Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Clinical features, diagnosis, and evaluation of gynecomastia in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-diagnosis-and-evaluation-of-gynecomastia-in-adults/print

  Gynecomastia, a benign proliferation of the glandular tissue of the male breast, is diagnosed on examination. […] A study of 506 adolescent and adult males presenting to emergency departments with trauma who underwent a chest computed tomography (CT) scan showed that some breast glandular tissues in males is a normal finding with 90th, 95th, and 97.5th percentiles of normal breast tissue being 2.2, 2.6, and 3.6 cm, respectively. Therefore, breast glandular tissue that is <2 cm should be considered a normal finding, but palpable enlargement ≥2 cm is gynecomastia.

• #2 Gynaecomastia–pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25112235/

  Gynaecomastia (enlargement of the male breast tissue) is a common finding in the general population. Most cases of gynaecomastia are benign and of cosmetic, rather than clinical, importance. However, the condition might cause local pain and tenderness, could occasionally be the result of a serious underlying illness or a medication, or be inherited. […] Breast cancer in men is much less common than benign gynaecomastia, and the two conditions can usually be distinguished by a careful physical examination. Estrogens are known to stimulate the growth of breast tissue, whereas androgens inhibit it; most cases of gynaecomastia result from deficient androgen action or excessive estrogen action in the breast tissue. In some cases, such as pubertal gynaecomastia, the breast enlargement resolves spontaneously. In other situations, more active treatment might be required to correct an underlying condition (such as hyperthyroidism or a benign Leydig cell tumour of the testis) or medications that could cause breast enlargement (such as spironolactone) might need to be discontinued. For men with hypogonadism, administration of androgens might be helpful, as might antiestrogen therapy in men with endogenous overproduction of estrogens. Surgery to remove the enlarged breast tissue might be necessary when gynaecomastia does not resolve spontaneously or with medical therapy.

• #3 Gynecomastia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279105/

  Increased estrogen levels will increase glandular proliferation by several mechanisms. […] Testicular tumors can lead to increased blood estrogen levels by the following mechanisms: estrogen overproduction, androgen overproduction with extragonadal aromatization to estrogens, and secretion of hCG that stimulates normal Leydig cells (via the LH receptor). […] About 20% of gynecomastia is caused by medications or exogenous chemicals. […] At presentation, all patients require a thorough history and physical exam. […] Treatment of the underlying endocrinologic or systemic disease that has caused gynecomastia is appropriate when possible. […] If no pathologic etiology is detected, then appropriate treatment is close observation. […] If the gynecomastia is severe, does not resolve, of recent onset (less than 6 months) and does not have a treatable underlying cause, some medical therapies may be attempted. […] When medical therapy is ineffective, particularly in cases of longstanding gynecomastia, or when the gynecomastia interferes with the patient’s activities of daily living, or when there is suspicion of malignancy of breast, then surgical therapy is appropriate.

• #4 Gynecomastia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0401/p716.html

  The history should rule out other causes of breast enlargement, such as those listed in Table 3. […] The physical examination should include evaluation of height and weight, and examination of the breasts, genitals, liver, lymph nodes, and thyroid. […] Laboratory studies to investigate the underlying cause of gynecomastia should include measurement of hepatic transaminase, serum creatinine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels for all patients. […] Recommendations for imaging studies are based mainly on case reports and expert opinion. […] The history and physical examination should direct the laboratory and imaging workup. […] A number of medications have been used to treat gynecomastia. […] Surgery can be performed at any time to reduce breast tissue, and a number of techniques have been used.

• #5 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-of-Gynecomastia.aspx

  Once symptoms of Gynecomastia are seen, patient needs to be evaluated in detail to exclude breast cancer. […] Diagnosis begins with taking a medical history and doing a detailed physical examination. […] Questions to evaluate the adequate growth and development of other secondary sexual characters in the adult patient with Gynecomastia is also important. Symptoms of decreased libido or erectile dysfunction may point towards low testosterone. […] Rapid growth of the breast tissues may point towards an underlying cancer. […] Physical examination is important in diagnosing other causes of Gynecomastia. […] On examination of the breast it is checked if the swelling is fatty tissue (not truly Gynecomastia) or breast tissue. […] In case of a true Gynecomastia there is a feeling of a mass between the fingers.

• #6 Gynecomastia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-overview

  Gynecomastia is a benign enlargement of the male breast (usually bilateral but sometimes unilateral) resulting from a proliferation of the glandular component of the breast. It is defined clinically by the presence of a rubbery or firm mass extending concentrically from the nipples. Gynecomastia should be differentiated from pseudogynecomastia (lipomastia), which is characterized by fat deposition without glandular proliferation. […] Patients with physiologic gynecomastia do not require further evaluation. Similarly, asymptomatic and pubertal gynecomastia do not require further tests and should be reevaluated in 6 months. Further evaluation is necessary in the following situations: Breast size greater than 5 cm (macromastia), A lump that is tender, of recent onset, progressive, or of unknown duration, Signs of malignancy (eg, hard or fixed lymph nodes or positive lymph node findings).

• #7 The Real Reasons Behind Male Breast Enlargement

  https://leaplasticsurgery.com/blogs/the-real-reasons-behind-male-breast-enlargement/

  Gynecomastia, an overdevelopment or enlargement of the breast tissue in men or boys, is a common condition that can occur at any age. […] Gynecomastia is characterized by the enlargement of breast gland tissue in males. […] While it is not linked to breast cancer, certain symptoms of gynecomastia may resemble other medical conditions, necessitating a thorough examination and diagnosis. […] Diagnosing gynecomastia involves a comprehensive evaluation of the patients medical history, a physical examination, and various tests. […] Through these diagnostic procedures, healthcare providers can determine the cause of gynecomastia and recommend the most effective treatment options. […] Gynecomastia diagnosis involves a physical exam to check for lumps or tenderness, a medical history review, and diagnostic tests. […] In some cases, a biopsy may be required to rule out breast cancer.

• #8 Gynecomastia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0401/p716.html

  The history should rule out other causes of breast enlargement, such as those listed in Table 3. […] The physical examination should include evaluation of height and weight, and examination of the breasts, genitals, liver, lymph nodes, and thyroid. […] Laboratory studies to investigate the underlying cause of gynecomastia should include measurement of hepatic transaminase, serum creatinine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels for all patients. […] Recommendations for imaging studies are based mainly on case reports and expert opinion. […] The history and physical examination should direct the laboratory and imaging workup. […] A number of medications have been used to treat gynecomastia. […] Surgery can be performed at any time to reduce breast tissue, and a number of techniques have been used.

