Gist (guz podścieliskowy przewodu pokarmowego)
Etiologia i przyczyny

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) to nowotwór wywodzący się z przewodu pokarmowego, powstający najczęściej w wyniku mutacji somatycznych w genach KIT (75-80% przypadków) i PDGFRA (5-10%). Mutacje te prowadzą do konstytutywnej aktywacji receptorów kinazy tyrozynowej, co skutkuje niekontrolowanym wzrostem komórek. Najczęstsze mutacje w genie KIT dotyczą eksonu 11 (~90%), a w PDGFRA eksonów 12, 14 i 18, z mutacją D842V w PDGFRA (~8%) wiążącą się z opornością na imatynib. Około 10-15% GIST to guzy typu „dzikiego” bez mutacji KIT/PDGFRA, często związane z mutacjami w genach SDH, NF1, BRAF i innych. GIST występuje głównie u osób powyżej 50. roku życia, z nieco wyższą częstością u mężczyzn, a rzadko u dzieci, gdzie dominują guzy typu dzikiego i SDH-niedoborowe, wykazujące oporność na standardowe inhibitory kinazy tyrozynowej.

Etiologia guza podścieliskowego przewodu pokarmowego (GIST)

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), w języku polskim znany jako guz podścieliskowy przewodu pokarmowego, to rzadki typ nowotworu wywodzący się z przewodu pokarmowego. Nowotwór ten pochodzi najprawdopodobniej z komórek nazywanych śródmiąższowymi komórkami Cajala (ICC) lub ich prekursorów, które znajdują się w ścianie przewodu pokarmowego i odpowiadają za regulację perystaltyki jelit12. Dokładna przyczyna rozwoju GIST pozostaje w większości przypadków nieznana, a badacze wciąż próbują zrozumieć, co prowadzi do powstania tych nowotworów34.

Mutacje genetyczne jako główny mechanizm powstawania GIST

Głównym czynnikiem odpowiedzialnym za rozwój GIST są zmiany genetyczne prowadzące do niekontrolowanego podziału komórkowego. Mutacje genetyczne dotyczą przede wszystkim dwóch genów kodujących receptory kinazy tyrozynowej5:

  • Mutacje genu KIT – występują w około 75-80% przypadków GIST. Gen KIT koduje receptor błonowy (CD117) dla czynnika wzrostu komórek macierzystych67.
  • Mutacje genu PDGFRA (Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha) – występują w około 5-10% przypadków GIST. Mutacje te powodują nadmierną produkcję białka PDGFRA89.

10

Mutacje genów KIT i PDGFRA prowadzą do stałej aktywacji kodowanych przez nie receptorów kinazy tyrozynowej, co skutkuje konstytutywnym (ciągłym) przekazywaniem sygnałów stymulujących wzrost i przeżycie komórek, bez konieczności wiązania liganda11. W normalnych warunkach aktywacja tych receptorów jest ściśle regulowana i wymaga przyłączenia specyficznego czynnika wzrostu. Mutacje prowadzą do niezależnej od liganda aktywacji, co powoduje niekontrolowane namnażanie się komórek i tworzenie guza1213.

Typy mutacji w GIST

Mutacje w genie KIT najczęściej (około 90%) występują w eksonie 11, rzadziej w eksonie 9 (8%), a sporadycznie w eksonach 13 i 17 (po około 1%)14. Z kolei mutacje w genie PDGFRA występują najczęściej w eksonach 12, 14 i 1815. Mutacja D842V w genie PDGFRA (występująca w około 8% przypadków GIST) wiąże się z opornością na imatynib i inne standardowe inhibitory kinazy tyrozynowej16.

Około 10-15% przypadków GIST nie wykazuje mutacji w genach KIT ani PDGFRA – są to tzw. guzy typu „dzikiego” (wild-type)17. W tych przypadkach odkryto inne mutacje genetyczne, m.in. w genach1819:

20

W GIST typu SDH-niedoborowego, dysfunkcja enzymu dehydrogenazy bursztynianowej prowadzi do akumulacji bursztynianu w komórkach. Nadmiar bursztynianu uruchamia szlaki wzrostu komórkowego, co prowadzi do nieprawidłowego wzrostu komórek i tworzenia guza21.

GIST sporadyczny vs. dziedziczny

Zdecydowana większość (około 97%) przypadków GIST ma charakter sporadyczny, co oznacza, że mutacje powstają losowo w ciągu życia osoby i nie są dziedziczone2223. Te spontaniczne mutacje są określane jako somatyczne lub nabyte24.

Jedynie w niewielkim odsetku przypadków GIST występuje rodzinnie, jako dziedziczna forma nowotworu. W tych rzadkich przypadkach mutacje w genach KIT lub PDGFRA są obecne w komórkach germinalnych i mogą być przekazywane z pokolenia na pokolenie2526. U pacjentów z dziedzicznymi mutacjami germinalnych genów KIT obserwuje się liczne GIST w młodszym wieku, jednak rodzinne GIST charakteryzują się zwykle lepszym rokowaniem i nie wiążą się ze skróceniem przeżycia27.

GIST w zespołach genetycznych

Mniej niż 5% przypadków GIST występuje w ramach wrodzonych zespołów genetycznych2829. Do najważniejszych zespołów związanych z GIST należą:

  • Neurofibromatoza typu 1 (NF1, choroba von Recklinghausena) – dziedziczna choroba spowodowana mutacją genu NF1, zwiększająca ryzyko rozwoju GIST, szczególnie w jelicie cienkim. Guzy te często są mnogie, małe, o niskiej aktywności mitotycznej i klinicznie indolentne303132.
  • Zespół Carneya-Stratakisa – rzadka dziedziczna choroba związana z mutacją germinalną w genach kompleksu dehydrogenazy bursztynianowej (SDH). Pacjenci mają wysokie ryzyko rozwoju GIST żołądka w młodym wieku oraz przyzwojaków3334.
  • Triada Carneya – rzadki niedziedziczny zespół obejmujący mnogie GIST żołądka u młodych kobiet, przyzwojaki i chrzęstniakomięsaki płuc. Patogeneza molekularna związana jest z epigenetyczną inaktywacją SDHC poprzez hipermetylację3536.
  • Rodzinny zespół GIST – bardzo rzadki zespół związany z dziedziczną mutacją genów KIT lub PDGFRA3738.

Czynniki ryzyka GIST

W przeciwieństwie do wielu innych nowotworów, nie zidentyfikowano dotychczas istotnych czynników ryzyka związanych ze stylem życia czy środowiskiem, które przyczyniałyby się do rozwoju GIST3940. Jedynie niektóre badania sugerują potencjalny związek z ekspozycją na pewne chemikalia, w tym chlorek winylu41, jednak związek ten nie został jednoznacznie potwierdzony.

Do znanych czynników ryzyka rozwoju GIST należą4243:

  • Wiek – GIST występuje najczęściej u osób powyżej 50. roku życia, ze średnią wieku diagnozy 60-65 lat. Są rzadkie u dzieci44.
  • Płeć – GIST występuje nieco częściej u mężczyzn niż u kobiet45.
  • Genetyczne zespoły związane z GIST – opisane powyżej.
  • Rodzinne występowanie GIST – osoby z krewnymi, u których zdiagnozowano GIST, mogą mieć zwiększone ryzyko rozwoju tego nowotworu46.

Niektóre badania sugerują również, że wcześniejsza ekspozycja na chemioterapię lub radioterapię może zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju GIST, szczególnie u osób, które przeszły leczenie z powodu innych nowotworów4748.

