Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Gynecomastia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-overview

  Gynecomastia is a benign enlargement of the male breast resulting from a proliferation of the glandular component of the breast. […] Gynecomastia does not cause any long-term complications. In approximately 90% of cases, pubertal gynecomastia resolves within a period of months to several years. […] Gynecomastia that occurs secondary to an underlying, treatable cause usually responds to treatment or removal of the primary cause. […] Men with Klinefelter syndrome have a 10- to 20-fold increased risk for breast cancer. […] A retrospective study indicated that in males who carry a pathogenic variant in a high-risk breast-cancer gene, the presence of gynecomastia significantly increases the risk for breast cancer. […] Research has indicated that the psychological effects of gynecomastia can include depression, anxiety, disordered eating, body dissatisfaction, and reduced self-esteem. […] A study suggested that gynecomastia can impinge on male sexual function.

• #2 Gynecomastia: Clinical evaluation and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3987263/

  Gynecomastia is the benign enlargement of male breast glandular tissue and is the most common breast condition in males. At least 30% of males will be affected during their life. […] Gynecomastia was reported to cause an imbalance between estrogen and androgen action or an increased estrogen to androgen ratio, due to increased estrogen production, decreased androgen production or both. […] Individual treatment requirements can range from simple reassurance to medical treatment or even surgery. The main aim of any intervention is to relieve the symptoms and exclude other etiological factors. […] The prevalence of gynecomastia was reported to be between 32-65%, due to use of different methods of assessment and the analysis of males of different ages and with different lifestyles, while autopsy data suggest a prevalence of 40%.

• #2 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351793

  Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) is an increase in the amount of breast gland tissue in boys or men. An imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone causes it. Gynecomastia can affect one or both breasts, sometimes unevenly. […] Most often, gynecomastia isn’t a serious problem. But it can be tough to cope with the condition. People with gynecomastia sometimes have pain in their breasts. And they may feel embarrassed. […] Gynecomastia may go away on its own. If it doesn’t, medicine or surgery may help. […] Estrogen levels that are too high or are out of balance with testosterone levels can cause gynecomastia. […] About 24% to 65% of men ages 50 to 80 get gynecomastia. But most adults with the condition have no symptoms. […] Gynecomastia has few physical complications. But it may lead to mental health concerns due to changes in how the chest looks.

• #3 Gynecomastia: What It Is, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/16227-enlarged-male-breast-tissue-gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia (enlarged male breast tissue) most often happens due to an imbalance of testosterone and estrogen. Gynecomastia is enlarged breast (chest) tissue in males. Its a benign (noncancerous) increase in breast volume due to an increase in glandular tissue. Gynecomastia can affect males of all ages. But it usually occurs during the newborn period, puberty and older adulthood. Its very common, affecting over 50% of males at some point in their lives. Gynecomastia most often happens due to an imbalance of hormones specifically testosterone and estrogen. Gynecomastia isn’t harmful to your physical health, but it may make you self-conscious and affect your self-esteem. Gynecomastia is the enlargement of glandular tissue in your breast(s). Estrogen is responsible for the growth of glandular breast tissue. Estrogen also suppresses the release of testosterone. This is because it suppresses luteinizing hormone (LH), the hormone responsible for the release of testosterone in your testicles. In other words, an increase in estrogen and a decrease in testosterone most often leads to gynecomastia. Gynecomastia may be a symptom or result of the following health conditions: Adrenal tumors. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). Kidney disease or kidney failure. Klinefelter syndrome (an inherited condition). Liver disease and cirrhosis. Male hypogonadism (low testosterone). Pituitary gland tumors (pituitary adenomas), especially prolactinomas. Testicular tumors. Gynecomastia may be a side effect of certain medications, including: Cimetidine (for heartburn and acid reflux). Digoxin (for certain heart issues). Finasteride (for enlarged prostate or alopecia). Ketoconazole (for fungal or yeast infections). Spironolactone (for high blood pressure and heart failure). Thiazides (a class of diuretics). Phenothiazines (a class of first-generation antipsychotic medications). Theophylline (for asthma and COPD). Methotrexate (for rheumatoid arthritis and cancer). Imatinib (chemotherapy drug). For newborns and adolescents, gynecomastia is usually temporary it goes away once your hormones rebalance. For people who have chronically low testosterone levels, gynecomastia may not go away without treatment. If gynecomastia is causing you distress and/or you have other new symptoms, talk to your healthcare provider.

