Gist (guz podścieliskowy przewodu pokarmowego)
Epidemiologia

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) to najczęstszy nowotwór mezenchymalny przewodu pokarmowego, stanowiący 1-3% wszystkich nowotworów tego układu. Częstość występowania wynosi 10-15 przypadków na milion osób rocznie, z rocznym wzrostem zachorowalności do 1,02/100 000 osobolat w 2019 roku. GIST lokalizuje się najczęściej w żołądku (50-60%) i jelicie cienkim (20-35%), a lokalizacja ma znaczenie prognostyczne – guzy żołądka rokują lepiej niż jelita cienkiego. Czynniki prognostyczne obejmują wielkość guza (>5 cm), wskaźnik mitotyczny, lokalizację oraz obecność pęknięcia guza. Pięcioletnie przeżycie specyficzne dla choroby wynosi 82%, z najlepszym wynikiem u pacjentów poddanych leczeniu chirurgicznemu (86%). Wzrost wykrywalności w stadium miejscowym i przerzutowym obserwowany w ostatnich latach podkreśla znaczenie wczesnej diagnostyki i monitorowania.

Epidemiologia guza podścieliskowego przewodu pokarmowego (GIST)

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), w języku polskim nazywany guzem podścieliskowym przewodu pokarmowego, stanowi najczęstszy typ nowotworu mezenchymalnego przewodu pokarmowego. Mimo to, GIST jest nowotworem stosunkowo rzadkim, stanowiącym zaledwie 1-3% wszystkich nowotworów przewodu pokarmowego. Jednakże ze względu na swój potencjał złośliwy, wszystkie GIST są uważane za nowotwory potencjalnie złośliwe, a ryzyko złośliwości jest proporcjonalne do wielkości guza.12

Dane epidemiologiczne

Częstość występowania GIST na świecie szacuje się na 10-15 przypadków na milion osób rocznie, co przekłada się na około 4000-6000 nowych przypadków rocznie w Stanach Zjednoczonych.12 Według bazy danych SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results), roczna standaryzowana względem wieku zachorowalność na GIST wzrosła z 0,55 na 100 000 osób w 2001 roku do 0,78 na 100 000 w 2011 roku, a w nowszych badaniach odnotowano dalszy wzrost do 1,02 na 100 000 osobolat w 2019 roku, co oznacza roczny wzrost o 2,4%.34

Najwyższe wskaźniki zachorowalności (19-22 przypadki na milion osób rocznie) odnotowano w Hong Kongu, Szanghaju, na Tajwanie i w Norwegii.5 Badania populacyjne z Islandii, Holandii, Hiszpanii i Szwecji wykazują roczną częstość występowania w zakresie 6,5-14,5 przypadków na milion osób.6

Rozpowszechnienie (prevalence) GIST szacuje się na około 13 przypadków na 100 000 osób na świecie, jednak dzięki zastosowaniu inhibitorów kinazy tyrozynowej, takich jak imatynib, przewiduje się, że rozpowszechnienie GIST może wzrosnąć nawet do 31,8 przypadków na 100 000 osób.7

Charakterystyka demograficzna pacjentów

GIST najczęściej występuje u osób w wieku 60-70 lat, z medianą wieku przy rozpoznaniu wynoszącą około 65 lat. Guzy te rzadko występują u osób poniżej 40 roku życia, a przypadki pediatryczne są niezwykle rzadkie i stanowią odrębną podgrupę.89 GIST u dzieci charakteryzuje się przewagą występowania u płci żeńskiej, brakiem mutacji KIT/PDGFRA, zwykle lokalizacją w żołądku lub występowaniem wieloogniskowym oraz możliwymi przerzutami do węzłów chłonnych.10

Według badań opartych na bazie SEER, GIST częściej występuje u osób nielatynoskich niż latynoskich (współczynnik częstości RR=1,23) oraz częściej u osób rasy czarnej (RR=2,07) lub Azjatów/mieszkańców wysp Pacyfiku (RR=1,50) niż u osób rasy białej. Nowotwór ten występuje również częściej u mężczyzn niż u kobiet (RR=1,35), choć niektóre badania wskazują na brak przewagi którejkolwiek z płci.1112

Lokalizacja anatomiczna GIST

GIST może występować w dowolnym miejscu przewodu pokarmowego, ale najczęściej lokalizuje się w żołądku (50-60% przypadków) i jelicie cienkim (20-35%). Rzadziej występuje w okrężnicy i odbytnicy (5-10%) oraz przełyku (około 1%). Około 5% przypadków GIST może występować poza przewodem pokarmowym, w otrzewnej i sieci.1314

Lokalizacja anatomiczna guza ma znaczenie prognostyczne. GIST zlokalizowane w żołądku mają lepsze rokowanie niż guzy jelita cienkiego o podobnej wielkości i wskaźniku mitotycznym. Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, GIST żołądka rokują znacznie lepiej niż rak gruczołowy żołądka.15

Stadium zaawansowania i przeżycie pacjentów z GIST

Według badań opartych na danych SEER, wśród wszystkich zidentyfikowanych pacjentów z GIST, stadium lokalne stanowi około 64,7%, następnie stadium odległe (19,7%) i stadium regionalne (10,6%). Co istotne, w latach 2010-2019 odnotowano wzrost odsetka przypadków w stadium miejscowym z 58,5% do 67,9%, a jednocześnie wzrost odsetka przypadków z przerzutami odległymi z 15,2% do 23,3%.16

Według danych SEER z lat 2001-2011, 5-letnie wskaźniki przeżycia całkowitego dla pacjentów z GIST wynoszą 77% dla osób ze stadium miejscowym choroby w momencie rozpoznania, 64% dla osób z chorobą regionalną i 41% dla osób z chorobą przerzutową.17

Ogólne skumulowane wskaźniki przeżycia po 1, 3 i 5 latach wynoszą odpowiednio 93%, 83% i 74%. Przeżycie specyficzne dla choroby po 1, 3 i 5 latach wynosi odpowiednio 95%, 88% i 82%. 5-letnie przeżycie specyficzne dla choroby według stosowanego leczenia obejmuje chirurgię (86%), chemioterapię/terapię celowaną z lub bez operacji (77%) i radioterapię (75%).18

