Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351799

  To find out if you have gynecomastia, a member of your health care team starts by asking you some questions. […] Gynecomastia often goes away over time without treatment. But if gynecomastia is caused by a medical condition, that condition may need treatment. […] Treatment may be needed if gynecomastia doesn’t get better on its own. Treatment also can help if the condition causes pain, tenderness or embarrassment. […] Medicines used to treat breast cancer and other conditions may be helpful for some adults with gynecomastia. […] You may still have enlarged breasts after waiting for gynecomastia to go away on its own or after taking medicine for it. If your appearance or other symptoms bother you, surgery may be a treatment choice: […] Two gynecomastia surgery options are: […] This surgery removes breast fat but not the breast gland tissue itself. […] This type of surgery removes the breast gland tissue. With smaller amounts of gland tissue, mastectomy can be done using small incisions. This lessens the recovery time. Sometimes liposuction and mastectomy are combined.

• #2 Gynecomastia: What It Is, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/16227-enlarged-male-breast-tissue-gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia (enlarged male breast tissue) most often happens due to an imbalance of testosterone and estrogen. […] If gynecomastia makes you self-conscious or you have other health concerns, talk to your healthcare provider. […] Gynecomastia can affect males of all ages. But it usually occurs during the newborn period, puberty and older adulthood. […] Gynecomastia most often happens due to an imbalance of hormones specifically testosterone and estrogen. […] Talk to your healthcare provider and/or a mental health professional if gynecomastia is causing you distress and/or its happening alongside other symptoms. […] Gynecomastia is the enlargement of glandular tissue in your breast(s). Estrogen is responsible for the growth of glandular breast tissue. […] Gynecomastia may be a symptom or result of the following health conditions: Adrenal tumors, Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), Kidney disease or kidney failure, Klinefelter syndrome (an inherited condition), Liver disease and cirrhosis, Male hypogonadism (low testosterone), Pituitary gland tumors (pituitary adenomas), especially prolactinomas, Testicular tumors.

• #3 Gynecomastia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279105/

  Gynecomastia is a relatively common disorder. Its causes range from benign physiological processes to rare neoplasms. […] Once gynecomastia has been diagnosed, treatment of the underlying cause is warranted. If no underlying cause is discovered, then close observation is appropriate. If the gynecomastia is severe and of recent onset, medical therapy can be attempted, and if ineffective, glandular tissue can be removed surgically. […] Treatment of the underlying endocrinologic or systemic disease that has caused gynecomastia is appropriate when possible. Testicular tumors, such as Leydig cell, Sertoli cell, or granulosa cell tumors should be surgically removed. […] If the gynecomastia has been present for more than six months, regression is unlikely because of the presence of less reversible fibrotic tissues.

• #4 Gynecomastia: What It Is, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/16227-enlarged-male-breast-tissue-gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia (enlarged male breast tissue) most often happens due to an imbalance of testosterone and estrogen. […] If gynecomastia makes you self-conscious or you have other health concerns, talk to your healthcare provider. […] Gynecomastia can affect males of all ages. But it usually occurs during the newborn period, puberty and older adulthood. […] Gynecomastia most often happens due to an imbalance of hormones specifically testosterone and estrogen. […] Talk to your healthcare provider and/or a mental health professional if gynecomastia is causing you distress and/or its happening alongside other symptoms. […] Gynecomastia is the enlargement of glandular tissue in your breast(s). Estrogen is responsible for the growth of glandular breast tissue. […] Gynecomastia may be a symptom or result of the following health conditions: Adrenal tumors, Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), Kidney disease or kidney failure, Klinefelter syndrome (an inherited condition), Liver disease and cirrhosis, Male hypogonadism (low testosterone), Pituitary gland tumors (pituitary adenomas), especially prolactinomas, Testicular tumors.

• #5 Gynecomastia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279105/

  Gynecomastia is a relatively common disorder. Its causes range from benign physiological processes to rare neoplasms. […] Once gynecomastia has been diagnosed, treatment of the underlying cause is warranted. If no underlying cause is discovered, then close observation is appropriate. If the gynecomastia is severe and of recent onset, medical therapy can be attempted, and if ineffective, glandular tissue can be removed surgically. […] Treatment of the underlying endocrinologic or systemic disease that has caused gynecomastia is appropriate when possible. Testicular tumors, such as Leydig cell, Sertoli cell, or granulosa cell tumors should be surgically removed. […] If the gynecomastia has been present for more than six months, regression is unlikely because of the presence of less reversible fibrotic tissues.