• #4 Gynecomastia: Clinical evaluation and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3987263/

  The major cause of gynecomastia is thought to be an altered imbalance between estrogen and androgen effects due to absolute increase in estrogen production, relative decrease in androgen production or a combination of both. […] Although prolactin (PRL) receptors are present in male breast tissue, hyperprolactinemia may lead to gynecomastia through effects on the hypothalamus, causing central hypogonadism. […] The duration of gynecomastia is a major factor affecting the initial approach to treatment. In the early stages, ductal hyperplasia and periductal inflammation are common and this is also the most symptomatic and treatable stage. […] If gynecomastia persists and is associated with severe pain, tenderness and with psychological distress, medical and surgical options are available.

• #5 Gynecomastia: Clinical evaluation and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3987263/

  Surgery should be considered as the last resort in patients with considerable discomfort, psychological stress, cosmetic problems, long-standing gynecomastia (12m) and suspected malignancy. […] Gynecomastia is common in patients with prostate cancer that receive androgen deprivation therapy. The prevalence in males treated with anti-androgen monotherapy is 75%.

• #6 Gynecomastia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279105/

  If the gynecomastia is severe, does not resolve, of recent onset (less than 6 months) and does not have a treatable underlying cause, some medical therapies may be attempted. […] When medical therapy is ineffective, particularly in cases of longstanding gynecomastia, or when the gynecomastia interferes with the patient’s activities of daily living, or when there is suspicion of malignancy of breast, then surgical therapy is appropriate.

• #7 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351799

  To find out if you have gynecomastia, a member of your health care team starts by asking you some questions. […] Gynecomastia often goes away over time without treatment. But if gynecomastia is caused by a medical condition, that condition may need treatment. […] Treatment may be needed if gynecomastia doesn’t get better on its own. Treatment also can help if the condition causes pain, tenderness or embarrassment. […] You may still have enlarged breasts after waiting for gynecomastia to go away on its own or after taking medicine for it. If your appearance or other symptoms bother you, surgery may be a treatment choice. […] For people with gynecomastia, having enlarged breasts can be stressful and embarrassing. The condition can be hard to hide. Sometimes, it can be a challenge to romantic relationships. […] Whatever your age, if you have gynecomastia, you might feel unhappy with your body.

• #8 Gynecomastia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-overview

  Gynecomastia is a benign enlargement of the male breast resulting from a proliferation of the glandular component of the breast. […] Gynecomastia does not cause any long-term complications. In approximately 90% of cases, pubertal gynecomastia resolves within a period of months to several years. […] Gynecomastia that occurs secondary to an underlying, treatable cause usually responds to treatment or removal of the primary cause. […] Men with Klinefelter syndrome have a 10- to 20-fold increased risk for breast cancer. […] A retrospective study indicated that in males who carry a pathogenic variant in a high-risk breast-cancer gene, the presence of gynecomastia significantly increases the risk for breast cancer. […] Research has indicated that the psychological effects of gynecomastia can include depression, anxiety, disordered eating, body dissatisfaction, and reduced self-esteem. […] A study suggested that gynecomastia can impinge on male sexual function.