GIST u dzieci i młodych dorosłych

GIST u dzieci i młodych dorosłych (pediatryczny GIST) różni się od GIST u dorosłych pod względem cech klinicznych, genetycznych i patologicznych49. Około 85% pediatrycznych GIST to guzy typu dzikiego, często charakteryzujące się mutacjami lub wyciszeniem genów kompleksu SDH50. Rzadka forma GIST określana jako SDH-niedoborowa występuje częściej w dzieciństwie lub wczesnej dorosłości i częściej dotyka kobiety niż mężczyzn51.

W przeciwieństwie do GIST u dorosłych, pediatryczne przypadki rzadko wykazują mutacje KIT lub PDGFRA, a zamiast tego mogą wykazywać nieprawidłowości w kompleksie SDH lub innych unikalnych markerach genetycznych52. Ta odrębność molekularna ma istotne implikacje terapeutyczne, ponieważ pediatryczne GIST często wykazują oporność na standardowe inhibitory kinazy tyrozynowej, takie jak imatynib53.

Obecny stan wiedzy na temat etiologii GIST

Pomimo znaczącego postępu w zrozumieniu biologii molekularnej GIST, dokładne przyczyny leżące u podstaw mutacji prowadzących do rozwoju tych nowotworów pozostają w dużej mierze nieznane5455. Wiadomo, że kluczową rolę odgrywają mutacje w genach KIT i PDGFRA, prowadzące do konstytutywnej aktywacji szlaków sygnałowych promujących proliferację i przeżycie komórek56.

Większość GIST rozwija się spontanicznie bez jasno określonej przyczyny (sporadyczne GIST), a jedynie niewielki odsetek jest związany z dziedzicznymi zespołami genetycznymi57. Dokładne mechanizmy prowadzące do powstania mutacji somatycznych pozostają nieznane – mogą to być losowe zdarzenia zachodzące wewnątrz komórek, które niestety prowadzą do rozwoju nowotworu58.

Badania dotyczące mikro-GIST (małych, subklinicznych zmian) sugerują, że mutacje genów kinazy występują bardzo wcześnie w procesie powstawania GIST, jednak same mutacje prawdopodobnie nie są wystarczające do progresji do klinicznie istotnej zmiany59. Inne zmiany genetyczne, takie jak utrata potencjalnych genów supresorowych nowotworów na ramionach chromosomów 14q i 22q, mogą odgrywać rolę w progresji klinicznej GIST6061.

Ze względu na brak zidentyfikowanych czynników ryzyka związanych ze stylem życia lub środowiskiem, nie istnieją obecnie znane metody zapobiegania GIST6263. Jedynymi znanymi czynnikami ryzyka są starszy wiek i określone rzadkie dziedziczne zespoły genetyczne, które nie podlegają modyfikacji64.

Zrozumienie etiologii GIST ma kluczowe znaczenie dla opracowania skutecznych terapii celowanych. Identyfikacja biologicznego czynnika sprawczego, czyli aktywujących mutacji w genach KIT i PDGFRA, dostarczyła cel terapeutyczny dla leczenia GIST65. Dalsze badania nad molekularnymi mechanizmami GIST i identyfikacja innych czynników przyczyniających się do ich rozwoju mogą prowadzić do opracowania bardziej skutecznych strategii leczenia i potencjalnie do metod zapobiegania tym nowotworom w przyszłości.