• #6 Gynecomastia: What It Is, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/16227-enlarged-male-breast-tissue-gynecomastia

  If a medication or other substance is causing gynecomastia, your provider may recommend that you switch to a different one or stop using it. […] If an underlying condition is the cause, like a tumor or hypogonadism, treatment for the condition may also treat gynecomastia. […] Some people choose to get surgery for gynecomastia (male breast reduction) to remove excess breast tissue. […] For newborns and adolescents, gynecomastia is usually temporary it goes away once your hormones rebalance. […] If you have gynecomastia due to obesity (pseudogynecomastia), weight loss may decrease it. […] If you have gynecomastia due to a hormonal imbalance, exercise likely won’t make a difference. […] If gynecomastia is causing you distress and/or you have other new symptoms, talk to your healthcare provider. […] Your provider is there to help you, not judge you.

• #7 Gynecomastia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0401/p716.html

  Discontinuing use of spironolactone (Aldactone) often results in regression of breast tissue within three months. […] Tamoxifen and raloxifene (Evista) are effective for preventing and treating gynecomastia in men being treated for prostate cancer. […] If no other etiology can be found and if the patient desires treatment, supplementation with testosterone, use of estrogen receptor-modifying agents, or referral for surgery to improve cosmesis is warranted. […] After persistent pubertal gynecomastia, medication use and substance use are the most common causes of nonphysiologic gynecomastia. […] Discontinuing use of the contributing agent often results in regression of breast tissue within three months. […] Tamoxifen has been recommended as a preventive agent for gynecomastia in these patients.

• #8 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351793

  With gynecomastia, tissue inside the breast glands grows. This can cause female-appearing breasts. […] Gynecomastia may go away on its own. If it doesn’t, medicine or surgery may help. […] Gynecomastia can happen when the amount of testosterone in the body drops compared with estrogen. The decrease can be caused by conditions that lower testosterone or block its effects. Or it can be caused by conditions that raise the estrogen level. […] Gynecomastia caused by hormone changes during puberty is somewhat common. Most of the time, the swollen breast tissue goes away without treatment within 6 months to 2 years. […] About 24% to 65% of men ages 50 to 80 get gynecomastia. But most adults with the condition have no symptoms. […] The following medicines can cause gynecomastia: Anti-androgens used to treat conditions such as an enlarged prostate and prostate cancer.

• #9 Gynecomastia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Breast Surgery

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-treatment

  Generally, no treatment is required for physiologic gynecomastia. Pubertal gynecomastia resolves spontaneously within several weeks to 3 years in approximately 90% of patients. Breasts greater than 4 cm in diameter may not completely regress. […] Identifying and managing an underlying primary disorder often alleviates breast enlargement. If hypogonadism (primary or secondary) is the cause of gynecomastia, parenteral or transdermal testosterone replacement therapy is instituted. However, testosterone does have the potential to exacerbate gynecomastia through the aromatization of the exogenous hormone into estradiol. […] For patients with idiopathic gynecomastia or with residual gynecomastia after treatment of the primary cause, medical or surgical treatment may be considered. […] A major factor that should influence the initial choice of therapy for gynecomastia is the conditions duration. It is unlikely that any medical therapy will result in significant regression in the late fibrotic stage (a duration of 12 months or longer) of gynecomastia. As a result, medical therapies, if used, should be tried early in the condition’s course.

• #10 Gynecomastia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279105/

  If no pathologic etiology is detected, then appropriate treatment is close observation. […] If the gynecomastia is severe, does not resolve, of recent onset (less than 6 months) and does not have a treatable underlying cause, some medical therapies may be attempted. There are 3 classes of medical treatment for gynecomastia: androgens (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, danazol), anti-estrogens (clomiphene citrate, tamoxifen), and aromatase inhibitors such as letrozole and anastrozole. […] When medical therapy is ineffective, particularly in cases of longstanding gynecomastia, or when the gynecomastia interferes with the patient’s activities of daily living, or when there is suspicion of malignancy of breast, then surgical therapy is appropriate.