• #9 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics/print

  Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) […] GYNECOMASTIA OVERVIEW […] Gynecomastia is a condition in which the glandular tissue in the breasts becomes enlarged in males, sometimes causing discomfort or nipple tenderness. […] Gynecomastia must be distinguished from the breast enlargement due to fat deposits seen in overweight males. […] Gynecomastia should not be confused with pseudogynecomastia (also known as lipomastia), which occurs in overweight males whose breasts enlarge because of fat deposits. […] If you are a male with enlarged or tender breasts, your health care provider will perform an examination to determine whether the tissue in your breasts is fatty or glandular. […] If the provider has difficulty determining whether you have gynecomastia, he or she might recommend that you have a breast ultrasound or a mammogram, a specialized X-ray of the breast.

• #10 Gynecomastia Pinch Test a Self Diagnosis | Miguel Delgado M.D.

  https://www.gynecomastia-specialist.com/gynecomastia-physical-exam/

  In addition to being known as man boobs or moobs, gynecomastia results in the development of male breast tissue that resemble those of women. […] It is possible to determine whether the gynecomastia is true gynecomastia or pseudo gynecomastia by performing the gynecomastia pinch test. In order to reduce enlarged male breasts, it is important to get the correct diagnosis. […] A comprehensive physical examination and a review of your medical history will be required for the diagnosis of gynecomastia. […] To determine whether the condition is true gynecomastia or pseudogynecomastia, a physical examination and gynecomastia pinch test is conducted. […] The gynecomastia pinch test can determine pseudogynecomastia or excess fat build up. […] The gynecomastia pinch test is a gynecomastia physical exam to diagnose gynecomastia from excess fat or psudogynecomastia. […] Enlarged breast tissue feels firm to very firm. […] Men who experience gynecomastia can have breast pain and discomfort. This true for ment who have glandular gynecomasia and not pseudogynecomastia.

• #11 What Is the Gynecomastia Pinch Test? | Dr. Aghayan

  https://www.apresplasticsurgery.com/blog/what-is-the-gynecomastia-pinch-test/

  Gynecomastia is a condition that commonly affects men of all ages and can be extremely distressing. It is characterized by the enlargement of male breast tissue, resulting in breasts that are larger than usual and can cause discomfort, embarrassment, and anxiety. […] Before treatment of gynecomastia can take place, it must be determined whether actual gynecomastia or pseudogynecomastia is the problem. […] An early stage gynecomastia pinch test will usually reveal whether the patient is struggling with gynecomastia or pseudogynecomastia. […] When a plastic surgeon performs this test, they essentially want to know if the gynecomastia the patient is experiencing is caused by excess glandular tissue, fat (adipose tissue), or a combination of one or both breasts. […] The early stage gynecomastia pinch test is a physical examination technique used to detect the presence of male breast enlargement.

• #12 Clinical features, diagnosis, and evaluation of gynecomastia in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-diagnosis-and-evaluation-of-gynecomastia-in-adults/print

  Gynecomastia, a benign proliferation of the glandular tissue of the male breast, is diagnosed on examination. […] A study of 506 adolescent and adult males presenting to emergency departments with trauma who underwent a chest computed tomography (CT) scan showed that some breast glandular tissues in males is a normal finding with 90th, 95th, and 97.5th percentiles of normal breast tissue being 2.2, 2.6, and 3.6 cm, respectively. Therefore, breast glandular tissue that is <2 cm should be considered a normal finding, but palpable enlargement ≥2 cm is gynecomastia.

• #13 Gynecomastia Treatment, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Causes

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/gynecomastia/article_em.htm

  Gynocomastia is an enlargement of breast tissue in males as the result of an imbanalce of the hormones in the body, with somewhat of an excess of female horomones called estrogens, when comparted to male hormones calld androgens. Gynecomastia is common in men and boys at various stages of development and in association with certain medical conditions. […] Gynecomastia is usually diagnosed by a physical examination. The presence of breast tissue greater than 0.5 cm in diameter is characteristic of gynecomastia. In addition to a physical examination, a careful medical history is also important to help assess the cause of gynecomastia. […] If a male develops gynecomastia, it is appropriate to contact a health care practitioner. He or she may order tests to help determine the cause of gynecomastia. It is important to rule out any serious medical conditions that may be the cause of gynecomastia.

• #14 Gynecomastia Workup: Approach Considerations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-workup

  Patients with physiologic gynecomastia do not require further evaluation. […] Further evaluation is necessary in patients with the following: Breast size greater than 5 cm (macromastia). […] A lump that is tender, of recent onset, progressive, or of unknown duration. […] Signs of malignancy (eg, hard or fixed lymph nodes or positive lymph node findings). […] A serum chemistry panel may be helpful in evaluating for renal or liver disease. […] Free or total testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels are used to evaluate a patient with possible feminization syndrome. […] Obtain thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine levels if hyperthyroidism is suspected. […] Order a mammogram if 1 or more features of breast cancer are apparent upon clinical examination.

• #15 Gynecomastia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0401/p716.html

  The history should rule out other causes of breast enlargement, such as those listed in Table 3. […] The physical examination should include evaluation of height and weight, and examination of the breasts, genitals, liver, lymph nodes, and thyroid. […] Laboratory studies to investigate the underlying cause of gynecomastia should include measurement of hepatic transaminase, serum creatinine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels for all patients. […] Recommendations for imaging studies are based mainly on case reports and expert opinion. […] The history and physical examination should direct the laboratory and imaging workup. […] A number of medications have been used to treat gynecomastia. […] Surgery can be performed at any time to reduce breast tissue, and a number of techniques have been used.