• #9 Gynecomastia: What It Is, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/16227-enlarged-male-breast-tissue-gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia (enlarged male breast tissue) most often happens due to an imbalance of testosterone and estrogen. Gynecomastia is enlarged breast (chest) tissue in males. Its a benign (noncancerous) increase in breast volume due to an increase in glandular tissue. Gynecomastia can affect males of all ages. But it usually occurs during the newborn period, puberty and older adulthood. Its very common, affecting over 50% of males at some point in their lives. Gynecomastia most often happens due to an imbalance of hormones specifically testosterone and estrogen. Gynecomastia isn’t harmful to your physical health, but it may make you self-conscious and affect your self-esteem. Gynecomastia is the enlargement of glandular tissue in your breast(s). Estrogen is responsible for the growth of glandular breast tissue. Estrogen also suppresses the release of testosterone. This is because it suppresses luteinizing hormone (LH), the hormone responsible for the release of testosterone in your testicles. In other words, an increase in estrogen and a decrease in testosterone most often leads to gynecomastia. Gynecomastia may be a symptom or result of the following health conditions: Adrenal tumors. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). Kidney disease or kidney failure. Klinefelter syndrome (an inherited condition). Liver disease and cirrhosis. Male hypogonadism (low testosterone). Pituitary gland tumors (pituitary adenomas), especially prolactinomas. Testicular tumors. Gynecomastia may be a side effect of certain medications, including: Cimetidine (for heartburn and acid reflux). Digoxin (for certain heart issues). Finasteride (for enlarged prostate or alopecia). Ketoconazole (for fungal or yeast infections). Spironolactone (for high blood pressure and heart failure). Thiazides (a class of diuretics). Phenothiazines (a class of first-generation antipsychotic medications). Theophylline (for asthma and COPD). Methotrexate (for rheumatoid arthritis and cancer). Imatinib (chemotherapy drug). For newborns and adolescents, gynecomastia is usually temporary it goes away once your hormones rebalance. For people who have chronically low testosterone levels, gynecomastia may not go away without treatment. If gynecomastia is causing you distress and/or you have other new symptoms, talk to your healthcare provider.

• #10 Gynecomastia: What It Is, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/16227-enlarged-male-breast-tissue-gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia (enlarged male breast tissue) most often happens due to an imbalance of testosterone and estrogen. Gynecomastia is enlarged breast (chest) tissue in males. Its a benign (noncancerous) increase in breast volume due to an increase in glandular tissue. Gynecomastia can affect males of all ages. But it usually occurs during the newborn period, puberty and older adulthood. Its very common, affecting over 50% of males at some point in their lives. Gynecomastia most often happens due to an imbalance of hormones specifically testosterone and estrogen. Gynecomastia isn’t harmful to your physical health, but it may make you self-conscious and affect your self-esteem. Gynecomastia is the enlargement of glandular tissue in your breast(s). Estrogen is responsible for the growth of glandular breast tissue. Estrogen also suppresses the release of testosterone. This is because it suppresses luteinizing hormone (LH), the hormone responsible for the release of testosterone in your testicles. In other words, an increase in estrogen and a decrease in testosterone most often leads to gynecomastia. Gynecomastia may be a symptom or result of the following health conditions: Adrenal tumors. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). Kidney disease or kidney failure. Klinefelter syndrome (an inherited condition). Liver disease and cirrhosis. Male hypogonadism (low testosterone). Pituitary gland tumors (pituitary adenomas), especially prolactinomas. Testicular tumors. Gynecomastia may be a side effect of certain medications, including: Cimetidine (for heartburn and acid reflux). Digoxin (for certain heart issues). Finasteride (for enlarged prostate or alopecia). Ketoconazole (for fungal or yeast infections). Spironolactone (for high blood pressure and heart failure). Thiazides (a class of diuretics). Phenothiazines (a class of first-generation antipsychotic medications). Theophylline (for asthma and COPD). Methotrexate (for rheumatoid arthritis and cancer). Imatinib (chemotherapy drug). For newborns and adolescents, gynecomastia is usually temporary it goes away once your hormones rebalance. For people who have chronically low testosterone levels, gynecomastia may not go away without treatment. If gynecomastia is causing you distress and/or you have other new symptoms, talk to your healthcare provider.

• #11 Gynecomastia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279105/

  The third age range in which gynecomastia is frequently seen is during older age (60 years). […] Pathologic gynecomastia is due to an increase in the circulating and/or local breast tissue ratio of estrogen to androgen. […] Increased estrogen levels will increase glandular proliferation by several mechanisms. […] Testicular tumors can lead to increased blood estrogen levels by the following mechanisms: estrogen overproduction, androgen overproduction with extragonadal aromatization to estrogens, and secretion of hCG that stimulates normal Leydig cells (via the LH receptor). […] About 20% of gynecomastia is caused by medications or exogenous chemicals. […] Treatment of the underlying endocrinologic or systemic disease that has caused gynecomastia is appropriate when possible. […] If no pathologic etiology is detected, then appropriate treatment is close observation.