• #11 Understanding Gynecomastia and Its Management

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/understanding-gynecomastia-and-its-management

  Gynecomastia, a benign condition in which breast tissue in males is enlarged, can cause psychological distress and breast pain. […] Management of this condition involves reversal of the underlying cause or causes; pharmacologic treatment, such as testosterone in hypogonadal men or the selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen for partial reduction in size or pain; and surgery for gynecomastia that persists beyond 12 months. […] Pharmacologic management may be considered in patients with severe gynecomastia of recent onset (less than 6 months), those with persistent gynecomastia after discontinuation of offending medications or substances, and those in whom an underlying cause has not been identified. […] Three pharmacologic classes are available for the management of gynecomastia: androgens (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, danazol), selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs; e.g., tamoxifen, clomiphene citrate, raloxifene), and aromatase inhibitors (letrozole, anastrozole).

• #12 Gynecomastia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Breast Surgery

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-treatment

  With the administration of clomiphene, an antiestrogen, approximately 50% of patients achieve partial reduction in breast size, and approximately 20% of patients note complete resolution. […] Tamoxifen, an estrogen antagonist, is effective for recent-onset and tender gynecomastia. Up to 80% of patients report partial to complete resolution. […] Reduction mammoplasty is considered for patients with macromastia or long-standing gynecomastia or in persons in whom medical therapy has failed. It is also considered for cosmetic reasons (and for accompanying psychosocial reasons). […] More extensive plastic surgery may be required in patients with marked gynecomastia or who have developed excessive sagging of the breast tissue due to weight loss. If surgery is necessary for patients with pseudogynecomastia, liposuction may be warranted.

• #13 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics/print

  GYNECOMASTIA TREATMENT […] The best treatment for gynecomastia depends upon its cause, duration, and severity and whether it causes pain or discomfort. […] For males with severe gynecomastia that is causing substantial tenderness or embarrassment, a short course of a drug called tamoxifen (sample brand name: Nolvadex) or raloxifene (brand name: Evista) may be recommended. These drugs block the effects of estrogen in the body and can reduce the size of the breasts somewhat. However, neither of these drugs is approved in the United States for the treatment of gynecomastia. Drugs may be prescribed without US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, although the risks and benefits have not been studied completely. […] For males with idiopathic gynecomastia that causes discomfort and lasts more than three months, a short course (three to six months) of tamoxifen or raloxifene may be recommended. […] Gynecomastia is a common complication of hormonal treatment for prostate cancer (androgen deprivation therapy or antiandrogen monotherapy). However, there are treatment options available to prevent the development of gynecomastia, including tamoxifen and radiation therapy. […] Tamoxifen can be taken along with the hormonal anti-prostate cancer treatment (androgen deprivation or antiandrogen monotherapy). Tamoxifen must be taken every day for the duration of antiandrogen treatment. […] Treating the breasts with radiation before antiandrogen treatment begins can prevent gynecomastia in some males. […] Although tamoxifen and raloxifene are effective for males who have had enlarged breasts for a few months, the drug is not effective in males whose breast tissue is not tender or who have had the condition for more than one year. For these males, surgery is an option to reduce the size of the breasts. […] The extent of surgery depends upon the severity of the breast enlargement and whether there is also excess fatty tissue. Many males are treated with a combination of surgical removal of the glandular tissue and liposuction. […] Men who have had gynecomastia for more than one year do not typically benefit from the use of tamoxifen. For them, surgery to reduce the size of the breasts is an option. […]

• #14 Gynecomastia Medication: Androgens, Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-medication

  Clomiphene, an antiestrogen, can be administered on a trial basis at a dose of 50-100 mg per day for up to 6 months. Approximately 50% of patients achieve partial reduction in breast size, and approximately 20% of patients note complete resolution. Adverse effects, while rare, include visual problems, rash, and nausea. […] Tamoxifen, an estrogen antagonist, is effective for recent-onset and tender gynecomastia when used in doses of 10-20 mg twice daily. Up to 80% of patients report partial to complete resolution. Tamoxifen is typically used for 3 months before referral to a surgeon. Nausea and epigastric discomfort are the main adverse effects. […] Other, less frequently used drugs include danazol. Danazol, a synthetic derivative of testosterone, inhibits pituitary secretion of LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which decreases estrogen synthesis from the testicles. The dose used for gynecomastia is 200mg twice daily. Complete resolution of breast enlargement has been reported in 23% of cases. Adverse effects include weight gain, acne, muscle cramps, fluid retention, nausea, and abnormal liver function test results.