• #16 Gynecomastia – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/869

  Other diagnostic factors include erectile dysfunction or decreased libido, nutritional supplements, differences in sex development (DSD), delayed secondary sex characteristics, precocious puberty, weight loss and malnutrition, signs or symptoms of hypothalamic or pituitary disease, signs or symptoms of liver failure, signs or symptoms of hyperthyroidism, decreased body hair, painless or enlarging testicular mass, and diminished strength or muscle atrophy. […] 1st tests to order include serum TSH, serum creatinine, and serum LFTs. […] Tests to consider include serum total testosterone, serum LH, serum estradiol, serum sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), serum free testosterone, serum beta hCG, serum dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEAS), serum prolactin, mammogram, core biopsy of breast (if cancer suspected), testicular ultrasound, and abdominal CT/MRI (if adrenal adenoma or carcinoma suspected).

• #17 Gynecomastia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-overview

  Laboratory tests that may be considered include the following: Serum chemistry panel, Free or total testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels, Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine levels. […] Imaging studies that may be helpful include the following: Mammography: Indicated if one or more features of breast cancer are apparent upon clinical examination, followed by fine-needle aspiration or breast biopsy as appropriate, Testicular ultrasonography: Indicated if the serum estradiol level is elevated and the clinical examination findings suggest the possibility of a testicular neoplasm, Breast ultrasonography (though the positive predictive value of imaging in males is low), Computed tomography (CT) scanning: Gynecomastia is often reported on CT scans.

• #18 Gynecomastia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia is the non-cancerous enlargement of one or both breasts in men due to the growth of breast tissue as a result of a hormone imbalance between estrogens and androgens. […] Most occurrences of gynecomastia do not require diagnostic tests. […] Gynecomastia usually presents with bilateral involvement of the breast tissue but may occur unilaterally as well. […] Diagnosis of men with breast enlargement can be evaluated using an algorithm. […] Recommended laboratory investigations to find the underlying cause of gynecomastia include tests for aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase to rule out liver disease, serum creatinine to determine if kidney damage is present, and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels to evaluate for hyperthyroidism. […] If these initial laboratory tests fail to uncover the cause of gynecomastia, then additional tests to evaluate for an underlying hormonal balance due to hypogonadism or a testicular tumor should be checked including total and free levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, serum beta human chorionic gonadotropin (-hCG), and prolactin.

• #19 Gynecomastia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-overview

  Laboratory tests that may be considered include the following: Serum chemistry panel, Free or total testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels, Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine levels. […] Imaging studies that may be helpful include the following: Mammography: Indicated if one or more features of breast cancer are apparent upon clinical examination, followed by fine-needle aspiration or breast biopsy as appropriate, Testicular ultrasonography: Indicated if the serum estradiol level is elevated and the clinical examination findings suggest the possibility of a testicular neoplasm, Breast ultrasonography (though the positive predictive value of imaging in males is low), Computed tomography (CT) scanning: Gynecomastia is often reported on CT scans.

• #20 Gynecomastia Workup: Approach Considerations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-workup

  Obtain a testicular ultrasonogram if the serum estradiol level is elevated and the clinical examination findings suggest the possibility of a testicular neoplasm. […] Breast imaging, through mammography or ultrasonography, may be controversial, because gynecomastia is much more common than male breast cancer. […] The positive predictive value of imaging in males is 55% using mammography and 17% using ultrasonography. […] However, a study by Telegrafo et al in which ultrasonography was used to diagnosis and classify gynecomastia found the same results as when mammography was used, suggesting that ultrasonography can be employed as a primary imaging modality for determining the presence of gynecomastia and categorizing its shape. […] Gynecomastia is often reported on CT scans. […] Characteristic findings include proliferation of ductules and stroma (consisting of connective-tissue elements such as fibroblasts, collagen, and myofibroblasts) and occasional acini.

• #21 Gynecomastia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/gynecomastia-1?lang=us

  Gynecomastia refers to a benign excess of the male breast tissue, that is usually reversible. It is not a risk factor per se for developing male breast cancer. […] In gynecomastia, there is enlargement of the male breast due to benign ductal and stromal proliferation. A hallmark of gynecomastia is its central location under the nipple. Gynecomastia in most cases tends to be unilateral and/or asymmetrical. […] The imbalance between estrogen action relative to androgen action at the breast tissue level appears to be a key etiological factor in gynecomastia. […] The causes of gynecomastia are many and include hormonal factors, drugs, systemic disorders, tumors, and idiopathic causes. […] May appear as an increased sub-areolar density, which may be flame-shaped. […] Three mammographic patterns of gynecomastia have been described representing various degrees and stages of ductal and stromal proliferation.

• #22 Gynecomastia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/gynecomastia-1?lang=us

  Focal gynecomastia can variably appear as a retroareolar, triangular, hypoechoic mass. […] In chronic dendritic gynecomastia, there is often a subareolar hypoechoic lesion with an anechoic star-shaped posterior border, which can be described as fingerlike projections or „spider legs” insinuating into the surrounding echogenic fibrous breast tissue. […] Pseudogynecomastia: involves breast enlargement (usually bilateral) caused by an excess of adipose tissue, which is not necessarily associated with constitutional obesity. […] Male breast cancer: unilateral fixed painless irregular hard mass may occur remotely from the areola (gynecomastia does not).

• #23 Gynecomastia Treatment, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Causes

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/gynecomastia/article_em.htm

  Gynocomastia is an enlargement of breast tissue in males as the result of an imbanalce of the hormones in the body, with somewhat of an excess of female horomones called estrogens, when comparted to male hormones calld androgens. Gynecomastia is common in men and boys at various stages of development and in association with certain medical conditions. […] Gynecomastia is usually diagnosed by a physical examination. The presence of breast tissue greater than 0.5 cm in diameter is characteristic of gynecomastia. In addition to a physical examination, a careful medical history is also important to help assess the cause of gynecomastia. […] If a male develops gynecomastia, it is appropriate to contact a health care practitioner. He or she may order tests to help determine the cause of gynecomastia. It is important to rule out any serious medical conditions that may be the cause of gynecomastia.

• #24 Gynecomastia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynecomastia

  If -hCG levels are abnormally high, then ultrasound of the testicles should be performed to check for signs of a hormone-secreting testicular tumor. […] While there can be many potential causes of male patients that present with increased breast tissue, differential diagnoses are most concerning for gynecomastia, pseudogynecomastia, and breast cancer (which is rare in men). […] Mammography is the method of choice for radiologic examination of male breast tissue in the diagnosis of gynecomastia when breast cancer is suspected on physical examination.