• #12 Gynecomastia: What It Is, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/16227-enlarged-male-breast-tissue-gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia (enlarged male breast tissue) most often happens due to an imbalance of testosterone and estrogen. Gynecomastia is enlarged breast (chest) tissue in males. Its a benign (noncancerous) increase in breast volume due to an increase in glandular tissue. Gynecomastia can affect males of all ages. But it usually occurs during the newborn period, puberty and older adulthood. Its very common, affecting over 50% of males at some point in their lives. Gynecomastia most often happens due to an imbalance of hormones specifically testosterone and estrogen. Gynecomastia isn’t harmful to your physical health, but it may make you self-conscious and affect your self-esteem. Gynecomastia is the enlargement of glandular tissue in your breast(s). Estrogen is responsible for the growth of glandular breast tissue. Estrogen also suppresses the release of testosterone. This is because it suppresses luteinizing hormone (LH), the hormone responsible for the release of testosterone in your testicles. In other words, an increase in estrogen and a decrease in testosterone most often leads to gynecomastia. Gynecomastia may be a symptom or result of the following health conditions: Adrenal tumors. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). Kidney disease or kidney failure. Klinefelter syndrome (an inherited condition). Liver disease and cirrhosis. Male hypogonadism (low testosterone). Pituitary gland tumors (pituitary adenomas), especially prolactinomas. Testicular tumors. Gynecomastia may be a side effect of certain medications, including: Cimetidine (for heartburn and acid reflux). Digoxin (for certain heart issues). Finasteride (for enlarged prostate or alopecia). Ketoconazole (for fungal or yeast infections). Spironolactone (for high blood pressure and heart failure). Thiazides (a class of diuretics). Phenothiazines (a class of first-generation antipsychotic medications). Theophylline (for asthma and COPD). Methotrexate (for rheumatoid arthritis and cancer). Imatinib (chemotherapy drug). For newborns and adolescents, gynecomastia is usually temporary it goes away once your hormones rebalance. For people who have chronically low testosterone levels, gynecomastia may not go away without treatment. If gynecomastia is causing you distress and/or you have other new symptoms, talk to your healthcare provider.

• #13 Gynecomastia: Clinical evaluation and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3987263/

  Surgery should be considered as the last resort in patients with considerable discomfort, psychological stress, cosmetic problems, long-standing gynecomastia (12m) and suspected malignancy. […] Gynecomastia is common in patients with prostate cancer that receive androgen deprivation therapy. The prevalence in males treated with anti-androgen monotherapy is 75%.

• #14 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351793

  Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) is an increase in the amount of breast gland tissue in boys or men. An imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone causes it. Gynecomastia can affect one or both breasts, sometimes unevenly. […] Most often, gynecomastia isn’t a serious problem. But it can be tough to cope with the condition. People with gynecomastia sometimes have pain in their breasts. And they may feel embarrassed. […] Gynecomastia may go away on its own. If it doesn’t, medicine or surgery may help. […] Estrogen levels that are too high or are out of balance with testosterone levels can cause gynecomastia. […] About 24% to 65% of men ages 50 to 80 get gynecomastia. But most adults with the condition have no symptoms. […] Gynecomastia has few physical complications. But it may lead to mental health concerns due to changes in how the chest looks.

• #15 Gynecomastia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-overview

  Gynecomastia is a benign enlargement of the male breast resulting from a proliferation of the glandular component of the breast. […] Gynecomastia does not cause any long-term complications. In approximately 90% of cases, pubertal gynecomastia resolves within a period of months to several years. […] Gynecomastia that occurs secondary to an underlying, treatable cause usually responds to treatment or removal of the primary cause. […] Men with Klinefelter syndrome have a 10- to 20-fold increased risk for breast cancer. […] A retrospective study indicated that in males who carry a pathogenic variant in a high-risk breast-cancer gene, the presence of gynecomastia significantly increases the risk for breast cancer. […] Research has indicated that the psychological effects of gynecomastia can include depression, anxiety, disordered eating, body dissatisfaction, and reduced self-esteem. […] A study suggested that gynecomastia can impinge on male sexual function.