• #15 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics/print

  GYNECOMASTIA TREATMENT […] The best treatment for gynecomastia depends upon its cause, duration, and severity and whether it causes pain or discomfort. […] For males with severe gynecomastia that is causing substantial tenderness or embarrassment, a short course of a drug called tamoxifen (sample brand name: Nolvadex) or raloxifene (brand name: Evista) may be recommended. These drugs block the effects of estrogen in the body and can reduce the size of the breasts somewhat. However, neither of these drugs is approved in the United States for the treatment of gynecomastia. Drugs may be prescribed without US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, although the risks and benefits have not been studied completely. […] For males with idiopathic gynecomastia that causes discomfort and lasts more than three months, a short course (three to six months) of tamoxifen or raloxifene may be recommended. […] Gynecomastia is a common complication of hormonal treatment for prostate cancer (androgen deprivation therapy or antiandrogen monotherapy). However, there are treatment options available to prevent the development of gynecomastia, including tamoxifen and radiation therapy. […] Tamoxifen can be taken along with the hormonal anti-prostate cancer treatment (androgen deprivation or antiandrogen monotherapy). Tamoxifen must be taken every day for the duration of antiandrogen treatment. […] Treating the breasts with radiation before antiandrogen treatment begins can prevent gynecomastia in some males. […] Although tamoxifen and raloxifene are effective for males who have had enlarged breasts for a few months, the drug is not effective in males whose breast tissue is not tender or who have had the condition for more than one year. For these males, surgery is an option to reduce the size of the breasts. […] The extent of surgery depends upon the severity of the breast enlargement and whether there is also excess fatty tissue. Many males are treated with a combination of surgical removal of the glandular tissue and liposuction. […] Men who have had gynecomastia for more than one year do not typically benefit from the use of tamoxifen. For them, surgery to reduce the size of the breasts is an option. […]

• #16 Breast Enlargement in Men (Gynecomastia)

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gynecomastia

  Medications: A doctor may prescribe medications that affect hormone levels, such as tamoxifen (Soltamox) and raloxifene (Evista). […] Gynecomastia usually requires no treatment and goes away on its own. However, if it results from an underlying medical condition, that condition must be treated to resolve the symptoms. […] One option for treatment does involve medications that increase the levels of testosterone. However, a doctor would be best equipped to tell you if this is the best course for you.

• #17 Gynecomastia Medication: Androgens, Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-medication

  Clomiphene, an antiestrogen, can be administered on a trial basis at a dose of 50-100 mg per day for up to 6 months. Approximately 50% of patients achieve partial reduction in breast size, and approximately 20% of patients note complete resolution. Adverse effects, while rare, include visual problems, rash, and nausea. […] Tamoxifen, an estrogen antagonist, is effective for recent-onset and tender gynecomastia when used in doses of 10-20 mg twice daily. Up to 80% of patients report partial to complete resolution. Tamoxifen is typically used for 3 months before referral to a surgeon. Nausea and epigastric discomfort are the main adverse effects. […] Other, less frequently used drugs include danazol. Danazol, a synthetic derivative of testosterone, inhibits pituitary secretion of LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which decreases estrogen synthesis from the testicles. The dose used for gynecomastia is 200mg twice daily. Complete resolution of breast enlargement has been reported in 23% of cases. Adverse effects include weight gain, acne, muscle cramps, fluid retention, nausea, and abnormal liver function test results.

