Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Signs and Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumor/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html

  Most gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) develop within the wall of the stomach or small intestine. These tumors often grow into the empty space inside the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, so they might not cause symptoms right away unless they are in a certain location or reach a certain size. […] GISTs tend to be fragile tumors that can bleed easily. In fact, they are often found because they cause bleeding into the GI tract. Signs and symptoms of this bleeding depend on how fast it occurs and where the tumor is located. […] Other symptoms of GISTs can include: Abdominal (belly) pain, A mass or swelling in the abdomen, Nausea and vomiting, Feeling full after eating only a small amount of food, Loss of appetite, Weight loss, Problems swallowing (for tumors in the esophagus). […] Some tumors grow large enough to block the passage of food through the stomach or intestine. This is called an obstruction, and it can cause severe abdominal pain and vomiting.

• #2 Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumors/cdc-20387715

  A gastrointestinal stromal tumor, also called a GIST, is a type of cancer that begins in the digestive system. GISTs happen most often in the stomach and small intestine. […] Small GISTs may cause no symptoms. And GISTs may grow so slowly that they don’t cause problems at first. As a GIST grows, it can cause symptoms that may include belly pain and nausea. […] Gastrointestinal stromal tumor symptoms include: A growth in the belly area. Belly pain. Fatigue. Nausea and vomiting. Not feeling hungry when you would expect to. Feeling full if you eat only a small amount of food. Dark-colored stools caused by bleeding in the digestive system.

• #3 Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a comprehensive review – Parab – Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology

  https://jgo.amegroups.org/article/view/23883/html

  Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract associated with high rates of malignant transformation. Most GISTs present asymptomatically. […] Symptomatic patients may present with nonspecific symptoms of nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, early satiety, abdominal pain, and rarely as a palpable abdominal mass. Larger tumors may cause obstruction of the gastrointestinal lumen by endophytic growth or compression of the GIT from exophytic growth leading to dysphagia, obstructive jaundice, or constipation, depending on the location of the mass. Perforated neoplasms will present with signs of peritonitis or gastrointestinal bleeding. Indolent or massive intraperitoneal bleeding is secondary to pressure necrosis and ulceration. […] GISTs present asymptomatically in 18% of cases, especially in cases of smaller tumors of the intestinal tract. […] About 10% to 30% of GISTs progress to malignancy. GISTs occurring outside of the stomach are associated with a higher malignant potential.

• #4 Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) | Healthengine Blog

  https://healthinfo.healthengine.com.au/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumours-gists

  GISTs present with signs and symptoms related to the presence of a mass or bleeding. Bleeding is the most common symptom which may occur into the abdominal cavity resulting in acute abdominal pain or into the gastrointestinal tract lumen which may present as vomiting blood (haematemesis), blood stained stools (melena) or anaemia. Abdominal masses are less common and depending on their location can cause a variety of symptoms including obstruction. […] Many people present with vague symptoms, which are not disease specific, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, weight loss or early satiety. As a result, up to 50% of GISTs will have already metastasised by the time they are diagnosed. […] Only 70% of individuals are symptomatic, 20% do not have any symptoms and 10% have a GIST detected at autopsy.

• #5 Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a comprehensive review – Parab – Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology

  https://jgo.amegroups.org/article/view/23883/19709

  Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract associated with high rates of malignant transformation. Most GISTs present asymptomatically. […] Symptomatic patients may present with nonspecific symptoms of nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, early satiety, abdominal pain, and rarely as a palpable abdominal mass. Larger tumors may cause obstruction of the gastrointestinal lumen by endophytic growth or compression of the GIT from exophytic growth leading to dysphagia, obstructive jaundice, or constipation, depending on the location of the mass. Perforated neoplasms will present with signs of peritonitis or gastrointestinal bleeding. Indolent or massive intraperitoneal bleeding is secondary to pressure necrosis and ulceration. […] GISTs present asymptomatically in 18% of cases, especially in cases of smaller tumors of the intestinal tract.