• #16 Gynecomastia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-overview

  Gynecomastia is a benign enlargement of the male breast resulting from a proliferation of the glandular component of the breast. […] Gynecomastia does not cause any long-term complications. In approximately 90% of cases, pubertal gynecomastia resolves within a period of months to several years. […] Gynecomastia that occurs secondary to an underlying, treatable cause usually responds to treatment or removal of the primary cause. […] Men with Klinefelter syndrome have a 10- to 20-fold increased risk for breast cancer. […] A retrospective study indicated that in males who carry a pathogenic variant in a high-risk breast-cancer gene, the presence of gynecomastia significantly increases the risk for breast cancer. […] Research has indicated that the psychological effects of gynecomastia can include depression, anxiety, disordered eating, body dissatisfaction, and reduced self-esteem. […] A study suggested that gynecomastia can impinge on male sexual function.

• #17 Gynecomastia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-overview

  Gynecomastia is a benign enlargement of the male breast resulting from a proliferation of the glandular component of the breast. […] Gynecomastia does not cause any long-term complications. In approximately 90% of cases, pubertal gynecomastia resolves within a period of months to several years. […] Gynecomastia that occurs secondary to an underlying, treatable cause usually responds to treatment or removal of the primary cause. […] Men with Klinefelter syndrome have a 10- to 20-fold increased risk for breast cancer. […] A retrospective study indicated that in males who carry a pathogenic variant in a high-risk breast-cancer gene, the presence of gynecomastia significantly increases the risk for breast cancer. […] Research has indicated that the psychological effects of gynecomastia can include depression, anxiety, disordered eating, body dissatisfaction, and reduced self-esteem. […] A study suggested that gynecomastia can impinge on male sexual function.

• #18 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351799

  To find out if you have gynecomastia, a member of your health care team starts by asking you some questions. […] Gynecomastia often goes away over time without treatment. But if gynecomastia is caused by a medical condition, that condition may need treatment. […] Treatment may be needed if gynecomastia doesn’t get better on its own. Treatment also can help if the condition causes pain, tenderness or embarrassment. […] You may still have enlarged breasts after waiting for gynecomastia to go away on its own or after taking medicine for it. If your appearance or other symptoms bother you, surgery may be a treatment choice. […] For people with gynecomastia, having enlarged breasts can be stressful and embarrassing. The condition can be hard to hide. Sometimes, it can be a challenge to romantic relationships. […] Whatever your age, if you have gynecomastia, you might feel unhappy with your body.

• #19 Gynecomastia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-overview

  Gynecomastia is a benign enlargement of the male breast resulting from a proliferation of the glandular component of the breast. […] Gynecomastia does not cause any long-term complications. In approximately 90% of cases, pubertal gynecomastia resolves within a period of months to several years. […] Gynecomastia that occurs secondary to an underlying, treatable cause usually responds to treatment or removal of the primary cause. […] Men with Klinefelter syndrome have a 10- to 20-fold increased risk for breast cancer. […] A retrospective study indicated that in males who carry a pathogenic variant in a high-risk breast-cancer gene, the presence of gynecomastia significantly increases the risk for breast cancer. […] Research has indicated that the psychological effects of gynecomastia can include depression, anxiety, disordered eating, body dissatisfaction, and reduced self-esteem. […] A study suggested that gynecomastia can impinge on male sexual function.

• #20 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351799

  To find out if you have gynecomastia, a member of your health care team starts by asking you some questions. […] Gynecomastia often goes away over time without treatment. But if gynecomastia is caused by a medical condition, that condition may need treatment. […] Treatment may be needed if gynecomastia doesn’t get better on its own. Treatment also can help if the condition causes pain, tenderness or embarrassment. […] You may still have enlarged breasts after waiting for gynecomastia to go away on its own or after taking medicine for it. If your appearance or other symptoms bother you, surgery may be a treatment choice. […] For people with gynecomastia, having enlarged breasts can be stressful and embarrassing. The condition can be hard to hide. Sometimes, it can be a challenge to romantic relationships. […] Whatever your age, if you have gynecomastia, you might feel unhappy with your body.