• #18 Gynecomastia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Breast Surgery

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-treatment

  Generally, no treatment is required for physiologic gynecomastia. Pubertal gynecomastia resolves spontaneously within several weeks to 3 years in approximately 90% of patients. Breasts greater than 4 cm in diameter may not completely regress. […] Identifying and managing an underlying primary disorder often alleviates breast enlargement. If hypogonadism (primary or secondary) is the cause of gynecomastia, parenteral or transdermal testosterone replacement therapy is instituted. However, testosterone does have the potential to exacerbate gynecomastia through the aromatization of the exogenous hormone into estradiol. […] For patients with idiopathic gynecomastia or with residual gynecomastia after treatment of the primary cause, medical or surgical treatment may be considered. […] A major factor that should influence the initial choice of therapy for gynecomastia is the conditions duration. It is unlikely that any medical therapy will result in significant regression in the late fibrotic stage (a duration of 12 months or longer) of gynecomastia. As a result, medical therapies, if used, should be tried early in the condition’s course.

• #19 Gynecomastia: Surgery, treatment, causes, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/266129

  Gynecomastia is when male breast tissue swells and becomes unusually large. It is a common condition that stems from a change in balance between the hormones testosterone and estrogen. […] Gynecomastia typically resolves without treatment between 6 months to 23 years. However, if there is an underlying condition, it may need treatment. […] Treatment is rare but can include breast reduction surgery or hormone therapy to block estrogen. […] Tamoxifen is a drug that blocks the action of the female hormone estrogen in the body. It is typically a treatment for breast cancer, but it can also reduce breast pain and breast enlargement symptoms in males. […] Testosterone replacement can treat gynecomastia in older males with low testosterone levels. […] Gynecomastia is a condition that causes enlarged breast tissue. It can result from hormonal changes that promote breast tissue growth. Gynecomastia does not cause the accumulation of body fat and is unrelated to obesity. […] In some cases, people may require treatment. This could involve liposuction or surgery. The treatments are typically safe and unrelated to long-term health risks. […] Treatments are available for gynecomastia, such as liposuction. However, they are usually unnecessary in most people.

• #20 Can You Get Gynecomastia Treatment Without Surgery?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gynecomastia-treatment-without-surgery

  Gynecomastia (sometimes colloquially called man boobs) happens when an individual grows breasts without the typical balance of hormones meant to grow functional mammary glands and the associated fat surrounding increased breast gland tissue. […] Nonsurgical treatment usually focuses on targeting the root cause, such as lifestyle changes, medications, and hormone therapy. […] Treatment for gynecomastia usually consists of targeting the underlying condition. […] Some nonsurgical treatments a doctor may recommend include: Off-label medications. Your doctor may prescribe the breast cancer drugs raloxifene or tamoxifen as off-label treatments for gynecomastia. […] Testosterone therapy. Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in the form of injections, skin gels, or patches can boost your testosterone levels. […] Gynecomastia is often caused by a hormonal imbalance between testosterone and estrogen. […] Treatment for gynecomastia involves targeting the underlying cause. Often, improving exercise and diet habits can help.

• #21 Gynecomastia Medication: Androgens, Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-medication

  Clomiphene, an antiestrogen, can be administered on a trial basis at a dose of 50-100 mg per day for up to 6 months. Approximately 50% of patients achieve partial reduction in breast size, and approximately 20% of patients note complete resolution. Adverse effects, while rare, include visual problems, rash, and nausea. […] Tamoxifen, an estrogen antagonist, is effective for recent-onset and tender gynecomastia when used in doses of 10-20 mg twice daily. Up to 80% of patients report partial to complete resolution. Tamoxifen is typically used for 3 months before referral to a surgeon. Nausea and epigastric discomfort are the main adverse effects. […] Other, less frequently used drugs include danazol. Danazol, a synthetic derivative of testosterone, inhibits pituitary secretion of LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which decreases estrogen synthesis from the testicles. The dose used for gynecomastia is 200mg twice daily. Complete resolution of breast enlargement has been reported in 23% of cases. Adverse effects include weight gain, acne, muscle cramps, fluid retention, nausea, and abnormal liver function test results.

• #22 Gynecomastia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279105/

  If no pathologic etiology is detected, then appropriate treatment is close observation. […] If the gynecomastia is severe, does not resolve, of recent onset (less than 6 months) and does not have a treatable underlying cause, some medical therapies may be attempted. There are 3 classes of medical treatment for gynecomastia: androgens (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, danazol), anti-estrogens (clomiphene citrate, tamoxifen), and aromatase inhibitors such as letrozole and anastrozole. […] When medical therapy is ineffective, particularly in cases of longstanding gynecomastia, or when the gynecomastia interferes with the patient’s activities of daily living, or when there is suspicion of malignancy of breast, then surgical therapy is appropriate.

