this physical harm, where the health record indicates that voices were causal to the physical harm; (2) To identify what evidence-based risk factors of the voice-hearing experience are associated with actual incidents of harm amongst patients with early-course psychosis.

• #77 Are Auditory Hallucinations Ever Normal? | 2019-07-03 | CARLAT PUBLISHING

  https://www.thecarlatreport.com/articles/2965-are-auditory-hallucinations-ever-normal-

  When questionnaires are used to survey the general population about hearing a voice as if someone had spoken when no one was there or hearing voices that other people said did not exist, about 5%15% report AH at some point in their lives. […] A more conservative estimate is that healthy voice-hearers make up 1%3% of the population worldwide. […] Although AH in people without mental disorders can be normal, theres reason to think they warrant clinical monitoring. […] A recent prospective study followed healthy voice-hearers who had no mental illness and didnt need mental health treatment at baseline. After 5 years, 40% of the sample went on to require care and were eventually diagnosed with a range of mental disorders, including not only psychotic disorders but also bipolar disorder, depression, PTSD, ADHD, and autism.

• #78 Are Auditory Hallucinations Ever Normal? | 2019-07-03 | CARLAT PUBLISHING

  https://www.thecarlatreport.com/articles/2965-are-auditory-hallucinations-ever-normal-

  When asking patients about voice-hearing, you should first distinguish between AH and other non-hallucinatory experiences. […] When voices sound like genuine hallucinations, but are non-distressing and occur without other psychiatric symptoms, no intervention may be necessary. […] However, for patients in their teens or early twenties with a family history of psychosis or personal history of drug use (including cannabis), careful monitoring is in order. […] Finally, when patients with psychotic disorders like schizophrenia report distressing AH, an antipsychotic trial is clearly indicated. […] Hallucinations are like coughs. They range in severity from normal and insignificant to a pathological symptom of a life-threatening disease like schizophrenia.

• #79 The Propensity to Hear “Voices” in Schizophrenia May Be Established by Infancy, Many Years Before Symptom Onset | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/about/newsroom/2019/the-propensity-to-hear-voices-in-schizophrenia-may-be-established-by-infancy-many-years-before-symptom-onset

  Some people suffering from severe mental illness, particularly schizophrenia, hear “voices,” known as auditory hallucinations. This symptom, which afflicts more than 80% of patients, is among the most prevalent and distressing symptoms of schizophrenia. […] Uncovering the biological origins of auditory hallucinations is essential for reducing their contribution to the disease burden of schizophrenia. […] The study findings suggest that the vulnerability to develop “voices” is probably established many years before symptoms begin. […] According to the authors, in addition to helping doctors spot people who are likely to experience hallucinations before the symptoms appear or become severe, the auditory cortex may be an area of consideration for novel neurmodulation methods to help patients who already have symptoms. […] The study was supported by the National Institutes of Mental Health, the National Cancer Institute, The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development, the Stanley Foundation and the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation.

• #80 The Propensity to Hear “Voices” in Schizophrenia May Be Established by Infancy, Many Years Before Symptom Onset | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/about/newsroom/2019/the-propensity-to-hear-voices-in-schizophrenia-may-be-established-by-infancy-many-years-before-symptom-onset

  Some people suffering from severe mental illness, particularly schizophrenia, hear “voices,” known as auditory hallucinations. This symptom, which afflicts more than 80% of patients, is among the most prevalent and distressing symptoms of schizophrenia. […] Uncovering the biological origins of auditory hallucinations is essential for reducing their contribution to the disease burden of schizophrenia. […] The study findings suggest that the vulnerability to develop “voices” is probably established many years before symptoms begin. […] According to the authors, in addition to helping doctors spot people who are likely to experience hallucinations before the symptoms appear or become severe, the auditory cortex may be an area of consideration for novel neurmodulation methods to help patients who already have symptoms. […] The study was supported by the National Institutes of Mental Health, the National Cancer Institute, The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development, the Stanley Foundation and the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation.

• #81 The Propensity to Hear “Voices” in Schizophrenia May Be Established by Infancy, Many Years Before Symptom Onset | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/about/newsroom/2019/the-propensity-to-hear-voices-in-schizophrenia-may-be-established-by-infancy-many-years-before-symptom-onset

  Some people suffering from severe mental illness, particularly schizophrenia, hear “voices,” known as auditory hallucinations. This symptom, which afflicts more than 80% of patients, is among the most prevalent and distressing symptoms of schizophrenia. […] Uncovering the biological origins of auditory hallucinations is essential for reducing their contribution to the disease burden of schizophrenia. […] The study findings suggest that the vulnerability to develop “voices” is probably established many years before symptoms begin. […] According to the authors, in addition to helping doctors spot people who are likely to experience hallucinations before the symptoms appear or become severe, the auditory cortex may be an area of consideration for novel neurmodulation methods to help patients who already have symptoms. […] The study was supported by the National Institutes of Mental Health, the National Cancer Institute, The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development, the Stanley Foundation and the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation.