• #21 Gynecomastia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279105/

  The third age range in which gynecomastia is frequently seen is during older age (60 years). […] Pathologic gynecomastia is due to an increase in the circulating and/or local breast tissue ratio of estrogen to androgen. […] Increased estrogen levels will increase glandular proliferation by several mechanisms. […] Testicular tumors can lead to increased blood estrogen levels by the following mechanisms: estrogen overproduction, androgen overproduction with extragonadal aromatization to estrogens, and secretion of hCG that stimulates normal Leydig cells (via the LH receptor). […] About 20% of gynecomastia is caused by medications or exogenous chemicals. […] Treatment of the underlying endocrinologic or systemic disease that has caused gynecomastia is appropriate when possible. […] If no pathologic etiology is detected, then appropriate treatment is close observation.

• #22 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351799

  To find out if you have gynecomastia, a member of your health care team starts by asking you some questions. […] Gynecomastia often goes away over time without treatment. But if gynecomastia is caused by a medical condition, that condition may need treatment. […] Treatment may be needed if gynecomastia doesn’t get better on its own. Treatment also can help if the condition causes pain, tenderness or embarrassment. […] You may still have enlarged breasts after waiting for gynecomastia to go away on its own or after taking medicine for it. If your appearance or other symptoms bother you, surgery may be a treatment choice. […] For people with gynecomastia, having enlarged breasts can be stressful and embarrassing. The condition can be hard to hide. Sometimes, it can be a challenge to romantic relationships. […] Whatever your age, if you have gynecomastia, you might feel unhappy with your body.

• #23 Gynecomastia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279105/

  The third age range in which gynecomastia is frequently seen is during older age (60 years). […] Pathologic gynecomastia is due to an increase in the circulating and/or local breast tissue ratio of estrogen to androgen. […] Increased estrogen levels will increase glandular proliferation by several mechanisms. […] Testicular tumors can lead to increased blood estrogen levels by the following mechanisms: estrogen overproduction, androgen overproduction with extragonadal aromatization to estrogens, and secretion of hCG that stimulates normal Leydig cells (via the LH receptor). […] About 20% of gynecomastia is caused by medications or exogenous chemicals. […] Treatment of the underlying endocrinologic or systemic disease that has caused gynecomastia is appropriate when possible. […] If no pathologic etiology is detected, then appropriate treatment is close observation.

• #24 Gynecomastia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279105/

  If the gynecomastia is severe, does not resolve, of recent onset (less than 6 months) and does not have a treatable underlying cause, some medical therapies may be attempted. […] When medical therapy is ineffective, particularly in cases of longstanding gynecomastia, or when the gynecomastia interferes with the patient’s activities of daily living, or when there is suspicion of malignancy of breast, then surgical therapy is appropriate.

• #25 Gynecomastia: Clinical evaluation and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3987263/

  Surgery should be considered as the last resort in patients with considerable discomfort, psychological stress, cosmetic problems, long-standing gynecomastia (12m) and suspected malignancy. […] Gynecomastia is common in patients with prostate cancer that receive androgen deprivation therapy. The prevalence in males treated with anti-androgen monotherapy is 75%.

• #26 Gynecomastia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279105/

  If the gynecomastia is severe, does not resolve, of recent onset (less than 6 months) and does not have a treatable underlying cause, some medical therapies may be attempted. […] When medical therapy is ineffective, particularly in cases of longstanding gynecomastia, or when the gynecomastia interferes with the patient’s activities of daily living, or when there is suspicion of malignancy of breast, then surgical therapy is appropriate.

• #27 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351799

  To find out if you have gynecomastia, a member of your health care team starts by asking you some questions. […] Gynecomastia often goes away over time without treatment. But if gynecomastia is caused by a medical condition, that condition may need treatment. […] Treatment may be needed if gynecomastia doesn’t get better on its own. Treatment also can help if the condition causes pain, tenderness or embarrassment. […] You may still have enlarged breasts after waiting for gynecomastia to go away on its own or after taking medicine for it. If your appearance or other symptoms bother you, surgery may be a treatment choice. […] For people with gynecomastia, having enlarged breasts can be stressful and embarrassing. The condition can be hard to hide. Sometimes, it can be a challenge to romantic relationships. […] Whatever your age, if you have gynecomastia, you might feel unhappy with your body.