• #6

  https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumor/prevention.php

  GISTs can occur anywhere along the digestive tract, but more than half of GISTs originate in the stomach with the small intestine being the second most common location. […] In most cases, GIST develops sporadically. This means it occurs at random and there is no known way to prevent it. Experts are still working to understand what causes GISTs and whether there are ways they can be prevented. […] While many GISTs are identified incidentally on abdominal imaging for an unrelated issue, there are several signs and symptoms of GIST. One of the most common symptoms is GI bleeding that occurs from the tumor. GIST tumors are vascular and can become friable as they grow, which, in turn, can end up bleeding into the GI tract or abdominal cavity. When this occurs, signs and symptoms can include:

• #7 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17031-gist-cancer-information

  Gastrointestinal stromal tumors may not cause symptoms, especially if the tumors are small. […] When symptoms develop, they may include: Abdominal (belly) pain. Blood in or on your poop. Constipation. Fatigue. Losing weight without trying. Loss of appetite. Vomiting blood. […] Symptoms include belly pain and blood in your poop.

• #8 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/hp/gist-treatment-pdq

  GISTs can occur anywhere along the GI tract, but most often are found in the stomach or small intestine. The signs and symptoms of GISTs include: […] GI bleeding (most common presentation), which may be acute (melena or hematemesis) or chronic, resulting in anemia. […] The clinical presentation of patients with GISTs varies depending on the following: […] Common sites of metastasis include the liver and peritoneal dissemination within the abdominal cavity. […] The natural history of these incidental tumors and the frequency of progression to symptomatic disease are unknown. There may be a substantial reservoir of small GISTs that do not progress to symptomatic stages. […] Approximately 20% to 25% of gastric GISTs and 40% to 50% of small intestinal GISTs are clinically aggressive.

• #9 Signs and Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors | Tennessee Oncology

  https://tnoncology.com/news/signs-and-symptoms-of-gastrointestinal-stromal-tumors/

  Most gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) occur in the stomach or small intestine. These tumors often grow into the empty space inside the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, so they might not cause symptoms right away unless they are in a certain location or reach a certain size. […] Small tumors might not cause any symptoms and may be found accidentally when the doctor is looking for some other problem. These small tumors often grow slowly. […] GISTs tend to be fragile tumors that can bleed easily. In fact, they are often found because they cause bleeding into the GI tract. Signs and symptoms of this bleeding depend on how fast it occurs and where the tumor is located. […] Brisk bleeding into the esophagus or stomach can cause the person to throw up blood. When the blood is thrown up it may be partially digested, so it might look like coffee grounds.

• #10 Signs and Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors | Tennessee Oncology

  https://tnoncology.com/news/signs-and-symptoms-of-gastrointestinal-stromal-tumors/

  Brisk bleeding into the stomach or small intestine can make bowel movements (stools) black and tarry. […] Brisk bleeding into the large intestine is likely to turn the stool red with visible blood. […] If the bleeding is slow, it often doesn’t cause the person to throw up blood or have a change in their stool. Over time, though, slow bleeding can lead to a low red blood cell count (anemia), and make a person feel tired and weak. […] Bleeding from the GI tract can be very serious. If you have any of these signs or symptoms, see a doctor right away. […] Other symptoms of GISTs can include: Abdominal (belly) pain, a mass or swelling in the abdomen, nausea, vomiting, feeling full after eating only a small amount of food, loss of appetite, weight loss, problems swallowing (for tumors in the esophagus).

• #11 Gastrointestinal stromal tumor: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumor/

  A gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a type of tumor that occurs in the gastrointestinal tract, most commonly in the stomach or small intestine. […] Small tumors may cause no signs or symptoms. However, some people with GISTs may experience pain or swelling in the belly area (abdomen), nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, or weight loss. […] Sometimes, tumors cause bleeding into the gastrointestinal tract, which may lead to low red blood cell counts (anemia) and, consequently, weakness and tiredness. […] Bleeding into the intestines may cause black and tarry stools, and bleeding into the throat or stomach may cause vomiting of blood. […] Affected individuals with no family history of GIST typically have only one tumor (called a sporadic GIST). […] People with a family history of GISTs (called familial GISTs) often have multiple tumors and additional signs or symptoms, including noncancerous overgrowth (hyperplasia) of other cells in the gastrointestinal tract and patches of dark skin on various areas of the body.