Co istotne, przeżycie specyficzne dla choroby znacznie poprawiło się z 75% w 2000 roku do 85% w 2013 roku. Leczenie chirurgiczne zapewniało najlepsze przeżycie specyficzne dla choroby w 2012 roku (93%), jednak przeżycie specyficzne dla choroby znacząco wzrosło dzięki chemioterapii na przestrzeni lat, osiągając najwyższy punkt w 2010 roku (83%).19

Czynniki prognostyczne

W analizie wieloczynnikowej wykazano, że wielkość guza >5 cm, stopień zróżnicowania (słabo zróżnicowany i niezróżnicowany), wiek >60 lat oraz obecność przerzutów odległych w momencie rozpoznania były związane z gorszym całkowitym przeżyciem.20

Potwierdzonymi czynnikami prognostycznymi o udowodnionej wartości są: wskaźnik mitotyczny, wielkość guza, lokalizacja guza oraz obecność lub brak pęknięcia guza. GIST żołądka mają lepsze rokowanie niż GIST jelita cienkiego lub odbytnicy.21

Klasyfikacja TNM nie wnosi dodatkowych informacji do istniejących systemów prognostycznych dla GIST i jej stosowanie nie jest zalecane w przypadku tej choroby.22

Nadzór i monitorowanie pacjentów z GIST

Strategie nadzoru

Optymalna modalność i częstotliwość nadzoru nad chorobą przerzutową lub nawrotową u pacjentów, którzy przeszli resekcję GIST, nie zostały dokładnie zbadane. W oparciu o prawdopodobieństwo nawrotu, zalecenia dotyczące obserwacji są opracowywane na podstawie opinii ekspertów i oceny klinicznej.23

Dla pacjentów z chirurgicznie leczonym zlokalizowanym GIST, rutynowe harmonogramy obserwacji mogą różnić się w zależności od instytucji i zależą od statusu ryzyka guza. Obrazowanie jamy brzusznej/miednicy może być wykonywane co 3-6 miesięcy, ale zmiany o bardzo niskim ryzyku mogą nie wymagać tak częstego obrazowania.24

Wskazówki dotyczące obserwacji

Europejskie Towarzystwo Onkologii Medycznej (ESMO) sugeruje dostosowanie harmonogramów obserwacji zgodnie ze stratyfikacją ryzyka:25

  • GIST o bardzo niskim ryzyku nawrotu są niezmiennie leczone chirurgicznie i dlatego nie wymagają adjuwantowego leczenia imatynibem ani długotrwałego obrazowania
  • GIST o niskim ryzyku (z wyłączeniem guzów o wysokich wskaźnikach mitotycznych) można obserwować z rzadkim obrazowaniem przez 5 lat w odstępach 6-12 miesięcy
  • GIST o pośrednim i wysokim ryzyku wymagają gęstszego obrazowania przez co najmniej 3-5 lat

26

Harmonogram badań obrazowych dla GIST wysokiego ryzyka zalecany przez ESMO obejmuje badania w odstępach 3-6 miesięcy przez pierwsze trzy lata podczas leczenia adjuwantowego imatynibem, następnie co trzy miesiące przez 2 lata i co 6 miesięcy przez kolejne 3 lata po zakończeniu leczenia imatynibem. Coroczne obrazowanie jest zalecane przez kolejne 5 lat.27

Japońska Komisja ds. Wytycznych GIST zaleca wykonywanie TK co 6-12 miesięcy w przypadku GIST o bardzo niskim, niskim i pośrednim ryzyku oraz co 4-6 miesięcy w przypadku GIST wysokiego ryzyka.28

Obserwacja małych GIST

W przypadku małych, bezobjawowych GIST (≤2 cm) istnieją kontrowersje dotyczące optymalnego postępowania. Niektórzy eksperci zalecają resekcję chirurgiczną, inni zalecają nadzór za pomocą endoskopowej ultrasonografii (EUS) do czasu, gdy guzy urosną lub staną się objawowe.29

Dane potwierdzające regularne monitorowanie EUS lub optymalny odstęp między badaniami są jednak skąpe, ponieważ naturalny przebieg małych GIST, zwłaszcza ich tempo wzrostu i potencjał przerzutowy, jest w dużej mierze niezbadany.30

Wyniki badań potwierdzają, że tylko niewielka liczba małych GIST wykazuje progresję podczas długoterminowej obserwacji, co uzasadnia wydłużenie odstępów między badaniami kontrolnymi dla małych GIST, być może co 3 lata.31

Badania wykazały, że pierwotne GIST o bardzo niskim i niskim ryzyku przewodu pokarmowego mają doskonałe przeżycie wolne od nawrotu, przeżycie specyficzne dla choroby i przeżycie całkowite po zabiegu endoskopowym. Uważa się, że rutynowa obserwacja, w tym obrazowanie i endoskopia przewodu pokarmowego, może nie być wymagana w tych przypadkach.32

Postępy w diagnostyce i leczeniu GIST

W ostatnich latach nastąpił znaczący postęp w diagnostyce i leczeniu GIST, co przyczyniło się do poprawy przeżycia pacjentów.33

Diagnostyka obrazowa

Tomografia komputerowa (TK) z kontrastem jest najczęściej stosowaną metodą oceny odpowiedzi na leczenie GIST. Pozytonowa tomografia emisyjna (PET) okazała się wysoce czuła w wykrywaniu wczesnej odpowiedzi i przydatna w przewidywaniu długoterminowej odpowiedzi na imatynib u pacjentów z przerzutowym GIST.34

Obrazowanie dostarcza cennych informacji na temat wykrywania, charakterystyki, oceny zaawansowania i przewidywania odpowiedzi na leczenie GIST, przyczyniając się do optymalizacji postępowania z pacjentem na wszystkich etapach leczenia.35