• #28 Gynecomastia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-overview

  Gynecomastia is a benign enlargement of the male breast resulting from a proliferation of the glandular component of the breast. […] Gynecomastia does not cause any long-term complications. In approximately 90% of cases, pubertal gynecomastia resolves within a period of months to several years. […] Gynecomastia that occurs secondary to an underlying, treatable cause usually responds to treatment or removal of the primary cause. […] Men with Klinefelter syndrome have a 10- to 20-fold increased risk for breast cancer. […] A retrospective study indicated that in males who carry a pathogenic variant in a high-risk breast-cancer gene, the presence of gynecomastia significantly increases the risk for breast cancer. […] Research has indicated that the psychological effects of gynecomastia can include depression, anxiety, disordered eating, body dissatisfaction, and reduced self-esteem. […] A study suggested that gynecomastia can impinge on male sexual function.

• #29 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351799

  To find out if you have gynecomastia, a member of your health care team starts by asking you some questions. […] Gynecomastia often goes away over time without treatment. But if gynecomastia is caused by a medical condition, that condition may need treatment. […] Treatment may be needed if gynecomastia doesn’t get better on its own. Treatment also can help if the condition causes pain, tenderness or embarrassment. […] You may still have enlarged breasts after waiting for gynecomastia to go away on its own or after taking medicine for it. If your appearance or other symptoms bother you, surgery may be a treatment choice. […] For people with gynecomastia, having enlarged breasts can be stressful and embarrassing. The condition can be hard to hide. Sometimes, it can be a challenge to romantic relationships. […] Whatever your age, if you have gynecomastia, you might feel unhappy with your body.

• #30 Gynecomastia: Clinical evaluation and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3987263/

  Gynecomastia is the benign enlargement of male breast glandular tissue and is the most common breast condition in males. At least 30% of males will be affected during their life. […] Gynecomastia was reported to cause an imbalance between estrogen and androgen action or an increased estrogen to androgen ratio, due to increased estrogen production, decreased androgen production or both. […] Individual treatment requirements can range from simple reassurance to medical treatment or even surgery. The main aim of any intervention is to relieve the symptoms and exclude other etiological factors. […] The prevalence of gynecomastia was reported to be between 32-65%, due to use of different methods of assessment and the analysis of males of different ages and with different lifestyles, while autopsy data suggest a prevalence of 40%.

• #31 Gynecomastia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-overview

  Gynecomastia is a benign enlargement of the male breast resulting from a proliferation of the glandular component of the breast. […] Gynecomastia does not cause any long-term complications. In approximately 90% of cases, pubertal gynecomastia resolves within a period of months to several years. […] Gynecomastia that occurs secondary to an underlying, treatable cause usually responds to treatment or removal of the primary cause. […] Men with Klinefelter syndrome have a 10- to 20-fold increased risk for breast cancer. […] A retrospective study indicated that in males who carry a pathogenic variant in a high-risk breast-cancer gene, the presence of gynecomastia significantly increases the risk for breast cancer. […] Research has indicated that the psychological effects of gynecomastia can include depression, anxiety, disordered eating, body dissatisfaction, and reduced self-esteem. […] A study suggested that gynecomastia can impinge on male sexual function.

• #32 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351793

  Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) is an increase in the amount of breast gland tissue in boys or men. An imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone causes it. Gynecomastia can affect one or both breasts, sometimes unevenly. […] Most often, gynecomastia isn’t a serious problem. But it can be tough to cope with the condition. People with gynecomastia sometimes have pain in their breasts. And they may feel embarrassed. […] Gynecomastia may go away on its own. If it doesn’t, medicine or surgery may help. […] Estrogen levels that are too high or are out of balance with testosterone levels can cause gynecomastia. […] About 24% to 65% of men ages 50 to 80 get gynecomastia. But most adults with the condition have no symptoms. […] Gynecomastia has few physical complications. But it may lead to mental health concerns due to changes in how the chest looks.

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