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  1. 16.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Gastrointestinal stromal tumor: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumor/
    A gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a type of tumor that occurs in the gastrointestinal tract, most commonly in the stomach or small intestine. This type of tumor is thought to grow from specialized cells found in the gastrointestinal tract called interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) or precursors to these cells. […] Genetic changes in one of several genes are involved in the formation of GISTs. About 80 percent of cases are associated with a mutation in the KIT gene, and about 10 percent of cases are associated with a mutation in the PDGFRA gene. Mutations in the KIT and PDGFRA genes are associated with both familial and sporadic GISTs. […] Mutations in the KIT and PDGFRA genes lead to proteins that no longer require ligand binding to be activated. As a result, the proteins and the signaling pathways are constantly turned on (constitutively activated), which increases the proliferation and survival of cells and leads to the formation of tumors.
  • #2 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
    https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumors-gist
    GISTs begin when genetic mutations occur in certain genes, leading to uncontrolled cell growth. Over time, this uncontrolled cell growth leads to the formation of tumors. Around 75 to 80% of GIST cases have a mutation in a gene called KIT, and in 5 to 10% of cases, there is a mutation in another gene known as PDGFRA. Less commonly, additional gene mutations are involved. […] Certain risk factors for GISTs have been identified, including: Familial GIST syndromes (inheriting mutations in certain genes, in particular in KIT or PDGFRA), Certain other inherited syndromes (e.g., neurofibromatosis type 1 [NF1], Carney-Stratakis syndrome), Carneys triad. In the vast majority of cases, however, GISTs are sporadic, meaning they arise in people who have not inherited variants of genes known to increase their chances of developing these tumors.
  • #3 Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumors/symptoms-causes/syc-20579528
    A gastrointestinal stromal tumor often isn’t known. […] The cause of most GISTs isn’t known. […] A GIST starts when nerve cells in the digestive system develop changes in their DNA. […] In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. […] The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. […] Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. […] This causes too many cells.
  • #4 What Causes Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors? | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumor/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html
    Researchers do not know exactly what causes most gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). But great progress has been made in learning how certain changes in DNA can cause normal cells to become cancer cells. […] The gene changes that lead to most GISTs are now understood, but its still not clear why these changes occur. There are no known lifestyle-related or environmental risk factors for GIST. Some of the gene changes that lead to GISTs might have causes that havent been found yet, but many of these changes may just be random events that sometimes happen inside cells that unfortunately lead to cancer. […] A small number of families have GISTs that are caused by a gene mutation passed down from parent to child. […] But most gene mutations related to GISTs are not inherited. These changes occur for no apparent reason, and are called acquired or sporadic.
  • #5 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI
    https://www.cancer.gov/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/hp/gist-treatment-pdq
    GISTs are most commonly sporadic, but there are rare familial forms associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) or heritable variants in KIT and SDH. […] Less than 5% of GISTs occur in patients with syndromic diseases, such as neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Carney triad syndrome (SDH deletion), and other familial diseases. […] Approximately 85% of GISTs contain oncogenic variants in one of two receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs): KIT and PDGFRA. […] Constitutive activation of either of these RTKs plays a central role in the pathogenesis of GISTs. […] Tumors without detectable KIT or PDGFRA variants account for 12% to 15% of all GISTs. […] Less than 5% of GISTs occur in patients with syndromic diseases, such as neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Carney triad syndrome (SDH deletion), and other familial diseases.
  • #6 What Causes Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors? | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumor/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html
    In most people with GISTs, the cancer cells have a change in the KIT oncogene. […] Usually the KIT gene is inactive in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), which are the cells in the walls of the GI tract from which GISTs develop. […] In about 5% to 10% of GISTs, the cancer cells have a mutation in the PDGFRA gene, which causes the cells to make too much of the PDGFRA protein. […] Most GISTs have changes in either the KIT or the PDGFRA gene, but not both. […] A small number of GISTs, especially those in children, do not have changes in either of these genes. Many of these tumors have changes in one of the SDH genes. Researchers are still trying to determine what other gene changes can lead to these cancers.
  • #7 Gastrointestinal stromal tumor – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_stromal_tumor
    Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are defined as tumors whose behavior is driven by mutations in the KIT gene (85%), PDGFRA gene (10%), or BRAF kinase (rare). […] Most GISTs are sporadic. Less than 5% occur as part of hereditary familial or idiopathic multitumor syndromes. These include, in descending order of frequency, neurofibromatosis Recklinghausen (NF-1), Carney’s triad (gastric GIST, pulmonary chondroma and extra-adrenal paraganglioma), germline gain-of-function mutations in c-KIT/PDGFRA, and the Carney-Stratakis syndrome. […] Approximately 85% GISTs are associated with an abnormal c-KIT pathway. c-KIT is a gene that encodes for a transmembrane receptor for a growth factor termed stem cell factor (scf). The abnormal c-KIT pathway most commonly (85%) arises from mutation of the gene itself; a smaller subset of c-KIT-associated GISTs are associated with constitutive activity of the KIT enzymatic pathway, found by immunoblotting.
  • #8 What Causes Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors? | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumor/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html
    In most people with GISTs, the cancer cells have a change in the KIT oncogene. […] Usually the KIT gene is inactive in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), which are the cells in the walls of the GI tract from which GISTs develop. […] In about 5% to 10% of GISTs, the cancer cells have a mutation in the PDGFRA gene, which causes the cells to make too much of the PDGFRA protein. […] Most GISTs have changes in either the KIT or the PDGFRA gene, but not both. […] A small number of GISTs, especially those in children, do not have changes in either of these genes. Many of these tumors have changes in one of the SDH genes. Researchers are still trying to determine what other gene changes can lead to these cancers.
  • #9 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
    https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumors-gist
    GISTs begin when genetic mutations occur in certain genes, leading to uncontrolled cell growth. Over time, this uncontrolled cell growth leads to the formation of tumors. Around 75 to 80% of GIST cases have a mutation in a gene called KIT, and in 5 to 10% of cases, there is a mutation in another gene known as PDGFRA. Less commonly, additional gene mutations are involved. […] Certain risk factors for GISTs have been identified, including: Familial GIST syndromes (inheriting mutations in certain genes, in particular in KIT or PDGFRA), Certain other inherited syndromes (e.g., neurofibromatosis type 1 [NF1], Carney-Stratakis syndrome), Carneys triad. In the vast majority of cases, however, GISTs are sporadic, meaning they arise in people who have not inherited variants of genes known to increase their chances of developing these tumors.
  • #10
    https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2019/10001/1916_gastrointestinal_stromal_tumor__cause_of.1917.aspx
    Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is one of the rare causes of gastrointestinal malignancies. […] Mutations in one of the KIT gene or PDGFRA are responsible for the development of this tumor. […] GIST most commonly arises in fifth and sixth decades of life. It may be familial or sporadic. Mutations of KIT (80 %) and PDGFRA (10 %) are associated with both familial and sporadic causes.
  • #11 Gastrointestinal stromal tumor: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumor/
    A gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a type of tumor that occurs in the gastrointestinal tract, most commonly in the stomach or small intestine. This type of tumor is thought to grow from specialized cells found in the gastrointestinal tract called interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) or precursors to these cells. […] Genetic changes in one of several genes are involved in the formation of GISTs. About 80 percent of cases are associated with a mutation in the KIT gene, and about 10 percent of cases are associated with a mutation in the PDGFRA gene. Mutations in the KIT and PDGFRA genes are associated with both familial and sporadic GISTs. […] Mutations in the KIT and PDGFRA genes lead to proteins that no longer require ligand binding to be activated. As a result, the proteins and the signaling pathways are constantly turned on (constitutively activated), which increases the proliferation and survival of cells and leads to the formation of tumors.
  • #12 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278845-overview