• #25 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351793

  Gynecomastia caused by hormone changes during puberty is somewhat common. Most of the time, the swollen breast tissue goes away without treatment within 6 months to 2 years. […] About 24% to 65% of men ages 50 to 80 get gynecomastia. But most adults with the condition have no symptoms. […] Certain health conditions that affect the balance of hormones can either cause or be linked with gynecomastia. […] Gynecomastia has few physical complications. But it may lead to mental health concerns due to changes in how the chest looks.

• #26 Gynecomastia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279105/

  Gynecomastia is a relatively common disorder. Its causes range from benign physiological processes to rare neoplasms. To diagnose the etiology of the gynecomastia, the clinician must understand the hormonal factors involved in breast development. […] Once gynecomastia has been diagnosed, treatment of the underlying cause is warranted. If no underlying cause is discovered, then close observation is appropriate. […] Gynecomastia, breast development in males, can occur normally during three phases of life. […] Puberty marks the second period when gynecomastia can occur physiologically. […] The third age range in which gynecomastia is frequently seen is during older age (60 years). […] Pathologic gynecomastia is due to an increase in the circulating and/or local breast tissue ratio of estrogen to androgen.

• #27 Gynecomastia | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia is an increased amount of breast tissue in those assigned male at birth. […] To rule out any underlying disorders or conditions, your child’s physician will ask about their health and medical history and do a physical exam. […] In most cases, no treatment is needed for gynecomastia because the breast gland diminishes during puberty. However, if gynecomastia continues for more than two years without any improvement, we will work closely with Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine and Endocrinology to explore other causes, such as hormonal imbalances. […] We consider surgery for gynecomastia when no further involution is expected based on your child’s age and development, or when excessively large or abnormal breast growth causes pain or interferes with your child’s quality of life. […] Full recovery from gynecomastia surgery typically takes four to six weeks. Most patients return to school and light activity about a week after surgery. Your child’s care team will work closely with you and your child to navigate the best recovery plan.

• #28 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351793

  Gynecomastia caused by hormone changes during puberty is somewhat common. Most of the time, the swollen breast tissue goes away without treatment within 6 months to 2 years. […] About 24% to 65% of men ages 50 to 80 get gynecomastia. But most adults with the condition have no symptoms. […] Certain health conditions that affect the balance of hormones can either cause or be linked with gynecomastia. […] Gynecomastia has few physical complications. But it may lead to mental health concerns due to changes in how the chest looks.

• #29 Severe Male Breast Enlargement | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0501/p583.html

  A 13-year-old boy presented with increased breast size and darkening of the areola, which began at 11 years of age. […] Physical examination revealed grade 3 gynecomastia with ptotic, or sagging, breasts. […] The correct answer is B: physiologic gynecomastia. Physiologic gynecomastia is the most common form of gynecomastia and occurs in three distinct age groups: newborns, adolescents, and men older than 50 years. […] Physiologic gynecomastia is characterized by the proliferation of glandular breast tissue. […] Further evaluation is warranted if gynecomastia occurs outside of the typical age groups for physiologic gynecomastia. […] Workup for gynecomastia may include liver and renal function tests, and measurements of thyroid-stimulating hormone, serum human chorionic gonadotropin, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, testosterone, and prolactin.

• #30 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351793

  Gynecomastia caused by hormone changes during puberty is somewhat common. Most of the time, the swollen breast tissue goes away without treatment within 6 months to 2 years. […] About 24% to 65% of men ages 50 to 80 get gynecomastia. But most adults with the condition have no symptoms. […] Certain health conditions that affect the balance of hormones can either cause or be linked with gynecomastia. […] Gynecomastia has few physical complications. But it may lead to mental health concerns due to changes in how the chest looks.

• #31 Gynecomastia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279105/

  Gynecomastia is a relatively common disorder. Its causes range from benign physiological processes to rare neoplasms. To diagnose the etiology of the gynecomastia, the clinician must understand the hormonal factors involved in breast development. […] Once gynecomastia has been diagnosed, treatment of the underlying cause is warranted. If no underlying cause is discovered, then close observation is appropriate. […] Gynecomastia, breast development in males, can occur normally during three phases of life. […] Puberty marks the second period when gynecomastia can occur physiologically. […] The third age range in which gynecomastia is frequently seen is during older age (60 years). […] Pathologic gynecomastia is due to an increase in the circulating and/or local breast tissue ratio of estrogen to androgen.

• #32 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351799

  To find out if you have gynecomastia, a member of your health care team starts by asking you some questions. For example, you’ll likely be asked about your symptoms and any medicines you take. You’re also given a medical exam to check your breast tissue, stomach area and genitals. […] Your health care team likely will order tests. These can help find a possible cause of gynecomastia or look for conditions that can cause similar symptoms. Tests also may be done to check for breast cancer. You may need exams such as: […] Your health care team will want to be sure that your breast swelling is gynecomastia and not another condition. Other conditions that can cause similar symptoms include: […] Gynecomastia often goes away over time without treatment. But if gynecomastia is caused by a medical condition, that condition may need treatment.

• #33 Gynecomastia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0401/p716.html

  The history should rule out other causes of breast enlargement, such as those listed in Table 3. […] The physical examination should include evaluation of height and weight, and examination of the breasts, genitals, liver, lymph nodes, and thyroid. […] Laboratory studies to investigate the underlying cause of gynecomastia should include measurement of hepatic transaminase, serum creatinine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels for all patients. […] Recommendations for imaging studies are based mainly on case reports and expert opinion. […] The history and physical examination should direct the laboratory and imaging workup. […] A number of medications have been used to treat gynecomastia. […] Surgery can be performed at any time to reduce breast tissue, and a number of techniques have been used.

• #34 Gynecomastia: What It Is, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/16227-enlarged-male-breast-tissue-gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia (enlarged male breast tissue) most often happens due to an imbalance of testosterone and estrogen. […] Gynecomastia is enlarged breast (chest) tissue in males. Its a benign (noncancerous) increase in breast volume due to an increase in glandular tissue. […] Gynecomastia most often happens due to an imbalance of hormones specifically testosterone and estrogen. […] Gynecomastia is the enlargement of glandular tissue in your breast(s). Estrogen is responsible for the growth of glandular breast tissue. Estrogen also suppresses the release of testosterone. […] Gynecomastia may be a symptom or result of the following health conditions: Adrenal tumors, Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), Kidney disease or kidney failure, Klinefelter syndrome (an inherited condition), Liver disease and cirrhosis, Male hypogonadism (low testosterone), Pituitary gland tumors (pituitary adenomas), especially prolactinomas, Testicular tumors.