Terapie celowane

Wprowadzenie imatynibu, małocząsteczkowego inhibitora kinazy tyrozynowej, w leczeniu GIST z ekspresją KIT, ustanowiło nowy standard opieki w leczeniu nieoperacyjnych i przerzutowych GIST z ekspresją KIT.36

Obecnie pięć inhibitorów kinazy tyrozynowej, a mianowicie imatynib, sunitynib, regorafenib, ripretynib i avapritynib, ma istotne dowody kliniczne dotyczące leczenia GIST. Aktywność każdego leku jest dobrze skorelowana z mutacjami i zmianami genów; dlatego w erze medycyny precyzyjnej należy rozważyć profilowanie genomu nowotworowego przy wyborze leczenia.37

Zgodnie z najnowszymi wytycznymi polskimi i międzynarodowymi (ESMO 2022 i NCCN 2022), ripretynib jest preferowaną opcją leczenia czwartej linii u pacjentów z nieoperacyjnym, postępującym lub przerzutowym GIST po leczeniu imatynibem, sunitynibem i regorafenibem w dawce 150 mg/dobę.38

Znaczenie analizy mutacji

Podkreślono znaczenie analizy mutacji w kierowaniu leczeniem, ponieważ może ona wskazać najskuteczniejszą terapię i uniknąć podawania nieskutecznych leków, podkreślając potrzebę leczenia w specjalistycznych ośrodkach.39

W erze medycyny precyzyjnej, profilowanie genomu nowotworowego za pomocą analizy ukierunkowanego panelu genów może umożliwić potencjalną terapię celowaną nawet w przypadku GIST bez mutacji KIT lub PDGFRA.40

Podsumowując, epidemiologia GIST koncentruje się na wzrastającej częstości występowania tego rzadkiego, ale potencjalnie złośliwego nowotworu, z istotnymi różnicami w zależności od wieku, płci i rasy. Strategie nadzoru są dostosowane do poziomu ryzyka guza, a postępy w terapiach celowanych znacząco poprawiły rokowanie pacjentów. Rosnące zrozumienie molekularnych podstaw GIST umożliwia bardziej spersonalizowane podejście do leczenia i monitorowania tych nowotworów.