    Most GISTs are associated with gain-of-function mutations in exon 11 of the c-kit proto-oncogene, which encodes the transmembrane tyrosine kinase KIT. The c-kit proto-oncogene is located on chromosome arm 4q11-12. Most of these mutations are of the in-frame type, which allows preservation of c-kit expression and activation. […] In the majority of GISTs, KIT is constitutively phosphorylated and does not require stem cell factor for initiation of the sequence of c-Kit homodimerization and autophosphorylation. This is termed ligand-independent activation. The increased transduction of proliferative signals to the nucleus favors cell survival and replication over dormancy and apoptosis, leading to tumorigenesis. […] Although 95% of GISTs are KIT positive, 5% of GISTs have no detectable KIT expression. In a proportion of these KIT-negative GISTs, mutations occur in the PDGFRA gene rather than KIT.
  • #13 Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): What are they, and how are they treated? | MD Anderson Cancer Center
    https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumors–gists—what-are-they-and-how-are-they-treated.h00-159699123.html
    Gastrointestinal stromal tumors form when interstitial cells of Cajal grow abnormally and turn into cancer. […] Most GISTs arise because of a random mutation in a cells KIT or PDGFR gene that occurs sporadically, meaning theres no known cause. […] In rare cases, people can be prone to developing multiple tumors at a younger age, or multiple family members can have a GIST. This usually happens in patients who have certain inherited mutations in the KIT, PDGFRA or SDH genes, or have the inherited disorder neurofibromatosis type 1.
  • #14 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6553810/
    Activating mutations in KIT and PDGFRA (encoding KIT and platelet-derived growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, respectively) are considered the main oncogenic drivers of GIST. Similar mutations occurring in clinical GISTs are found in micro-GISTs, suggesting that further genetic aberrations are required for tumor progression. Mutations occur occasionally in several other genes in GISTs, including SETD2, SDH, BRAF, TP53, MEN1, MAX, and Rb1, and translocations involving FGFR and NTRK. Most GISTs (75%) harbor a mutation in KIT, occurring in exon 11 (90%) or exon 9 (8%) and, less often, in exon 13 (1%) or exon 17 (1%). PDGFRA mutations occur in 10% to 20% of GISTs, most commonly in exons 12, 14, and 18. GISTs that do not harbor a KIT or PDGFRA mutation (5% to 10% of GISTs) were called wild-type GISTs in the past, but such GISTs are now known to have other mutations, frequently in NF1 or genes of the SDH complex. GISTs in children typically have SDH mutations or epigenetic silencing of the SDHC promoter.
  • #15 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6553810/
    Activating mutations in KIT and PDGFRA (encoding KIT and platelet-derived growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, respectively) are considered the main oncogenic drivers of GIST. Similar mutations occurring in clinical GISTs are found in micro-GISTs, suggesting that further genetic aberrations are required for tumor progression. Mutations occur occasionally in several other genes in GISTs, including SETD2, SDH, BRAF, TP53, MEN1, MAX, and Rb1, and translocations involving FGFR and NTRK. Most GISTs (75%) harbor a mutation in KIT, occurring in exon 11 (90%) or exon 9 (8%) and, less often, in exon 13 (1%) or exon 17 (1%). PDGFRA mutations occur in 10% to 20% of GISTs, most commonly in exons 12, 14, and 18. GISTs that do not harbor a KIT or PDGFRA mutation (5% to 10% of GISTs) were called wild-type GISTs in the past, but such GISTs are now known to have other mutations, frequently in NF1 or genes of the SDH complex. GISTs in children typically have SDH mutations or epigenetic silencing of the SDHC promoter.
  • #16 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6553810/
    Mutation analysis of KIT and PDGFRA is mandatory for optimal care of GIST. GISTs harboring the PDGFRA mutation D842V (approximately 8% of GISTs) do not respond to imatinib or other approved tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), but most may respond to BLU-285. GISTs that do not contain KIT or PDGFRA mutations are unlikely to benefit from imatinib treatment.
  • #17 Gastrointestinal stromal tumor – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_stromal_tumor
    Most GIST cells with wildtype (i.e. not mutated) c-KIT instead have a mutation in another gene, PDGFR- (platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha), which is a related tyrosine kinase. Mutations in c-KIT and PDGFrA are mutually exclusive. […] Lesser numbers of GISTs appear to be associated with neither c-KIT nor PDGFR- abnormalities. About 10-15% of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) carry wild-type sequences in all hot spots of KIT and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA).
  • #18 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6553810/
    Activating mutations in KIT and PDGFRA (encoding KIT and platelet-derived growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, respectively) are considered the main oncogenic drivers of GIST. Similar mutations occurring in clinical GISTs are found in micro-GISTs, suggesting that further genetic aberrations are required for tumor progression. Mutations occur occasionally in several other genes in GISTs, including SETD2, SDH, BRAF, TP53, MEN1, MAX, and Rb1, and translocations involving FGFR and NTRK. Most GISTs (75%) harbor a mutation in KIT, occurring in exon 11 (90%) or exon 9 (8%) and, less often, in exon 13 (1%) or exon 17 (1%). PDGFRA mutations occur in 10% to 20% of GISTs, most commonly in exons 12, 14, and 18. GISTs that do not harbor a KIT or PDGFRA mutation (5% to 10% of GISTs) were called wild-type GISTs in the past, but such GISTs are now known to have other mutations, frequently in NF1 or genes of the SDH complex. GISTs in children typically have SDH mutations or epigenetic silencing of the SDHC promoter.
  • #19 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554541/
    GISTs without KIT or PDGFRA are collectively known as wild-type. This group comprises a heterogeneous mix of mutations, including NF1, BRAF, HRAS, and can be seen in tumor syndromes such as neurofibromatosis type 1, Carney triad (GIST, paraganglioma, and pulmonary chondroma) and Carney-Stratakis syndrome (GIST and paraganglioma).
  • #20 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6553810/
    Activating mutations in KIT and PDGFRA (encoding KIT and platelet-derived growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, respectively) are considered the main oncogenic drivers of GIST. Similar mutations occurring in clinical GISTs are found in micro-GISTs, suggesting that further genetic aberrations are required for tumor progression. Mutations occur occasionally in several other genes in GISTs, including SETD2, SDH, BRAF, TP53, MEN1, MAX, and Rb1, and translocations involving FGFR and NTRK. Most GISTs (75%) harbor a mutation in KIT, occurring in exon 11 (90%) or exon 9 (8%) and, less often, in exon 13 (1%) or exon 17 (1%). PDGFRA mutations occur in 10% to 20% of GISTs, most commonly in exons 12, 14, and 18. GISTs that do not harbor a KIT or PDGFRA mutation (5% to 10% of GISTs) were called wild-type GISTs in the past, but such GISTs are now known to have other mutations, frequently in NF1 or genes of the SDH complex. GISTs in children typically have SDH mutations or epigenetic silencing of the SDHC promoter.
  • #21 Gastrointestinal stromal tumor: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumor/
    Genetic alterations affecting the SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, or SDHD gene associated with SDH-deficient GIST reduce or eliminate SDH enzyme function. Because succinate is not efficiently converted to fumarate without a functional SDH enzyme, succinate accumulates in the cell. Excess succinate triggers cell growth pathways in normal oxygen conditions, which leads to abnormal cell growth and tumor formation.
  • #22 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6553810/
    Most GISTs (97%) are sporadic. No risk factors have been recognized apart from rare tumor syndromes, including neurofibromatosis type 1, Carney-Stratakis syndrome, and Carney triad. Neurofibromatosis type 1 presents with multiple intestinal GISTs that harbor mutated NF1. The Carney-Stratakis syndrome is a rare heritable condition with a germline mutation in the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex genes, SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, or SDHD. Patients have a high risk for gastric GIST at a young age and paraganglioma. The Carney triad is a rare nonheritable condition. The triad consists of multiple gastric GISTs in young females, paraganglioma, and pulmonary chondroma, but may present without all three components or with adrenal cortical adenoma or esophageal leiomyoma. The molecular pathogenesis depends on epigenetic SDHC inactivation through SDHC hypermethylation. Collectively, tumors with SDH gene mutations or hypermethylation are referred to as SDH-deficient GISTs. Rarely, GIST can be familial, with a germline mutation in either KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor A (PDGFRA).
  • #23 What Causes Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors? | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumor/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html
    Researchers do not know exactly what causes most gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). But great progress has been made in learning how certain changes in DNA can cause normal cells to become cancer cells. […] The gene changes that lead to most GISTs are now understood, but its still not clear why these changes occur. There are no known lifestyle-related or environmental risk factors for GIST. Some of the gene changes that lead to GISTs might have causes that havent been found yet, but many of these changes may just be random events that sometimes happen inside cells that unfortunately lead to cancer. […] A small number of families have GISTs that are caused by a gene mutation passed down from parent to child. […] But most gene mutations related to GISTs are not inherited. These changes occur for no apparent reason, and are called acquired or sporadic.
  • #24 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST): Symptoms, Types, and More
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/gist-overview-4800603
    Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are a type of soft tissue sarcoma. […] It’s currently believed that GISTs arise from cells called interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs). […] Cancer most often begins when a series of mutations in two types of genes, oncogenes and/or suppressor genes, leads to the uncontrolled growth of a cell. […] Two oncogenes, KIT and PDGFRA are responsible for roughly 85% of GISTs. […] Tumor suppressor genes may also be affected in some people with GIST. […] GISTs are somewhat unique in that there are currently no known environmental or lifestyle risk factors for the disease. […] Most of the gene mutations responsible for the growth of GISTs are acquired or somatic mutations. […] When a cancer is related to a hereditary mutation, it is referred to as a hereditary cancer. In contrast, when a cancer is due to an acquired gene mutation, it is considered a sporadic cancer. […] A number of different genetic syndromes are associated with GIST.