• #12 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST): Symptoms, Types, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/gist-overview-4800603

  Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are a type of soft tissue sarcoma. While they are the most common type of digestive tract sarcoma, they account for only 0.2% of digestive tract cancers overall. They may be found anywhere in the digestive tract but are most common in the stomach and small intestine where they can cause bleeding, anemia, and sometimes severe pain when obstruction or perforation occur. […] The signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal stromal tumors are variable and non-specific and depend on where in the digestive tract the tumor begins. […] When present, possible symptoms may include: Bleeding (most common). This may include vomiting blood (hematemesis) or blood in the stool (melena). The blood may be red, dark brown, or black depending on where the bleeding occurs. Nausea and/or vomiting. Abdominal pain (very severe with rupture). Loss of appetite. Abdominal swelling or bloating. Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia). Feeling full quickly with eating (early satiety). Anemia leading to lightheadedness (due to blood loss). Unintentional weight loss: A weight loss of 5% of body weight or more in a period of 6 to 12 months without trying should always be investigated. Fatigue.

• #13 Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): What are they, and how are they treated? | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumors–gists—what-are-they-and-how-are-they-treated.h00-159699123.html

  GISTs usually spread to the liver or peritoneal cavity. They mostly spread through the bloodstream. […] A GIST can be life-threatening if left untreated. It can metastasize and lead to death. […] Some GISTs are small and may not cause symptoms. Often, a person doesn’t show symptoms until the cancer is at a late stage. […] The top three symptoms of GISTs are: Gastrointestinal bleeding or anemia, Feeling full quickly or after eating only a little bit, Pain near the tumor site. […] GISTs can be cured if they’re caught early and can be removed by surgery. […] Even patients with metastatic disease can be cured if the tumor is not bulky or large. […] It’s more challenging to treat large, bulky tumors that are getting bigger on imatinib because subsequent therapies may not offer long-lasting benefits. […] Catching GISTs early and treating them based on the mutation type can improve your chances of survival.

• #14 Recognize the early warning signs of gastrointestinal stromal tumor and seek timely diagnosis for better treatment outcomes.

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/health-library/early-warning-signs-of-gastrointestinal-stromal-tumor-recognizing-symptoms-and-seeking-timely-diagnosis/

  Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are a type of tumor that occurs in the digestive tract, most commonly in the stomach or small intestine. These tumors arise from specialized cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract known as interstitial cells of Cajal, which are part of the autonomic nervous system and help regulate the motility of the GI tract. […] GISTs can vary greatly in size, and while some grow slowly, others can be more aggressive and spread to other parts of the body. Early detection is key to effective treatment and better patient outcomes. […] Recognizing the early warning signs of GISTs is crucial for timely diagnosis and treatment. Symptoms can vary depending on the size and location of the tumor, but some common early signs include: Abdominal Pain and Discomfort: Persistent or intermittent pain in the abdomen is one of the most common symptoms. The pain may be dull or sharp and can be localized or spread across the abdomen. Visible or Palpable Mass: In some cases, a mass may be felt in the abdomen during a physical examination. This mass can be a sign of a larger or more advanced tumor. Gastrointestinal Bleeding: GISTs can cause bleeding in the GI tract, leading to symptoms such as black or tarry stools, vomiting blood, or anemia. Chronic bleeding can result in fatigue and weakness. Nausea and Vomiting: These symptoms can occur if the tumor obstructs the digestive tract, preventing the normal passage of food. Early Satiety and Loss of Appetite: Feeling full quickly after starting a meal and a general loss of appetite can be indicative of a GIST affecting the stomach or upper intestine.

• #15 Signs and Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumor/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html

  Because GISTs are often fragile, they can sometimes rupture, which can lead to a hole (perforation) in the wall of the GI tract. This can also result in severe abdominal pain. Emergency surgery might be needed in these situations. […] Although many of the possible symptoms of GISTs (like belly pain and nausea) can be caused by things other than cancer, if you have these symptoms, especially if they last for more than a few days, it’s important to see a doctor.