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  1. 16.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST): A Population-Based Study Using the SEER Database, including Management and Recent Advances in Targeted Therapy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9367571/
    Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. All GISTs are potentially malignant and, in general, the risk is proportional to the tumor size. GISTs usually affect people aged between 60 and 70 years, with no gender predominance. The main treatment of GISTs is complete surgical resection, ideally with the preservation of tumor integrity to prevent intra-abdominal dissemination due to rupture and spillage. Advanced-stage tumors require targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and multidisciplinary oncologic care. […] The incidence of GIST is 10-15 cases per million worldwide, with ~5000 cases per year in the United States. The size of most tumors ranged between 6-10 cm: 36% and they were treated by surgical intervention: 82% and/or chemotherapy/targeted therapy: 39%. The stage was localized: 66%, advanced: 19%, and regional: 15%. GISTs comprise 12% of malignancies of the GI tract, usually affect male Caucasians between the ages of 60 and 74 years, most tumors occur in the stomach and small intestine, and are usually 5 cm, but still localized, at the time of diagnosis.
  • #2 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST): A Population-Based Study Using the SEER Database, including Management and Recent Advances in Targeted Therapy
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/15/3689
    Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. All GISTs are potentially malignant and, in general, the risk is proportional to the tumor size. […] GISTs usually affect people aged between 60 and 70 years, with no gender predominance. […] The main treatment of GISTs is complete surgical resection, ideally with the preservation of tumor integrity to prevent intra-abdominal dissemination due to rupture and spillage. Advanced-stage tumors require targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and multidisciplinary oncologic care. […] The incidence of GIST is 10–15 cases per million worldwide, with ~5000 cases per year in the United States. […] Most tumors affect the stomach and small intestine. […] Advanced-stage disease is reportedly present in 47% of cases, usually with metastases to the liver and peritoneum.
  • #2 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278845-overview
    Roughly 5000 new cases of GISTs are diagnosed annually in the United States. According to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, the annual age-adjusted incidence of GISTs rose from 0.55 per 100,000 population in 2001 to 0.78/100,000 in 2011. […] Data on worldwide frequency are limited, but in general, GISTs constitute 1-3% of all gastric malignancies. Population-based studies from Iceland, the Netherlands, Spain, and Sweden report annual incidence rates ranging from 6.5 to 14.5 cases per million. […] According to 2001-2011 SEER data, 5-year overall survival rates for patients with GISTs are 77% for those with localized disease at diagnosis, 64% for those with regional disease, and 41% for those with metastatic disease. […] Gastric GISTs carry a better prognosis than small bowel GISTs of similar size and mitotic rate. In general, gastric GISTs portend a much better prognosis than adenocarcinoma of the stomach.
  • #3 Update of epidemiology, survival and initial treatment in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumour in the USA: a retrospective study based on SEER database | BMJ Open
    https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/13/7/e072945
    Objectives An updated epidemiological analysis of gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST), the change of cancer-specific survival (CSS) and patterns of initial treatment are of interest. […] A total of 5625 patients with GIST diagnosed between 2010 and 2019 were identified. […] From 2010 to 2019, the ASIR of GIST increased from 0.79 to 1.02 per 100000 person-years, with an increase of 2.4% annually. […] The findings of this study suggest an improving early detection of GIST and an improving ability of accurate staging. […] The ASIR for patients aged 50 years kept 56 fold higher than that for patients aged 2049 years during the last decade. […] In this study, we updated the epidemiological data of GIST diagnosed between 2010 and 2019 in the USA. […] We found that the overall ASIR of GIST increased from 0.79 to 1.02 per 100000 person-years, with a change of 2.4% annually. […] This study provides a substantial reference for updated epidemiology of GIST in the last decade.
  • #4 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278845-overview
    Roughly 5000 new cases of GISTs are diagnosed annually in the United States. According to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, the annual age-adjusted incidence of GISTs rose from 0.55 per 100,000 population in 2001 to 0.78/100,000 in 2011. […] Data on worldwide frequency are limited, but in general, GISTs constitute 1-3% of all gastric malignancies. Population-based studies from Iceland, the Netherlands, Spain, and Sweden report annual incidence rates ranging from 6.5 to 14.5 cases per million. […] According to 2001-2011 SEER data, 5-year overall survival rates for patients with GISTs are 77% for those with localized disease at diagnosis, 64% for those with regional disease, and 41% for those with metastatic disease. […] Gastric GISTs carry a better prognosis than small bowel GISTs of similar size and mitotic rate. In general, gastric GISTs portend a much better prognosis than adenocarcinoma of the stomach.
  • #5 Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a comprehensive review – Parab – Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology
    https://jgo.amegroups.org/article/view/23883/html
    GISTs are rare, accounting for 1% to 2% of gastrointestinal neoplasms. […] The highest incidence rates (1922 per million per year) were noted in Hong Kong, Shanghai, Taiwan, and Norway. […] About 10% to 30% of GISTs progress to malignancy. […] GISTs occurring outside of the stomach are associated with a higher malignant potential. […] High-risk tumors should be monitored for recurrence with serial abdominal CT scans. […] GISTs are best identified by CT scan but also can be seen on abdominal ultrasound, MRI, and PET. […] To determine the risk of malignancy potential and recurrence, researchers follow the NIH, AFIP, and modified NIH classifications that are calculated based on tumor size, mitotic rate, location, and perforation. […] TKIs are recommended for high risk GISTs. […] The standard dose for high risk GISTs is imatinib 400 mg daily. […] Metastasis are very common and can be seen in the liver and mesentery and omentum, but are treated the same as high risk GISTs. […] There is limited evidence showing the effectiveness of RF for nonoperative liver metastasis.
  • #6 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278845-overview
    Roughly 5000 new cases of GISTs are diagnosed annually in the United States. According to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, the annual age-adjusted incidence of GISTs rose from 0.55 per 100,000 population in 2001 to 0.78/100,000 in 2011. […] Data on worldwide frequency are limited, but in general, GISTs constitute 1-3% of all gastric malignancies. Population-based studies from Iceland, the Netherlands, Spain, and Sweden report annual incidence rates ranging from 6.5 to 14.5 cases per million. […] According to 2001-2011 SEER data, 5-year overall survival rates for patients with GISTs are 77% for those with localized disease at diagnosis, 64% for those with regional disease, and 41% for those with metastatic disease. […] Gastric GISTs carry a better prognosis than small bowel GISTs of similar size and mitotic rate. In general, gastric GISTs portend a much better prognosis than adenocarcinoma of the stomach.
  • #7 Gastrointestinal stromal tumor epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Gastrointestinal_stromal_tumor_epidemiology_and_demographics
    With the use of new tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as imatinib, the prevalence of GIST is estimated to go upto 31.8 cases per 100,0000 individuals. […] GIST is extremely rare in patients younger than 30 years of age. […] The SEER study also concluded that Blacks and Hispanics individuals are less likely to develop GIST. […] The male to female ratio is approximately 1.1 to 1. […] The majority of GIST cases were reported in Hong Kong, Shanghai (China), Taiwan; and northern Norway, with an estimated 19-22 cases per million per year.