  • #25 What Causes Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors? | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumor/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html
    Researchers do not know exactly what causes most gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). But great progress has been made in learning how certain changes in DNA can cause normal cells to become cancer cells. […] The gene changes that lead to most GISTs are now understood, but its still not clear why these changes occur. There are no known lifestyle-related or environmental risk factors for GIST. Some of the gene changes that lead to GISTs might have causes that havent been found yet, but many of these changes may just be random events that sometimes happen inside cells that unfortunately lead to cancer. […] A small number of families have GISTs that are caused by a gene mutation passed down from parent to child. […] But most gene mutations related to GISTs are not inherited. These changes occur for no apparent reason, and are called acquired or sporadic.
  • #26 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
    https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumors-gist
    GISTs begin when genetic mutations occur in certain genes, leading to uncontrolled cell growth. Over time, this uncontrolled cell growth leads to the formation of tumors. Around 75 to 80% of GIST cases have a mutation in a gene called KIT, and in 5 to 10% of cases, there is a mutation in another gene known as PDGFRA. Less commonly, additional gene mutations are involved. […] Certain risk factors for GISTs have been identified, including: Familial GIST syndromes (inheriting mutations in certain genes, in particular in KIT or PDGFRA), Certain other inherited syndromes (e.g., neurofibromatosis type 1 [NF1], Carney-Stratakis syndrome), Carneys triad. In the vast majority of cases, however, GISTs are sporadic, meaning they arise in people who have not inherited variants of genes known to increase their chances of developing these tumors.
  • #27 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278845-overview
    A small minority of GISTs are associated with hereditary syndromes. Familial GISTs are characterized by inherited germline mutations in KIT or PDGFRA and additional findings such as cutaneous hyperpigmentation, irritable bowel syndrome, dysphagia, and diverticular disease. […] Of individuals with these germline mutations, 90% may develop GISTs by 70 years of age. Patients with germline autosomal dominant mutations of KIT may present with multiple GISTs at an early age. However, familial GISTs have favorable outcomes and do not appear to be associated with shortened survival. No data support preventive therapy in patients with these germline mutations. […] In addition, the following syndromes are linked to GISTs: Carney triad – gastric GISTs, paraganglioma, and pulmonary chondromas; Carney-Stratakis syndrome – GIST and paraganglioma; Neurofibromatosis type 1 – Wild-type, often multicentric GIST, predominantly located in the small bowel.
  • #28 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6553810/
    Most GISTs (97%) are sporadic. No risk factors have been recognized apart from rare tumor syndromes, including neurofibromatosis type 1, Carney-Stratakis syndrome, and Carney triad. Neurofibromatosis type 1 presents with multiple intestinal GISTs that harbor mutated NF1. The Carney-Stratakis syndrome is a rare heritable condition with a germline mutation in the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex genes, SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, or SDHD. Patients have a high risk for gastric GIST at a young age and paraganglioma. The Carney triad is a rare nonheritable condition. The triad consists of multiple gastric GISTs in young females, paraganglioma, and pulmonary chondroma, but may present without all three components or with adrenal cortical adenoma or esophageal leiomyoma. The molecular pathogenesis depends on epigenetic SDHC inactivation through SDHC hypermethylation. Collectively, tumors with SDH gene mutations or hypermethylation are referred to as SDH-deficient GISTs. Rarely, GIST can be familial, with a germline mutation in either KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor A (PDGFRA).
  • #29 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI
    https://www.cancer.gov/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/hp/gist-treatment-pdq
    GISTs are most commonly sporadic, but there are rare familial forms associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) or heritable variants in KIT and SDH. […] Less than 5% of GISTs occur in patients with syndromic diseases, such as neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Carney triad syndrome (SDH deletion), and other familial diseases. […] Approximately 85% of GISTs contain oncogenic variants in one of two receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs): KIT and PDGFRA. […] Constitutive activation of either of these RTKs plays a central role in the pathogenesis of GISTs. […] Tumors without detectable KIT or PDGFRA variants account for 12% to 15% of all GISTs. […] Less than 5% of GISTs occur in patients with syndromic diseases, such as neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Carney triad syndrome (SDH deletion), and other familial diseases.
  • #30 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6553810/
    Most GISTs (97%) are sporadic. No risk factors have been recognized apart from rare tumor syndromes, including neurofibromatosis type 1, Carney-Stratakis syndrome, and Carney triad. Neurofibromatosis type 1 presents with multiple intestinal GISTs that harbor mutated NF1. The Carney-Stratakis syndrome is a rare heritable condition with a germline mutation in the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex genes, SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, or SDHD. Patients have a high risk for gastric GIST at a young age and paraganglioma. The Carney triad is a rare nonheritable condition. The triad consists of multiple gastric GISTs in young females, paraganglioma, and pulmonary chondroma, but may present without all three components or with adrenal cortical adenoma or esophageal leiomyoma. The molecular pathogenesis depends on epigenetic SDHC inactivation through SDHC hypermethylation. Collectively, tumors with SDH gene mutations or hypermethylation are referred to as SDH-deficient GISTs. Rarely, GIST can be familial, with a germline mutation in either KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor A (PDGFRA).
  • #31 GIST: Risk Factors, Causes, & Symptoms
    https://www.healthline.com/health/gist/risk-factors-causes-and-symptoms
    Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are tumors, or clusters of overgrown cells, in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. […] The exact cause of GISTs isn’t known, though they seem to be related to a mutation in the expression of the KIT protein. […] The majority of GISTs happen randomly and have no clear cause. However, some people are born with a genetic mutation that can lead to GISTs. […] This genetic disorder, also called Von Recklinghausen’s disease (VRD), is caused by a defect in the NF1 gene. […] This syndrome is caused most often by an abnormal KIT gene passed from parent to child. […] People born with mutations in the SDHB and SDHC genes are at an increased risk for developing GISTs.
  • #32 Pathology Outlines – Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
    https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/softtissueGIST.html
    Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a mesenchymal neoplasm with variable behavior, characterized by differentiation toward the interstitial cells of Cajal based on IHC and molecular studies (Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2013;42:399). […] Majority of GISTs are sporadic. […] < 5% of GISTs are associated with 1 of the 3 tumor syndromes: neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Carney triad / Carney-Stratakis syndrome and familial GIST syndrome, in order of decreasing frequency (Clin Med Insights Pathol 2012;5:23). [...] In NF1 patients, GIST has a high predilection to small intestine, tumors are often multiple and the majority are small, mitotically inactive and clinically indolent (Arch Pathol Lab Med 2006;130:1466). [...] SDH deficient GISTs may be part of distinct clinical syndromes, Carney-Stratakis syndrome (CSS) and Carney triad (gastric GIST, paraganglioma and pulmonary chondroma / hamartoma).
  • #33 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6553810/
    Most GISTs (97%) are sporadic. No risk factors have been recognized apart from rare tumor syndromes, including neurofibromatosis type 1, Carney-Stratakis syndrome, and Carney triad. Neurofibromatosis type 1 presents with multiple intestinal GISTs that harbor mutated NF1. The Carney-Stratakis syndrome is a rare heritable condition with a germline mutation in the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex genes, SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, or SDHD. Patients have a high risk for gastric GIST at a young age and paraganglioma. The Carney triad is a rare nonheritable condition. The triad consists of multiple gastric GISTs in young females, paraganglioma, and pulmonary chondroma, but may present without all three components or with adrenal cortical adenoma or esophageal leiomyoma. The molecular pathogenesis depends on epigenetic SDHC inactivation through SDHC hypermethylation. Collectively, tumors with SDH gene mutations or hypermethylation are referred to as SDH-deficient GISTs. Rarely, GIST can be familial, with a germline mutation in either KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor A (PDGFRA).
  • #34 GIST: Risk Factors, Causes, & Symptoms
    https://www.healthline.com/health/gist/risk-factors-causes-and-symptoms
    Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are tumors, or clusters of overgrown cells, in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. […] The exact cause of GISTs isn’t known, though they seem to be related to a mutation in the expression of the KIT protein. […] The majority of GISTs happen randomly and have no clear cause. However, some people are born with a genetic mutation that can lead to GISTs. […] This genetic disorder, also called Von Recklinghausen’s disease (VRD), is caused by a defect in the NF1 gene. […] This syndrome is caused most often by an abnormal KIT gene passed from parent to child. […] People born with mutations in the SDHB and SDHC genes are at an increased risk for developing GISTs.