• #16 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278845-overview

  Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) account for less than 1% of GI tumors, but they are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the GI tract. GISTs are usually found in the stomach or small intestine but can occur anywhere along the GI tract and rarely have extra-GI involvement. […] Up to 75% of GISTs are discovered when they are less than 4 cm in diameter and are either asymptomatic or associated with nonspecific symptoms. They are frequently diagnosed incidentally during radiologic studies or endoscopic or surgical procedures performed to investigate the GI tract disease or to treat an emergent condition such as hemorrhage, obstruction, or perforated viscus. Clinical manifestations of GISTs are as follows: Vague, nonspecific abdominal pain or discomfort (most common), Early satiety or a sensation of abdominal fullness, Palpable abdominal mass (rare), Malaise, fatigue, or exertional dyspnea with significant blood loss, Focal or widespread signs of peritonitis (with perforation).

• #17 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumors-gist

  Symptoms include abdominal pain or discomfort, bloody stools, feeling tired, nausea and vomiting, difficulty swallowing […] Some people with gastrointestinal stromal tumors don’t experience any symptoms; their tumors are found incidentally during imaging tests or surgery, when doctors are diagnosing or treating other conditions. […] But, people who do have symptoms may experience: abdominal pain or discomfort, bloody stools, feeling tired, nausea and vomiting, blood in vomit, difficulty swallowing, indigestion, loss of appetite, feeling full after eating a few bites of food or a small meal, diarrhea or constipation, increased volume of urine, palpable mass or swelling in the abdomen. […] The outlook for people with GISTs varies based on several factors. These include the size and location of the tumors, how aggressively they are growing, and whether they have spread to other parts of the body. If a GIST can be successfully removed with surgery, the procedure may be curative. Some tumors, however, cannot be fully removed or may have spread to other sites in the body. Often, patients take a targeted drug like imatinib after surgery to delay or reduce the chances of recurrence. Patients may need to continue to take these drugs for three years or longer.

• #18 Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumors/symptoms-causes/syc-20579528

  A gastrointestinal stromal tumor, also called a GIST, is a type of cancer that begins in the digestive system. GISTs happen most often in the stomach and small intestine. […] Small GISTs may cause no symptoms. And GISTs may grow so slowly that they don’t cause problems at first. As a GIST grows, it can cause symptoms that may include belly pain and nausea. […] Gastrointestinal stromal tumor symptoms include: A growth in the belly area. Belly pain. Fatigue. Nausea and vomiting. Not feeling hungry when you would expect to. Feeling full if you eat only a small amount of food. Dark-colored stools caused by bleeding in the digestive system. […] The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread. When cancer spreads, it’s called metastatic cancer.

• #19 Advanced Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: Physical and Mental Impact

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/gist-mental-physical-impact

  If you have advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), you may not know anyone else with the disease. This may leave you with a lot of questions about what life will be like with this rare cancer of the GI tract. […] Advanced GIST is considered a chronic cancer. That means the tumors may never go away completely. And you’ll likely need ongoing treatment to try to keep the cancer at bay for as long as possible. […] It’s common for people with advanced GIST to feel really tired. You may also have trouble remembering things or thinking clearly. This can be a side effect from treatment or a symptom of the disease itself. […] Advanced GIST affects everyone in a unique way. How you feel may depend on things like your age, where your cancer has spread, and if you have other health problems.

• #20

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumour

  Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are rare tumours involving the digestive tract and account for about 1% of primary gastrointestinal cancers. They occur predominantly in middle-age or older age groups, and are extremely rare in individuals under 30 years of age. […] The majority of GIST cases are asymptomatic and are discovered either during an endoscopy or from a computed tomography (CT) scan. For cases that are symptomatic, the symptoms vary depending on their location and size. The main symptoms that one may present with are: […] Gastrointestinal bleeding […] Symptoms of anaemia such as fatigue, chest discomfort, giddiness and shortness of breath on exertion […] Abdominal pain and discomfort (especially in a large tumour) […] Abdominal mass. […] Treatment for GISTs depends on their size and symptoms. The recommended treatment for symptomatic GISTs or GISTS larger than 2cm is removal with surgery. This can be done via minimally invasive means such as laparoscopy (key-hole) surgery. […] For asymptomatic GISTs less than 2cm in size, an option of regular surveillance may also be considered.