• #82 Auditory hallucinations across the lifespan: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/auditory-hallucinations-across-the-lifespan-a-systematic-review-and-metaanalysis/59BA9936F451CA2CBDF38B2B225175EF

  Auditory Hallucinations (AH) are nowadays regarded as symptoms following a continuum; from a (transient) phenomenon in healthy individuals on one end to a symptom of (psychiatric) illnesses at the other. […] An accumulating number of epidemiological studies focused on the prevalence of AH in the general population, but results vary widely. […] The current meta-analysis aims to synthesize existing evidence on lifetime prevalence of AH across the lifespan. […] Mean lifetime prevalence rate of AH was 9.6% (95% CI 6.713.6%). […] The mean lifetime prevalence was similar in children (12.7%) and adolescents (12.4%), but these two groups differed significantly from the adults (5.8%) and the elderly (4.5%). […] Current meta-analysis shows that AH are quite common (up to one in ten individuals) in the general population during lifetime, with children and adolescents reporting these experiences significantly more often compared with adults and elderly. […] Large follow-up studies on the longitudinal course of AH are needed to reveal associated risk and resilience factors.

• #83 The Impact of Deafness on Hallucinations and Delusions – Psychiatry Advisor

  https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/features/the-impact-of-deafness-on-hallucinations-and-delusions/

  An improved understanding of the content and topography of hallucinations among individuals who are deaf is particularly important since clinicians have made some misinterpretations with regard to deaf peoples experiences of hallucinations. […] Early diagnosis and treatment of hearing loss is also important to help prevent psychosis. […] More robust data on the topography and content of hallucinations and delusions can reveal how psychosis is shaped by experiences that are unique to those with a hearing impairment.

• #84 Exclusive First Read: 'Hallucinations,’ By Oliver Sacks : NPR

  https://www.npr.org/2012/10/24/163271304/exclusive-first-read-hallucinations-by-oliver-sacks

  Various explanations have been offered for why people hear voices, and different ones may apply in different circumstances. […] Auditory hallucinations may be associated with abnormal activation of the primary auditory cortex; this is a subject which needs much more investigation not only in those with psychosis but in the population at large. […] Some researchers have proposed that auditory hallucinations result from a failure to recognize internally generated speech as one’s own. […] Hearing noises hummings, mutterings, twitterings, rappings, rustlings, ringings, muffled voices is commonly associated with hearing problems. […] Although musical phrases or songs may be heard along with voices or other noises, a great many people „hear” only music or musical phrases. […] Musical hallucinations can intrude upon and even overwhelm perception; like tinnitus, they can be so loud as to make it impossible to hear someone speak.

• #85 How Does the Brain Hear Voices That Aren’t Really There? | NYU Shanghai

  https://shanghai.nyu.edu/news/how-does-brain-hear-voices-arent-really-there

  Auditory hallucinations can be experienced by healthy individuals, but they are also often a serious symptom for those with mental disorders, particularly schizophrenia. […] Tians study was the first to use electroencephalogram (EEG) experiments on patients diagnosed with schizophrenia to test the proposed mechanism behind auditory hallucinations. […] The results confirmed the lack of a suppression signal (the broken CD) in patients with auditory hallucinations when preparing to speak, as well as an enhanced but not precise response (the noisy EC) that made them hear sounds. […] This study provides fresh insights, offering a more profound understanding that could shape therapeutic and intervention approaches. […] The researchers hope that as our understanding of these processes advances, new treatment options beyond the current mainstream use of drugs can be introduced for patients with schizophrenia.

• #86 Stanford researcher: Hallucinatory 'voices’ shaped by local culture | Stanford Report

  https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2014/07/voices-culture-luhrmann-071614

  People suffering from schizophrenia may hear voices auditory hallucinations differently depending on their cultural context, according to new Stanford research. […] The experience of hearing voices is complex and varies from person to person, according to Luhrmann. […] The findings revealed that hearing voices was broadly similar across all three cultures, according to Luhrmann. […] The striking difference was that while many of the African and Indian subjects registered predominantly positive experiences with their voices, not one American did. […] The Americans experienced voices as bombardment and as symptoms of a brain disease caused by genes or trauma. […] In Accra, Ghana, where the culture accepts that disembodied spirits can talk, few subjects described voices in brain disease terms. […] The research, Luhrmann observed, suggests that the harsh, violent voices so common in the West may not be an inevitable feature of schizophrenia. […] The findings may be clinically significant, according to the researchers.

• #87 Reconceptualizing Psychosis: The Hearing Voices Movement and Social Approaches to Health – Health and Human Rights Journal

  https://www.hhrjournal.org/2020/06/18/reconceptualizing-psychosis-the-hearing-voices-movement-and-social-approaches-to-health/

  The HVM takes a depathologizing approach to those experiences gathered under the term “psychosis,” arguing that phenomena such as voices and visions fall on the spectrum of human diversity and need not be understood through a disease lens. […] It is critical that discussions about the causes and significance of psychosis borrowing from the HVM not overlook the role of present-day economic injustice, gendered and racialized violence, and so on. […] The HVM has fueled a move toward new ways for voice hearers to reflect on and engage with their experiences, with promising implications for the provision of services for this demographic.

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