  • #8 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST): A Population-Based Study Using the SEER Database, including Management and Recent Advances in Targeted Therapy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9367571/
    Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. All GISTs are potentially malignant and, in general, the risk is proportional to the tumor size. GISTs usually affect people aged between 60 and 70 years, with no gender predominance. The main treatment of GISTs is complete surgical resection, ideally with the preservation of tumor integrity to prevent intra-abdominal dissemination due to rupture and spillage. Advanced-stage tumors require targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and multidisciplinary oncologic care. […] The incidence of GIST is 10-15 cases per million worldwide, with ~5000 cases per year in the United States. The size of most tumors ranged between 6-10 cm: 36% and they were treated by surgical intervention: 82% and/or chemotherapy/targeted therapy: 39%. The stage was localized: 66%, advanced: 19%, and regional: 15%. GISTs comprise 12% of malignancies of the GI tract, usually affect male Caucasians between the ages of 60 and 74 years, most tumors occur in the stomach and small intestine, and are usually 5 cm, but still localized, at the time of diagnosis.
  • #9 Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST): British Sarcoma Group clinical practice guidelines | British Journal of Cancer
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-024-02672-0
    Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are rare cancers, with an estimated unadjusted incidence of 1.5/100,000/year. Data from the Rhne-Alpes region of France and NHS England Cancer Registry suggest an incidence of just under 11 per million per annum, equating to 650 clinically meaningful new cases a year in the UK, ~900 in total. […] The median age at diagnosis is around 60-65 years, with a wide range. Occurrence in children, adolescents younger patients is very rare, although paediatric GISTs represent a distinct subset, marked by female predominance, absence of KIT/platelet-derived growth factor alpha (PDGFRA) variants, gastric origin or multicentric location and possible lymph node metastases. […] Small asymptomatic submucosal lesions 2cm in diameter in the upper gastrointestinal tract and small intestine may be kept under surveillance, e.g. by EUS on an annual basis and biopsied or excised if they continue to grow, or for patient preference.
  • #10 Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST): British Sarcoma Group clinical practice guidelines | British Journal of Cancer
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-024-02672-0
    Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are rare cancers, with an estimated unadjusted incidence of 1.5/100,000/year. Data from the Rhne-Alpes region of France and NHS England Cancer Registry suggest an incidence of just under 11 per million per annum, equating to 650 clinically meaningful new cases a year in the UK, ~900 in total. […] The median age at diagnosis is around 60-65 years, with a wide range. Occurrence in children, adolescents younger patients is very rare, although paediatric GISTs represent a distinct subset, marked by female predominance, absence of KIT/platelet-derived growth factor alpha (PDGFRA) variants, gastric origin or multicentric location and possible lymph node metastases. […] Small asymptomatic submucosal lesions 2cm in diameter in the upper gastrointestinal tract and small intestine may be kept under surveillance, e.g. by EUS on an annual basis and biopsied or excised if they continue to grow, or for patient preference.
  • #11 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278845-overview
    Even after complete resection of primary GIST, at least 50% of patients develop recurrence or metastasis, at a median time to recurrence of 2 years. This high rate of recurrence is in the setting of an overall 5-year survival rate of 50%. […] A review of the SEER database from 2001-2011 found that GISTs were more common in non-Hispanics than Hispanics (rate ratio [RR]=1.23) and in blacks (RR=2.07) or Asians/Pacific Islanders (RR=1.50) than in whites. GISTs were also more common in males than females (RR=1.35). The incidence of GISTs increased with age, peaking among 70-79 year olds. […] Older age at diagnosis, male sex, black race, and advanced stage at diagnosis were independent risk factors of worse overall survival, on multivariate analysis. Those characteristics, along with earlier year of diagnosis, were also independent risk factors of worse GIST-specific survival.
  • #12 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST): A Population-Based Study Using the SEER Database, including Management and Recent Advances in Targeted Therapy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9367571/
    Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. All GISTs are potentially malignant and, in general, the risk is proportional to the tumor size. GISTs usually affect people aged between 60 and 70 years, with no gender predominance. The main treatment of GISTs is complete surgical resection, ideally with the preservation of tumor integrity to prevent intra-abdominal dissemination due to rupture and spillage. Advanced-stage tumors require targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and multidisciplinary oncologic care. […] The incidence of GIST is 10-15 cases per million worldwide, with ~5000 cases per year in the United States. The size of most tumors ranged between 6-10 cm: 36% and they were treated by surgical intervention: 82% and/or chemotherapy/targeted therapy: 39%. The stage was localized: 66%, advanced: 19%, and regional: 15%. GISTs comprise 12% of malignancies of the GI tract, usually affect male Caucasians between the ages of 60 and 74 years, most tumors occur in the stomach and small intestine, and are usually 5 cm, but still localized, at the time of diagnosis.
  • #13 Pathology Outlines – GIST
    https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/stomachgist.html
    Most common mesenchymal tumor of the gastrointestinal tract. […] Mean age at diagnosis: 60 – 65 years old. […] Annual incidence: 11 – 18 per million (World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:2223, Eur J Cancer 2005;41:2868, Cancer 2005;103:821, APMIS 2010;118:648). […] M:F = 1:1, no clear sex predilection.
  • #14 Imaging of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: From Diagnosis to Evaluation of Therapeutic Response | Anticancer Research
    https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/36/6/2639
    Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, with an incidence of up to 14-20 cases per million and a prevalence of about 130 cases per million population. […] GISTs may occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract; they are most commonly located in the stomach (50-60%) and the small intestine (30-35%) and less frequently in the colon and rectum (5%) and the esophagus (1%). […] Although most patients have symptoms or a palpable tumor at presentation, 25% of GISTs are incidentally discovered at imaging or surgery, and a few of them (about 5%) are found at autopsy. […] Since 30% of GISTs are frankly malignant, an accurate assessment is crucial in order to identify resectable disease and to evaluate the need for adjuvant or neo-adjuvant therapy.
  • #15 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278845-overview
    Roughly 5000 new cases of GISTs are diagnosed annually in the United States. According to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, the annual age-adjusted incidence of GISTs rose from 0.55 per 100,000 population in 2001 to 0.78/100,000 in 2011. […] Data on worldwide frequency are limited, but in general, GISTs constitute 1-3% of all gastric malignancies. Population-based studies from Iceland, the Netherlands, Spain, and Sweden report annual incidence rates ranging from 6.5 to 14.5 cases per million. […] According to 2001-2011 SEER data, 5-year overall survival rates for patients with GISTs are 77% for those with localized disease at diagnosis, 64% for those with regional disease, and 41% for those with metastatic disease. […] Gastric GISTs carry a better prognosis than small bowel GISTs of similar size and mitotic rate. In general, gastric GISTs portend a much better prognosis than adenocarcinoma of the stomach.