• #21 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278845-overview

  Obstructive signs and symptoms of GISTs can be site-specific, as follows: Dysphagia with an esophageal GIST, Constipation and a distended, tender abdomen with a colorectal GIST, Obstructive jaundice with a duodenal GIST. […] Distant metastases tend to appear late in the course of the disease in most cases. In contrast to other soft tissue tumors, the common metastatic sites of GISTs are the liver and peritoneum. Lymph node involvement is rare, occurring in only 0-8% of cases. However, in rare cases of pediatric GIST, lymph nodes are commonly involved, and distant metastasis is present at diagnosis. Despite these metastases, these variant GISTs have an indolent clinical course. […] GISTs manifest a wide variety of clinical behavior, from slow-growing indolent tumors to aggressive malignant cancers with the propensity to invade adjacent organs, metastasize to the liver, and recur locally within the abdomen. Clinical presentation provides the most overt evidence for distinguishing benign from malignant behavior. Histologic analysis of biopsy or operative specimens provides objective measures for diagnosis and helps predict clinical behavior.

• #22 What Is A GIST Tumor? Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Survival Rate

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_is_a_gist_tumor/article.htm

  GIST tumor symptoms Most GIST symptoms are secondary to GI blockage caused by large GISTs or bleeding from the tumor. […] Small GISTs may produce no symptoms and are often detected during tests for other reasons. Symptoms depend on the size and location of the GIST. Most GIST symptoms are secondary to GI blockage caused by large GISTs or bleeding from the tumor. […] Symptoms of GIST related to blood loss may include: Blood in vomit, Blood in stool, Fatigue and weakness due to anemia from blood loss. […] Symptoms of obstruction caused by GIST may include Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) if the GIST is in the esophagus, Constipation with a colorectal GIST, Jaundice with a GIST in the duodenum. […] General symptoms of GIST may include the following: Abdominal pain, Nausea and vomiting, Feeling full with very little food, Loss of appetite, Weight loss, Rarely, a palpable mass or swelling in the abdomen, Rarely, perforation in the GI tract caused by rupturing of a tumor, which is a medical emergency.

• #23 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Diagnosis and​ Treatment – OncoDaily

  https://oncodaily.com/oncolibrary/cancer-types/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumor

  Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) often present with non-specific and variable symptoms, making early diagnosis challenging. Many cases are asymptomatic and are detected incidentally during imaging, endoscopy, or surgery performed for unrelated reasons. When symptomatic, clinical presentation largely depends on the tumor size, anatomical location, and extent of growth. The most commonly reported symptoms include: […] The location of a gastrointestinal stromal tumor significantly shapes its clinical presentation. Gastric GIST, which are the most frequently encountered, may manifest through upper gastrointestinal bleeding, vague epigastric discomfort, or remain entirely asymptomatic only to be discovered incidentally during procedures such as gastroscopy. In contrast, small intestinal GISTs tend to remain clinically silent for longer periods due to their deep anatomical location. However, when they do become symptomatic, they are more likely to present acutely with gastrointestinal hemorrhage or signs of intestinal obstruction. This is often attributed to the narrower lumen and limited compliance of the small intestine, which makes it more susceptible to the compressive effects of the tumor.

• #24 Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST): British Sarcoma Group clinical practice guidelines | British Journal of Cancer

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-024-02672-0

  Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are rare cancers, with an estimated unadjusted incidence of 1.5/100,000/year. The most common symptoms of GIST include upper gastrointestinal bleeding and anaemia, whilst larger tumours may present with abdominal pain/discomfort and a palpable mass. Small bowel GISTs may remain silent for a long period before presenting with an acute event such as haemorrhage or rupture. Symptomatic rectal GISTs may present with pain, obstruction and bleeding; oesophageal and gastro-oesophageal junction GISTs with dysphagia. Some patients may have non-specific systemic symptoms e.g. weight loss, night sweats and fever. Lack of awareness of the presenting features may lead to delayed diagnosis of GIST in some patients. Small GISTs may be asymptomatic and are often diagnosed incidentally during investigation for other conditions.