  • #35 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6553810/
    Most GISTs (97%) are sporadic. No risk factors have been recognized apart from rare tumor syndromes, including neurofibromatosis type 1, Carney-Stratakis syndrome, and Carney triad. Neurofibromatosis type 1 presents with multiple intestinal GISTs that harbor mutated NF1. The Carney-Stratakis syndrome is a rare heritable condition with a germline mutation in the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex genes, SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, or SDHD. Patients have a high risk for gastric GIST at a young age and paraganglioma. The Carney triad is a rare nonheritable condition. The triad consists of multiple gastric GISTs in young females, paraganglioma, and pulmonary chondroma, but may present without all three components or with adrenal cortical adenoma or esophageal leiomyoma. The molecular pathogenesis depends on epigenetic SDHC inactivation through SDHC hypermethylation. Collectively, tumors with SDH gene mutations or hypermethylation are referred to as SDH-deficient GISTs. Rarely, GIST can be familial, with a germline mutation in either KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor A (PDGFRA).
  • #36 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278845-overview
    A small minority of GISTs are associated with hereditary syndromes. Familial GISTs are characterized by inherited germline mutations in KIT or PDGFRA and additional findings such as cutaneous hyperpigmentation, irritable bowel syndrome, dysphagia, and diverticular disease. […] Of individuals with these germline mutations, 90% may develop GISTs by 70 years of age. Patients with germline autosomal dominant mutations of KIT may present with multiple GISTs at an early age. However, familial GISTs have favorable outcomes and do not appear to be associated with shortened survival. No data support preventive therapy in patients with these germline mutations. […] In addition, the following syndromes are linked to GISTs: Carney triad – gastric GISTs, paraganglioma, and pulmonary chondromas; Carney-Stratakis syndrome – GIST and paraganglioma; Neurofibromatosis type 1 – Wild-type, often multicentric GIST, predominantly located in the small bowel.
  • #37 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6553810/
    Most GISTs (97%) are sporadic. No risk factors have been recognized apart from rare tumor syndromes, including neurofibromatosis type 1, Carney-Stratakis syndrome, and Carney triad. Neurofibromatosis type 1 presents with multiple intestinal GISTs that harbor mutated NF1. The Carney-Stratakis syndrome is a rare heritable condition with a germline mutation in the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex genes, SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, or SDHD. Patients have a high risk for gastric GIST at a young age and paraganglioma. The Carney triad is a rare nonheritable condition. The triad consists of multiple gastric GISTs in young females, paraganglioma, and pulmonary chondroma, but may present without all three components or with adrenal cortical adenoma or esophageal leiomyoma. The molecular pathogenesis depends on epigenetic SDHC inactivation through SDHC hypermethylation. Collectively, tumors with SDH gene mutations or hypermethylation are referred to as SDH-deficient GISTs. Rarely, GIST can be familial, with a germline mutation in either KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor A (PDGFRA).
  • #38 What Causes Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors?
    https://drdeepgoel.com/what-causes-gastrointestinal-stromal-tumors/
    Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare, comprising less than 1% of all such tumors. Yet, they are the most common type of sarcoma affecting the GI tract. […] It is imperative to understand the causes of GISTs to facilitate early detection and intervention. […] This condition usually happens when the KIT gene mutates (changes) and causes cells in your digestive tract to multiply uncontrollably. This mutation occurs during your lifetime and isn’t something that you inherit. […] The KIT gene tells cells to make a protein (KIT CD117) that makes cells in your digestive tract multiply. In GIST, the abnormal cells multiply and develop into tumors. […] Familial GIST syndrome is a rare genetic condition that inherits abnormal KIT or PDGFRA genes, predisposing individuals to developing GISTs.
  • #39 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumor/causes-risks-prevention.html
    A risk factor is anything that affects your chance of getting a disease such as cancer. […] The only known risk factors for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) older age and certain rare, inherited genetic syndromes cannot be changed. There are no known lifestyle-related or environmental causes of GISTs, so at this time we do not know of any way to protect against these cancers.
  • #40 What Causes Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors? | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumor/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html
    Researchers do not know exactly what causes most gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). But great progress has been made in learning how certain changes in DNA can cause normal cells to become cancer cells. […] The gene changes that lead to most GISTs are now understood, but its still not clear why these changes occur. There are no known lifestyle-related or environmental risk factors for GIST. Some of the gene changes that lead to GISTs might have causes that havent been found yet, but many of these changes may just be random events that sometimes happen inside cells that unfortunately lead to cancer. […] A small number of families have GISTs that are caused by a gene mutation passed down from parent to child. […] But most gene mutations related to GISTs are not inherited. These changes occur for no apparent reason, and are called acquired or sporadic.
  • #41 Understanding Gastric GIST: From Pathophysiology to Personalized Treatment
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/14/3997
    Gastrointestinal stromal tumors pose unique challenges in clinical practice, given their rarity and diverse etiological underpinnings. […] GIST pathogenesis is intricately linked to genetic alterations in proto-oncogenes encoding receptor tyrosine kinases, most notably KIT and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA). […] Environmental exposures to certain chemicals, including vinyl chloride, have been implicated as potential risk factors for GIST development. […] GISTs may occur concomitantly with specific hereditary syndromes, such as neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and Carney–Stratakis syndrome.
  • #42
    https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumor/prevention.php
    GISTs can occur anywhere along the digestive tract, but more than half of GISTs originate in the stomach with the small intestine being the second most common location. […] In most cases, GIST develops sporadically. This means it occurs at random and there is no known way to prevent it. Experts are still working to understand what causes GISTs and whether there are ways they can be prevented. […] While most GISTs occur sporadically, certain risk factors have been identified. Older age people over the age of 50 and certain inherited genetic syndromes have been confirmed as two known gastrointestinal cancer risk factors. […] At this time, there is no known way to prevent GIST. According to experts, there are no lifestyle-related or environmental causes of GISTs, which means that there is no determined way to prevent these cancers. In addition, the only known gastrointestinal cancer risk factors older age and specific genetic syndromes cannot be changed.
  • #43 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST) Cancer
    https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/types/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumors
    A gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a type of cancer that develops in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. […] A risk factor is anything that increases the risk of cancer developing. Unlike other cancers that have lifestyle risk factors such as smoking or certain diets, GISTs dont appear to have known risk factors. This makes it difficult to recommend behaviors to modify to reduce the risk. […] Although researchers dont know what exactly causes a GIST, developing one is more likely if you inherit an abnormal gene, called a mutation, from a biological parent. In rare cases, GISTs may occur in several members of the same family. […] Genes arent the only risk factor. In fact, most GISTs occur after birth and arent inherited. You may be at higher risk if youre older than 50, and GISTs are slightly more common in men than in women.
  • #44
    https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumors/
    Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs) are a type of rare cancer that develops in the gastrointestinal tract. These tumors arise from specialized cells in the wall of the digestive system called interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs). […] The most common cause of GISTs is mutations in the KIT gene (which encodes a receptor called KIT or c-Kit), or less commonly, the PDGFRA gene (encoding Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha). […] A genetic disorder that increases the risk of developing GISTs, particularly in the stomach. […] A rare inherited condition that causes GISTs and other tumors, linked to mutations in SDH genes (succinate dehydrogenase). […] GISTs are more commonly found in adults, with the average age of diagnosis being 60-65 years. They are rare in children. […] GISTs are slightly more common in men than women.
  • #45
    https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumors/
    Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs) are a type of rare cancer that develops in the gastrointestinal tract. These tumors arise from specialized cells in the wall of the digestive system called interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs). […] The most common cause of GISTs is mutations in the KIT gene (which encodes a receptor called KIT or c-Kit), or less commonly, the PDGFRA gene (encoding Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha). […] A genetic disorder that increases the risk of developing GISTs, particularly in the stomach. […] A rare inherited condition that causes GISTs and other tumors, linked to mutations in SDH genes (succinate dehydrogenase). […] GISTs are more commonly found in adults, with the average age of diagnosis being 60-65 years. They are rare in children. […] GISTs are slightly more common in men than women.