  • #16 Update of epidemiology, survival and initial treatment in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumour in the USA: a retrospective study based on SEER database
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10335486/
    The ASIR for patients aged 50 years kept 56 fold higher than that for patients aged 2049 years during the last decade. […] Among all identified GIST patients, localized stage accounted for 64.7%, followed by distant stage (19.7%) and regional stage (10.6%). […] The proportion of localized stage increased from 58.5% in 2010 to 67.9% in 2019, the proportion of distant stage increased from 15.2% to 23.3%. […] Overall, approximately 45.2% of patients received surgery only and 12.4% of patients received systemic treatment only, radiation was seldom administrated for GIST patients. […] Despite of the effective treatments for GIST, approximate 7.0% patients may be undertreated. […] This study provides a substantial reference for updated epidemiology of GIST in the last decade.
  • #17 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278845-overview
    Roughly 5000 new cases of GISTs are diagnosed annually in the United States. According to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, the annual age-adjusted incidence of GISTs rose from 0.55 per 100,000 population in 2001 to 0.78/100,000 in 2011. […] Data on worldwide frequency are limited, but in general, GISTs constitute 1-3% of all gastric malignancies. Population-based studies from Iceland, the Netherlands, Spain, and Sweden report annual incidence rates ranging from 6.5 to 14.5 cases per million. […] According to 2001-2011 SEER data, 5-year overall survival rates for patients with GISTs are 77% for those with localized disease at diagnosis, 64% for those with regional disease, and 41% for those with metastatic disease. […] Gastric GISTs carry a better prognosis than small bowel GISTs of similar size and mitotic rate. In general, gastric GISTs portend a much better prognosis than adenocarcinoma of the stomach.
  • #18 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST): A Population-Based Study Using the SEER Database, including Management and Recent Advances in Targeted Therapy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9367571/
    The overall cumulative survivals at 1, 3, and 5 years were 93%, 83%, and 74%, respectively. The disease-specific survivals at 1, 3, and 5 years were 95%, 88%, and 82%, respectively. The 5-year cause-specific survival by treatment included surgery at 86%, chemotherapy/targeted therapy with or without surgery at 77%, and radiation at 75%. On multivariable analysis tumor size 5 cm, poorly and undifferentiated grade, age 60, and distant metastases at presentation were associated with worse overall survival. […] The disease-specific survival greatly improved from 2000: 75% to 2013: 85%. Surgery offered the best disease-specific survival in 2012: 93%; however, disease-specific survival has been increasing significantly with chemotherapy over the years, reaching its highest point in 2010: 83%.
  • #19 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST): A Population-Based Study Using the SEER Database, including Management and Recent Advances in Targeted Therapy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9367571/
    The overall cumulative survivals at 1, 3, and 5 years were 93%, 83%, and 74%, respectively. The disease-specific survivals at 1, 3, and 5 years were 95%, 88%, and 82%, respectively. The 5-year cause-specific survival by treatment included surgery at 86%, chemotherapy/targeted therapy with or without surgery at 77%, and radiation at 75%. On multivariable analysis tumor size 5 cm, poorly and undifferentiated grade, age 60, and distant metastases at presentation were associated with worse overall survival. […] The disease-specific survival greatly improved from 2000: 75% to 2013: 85%. Surgery offered the best disease-specific survival in 2012: 93%; however, disease-specific survival has been increasing significantly with chemotherapy over the years, reaching its highest point in 2010: 83%.
  • #20 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST): A Population-Based Study Using the SEER Database, including Management and Recent Advances in Targeted Therapy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9367571/
    The overall cumulative survivals at 1, 3, and 5 years were 93%, 83%, and 74%, respectively. The disease-specific survivals at 1, 3, and 5 years were 95%, 88%, and 82%, respectively. The 5-year cause-specific survival by treatment included surgery at 86%, chemotherapy/targeted therapy with or without surgery at 77%, and radiation at 75%. On multivariable analysis tumor size 5 cm, poorly and undifferentiated grade, age 60, and distant metastases at presentation were associated with worse overall survival. […] The disease-specific survival greatly improved from 2000: 75% to 2013: 85%. Surgery offered the best disease-specific survival in 2012: 93%; however, disease-specific survival has been increasing significantly with chemotherapy over the years, reaching its highest point in 2010: 83%.
  • #21 UK clinical practice guidelines for the management of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) | Clinical Sarcoma Research | Full Text
    https://clinicalsarcomaresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13569-017-0072-8
    The importance of mutational analysis in guiding treatment is highlighted, since this can indicate the most effective treatment and avoid administration of ineffective drugs, emphasising the need for management in specialist centres. […] The TNM classification for staging has several limitations and its use is not recommended in this disease. Prognostic factors of proven value are the mitotic rate, tumour size, tumour site, and presence or absence of tumour rupture. Gastric GISTs have a better prognosis than small bowel or rectal GISTs. […] The optimal follow-up policy for surgically treated patients with localized disease is unclear. Relapses occur most often in the liver and/or the peritoneal cavity. Other sites of metastases, including bone and brain are uncommon, but may be less unusual following prolonged treatment with several lines of therapy. The mitotic rate most likely affects the frequency with which relapses occur. Risk assessment based on the mitotic count, tumour size and tumour site may be useful in choosing the routine follow-up policy. High-risk patients generally relapse within 1-3 years from the end of adjuvant therapy. Low-risk patients may relapse later, given that the disease is likely to be slower growing.
  • #22 Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST): British Sarcoma Group clinical practice guidelines | British Journal of Cancer
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-024-02672-0
    For larger lesions it is necessary to make a histological diagnosis. […] The TNM classification does not add to existing prognostic systems for GIST and its use is not recommended in this disease. […] A widely used risk classification was proposed by the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), which distinguishes different risk levels compared with the 2002 National Institute of Health (NIH) Consensus criteria. […] Standard treatment of localised GIST is complete surgical excision of the lesion, with no dissection of clinically negative lymph nodes. […] The risk of relapse following surgery can be substantial, as defined by available risk classifications. Adjuvant treatment with imatinib for 3 years was associated with improved relapse-free and overall survival compared with 1 year of therapy in a randomised trial in high-risk patients.
  • #23 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI
    https://www.cancer.gov/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/hp/gist-treatment-pdq
    The optimal modality and frequency for surveillance of metastatic or recurrent disease in patients who have undergone GIST resection has not been studied. Based on the likelihood of recurrence, follow-up recommendations are derived from expert opinion and clinical judgment. For patients with surgically treated localized disease, routine follow-up schedules may differ across institutions and depend on the risk status of the tumor. Abdominal/pelvic imaging may be performed every 3 to 6 months, but very low-risk lesions may not need to be imaged this frequently.
  • #24 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI
    https://www.cancer.gov/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/hp/gist-treatment-pdq
    The optimal modality and frequency for surveillance of metastatic or recurrent disease in patients who have undergone GIST resection has not been studied. Based on the likelihood of recurrence, follow-up recommendations are derived from expert opinion and clinical judgment. For patients with surgically treated localized disease, routine follow-up schedules may differ across institutions and depend on the risk status of the tumor. Abdominal/pelvic imaging may be performed every 3 to 6 months, but very low-risk lesions may not need to be imaged this frequently.
  • #25 :: KJR :: Korean Journal of Radiology
    https://www.kjronline.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3348/kjr.2017.18.1.84
    The ESMO guidelines suggest tailoring the follow-up schedules according to the risk stratification. […] GISTs with very low-risk of recurrence are invariably cured by surgery and therefore do not need adjuvant imatinib or longitudinal imaging. […] While GISTs with low-risk (excluding tumors with high mitotic counts) can be followed with sparse imaging for 5 years at 6-12 month intervals, intermediate and high-risk GISTs need denser imaging for at least 3-5 years. […] The timing of scans for high-risk GISTs recommended by ESMO includes 3-6 month intervals for the first three years during adjuvant imatinib, then every three months for 2 years and every 6 months for another 3 years after cessation of imatinib. Annual imaging is recommended for another 5 years.
  • #26 :: KJR :: Korean Journal of Radiology
    https://www.kjronline.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3348/kjr.2017.18.1.84
    The ESMO guidelines suggest tailoring the follow-up schedules according to the risk stratification. […] GISTs with very low-risk of recurrence are invariably cured by surgery and therefore do not need adjuvant imatinib or longitudinal imaging. […] While GISTs with low-risk (excluding tumors with high mitotic counts) can be followed with sparse imaging for 5 years at 6-12 month intervals, intermediate and high-risk GISTs need denser imaging for at least 3-5 years. […] The timing of scans for high-risk GISTs recommended by ESMO includes 3-6 month intervals for the first three years during adjuvant imatinib, then every three months for 2 years and every 6 months for another 3 years after cessation of imatinib. Annual imaging is recommended for another 5 years.
  • #27 :: KJR :: Korean Journal of Radiology
    https://www.kjronline.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3348/kjr.2017.18.1.84
    The ESMO guidelines suggest tailoring the follow-up schedules according to the risk stratification. […] GISTs with very low-risk of recurrence are invariably cured by surgery and therefore do not need adjuvant imatinib or longitudinal imaging. […] While GISTs with low-risk (excluding tumors with high mitotic counts) can be followed with sparse imaging for 5 years at 6-12 month intervals, intermediate and high-risk GISTs need denser imaging for at least 3-5 years. […] The timing of scans for high-risk GISTs recommended by ESMO includes 3-6 month intervals for the first three years during adjuvant imatinib, then every three months for 2 years and every 6 months for another 3 years after cessation of imatinib. Annual imaging is recommended for another 5 years.
  • #28
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11604-022-01305-x
    Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common mesenchymal tumor of the gastrointestinal tract, which commonly occurs in middle-aged and elderly populations but infrequently in younger generations. The prevalence of GISTs was estimated to be 15/100,000 people. […] Because GISTs may arise in patients with a background of gene mutation, multiple GISTs imply the presence of gene mutations. Patients with multiple GISTs should undergo screening to detect accompanying tumors and be placed under appropriate surveillance. […] CT is the primary imaging modality used for surveillance after surgery and for monitoring response during molecularly targeted therapy. Patients with completely resected GISTs are regularly followed up depending on the risk category. The GIST Guideline Subcommittee in Japan recommends CT to be performed every 6-12 months for very low-, low-, and intermediate-risk GISTs and every 4-6 months for high-risk GISTs.
  • #29
    https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2021/10001/s1025_surveillance_of_small_gastrointestinal.1026.aspx
    Given the malignant potential of asymptomatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) with low malignant risk and size 2 cm, the so-called small GISTs, some experts recommend surgical resection. Others recommend surveillance with endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) until the tumors grow or become symptomatic. […] Robust data to support regular EUS surveillance or the optimal interval is, however, scarce as the natural history of small GISTs, especially their growth rate and metastatic potential is largely understudied. […] This study aims to elucidate the current surveillance practices among endoscopists and examine the progression of small GISTs under EUS surveillance. […] The results of our study affirm that only a small number of small GISTs progress during long-term follow-up. Thus, substantiating extended follow-up intervals for small GISTs, perhaps every 3 years.
  • #30
    https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2021/10001/s1025_surveillance_of_small_gastrointestinal.1026.aspx
    Given the malignant potential of asymptomatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) with low malignant risk and size 2 cm, the so-called small GISTs, some experts recommend surgical resection. Others recommend surveillance with endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) until the tumors grow or become symptomatic. […] Robust data to support regular EUS surveillance or the optimal interval is, however, scarce as the natural history of small GISTs, especially their growth rate and metastatic potential is largely understudied. […] This study aims to elucidate the current surveillance practices among endoscopists and examine the progression of small GISTs under EUS surveillance. […] The results of our study affirm that only a small number of small GISTs progress during long-term follow-up. Thus, substantiating extended follow-up intervals for small GISTs, perhaps every 3 years.
  • #31
    https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2021/10001/s1025_surveillance_of_small_gastrointestinal.1026.aspx
    Given the malignant potential of asymptomatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) with low malignant risk and size 2 cm, the so-called small GISTs, some experts recommend surgical resection. Others recommend surveillance with endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) until the tumors grow or become symptomatic. […] Robust data to support regular EUS surveillance or the optimal interval is, however, scarce as the natural history of small GISTs, especially their growth rate and metastatic potential is largely understudied. […] This study aims to elucidate the current surveillance practices among endoscopists and examine the progression of small GISTs under EUS surveillance. […] The results of our study affirm that only a small number of small GISTs progress during long-term follow-up. Thus, substantiating extended follow-up intervals for small GISTs, perhaps every 3 years.
  • #32 Follow-up analysis and research of very low-risk and low-risk gastrointestinal stromal tumors after endoscopic resection | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-68460-1
    Our analysis indicates that GIST patients classified into very low-risk and low-risk groups based on the 2008 NIH risk stratification exhibit favorable 5-year survival outcomes post-endoscopic resection. […] Consequently, this study suggests that post-endoscopic resection follow-up examinations, including imaging and gastrointestinal endoscopies, may not offer added benefits in monitoring disease recurrence. […] For very low-risk GISTs, guidelines consistently recommend against routine follow-up. […] These findings, consistent with the results of our study, suggest that postoperative very low-risk and low-risk GISTs exhibit favorable RFS, potentially obviating the need for routine follow-up. […] In conclusion, our study is the first to explore and analyze the long-term follow-up outcomes of very low-risk and low-risk GIST from the perspective of ER surgery. Primary very low-risk and low-risk GIST of the digestive tract have excellent RFS, DSS and OS after endoscopic surgery. It is considered that routine follow-up, including imaging and gastrointestinal endoscopy, may not be required.