• #25 Signs and Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors | Tennessee Oncology

  https://tnoncology.com/news/signs-and-symptoms-of-gastrointestinal-stromal-tumors/

  Sometimes the tumor grows large enough to block the passage of food through the stomach or intestine. This is called an obstruction, and it can cause severe abdominal pain and vomiting. […] Because GISTs are often fragile, they can sometimes rupture, which can lead to a hole (perforation) in the wall of the GI tract. This can also result in severe abdominal pain. Emergency surgery might be needed in these situations. […] Although many of the possible symptoms of GISTs (like belly pain and nausea) can be caused by things other than cancer, if you have these symptoms, especially if they last for more than a few days, it’s important to see a doctor.

• #26 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554541/

  The most common complications of gastrointestinal stromal tumors relate to gastrointestinal bleeding or the mass effect of the tumors. These tumors may present with acute gastrointestinal bleeding in the form of melena or hematemesis, or with chronic gastrointestinal bleeding leading to anemia. These tumors can also lead to intestinal obstruction, intraperitoneal hemorrhage, and rupture with peritonitis.

• #27 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278845-overview

  The predominant prognostic factors in patients with GISTs include the size of the tumor, location of the tumor, and the mitotic rate. To these may be added the ability or inability to achieve completely negative resection margins. The following characteristics appear to be the most predictive of aggressive behavior in GISTs: Mitotic rate greater than 5 mitoses per 50 high-power fields (HPFs), Size larger than 5 cm and 10 cm, which pose moderate and high malignant potential, respectively.

• #28 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs) – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/tumors-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumors-gists

  GISTs may arise in people with a genetic syndrome. The two most common are […] Symptoms of GISTs vary with location but include bleeding, dyspepsia, and obstruction. They are also commonly identified incidentally on imaging that is done for another reason. […] GISTs are often slow growing, but they exhibit a wide array of malignant potential. The malignant potential of a particular GIST is related to where in the GI tract it originates, the size of the primary tumor, and the mitotic rate seen on biopsy (or surgical pathology). Of these, small tumors in the stomach with a low mitotic rate have the most favorable outcomes.

• #29 Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST): British Sarcoma Group clinical practice guidelines | British Journal of Cancer

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-024-02672-0

  The TNM classification does not add to existing prognostic systems for GIST and its use is not recommended in this disease. Prognostic factors of proven value are the mitotic rate, tumour size and tumour site. Gastric GISTs have a better prognosis than small bowel or rectal GISTs. Tumour rupture through a serosal surface is an adverse prognostic factor and should be recorded, whether it took place before or during surgery. […] The risk of relapse following surgery can be substantial, as defined by available risk classifications. Adjuvant treatment with imatinib for 3 years was associated with improved relapse-free and overall survival compared with 1 year of therapy in a randomised trial in high-risk patients.

• #30 Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/what-is-soft-tissue-sarcoma/types-of-soft-tissue-sarcoma/gists

  A pathologist examines a tissue sample from the tumour under a microscope to see how often the cells are dividing. They also check the size of the tumour and where the tumour is in the body. Then GISTs are classified as low or high risk based on their chance of progressing. Low-risk GISTs, which grow slowly, are small and are in the stomach, tend to have a better prognosis.

• #31 Gastrointestinal stromal tumor – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_stromal_tumor

  GISTs may present with trouble swallowing, gastrointestinal bleeding, or metastases (mainly in the liver). […] Often, there is a history of vague abdominal pain or discomfort, and the tumor has become rather large by time the diagnosis is made. […] GIST tumors commonly metastasize to the liver (in 28% of cases) and/or to the greater omentum, lesser omentum, or mesentery (in 30% of cases). […] Malignancy is characterized by local invasion and metastases, usually to the liver, omentum and peritoneum. However, cases of metastases to bone, pleura, lungs and retroperitoneum have been seen.