  • #46 Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST): Symptoms, treatment, outlook
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumor-gist
    A gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a rare type of cancer that occurs in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The tumors tend to appear in the stomach or small intestine. […] These tumors likely grow from the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), which are a type of specialized cell located in the GI tract. […] Research suggests that GISTs originate from the ICC. […] Currently, there are few known risk factors of GISTs. However, the American Cancer Society (ACS) list possible ones as: GIST seems to be more common in people older than 50 years. […] In some rare cases, it seems that certain genetic syndromes may lead to several family members developing GISTs. Some of these syndromes include: Primary familial GIST syndrome: This is a rare condition where a child inherits an abnormal KIT gene from their parent. People with this condition are more likely to develop a GIST at a younger age and have more than one GIST.
  • #47
    https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumors/
    Previous exposure to chemotherapy or radiation therapy can increase the risk of GIST development, particularly in those who have undergone treatment for other cancers. […] Individuals with conditions like von Hippel-Lindau disease or Li-Fraumeni syndrome may have an increased risk. […] While less understood, certain environmental factors or lifestyle habits might contribute to the risk, although no direct link has been definitively established. […] One of the primary causes of GISTs is believed to be genetic mutations. Research has shown that certain gene mutations, such as those in the KIT or PDGFRA genes, can lead to the development of GISTs. These mutations can disrupt normal cell growth and division, resulting in the formation of tumors.
  • #48 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs) – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/tumors-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumors-gists
    Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) result from mutations in receptor tyrosine kinases. The vast majority are caused by a mutation in the C-KIT gene, whereas some are caused by a mutation in the PDGFRA gene. Some are caused by previous radiation therapy to the abdomen for other tumors. The remainder are caused by a variety of less common mutations and are generally referred to as wild-type GISTs. […] GISTs may arise in people with a genetic syndrome. The two most common are Neurofibromatosis type 1 and Familial SDH deficiency (Carney-Stratakis syndrome).
  • #49 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs) in Pediatric Patients: A Case Report and Literature Review
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/11/9/1040
    Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare mesenchymal neoplasms that primarily affect adults, with pediatric cases constituting only 0.5–2.7% of the total. […] Pediatric GISTs present unique clinical, genetic, and pathological features that distinguish them from adult cases. […] Most gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are found in older adults, and they are typically driven by activating mutations in KIT or PDGFRA receptor signaling. However, 10–15% of GISTs do not have these mutations and are referred to as wild-type. […] Pediatric GISTs, though rare, present a significant clinical challenge due to their differing behavior compared to adult GISTs and their resistance to standard tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapies. […] Pediatric GISTs often manifest in the stomach and are predominantly wild-type for KIT and platelet-derived growth factor alpha gene (PDGFRA) mutations, distinguishing them from their adult counterparts, which frequently harbor these mutations.
  • #50 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs) in Pediatric Patients: A Case Report and Literature Review
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/11/9/1040
    The rarity of pediatric GISTs complicates the establishment of standardized treatment protocols, necessitating a reliance on case studies, retrospective analyses, and small clinical trials. […] Pediatric GISTs necessitate detailed molecular classification using DNA and RNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry. […] Approximately 85% of pediatric GISTs are wild-type (WT), often characterized by mutations or silencing of SDH complex genes, and they frequently exhibit neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) mutations or fusions. […] Some GISTs also have fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) abnormalities, which can be targeted with specific inhibitors to overcome resistance to treatments like imatinib. […] Pediatric gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) exhibit distinct molecular and clinical profiles compared to adult GISTs, necessitating tailored diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. […] Unlike adult GISTs, which commonly harbor KIT or PDGFRA mutations, pediatric cases often lack these mutations, and instead, they may display abnormalities in the SDH complex or other unique genetic markers.
  • #51 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs): Types, Causes, and Risk Factors – National Cancer Institute Kenya
    https://wp.ncikenya.go.ke/2024/11/15/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumors-gists-types-causes-and-risk-factors/
    A gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a type of tumor that occurs in the gastrointestinal tract, most commonly in the stomach or small intestine. This type of tumor is thought to grow from specialized cells found in the gastrointestinal tract called interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) or precursors to these cells. […] Affected individuals with no family history of GIST typically have only one tumor (called a sporadic GIST). People with a family history of GISTs (called familial GISTs) often have multiple tumors and additional signs or symptoms, including noncancerous overgrowth (hyperplasia) of other cells in the gastrointestinal tract and patches of dark skin on various areas of the body. […] A rare form of GIST, called succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)-deficient GIST, tends to occur in childhood or young adulthood and affects females more commonly than males.
  • #52 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs) in Pediatric Patients: A Case Report and Literature Review
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/11/9/1040
    The rarity of pediatric GISTs complicates the establishment of standardized treatment protocols, necessitating a reliance on case studies, retrospective analyses, and small clinical trials. […] Pediatric GISTs necessitate detailed molecular classification using DNA and RNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry. […] Approximately 85% of pediatric GISTs are wild-type (WT), often characterized by mutations or silencing of SDH complex genes, and they frequently exhibit neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) mutations or fusions. […] Some GISTs also have fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) abnormalities, which can be targeted with specific inhibitors to overcome resistance to treatments like imatinib. […] Pediatric gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) exhibit distinct molecular and clinical profiles compared to adult GISTs, necessitating tailored diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. […] Unlike adult GISTs, which commonly harbor KIT or PDGFRA mutations, pediatric cases often lack these mutations, and instead, they may display abnormalities in the SDH complex or other unique genetic markers.
  • #53 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs) in Pediatric Patients: A Case Report and Literature Review
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/11/9/1040
    Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare mesenchymal neoplasms that primarily affect adults, with pediatric cases constituting only 0.5–2.7% of the total. […] Pediatric GISTs present unique clinical, genetic, and pathological features that distinguish them from adult cases. […] Most gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are found in older adults, and they are typically driven by activating mutations in KIT or PDGFRA receptor signaling. However, 10–15% of GISTs do not have these mutations and are referred to as wild-type. […] Pediatric GISTs, though rare, present a significant clinical challenge due to their differing behavior compared to adult GISTs and their resistance to standard tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapies. […] Pediatric GISTs often manifest in the stomach and are predominantly wild-type for KIT and platelet-derived growth factor alpha gene (PDGFRA) mutations, distinguishing them from their adult counterparts, which frequently harbor these mutations.
  • #54 What Causes Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors? | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumor/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html
    Researchers do not know exactly what causes most gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). But great progress has been made in learning how certain changes in DNA can cause normal cells to become cancer cells. […] The gene changes that lead to most GISTs are now understood, but its still not clear why these changes occur. There are no known lifestyle-related or environmental risk factors for GIST. Some of the gene changes that lead to GISTs might have causes that havent been found yet, but many of these changes may just be random events that sometimes happen inside cells that unfortunately lead to cancer. […] A small number of families have GISTs that are caused by a gene mutation passed down from parent to child. […] But most gene mutations related to GISTs are not inherited. These changes occur for no apparent reason, and are called acquired or sporadic.
  • #55 Gastrointestinal stromal tumor – Zhao – Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology
    https://jgo.amegroups.org/article/view/434/html