  • #33 The epidemiology of gastrointestinal stromal tumors in Taiwan, 1998–2008: a nation-wide cancer registry-based study | BMC Cancer | Full Text
    https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2407-14-102
    To investigate the incidence of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) in Taiwan and the impact of imatinib on the overall survival (OS) of GIST patients. […] From 1998 to 2008, 2,986 GISTs were diagnosed in Taiwan. The incidence increased from 1.13 per 100,000 in 1998 to 1.97 per 100,000 in 2008. […] The outcome of GIST improved significantly after the more widespread use of imatinib; the 5-year observed OS increased from 58.9% during 1998-2001 to 70.2% during 2005-2008. […] The incidence of GIST has been increasing in Taiwan, partially due to the advancement of diagnostic technology/method and the increased awareness by physicians. […] The incidence rate increased gradually during 1998-2008, but more prominently after 2002. […] The prognosis of GIST improved dramatically after the introduction of imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved by the FDA in 2002 for treating KIT-positive GIST. […] The survival of patients with GIST has improved significantly by targeted therapy.
  • #34 Imaging of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: From Diagnosis to Evaluation of Therapeutic Response | Anticancer Research
    https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/36/6/2639
    Contrast-enhanced CT is the most commonly used modality for evaluating response to treatment of GISTs. […] PET has been found to be highly sensitive in detecting early response, and to be useful in predicting long-term response to imatinib in patients with metastatic GIST. […] Imaging provides valuable information on detection, characterization, staging and prediction of treatment response of GISTs, contributing to optimization of patient management in all phases of treatment.
  • #35 Imaging of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: From Diagnosis to Evaluation of Therapeutic Response | Anticancer Research
    https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/36/6/2639
    Contrast-enhanced CT is the most commonly used modality for evaluating response to treatment of GISTs. […] PET has been found to be highly sensitive in detecting early response, and to be useful in predicting long-term response to imatinib in patients with metastatic GIST. […] Imaging provides valuable information on detection, characterization, staging and prediction of treatment response of GISTs, contributing to optimization of patient management in all phases of treatment.
  • #36 Imaging of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: From Diagnosis to Evaluation of Therapeutic Response | Anticancer Research
    https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/36/6/2639
    The optimal treatment for GISTs is surgical resection, although even after complete (R0) resection, a substantial proportion of patients will suffer disease recurrence, with an overall 5-year survival ranging between 40 and 65%. […] The high incidence of GIST recurrence in the high-risk group in the first 3 years after surgery supports the use of intensive imaging surveillance (i.e. intervals of 3-4 months) during this period. […] In the early 2000s, the knowledge of the pathogenic role of activating mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase KIT and the ability of imatinib mesylate, a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), to inhibit KIT established a new standard of care for treating KIT-positive, inoperable, and metastatic GISTs. […] Response evaluation during early stages of targeted therapy is crucial in order to optimize treatment and prevent unnecessary delays, toxicity and costs.
  • #37 Recent Progress and Challenges in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/13/3158
    GISTs are initially found as SMTs and/or abdominal masses during exploration of the GI tract due to the abovementioned symptoms and signs or are incidentally found during cancer screening as mentioned. […] Clinical diagnosis is performed by endoscopy, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), ultrasonography and/or CT scan, and a definitive diagnosis can be made only by pathological examinations after surgery or biopsy sampling. […] In practice, the pathological diagnosis of GISTs is infrequent before surgery, and the clinical diagnosis is not always consistent with the pathological diagnosis. […] TKIs are the primary choice for metastatic/recurrent GISTs. […] Currently, five TKIs, namely, imatinib, sunitinib, regorafenib, ripretinib, and avapritinib, have significant clinical evidence for GIST treatment. […] The activity of each drug is well correlated with gene mutations and alterations; thus, in the era of precision medicine, cancer genome profiling should be considered when treatments are used. […] GISTs without KIT and PDGFRA mutations may be called “wild-type GISTs”.
  • #38 Ripretinib in the treatment of patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) | Babula | Oncology in Clinical Practice
    https://journals.viamedica.pl/oncology_in_clinical_practice/article/view/96771
    The most effective and, indeed, the only method that can ensure a complete cure of primary and localized GISTs is surgical resection of the tumor. […] In the case of unresectable and metastatic GISTs, systemic treatment with kinase inhibitors is the standard. […] According to the latest Polish and international guidelines (ESMO 2022 and NCCN 2022), ripretinib is the preferred option for fourth-line treatment in patients with inoperable, progressive, or metastatic GIST after treatment with imatinib, sunitinib, and regorafenib at a dose of 150 mg/day.
  • #39 UK clinical practice guidelines for the management of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) | Clinical Sarcoma Research | Full Text
    https://clinicalsarcomaresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13569-017-0072-8
    The importance of mutational analysis in guiding treatment is highlighted, since this can indicate the most effective treatment and avoid administration of ineffective drugs, emphasising the need for management in specialist centres. […] The TNM classification for staging has several limitations and its use is not recommended in this disease. Prognostic factors of proven value are the mitotic rate, tumour size, tumour site, and presence or absence of tumour rupture. Gastric GISTs have a better prognosis than small bowel or rectal GISTs. […] The optimal follow-up policy for surgically treated patients with localized disease is unclear. Relapses occur most often in the liver and/or the peritoneal cavity. Other sites of metastases, including bone and brain are uncommon, but may be less unusual following prolonged treatment with several lines of therapy. The mitotic rate most likely affects the frequency with which relapses occur. Risk assessment based on the mitotic count, tumour size and tumour site may be useful in choosing the routine follow-up policy. High-risk patients generally relapse within 1-3 years from the end of adjuvant therapy. Low-risk patients may relapse later, given that the disease is likely to be slower growing.
  • #40 Recent Progress and Challenges in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/13/3158
    GISTs are diagnosed from childhood to late adulthood, and the reported median age is in the 60s. […] There is no sex difference in terms of the incidence or clinical and genetic features of GISTs, except GISTs with SDH alterations which appear to be relatively predominant in females. […] The pathological and genetic diagnosis prior to treatment has been challenging; however, a newly developed endoscopic device may be useful for diagnosis. […] In the era of precision medicine, cancer genome profiling by targeted gene panel analysis may enable potential targeted therapy even for GISTs without KIT or PDGFRA mutations. […] GISTs usually show expansive growth and rarely metastasize to lymph nodes except SHD-GIST. […] The principles of surgery in GIST cases include macroscopic complete resection (R0) and functional preservation of resected organs, ideally, by wedge resection.