• #32 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor – SFA

  https://curesarcoma.org/sarcoma-subtypes/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumor/

  Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a type of tumor that can develop anywhere in the digestive tract. It arises from the interstitial cells of Cajal, which are responsible for controlling the movement of the gut. […] The most common presentations include vague abdominal symptoms, as well as symptoms related to mucosal ulceration, acute and chronic bleeding, an abdominal mass, and tumor perforation. Smaller GISTs are detected incidentally during endoscopy, surgery, or CT. […] Advanced GISTs spread into the peritoneal cavity and retroperitoneal space and often metastasize to the liver. Bone, skin, and soft tissue metastases are infrequently observed, whereas lung metastases are exceedingly rare. Systemic spread can occur years after detection of the primary tumor. Gastric GISTs exhibit a higher local recurrence rate than do small bowel GISTs, but the latter have a higher rate of abdominal dissemination and metastasis.

• #33 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST): Symptoms, Types, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/gist-overview-4800603

  In some cases, the first signs and symptoms of a GIST may be related to complications of the tumor. These may include: Perforation: Perforation of the esophagus (perforated esophagus), stomach, or bowel (bowel perforation) may be the first symptom, and can cause severe pain. Obstruction: A bowel obstruction due to the presence of a tumor may cause severe pain and vomiting. Severe pain may be present even without complications of GIST. […] When GIST progress, they often advance locally and are less likely to spread (metastasize) to lymph nodes or distant sites compared with other cancers. When they do spread, the most common sites are the lungs and bones. The aggressiveness of these tumors can vary significantly, with up to 25% of stomach GISTs and up to 50% of small intestine GISTs being considered aggressive.

• #34 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/patient/gist-treatment-pdq

  Gastrointestinal stromal tumor is a disease in which abnormal cells form in the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract. […] Signs of gastrointestinal stromal tumors include blood in the stool or vomit. […] Some gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) grow slowly over time and may never cause a problem for a patient, while others can grow and spread very quickly. […] Very small GISTs are common. […] Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.

• #35 Progression of Metastatic GIST

  https://www.targetedonc.com/view/progression-of-metastatic-gist

  The patient had stable disease on imatinib for roughly 2 years, but in 2016, she had progressive abdominal pain. CT scan showed growth in the primary tumor as well as a new liver metastasis. […] Progression in GISTs can sometimes be a little misleading. We know that there are rare cases where patients initiate first-line therapy and their tumors, particularly liver metastases, can sometimes enlarge but also become more cystic. […] Eventually, those tumors often start shrinking subsequently. But after 2 years of treatment, that’s when progression is almost expected in a high-grade GIST. […] Sometimes, we see specific sites of progression. For example, within a tumor that has become cystic, sometimes you’ll see growth of an enhancing tumor within the cystic tumor, and this really represents a site of resistance that implies localized progression. […] During routine follow-up, the patient complained of recurring abdominal pain. Abdominal CT scan showed a slight increase in the primary tumor size and a new small metastatic tumor in the liver. […] At her 6-month follow-up, abdominal CT scan revealed additional metastases in the liver.

• #36 Gastrointestinal stromal tumor: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumor/

  Some affected individuals have a skin condition called urticaria pigmentosa (also known as maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis), which is characterized by raised patches of brownish skin that sting or itch when touched. […] A rare form of GIST, called succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)-deficient GIST, tends to occur in childhood or young adulthood and affects females more commonly than males. […] In this form, tumors are almost always in the stomach. […] Individuals with an SDH-deficient GIST have a high risk of developing other types of tumors, particularly noncancerous tumors in the nervous system called paragangliomas and noncancerous lung tumors called pulmonary chondromas.

• #37 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor – SFA

  https://curesarcoma.org/sarcoma-subtypes/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumor/

  The best-documented prognostic parameters for GIST are mitotic activity, tumor size, and anatomical site. […] In general, intestinal GISTs and SDH-deficient GISTs are more unpredictable. Tumors with low mitotic counts can metastasize, whereas tumors with higher mitotic counts may remain indolent for extended periods. Many patients with SDH-deficient GISTs with liver metastases can survive for years or decades without specific treatment, in contrast to patients with KIT/PDGFRA-mutant GISTs, which are rapidly progressive when metastatic. Tumor rupture is an additional adverse factor in GIST. […] Mutation status represents a prognostic as well as predictive factor. In general, KIT-mutant tumors tend to behave more aggressively than PDGFRA-mutant or triple-negative (KIT/PDGFRA/BRAF-wildtype) tumors.