    Sporadic GISTs are most common and familial GISTs with germline mutation of the KIT gene are rare, but have been well described. […] In addition, GIST rarely occurs in association with other syndromes such as neurofibromatosis type I or Carneys triad, a nonfamilial condition with gastric GIST, paraganglioma, and pulmonary chondroma. […] GIST co-existing with other tumors has been reported mainly as case report and mostly with colorectal carcinomas or adenomas, followed by gastric carcinomas. […] The cause of GIST is still unknown; therefore, little has been done preventively. However, with gradual understanding the molecular mechanisms of GIST, the etiology will be elucidated eventually.
  • #56 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.kolhapurcancercentre.com/condition/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumors/
    Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST) are a rare type of cancer that forms in the digestive tract, most commonly in the stomach or small intestine. These tumors originate from specialized cells in the gastrointestinal tract known as the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), which are part of the autonomic nervous system and regulate the motility of the GI tract. […] GIST occurs when mutations in the DNA of ICCs cause these cells to grow uncontrollably and form a tumor. The most common mutations involve the KIT gene or the PDGFRA gene, which result in continuous activation of signaling pathways that promote cell proliferation and survival. […] While the exact cause of GIST remains unknown, several risk factors have been identified, including: […] Mutations in the KIT or PDGFRA genes are the primary drivers. […] Conditions such as neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) can increase the risk. […] Rare familial cases have been reported, suggesting a hereditary component. […] Most cases are sporadic, but rare familial cases suggest a hereditary component.
  • #57 Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/what-is-soft-tissue-sarcoma/types-of-soft-tissue-sarcoma/gists
    Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) start in special cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract called interstitial cells of Cajal. […] Most GISTs have a change (mutation) in the KIT (c-KIT) gene that causes the body to make too much of the KIT protein. The second most common change in GISTs is in the PDGFR-alpha gene (platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha gene). This change causes the body to make too much PDGFR-alpha protein. […] Almost all GISTs happen sporadically. This means there is no clear reason why they develop. In a small number of people, GISTs develop due to an inherited condition, including: familial GIST syndrome having many GISTs, neurofibromatosis type 1, Carney-Stratakis syndrome having both GISTs and paragangliomas.
  • #58 What Causes Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors? | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumor/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html
    Researchers do not know exactly what causes most gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). But great progress has been made in learning how certain changes in DNA can cause normal cells to become cancer cells. […] The gene changes that lead to most GISTs are now understood, but its still not clear why these changes occur. There are no known lifestyle-related or environmental risk factors for GIST. Some of the gene changes that lead to GISTs might have causes that havent been found yet, but many of these changes may just be random events that sometimes happen inside cells that unfortunately lead to cancer. […] A small number of families have GISTs that are caused by a gene mutation passed down from parent to child. […] But most gene mutations related to GISTs are not inherited. These changes occur for no apparent reason, and are called acquired or sporadic.
  • #59 Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: what do we know now? | Modern Pathology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/modpathol2013173
    Approximately 15% of GISTs do not have a detectable mutation in either KIT or PDGFRA. […] It is estimated that 7% of patients with neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) develop one or more GISTs. […] Approximately half of all wild-type GISTs show loss of respiratory chain complex II enzymatic activity. […] Germline mutations in SDHA, SDHB, or SDHC increase the risk not only for the development of one or more SDH-deficient GISTs but also for paragangliomas (Carney-Stratakis syndrome). […] The relationship between GISTs and ICCs is further supported by parallels in gene expression. […] The observation that some KIT and PDGFRA mutations in GISTs correlate closely with anatomical location might be explained by their ICC origin. […] These observations on micro-GISTs suggest that kinase gene mutations occur very early in GIST tumorigenesis; however, the mutations are probably not sufficient for progression to an oncologically threatening lesion. […] Although oncogenic kinase mutations have a significant role in the development of GISTs, other genetic events are important in their clinical progression.
  • #60 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Etiology, Clinical Presentation And Review Of The Literature In Greek Patients | Auctores
    https://www.auctoresonline.org/article/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumors-etiology-clinical-presentation-and-review-of-the-literature-in-greek-patients
    Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) represent rare malignancies of mesenchymal origin that can appear at any site of the gastrointestinal tract. […] The biology of these tumors revealed that mutation associated to the type III tyrosine kinase receptor and the KIT CD117 protein expression play a significant role in their appearance. […] Mutations in Kit juxtamembrane domain (exon 11) are the most common in GISTs of all sites, whereas rare Kit extracellular domain (exon 9) Ala502-Tyr503 duplication is specific for intestinal GISTs. […] Mutations in platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) have also been described in juxtamembrane (exon 12) and tyrosine kinase domains (exons 14 and 18) in gastric GIST tumors of epithelioid origin. […] Mutations of KIT and PDGFRA permit increase in cellular proliferation and decrease the rate of apoptosis. As a result, these alterations and probably other genetic changes that follow, like loss of potential tumor suppressor genes in chromosome arms 14q and 22q, lead into the development of tumor.
  • #61 Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: what do we know now? | Modern Pathology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/modpathol2013173
    Approximately 15% of GISTs do not have a detectable mutation in either KIT or PDGFRA. […] It is estimated that 7% of patients with neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) develop one or more GISTs. […] Approximately half of all wild-type GISTs show loss of respiratory chain complex II enzymatic activity. […] Germline mutations in SDHA, SDHB, or SDHC increase the risk not only for the development of one or more SDH-deficient GISTs but also for paragangliomas (Carney-Stratakis syndrome). […] The relationship between GISTs and ICCs is further supported by parallels in gene expression. […] The observation that some KIT and PDGFRA mutations in GISTs correlate closely with anatomical location might be explained by their ICC origin. […] These observations on micro-GISTs suggest that kinase gene mutations occur very early in GIST tumorigenesis; however, the mutations are probably not sufficient for progression to an oncologically threatening lesion. […] Although oncogenic kinase mutations have a significant role in the development of GISTs, other genetic events are important in their clinical progression.
  • #62 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumor/causes-risks-prevention.html
    A risk factor is anything that affects your chance of getting a disease such as cancer. […] The only known risk factors for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) older age and certain rare, inherited genetic syndromes cannot be changed. There are no known lifestyle-related or environmental causes of GISTs, so at this time we do not know of any way to protect against these cancers.
  • #63
    https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumor/prevention.php
    GISTs can occur anywhere along the digestive tract, but more than half of GISTs originate in the stomach with the small intestine being the second most common location. […] In most cases, GIST develops sporadically. This means it occurs at random and there is no known way to prevent it. Experts are still working to understand what causes GISTs and whether there are ways they can be prevented. […] While most GISTs occur sporadically, certain risk factors have been identified. Older age people over the age of 50 and certain inherited genetic syndromes have been confirmed as two known gastrointestinal cancer risk factors. […] At this time, there is no known way to prevent GIST. According to experts, there are no lifestyle-related or environmental causes of GISTs, which means that there is no determined way to prevent these cancers. In addition, the only known gastrointestinal cancer risk factors older age and specific genetic syndromes cannot be changed.
  • #64 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumor/causes-risks-prevention.html
    A risk factor is anything that affects your chance of getting a disease such as cancer. […] The only known risk factors for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) older age and certain rare, inherited genetic syndromes cannot be changed. There are no known lifestyle-related or environmental causes of GISTs, so at this time we do not know of any way to protect against these cancers.
  • #65 Gastrointestinal stromal tumor – Zhao – Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology
    https://jgo.amegroups.org/article/view/434/html
    Gastrointestinal stromal tumor has received a lot of attention over the last 10 years due to its unique biologic behavior, clinicopathological features, molecular mechanisms, and treatment implications. […] GIST is the most common mesenchymal neoplasm in the gastrointestinal tract and has emerged from a poorly understood and treatment resistant neoplasm to a well-defined tumor entity since the discovery of particular molecular abnormalities, KIT and PDGFRA gene mutations. […] The understanding of GIST biology at the molecular level promised the development of novel treatment modalities. […] The identification of the biologic driver, activating mutations in KIT provided a therapeutic target for the treatment of GIST. […] Overall, about 85% of GISTs are reported to have activating mutation in KIT or PDGFRA.