• #35 Gynecomastia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-overview

  Gynecomastia can be physiologic or pathologic. Physiologic gynecomastia is seen in newborn infants, pubescent adolescents, and elderly individuals. […] Gynecomastia in adults is often multifactorial. Increased aromatization of testosterone to estradiol and the gradual decrease of testosterone production in the aging testes most often account for gynecomastia in adult males. […] Pathologic gynecomastia can be caused by an increase in the production and/or action of estrogen, by a decrease in the production and/or action of testosterone accompanied by increased aromatization and high estrogen, or by drug use. However, gynecomastia can also be idiopathic. […] The following are some of the conditions associated with gynecomastia: Klinefelter syndrome, Congenital anorchia, Testicular trauma, Viral orchitis, Pituitary tumors or abnormalities such as the ones that lead to either hypersecretion or hyposecretion of LH, Malignancies that increase the serum level of hCG, Renal failure, Hyperthyroidism, Malnutrition, Environmental pollutants, Androgen insensitivity syndrome, Aromatase excess syndrome. […] Various drugs are implicated in gynecomastia and can be classified into categories.

• #36 Gynecomastia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279105/

  Gynecomastia is a relatively common disorder. Its causes range from benign physiological processes to rare neoplasms. To diagnose the etiology of the gynecomastia, the clinician must understand the hormonal factors involved in breast development. […] Once gynecomastia has been diagnosed, treatment of the underlying cause is warranted. If no underlying cause is discovered, then close observation is appropriate. […] Gynecomastia, breast development in males, can occur normally during three phases of life. […] Puberty marks the second period when gynecomastia can occur physiologically. […] The third age range in which gynecomastia is frequently seen is during older age (60 years). […] Pathologic gynecomastia is due to an increase in the circulating and/or local breast tissue ratio of estrogen to androgen.

• #37 Gynecomastia: What It Is, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/16227-enlarged-male-breast-tissue-gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia (enlarged male breast tissue) most often happens due to an imbalance of testosterone and estrogen. […] Gynecomastia is enlarged breast (chest) tissue in males. Its a benign (noncancerous) increase in breast volume due to an increase in glandular tissue. […] Gynecomastia most often happens due to an imbalance of hormones specifically testosterone and estrogen. […] Gynecomastia is the enlargement of glandular tissue in your breast(s). Estrogen is responsible for the growth of glandular breast tissue. Estrogen also suppresses the release of testosterone. […] Gynecomastia may be a symptom or result of the following health conditions: Adrenal tumors, Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), Kidney disease or kidney failure, Klinefelter syndrome (an inherited condition), Liver disease and cirrhosis, Male hypogonadism (low testosterone), Pituitary gland tumors (pituitary adenomas), especially prolactinomas, Testicular tumors.

• #38 Gynecomastia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0401/p716.html

  Gynecomastia is defined as benign proliferation of glandular breast tissue in men. […] Gynecomastia, which can be physiologic or nonphysiologic, occurs when the estrogen-to-testosterone ratio in men is disrupted, leading to proliferation of glandular breast tissue. […] Nonphysiologic gynecomastia can occur at any age as a result of a number of medical conditions, medication use, or substance use. […] Gynecomastia may be the only presenting symptom in men with primary hypogonadism. […] Although testicular tumors are rare, approximately 10 percent of persons with testicular tumors present with gynecomastia alone. […] Gynecomastia occurs in 10 to 40 percent of men with hyperthyroidism, although it is rarely the only symptom at presentation. […] Hormonal dysfunction is common in men with renal failure because of overall suppression of testosterone production and direct testicular damage secondary to uremia.

• #39 Breast enlargement in males: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003165.htm

  When an abnormal amount of breast tissue develops in males, it is called gynecomastia. It is important to find out if the excess growth in the area of the breast is breast tissue and not excess fat tissue (lipomastia). […] Enlarged breasts in males are usually harmless, but may cause men to avoid wearing certain clothing or to not want to be seen without a shirt. This can cause significant distress, particularly in young men. […] Breast enlargement is usually caused by an imbalance of estrogen (female hormone) and testosterone (male hormone). Males have both types of hormones in their body. Changes in the levels of these hormones, or in how the body uses or responds to these hormones, can cause enlarged breasts in males. […] Certain health problems can cause breast growth in adult men, including chronic liver disease, kidney failure and dialysis, low testosterone level, and obesity.

• #40 Gynecomastia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0401/p716.html

  Gynecomastia is defined as benign proliferation of glandular breast tissue in men. […] Gynecomastia, which can be physiologic or nonphysiologic, occurs when the estrogen-to-testosterone ratio in men is disrupted, leading to proliferation of glandular breast tissue. […] Nonphysiologic gynecomastia can occur at any age as a result of a number of medical conditions, medication use, or substance use. […] Gynecomastia may be the only presenting symptom in men with primary hypogonadism. […] Although testicular tumors are rare, approximately 10 percent of persons with testicular tumors present with gynecomastia alone. […] Gynecomastia occurs in 10 to 40 percent of men with hyperthyroidism, although it is rarely the only symptom at presentation. […] Hormonal dysfunction is common in men with renal failure because of overall suppression of testosterone production and direct testicular damage secondary to uremia.

• #41 Gynecomastia: What It Is, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/16227-enlarged-male-breast-tissue-gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia may be a side effect of certain medications, including: Cimetidine (for heartburn and acid reflux), Digoxin (for certain heart issues), Finasteride (for enlarged prostate or alopecia), Ketoconazole (for fungal or yeast infections), Spironolactone (for high blood pressure and heart failure), Thiazides (a class of diuretics), Phenothiazines (a class of first-generation antipsychotic medications), Theophylline (for asthma and COPD), Methotrexate (for rheumatoid arthritis and cancer), Imatinib (chemotherapy drug). […] If gynecomastia is causing you distress and/or you have other new symptoms, talk to your healthcare provider. They can check to see if an underlying medical condition is the cause and discuss potential treatment options.