• #38 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumors-gist

  Even after treatment, there is a chance that GISTs will return. Because of this risk, it is important that people who have had a GIST see their doctor for regular checkups and monitoring. […] The 5-year relative survival rate for localized GISTs (tumors that have not spread beyond the site where they originally formed) is 93%. The 5-year survival rate for GISTs that have spread to distant parts of the body is 55%.

• #39 What Is A GIST Tumor? Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Survival Rate

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_is_a_gist_tumor/article.htm

  The survival rate for GIST varies with the size and location of the tumor and its mitotic rate. Some GISTs are slow-growing while others grow aggressively and spread to the liver or keep recurring. […] The 5-year survival rate for a localized GIST is 93%. The five-year survival rate drops to 80% if GIST has spread to nearby areas or organs. GISTs that have metastasized to distant parts at the time of diagnosis have a 5-year survival rate of 55%.

• #40 Advanced Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: Physical and Mental Impact

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/gist-mental-physical-impact

  Advanced GIST is a life-threatening illness, and your diagnosis may bring on some big emotions. You may have uncertainty about life with cancer or fear that the treatment won’t work. You may worry about how your family life or other relationships may change. […] If you have advanced GIST, there’s at least a 53% chance you’ll be alive 5 years after your diagnosis. But it’s hard to predict how this cancer will affect you. Things like your age, overall health, and how well you respond to treatment all play a role in your survival rate. […] Standard chemotherapy and radiation therapy don’t work as well on GIST tumors. But there are a growing number of targeted therapies approved to treat this kind of cancer. You may have more treatment choices in the future.

• #41 Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: correlation between symptoms at presentation, tumor location and prognostic factors in 47 consecutive patients | World Journal of Surgical Oncology | Full Text

  https://wjso.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7819-9-13

  We observed an higher prevalence of symptomatic patients in the „high risk/malignant group” of both the Fletcher’s and Miettines’s classification (p 0.05). […] According with our findings symptoms correlate to tumor location, to class risk criteria as mitotic index and risk classifications, however we cannot conclude that symptoms are per se predictive of survival or patient’s outcome. […] The most common symptom in our experience was abdominal pain (38%), followed by bleeding in the digestive tract (29.8%). […] Acute abdominal symptoms are reported in 3-17% of the cases. In our experience, there was a higher prevalence of acute symptoms in the jejunal/ileal GISTs: indeed five patients out of seven undergone to an emergency surgical resection (three due to bowel obstruction and two due GI bleeding), had jejunal/ileal GISTs.

• #42 If You Have a Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumor/if-you-have-gastrointestinal-stromal-tumor-gist.html

  Targeted drugs are more likely to be used if the tumor has spread. Other types of treatment are used less often. […] Side effects depend on which drug is used. Some of these drugs might cause stomach upset, loose stools, muscle pain, skin changes, and might make a person feel tired. Worse side effects are also possible. […] You’ll be glad when treatment is over. But it’s hard not to worry about cancer coming back. Even when cancer never comes back, people still worry about it. For years after treatment ends, you will see your cancer doctor. At first, your visits may be every few months. Then, the longer you’re cancer-free, the less often the visits are needed.

• #43 Gastrointestinal stromal tumour | Soft tissue sarcoma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/soft-tissue-sarcoma/types/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumour

  People with an early stage GIST often do not have any symptoms. […] Most GISTs are diagnosed in later stages of the disease. The symptoms of an advanced GIST are likely to include: pain or discomfort in the tummy, a feeling of fullness, being sick, blood in your stools or vomit, feeling very tired, a low red blood cell count (anaemia), a lump in the body you can feel. […] Other medical conditions apart from cancer can cause these symptoms. If you have these symptoms you should see your doctor. A GIST is rare, so they are more likely to be caused by something less serious, but it is always best to check.

Zobacz więcej