• #42 Understanding Gynecomastia and Its Management

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/understanding-gynecomastia-and-its-management

  Men seeking medical attention for what appears to be gynecomastia should be evaluated for potential causes as well as for other conditions that mimic gynecomastia. […] Nonphysiological gynecomastia can have pathologic, pharmacologic, and idiopathic etiologies. […] Up to 25% of gynecomastia cases can be attributed to medications, with one cohort study suggesting that medications are a contributing factor in 80% of older adults with gynecomastia. […] A thorough investigation is recommended in patients presenting with gynecomastia, as multifactorial etiologies may be involved. […] Pharmacologic management may be considered in patients with severe gynecomastia of recent onset (less than 6 months), those with persistent gynecomastia after discontinuation of offending medications or substances, and those in whom an underlying cause has not been identified. […] Gynecomastia that does not resolve spontaneously or with medical treatment may persist into the fibrotic stage after 12 months. […] The focus of surgical procedures is to remove hypertrophic fibrotic glandular tissue and reestablish the shape of the male breast.

• #43 Gynecomastia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279105/

  Increased estrogen levels will increase glandular proliferation by several mechanisms. […] Testicular tumors can lead to increased blood estrogen levels by the following mechanisms: estrogen overproduction, androgen overproduction with extragonadal aromatization to estrogens, and secretion of hCG that stimulates normal Leydig cells (via the LH receptor). […] About 20% of gynecomastia is caused by medications or exogenous chemicals. […] At presentation, all patients require a thorough history and physical exam. […] Treatment of the underlying endocrinologic or systemic disease that has caused gynecomastia is appropriate when possible. […] If no pathologic etiology is detected, then appropriate treatment is close observation. […] If the gynecomastia is severe, does not resolve, of recent onset (less than 6 months) and does not have a treatable underlying cause, some medical therapies may be attempted. […] When medical therapy is ineffective, particularly in cases of longstanding gynecomastia, or when the gynecomastia interferes with the patient’s activities of daily living, or when there is suspicion of malignancy of breast, then surgical therapy is appropriate.

• #44 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351793

  Gynecomastia caused by hormone changes during puberty is somewhat common. Most of the time, the swollen breast tissue goes away without treatment within 6 months to 2 years. […] About 24% to 65% of men ages 50 to 80 get gynecomastia. But most adults with the condition have no symptoms. […] Certain health conditions that affect the balance of hormones can either cause or be linked with gynecomastia. […] Gynecomastia has few physical complications. But it may lead to mental health concerns due to changes in how the chest looks.

• #45 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351799

  Treatment may be needed if gynecomastia doesn’t get better on its own. Treatment also can help if the condition causes pain, tenderness or embarrassment. […] Medicines used to treat breast cancer and other conditions may be helpful for some adults with gynecomastia. […] You may still have enlarged breasts after waiting for gynecomastia to go away on its own or after taking medicine for it. If your appearance or other symptoms bother you, surgery may be a treatment choice: […] For people with gynecomastia, having enlarged breasts can be stressful and embarrassing. The condition can be hard to hide. […] Whatever your age, if you have gynecomastia, you might feel unhappy with your body.

• #46 Gynecomastia Treatment, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Causes

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/gynecomastia/article_em.htm

  Fortunately, in many cases, gynecomastia goes away on its own without the need for specific treatment. Medical and surgical treatments can be effective for persistent gynecomastia. Typically, gynecomastia is not associated with long-term problems, but men with gynecomastia have an increased risk (about five-fold) for developing male breast cancer when compared with the general population. It is likely that the hormonal changes that produce gynecomastia in adult men also increase their risk of developing breast cancer.

• #47 Breast enlargement in males: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003165.htm

  Men who have enlarged breasts may have an increased risk for breast cancer. Breast cancer in men is rare. Signs that may suggest breast cancer include one-sided breast growth, firm or hard breast lump that feels like it is attached to the tissue, skin sore over the breast, and bloody discharge from the nipple. […] Your provider will take a medical history and perform a physical examination. […] You may not need any tests, but the following tests may be done to check for certain diseases: blood hormone level tests, breast ultrasound, liver and kidney function studies, and mammogram. […] Often no treatment is needed. Breast growth in newborns and young boys often goes away on its own. […] If a medical condition is causing the problem, your provider will treat that condition.

• #48 Gynecomastia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-overview

  Gynecomastia is a benign enlargement of the male breast (usually bilateral but sometimes unilateral) resulting from a proliferation of the glandular component of the breast. It is defined clinically by the presence of a rubbery or firm mass extending concentrically from the nipples. Gynecomastia should be differentiated from pseudogynecomastia (lipomastia), which is characterized by fat deposition without glandular proliferation. […] Patients with physiologic gynecomastia do not require further evaluation. Similarly, asymptomatic and pubertal gynecomastia do not require further tests and should be reevaluated in 6 months. Further evaluation is necessary in the following situations: Breast size greater than 5 cm (macromastia), A lump that is tender, of recent onset, progressive, or of unknown duration, Signs of malignancy (eg, hard or fixed lymph nodes or positive lymph node findings).

• #49 Gynecomastia Workup: Approach Considerations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-workup

  Patients with physiologic gynecomastia do not require further evaluation. […] Further evaluation is necessary in patients with the following: Breast size greater than 5 cm (macromastia). […] A lump that is tender, of recent onset, progressive, or of unknown duration. […] Signs of malignancy (eg, hard or fixed lymph nodes or positive lymph node findings). […] A serum chemistry panel may be helpful in evaluating for renal or liver disease. […] Free or total testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels are used to evaluate a patient with possible feminization syndrome. […] Obtain thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine levels if hyperthyroidism is suspected. […] Order a mammogram if 1 or more features of breast cancer are apparent upon clinical examination.

• #50 Gynecomastia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279105/

  Increased estrogen levels will increase glandular proliferation by several mechanisms. […] Testicular tumors can lead to increased blood estrogen levels by the following mechanisms: estrogen overproduction, androgen overproduction with extragonadal aromatization to estrogens, and secretion of hCG that stimulates normal Leydig cells (via the LH receptor). […] About 20% of gynecomastia is caused by medications or exogenous chemicals. […] At presentation, all patients require a thorough history and physical exam. […] Treatment of the underlying endocrinologic or systemic disease that has caused gynecomastia is appropriate when possible. […] If no pathologic etiology is detected, then appropriate treatment is close observation. […] If the gynecomastia is severe, does not resolve, of recent onset (less than 6 months) and does not have a treatable underlying cause, some medical therapies may be attempted. […] When medical therapy is ineffective, particularly in cases of longstanding gynecomastia, or when the gynecomastia interferes with the patient’s activities of daily living, or when there is suspicion of malignancy of breast, then surgical therapy is appropriate.

• #51 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351799

  To find out if you have gynecomastia, a member of your health care team starts by asking you some questions. For example, you’ll likely be asked about your symptoms and any medicines you take. You’re also given a medical exam to check your breast tissue, stomach area and genitals. […] Your health care team likely will order tests. These can help find a possible cause of gynecomastia or look for conditions that can cause similar symptoms. Tests also may be done to check for breast cancer. You may need exams such as: […] Your health care team will want to be sure that your breast swelling is gynecomastia and not another condition. Other conditions that can cause similar symptoms include: […] Gynecomastia often goes away over time without treatment. But if gynecomastia is caused by a medical condition, that condition may need treatment.

• #52 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351793

  Gynecomastia caused by hormone changes during puberty is somewhat common. Most of the time, the swollen breast tissue goes away without treatment within 6 months to 2 years. […] About 24% to 65% of men ages 50 to 80 get gynecomastia. But most adults with the condition have no symptoms. […] Certain health conditions that affect the balance of hormones can either cause or be linked with gynecomastia. […] Gynecomastia has few physical complications. But it may lead to mental health concerns due to changes in how the chest looks.

• #53 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics/print

  Laboratory tests — A blood test might be ordered to measure the level of your blood testosterone and two pituitary hormones, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone. […] Gynecomastia treatment depends upon its cause, duration, and severity and whether it causes pain or discomfort. […] For males with idiopathic gynecomastia that causes discomfort and lasts more than three months, a short course (three to six months) of tamoxifen or raloxifene may be recommended. […] Gynecomastia is a common complication of hormonal treatment for prostate cancer (androgen deprivation therapy or antiandrogen monotherapy). […] Tamoxifen can be taken along with the hormonal anti-prostate cancer treatment (androgen deprivation or antiandrogen monotherapy). […] Gynecomastia that has already developed can be treated with higher radiation doses and may improve pain. […] Men who have had gynecomastia for more than one year do not typically benefit from the use of tamoxifen. […] For them, surgery to reduce the size of the breasts is an option. […] Men with prostate cancer who undergo antiandrogen therapy are at risk for developing gynecomastia.

• #54 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351799

  Treatment may be needed if gynecomastia doesn’t get better on its own. Treatment also can help if the condition causes pain, tenderness or embarrassment. […] Medicines used to treat breast cancer and other conditions may be helpful for some adults with gynecomastia. […] You may still have enlarged breasts after waiting for gynecomastia to go away on its own or after taking medicine for it. If your appearance or other symptoms bother you, surgery may be a treatment choice: […] For people with gynecomastia, having enlarged breasts can be stressful and embarrassing. The condition can be hard to hide. […] Whatever your age, if you have gynecomastia, you might feel unhappy with your body.

• #55 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics/print

  Laboratory tests — A blood test might be ordered to measure the level of your blood testosterone and two pituitary hormones, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone. […] Gynecomastia treatment depends upon its cause, duration, and severity and whether it causes pain or discomfort. […] For males with idiopathic gynecomastia that causes discomfort and lasts more than three months, a short course (three to six months) of tamoxifen or raloxifene may be recommended. […] Gynecomastia is a common complication of hormonal treatment for prostate cancer (androgen deprivation therapy or antiandrogen monotherapy). […] Tamoxifen can be taken along with the hormonal anti-prostate cancer treatment (androgen deprivation or antiandrogen monotherapy). […] Gynecomastia that has already developed can be treated with higher radiation doses and may improve pain. […] Men who have had gynecomastia for more than one year do not typically benefit from the use of tamoxifen. […] For them, surgery to reduce the size of the breasts is an option. […] Men with prostate cancer who undergo antiandrogen therapy are at risk for developing gynecomastia.

• #56 Understanding Gynecomastia and Its Management

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/understanding-gynecomastia-and-its-management

  Men seeking medical attention for what appears to be gynecomastia should be evaluated for potential causes as well as for other conditions that mimic gynecomastia. […] Nonphysiological gynecomastia can have pathologic, pharmacologic, and idiopathic etiologies. […] Up to 25% of gynecomastia cases can be attributed to medications, with one cohort study suggesting that medications are a contributing factor in 80% of older adults with gynecomastia. […] A thorough investigation is recommended in patients presenting with gynecomastia, as multifactorial etiologies may be involved. […] Pharmacologic management may be considered in patients with severe gynecomastia of recent onset (less than 6 months), those with persistent gynecomastia after discontinuation of offending medications or substances, and those in whom an underlying cause has not been identified. […] Gynecomastia that does not resolve spontaneously or with medical treatment may persist into the fibrotic stage after 12 months. […] The focus of surgical procedures is to remove hypertrophic fibrotic glandular tissue and reestablish the shape of the male breast.

• #57 Understanding Gynecomastia and Its Management

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/understanding-gynecomastia-and-its-management

  Men seeking medical attention for what appears to be gynecomastia should be evaluated for potential causes as well as for other conditions that mimic gynecomastia. […] Nonphysiological gynecomastia can have pathologic, pharmacologic, and idiopathic etiologies. […] Up to 25% of gynecomastia cases can be attributed to medications, with one cohort study suggesting that medications are a contributing factor in 80% of older adults with gynecomastia. […] A thorough investigation is recommended in patients presenting with gynecomastia, as multifactorial etiologies may be involved. […] Pharmacologic management may be considered in patients with severe gynecomastia of recent onset (less than 6 months), those with persistent gynecomastia after discontinuation of offending medications or substances, and those in whom an underlying cause has not been identified. […] Gynecomastia that does not resolve spontaneously or with medical treatment may persist into the fibrotic stage after 12 months. […] The focus of surgical procedures is to remove hypertrophic fibrotic glandular tissue and reestablish the shape of the male breast.

• #58 Understanding Gynecomastia and Its Management

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/understanding-gynecomastia-and-its-management

  Men seeking medical attention for what appears to be gynecomastia should be evaluated for potential causes as well as for other conditions that mimic gynecomastia. […] Nonphysiological gynecomastia can have pathologic, pharmacologic, and idiopathic etiologies. […] Up to 25% of gynecomastia cases can be attributed to medications, with one cohort study suggesting that medications are a contributing factor in 80% of older adults with gynecomastia. […] A thorough investigation is recommended in patients presenting with gynecomastia, as multifactorial etiologies may be involved. […] Pharmacologic management may be considered in patients with severe gynecomastia of recent onset (less than 6 months), those with persistent gynecomastia after discontinuation of offending medications or substances, and those in whom an underlying cause has not been identified. […] Gynecomastia that does not resolve spontaneously or with medical treatment may persist into the fibrotic stage after 12 months. […] The focus of surgical procedures is to remove hypertrophic fibrotic glandular tissue and reestablish the shape of the male breast.

• #59 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351799

  Treatment may be needed if gynecomastia doesn’t get better on its own. Treatment also can help if the condition causes pain, tenderness or embarrassment. […] Medicines used to treat breast cancer and other conditions may be helpful for some adults with gynecomastia. […] You may still have enlarged breasts after waiting for gynecomastia to go away on its own or after taking medicine for it. If your appearance or other symptoms bother you, surgery may be a treatment choice: […] For people with gynecomastia, having enlarged breasts can be stressful and embarrassing. The condition can be hard to hide. […] Whatever your age, if you have gynecomastia, you might feel unhappy with your body.

• #60 GYNECOMASTIA – SYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT

  https://deccanclinic.com/gynecomastia-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  During the diagnosis process, our doctors will physically examine the patients health, genitals, lymph nodes, liver, thyroid, and breasts. Blood tests to determine the hormonal levels are performed. If needed, the doctors may also suggest some imaging tests confirm the root cause of Gynecomastia. […] Subcutaneous mastectomy was previously the most commonly performed surgery for Gynaecomastia. Our Plastic Surgeons in Pune perform liposuction to address Gynecomastia. The surgery is often recommended to adolescents whose breasts are entirely developed. In this process, the excess glandular tissue and excess skin are removed with minimal incisions and scars. […] To date, the Gynecomastia surgery in Pune has offered satisfactory results to all men and adolescents. The positive results have helped many patients resolve their anxiety, embarrassment, self-confidence, and emasculation.

• #61 Understanding Gynecomastia and Its Management

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/understanding-gynecomastia-and-its-management

  Gynecomastia, a benign condition in which breast tissue in males is enlarged, can cause psychological distress and breast pain. […] Management of this condition involves reversal of the underlying cause or causes; pharmacologic treatment, such as testosterone in hypogonadal men or the selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen for partial reduction in size or pain; and surgery for gynecomastia that persists beyond 12 months. […] Gynecomastia is a benign condition involving the proliferation of breast glandular tissue in males. […] Although gynecomastia should not be considered a premalignant condition, an evaluation should be performed to rule out other underlying breast pathologies. […] A breast examination is recommended in all male patients presenting with enlarged breast tissue, pain, or tenderness. Enlarged, palpable subareolar glandular tissue with a diameter of 2 cm or greater is indicative of gynecomastia.

• #62 Gynecomastia – symptoms, causes, and treatment | MedTour

  https://medtour.help/disease/gynecomastia/

  An additional sign of gynecomastia is breast pain during palpation. With hormonal changes, a transformation of the breast tissue occurs, due to which it becomes sensitive. Excess fat in mammary glands does not cause these symptoms because it is no different from adipose tissue elsewhere in the body. […] By itself, gynecomastia is not dangerous to health, but it can be a manifestation of an underlying disease requiring treatment. […] Accurate determination of the type of gynecomastia allows the doctor to choose the most effective treatment method. […] In men, gynecomastia is accompanied by uneven enlargement of the mammary glands. They become more dense, excretion can be observed from nipples. […] As a rule, for the doctor to make a diagnosis, it is enough to study the patients medical history and physical examination, during which the specialist assesses the condition of the mammary glands, abdominal cavity, and genital organs.

• #63 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351793

  Gynecomastia caused by hormone changes during puberty is somewhat common. Most of the time, the swollen breast tissue goes away without treatment within 6 months to 2 years. […] About 24% to 65% of men ages 50 to 80 get gynecomastia. But most adults with the condition have no symptoms. […] Certain health conditions that affect the balance of hormones can either cause or be linked with gynecomastia. […] Gynecomastia has few physical complications. But it may lead to mental health concerns due to changes in how the chest looks.

• #64 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351799

  Treatment may be needed if gynecomastia doesn’t get better on its own. Treatment also can help if the condition causes pain, tenderness or embarrassment. […] Medicines used to treat breast cancer and other conditions may be helpful for some adults with gynecomastia. […] You may still have enlarged breasts after waiting for gynecomastia to go away on its own or after taking medicine for it. If your appearance or other symptoms bother you, surgery may be a treatment choice: […] For people with gynecomastia, having enlarged breasts can be stressful and embarrassing. The condition can be hard to hide. […] Whatever your age, if you have gynecomastia, you might feel unhappy with your body.

• #65 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351793

  Gynecomastia caused by hormone changes during puberty is somewhat common. Most of the time, the swollen breast tissue goes away without treatment within 6 months to 2 years. […] About 24% to 65% of men ages 50 to 80 get gynecomastia. But most adults with the condition have no symptoms. […] Certain health conditions that affect the balance of hormones can either cause or be linked with gynecomastia. […] Gynecomastia has few physical complications. But it may lead to mental health concerns due to changes in how the chest looks.

• #66 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351799

  Treatment may be needed if gynecomastia doesn’t get better on its own. Treatment also can help if the condition causes pain, tenderness or embarrassment. […] Medicines used to treat breast cancer and other conditions may be helpful for some adults with gynecomastia. […] You may still have enlarged breasts after waiting for gynecomastia to go away on its own or after taking medicine for it. If your appearance or other symptoms bother you, surgery may be a treatment choice: […] For people with gynecomastia, having enlarged breasts can be stressful and embarrassing. The condition can be hard to hide. […] Whatever your age, if you have gynecomastia, you might feel unhappy with your body.

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