• #23 Understanding Gynecomastia and Its Management

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/understanding-gynecomastia-and-its-management

  Gynecomastia, a benign condition in which breast tissue in males is enlarged, can cause psychological distress and breast pain. […] Management of this condition involves reversal of the underlying cause or causes; pharmacologic treatment, such as testosterone in hypogonadal men or the selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen for partial reduction in size or pain; and surgery for gynecomastia that persists beyond 12 months. […] Pharmacologic management may be considered in patients with severe gynecomastia of recent onset (less than 6 months), those with persistent gynecomastia after discontinuation of offending medications or substances, and those in whom an underlying cause has not been identified. […] Three pharmacologic classes are available for the management of gynecomastia: androgens (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, danazol), selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs; e.g., tamoxifen, clomiphene citrate, raloxifene), and aromatase inhibitors (letrozole, anastrozole).

• #24 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics/print

  GYNECOMASTIA TREATMENT […] The best treatment for gynecomastia depends upon its cause, duration, and severity and whether it causes pain or discomfort. […] For males with severe gynecomastia that is causing substantial tenderness or embarrassment, a short course of a drug called tamoxifen (sample brand name: Nolvadex) or raloxifene (brand name: Evista) may be recommended. These drugs block the effects of estrogen in the body and can reduce the size of the breasts somewhat. However, neither of these drugs is approved in the United States for the treatment of gynecomastia. Drugs may be prescribed without US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, although the risks and benefits have not been studied completely. […] For males with idiopathic gynecomastia that causes discomfort and lasts more than three months, a short course (three to six months) of tamoxifen or raloxifene may be recommended. […] Gynecomastia is a common complication of hormonal treatment for prostate cancer (androgen deprivation therapy or antiandrogen monotherapy). However, there are treatment options available to prevent the development of gynecomastia, including tamoxifen and radiation therapy. […] Tamoxifen can be taken along with the hormonal anti-prostate cancer treatment (androgen deprivation or antiandrogen monotherapy). Tamoxifen must be taken every day for the duration of antiandrogen treatment. […] Treating the breasts with radiation before antiandrogen treatment begins can prevent gynecomastia in some males. […] Although tamoxifen and raloxifene are effective for males who have had enlarged breasts for a few months, the drug is not effective in males whose breast tissue is not tender or who have had the condition for more than one year. For these males, surgery is an option to reduce the size of the breasts. […] The extent of surgery depends upon the severity of the breast enlargement and whether there is also excess fatty tissue. Many males are treated with a combination of surgical removal of the glandular tissue and liposuction. […] Men who have had gynecomastia for more than one year do not typically benefit from the use of tamoxifen. For them, surgery to reduce the size of the breasts is an option. […]

• #25 Understanding Gynecomastia and Its Management

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/understanding-gynecomastia-and-its-management

  Surgical intervention may be indicated for gynecomastia that does not resolve spontaneously or with medical treatment and may persist into the fibrotic stage after 12 months. […] The focus of surgical procedures is to remove hypertrophic fibrotic glandular tissue and reestablish the shape of the male breast.

• #26 Gynecomastia – evaluation and current treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3071351/

  In most patients, surgical correction usually leads to immediate cosmetic and symptomatic improvement and is considered the best approach. […] In men who are being treated with antiandrogen therapies, pharmacological intervention with tamoxifen is the most effective approach, followed by radiotherapy. […] Serum estrogen receptor modulators, particularly tamoxifen, or radiotherapy may help prevent or reduce gynecomastia in men taking antiandrogen therapies. […] No high quality evidence exists to support a role for pharmacological agents or radiotherapy in this setting. […] Surgical correction is considered the gold standard treatment. […] Surgery is the gold standard therapy for symptomatic gynecomastia in most patients. […] Gynecomastia is a benign condition and usually self-limited. […] If gynecomastia persists and is associated with pain and/or psychological distress and the patient wishes to pursue treatment, pharmacologic and surgical options are available. […] Surgical correction in benign gynecomastia is done primarily for cosmetic indications.

• #27 Gynecomastia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynecomastia

  Surgical treatment should be considered if the gynecomastia persists for more than 12 months, causes distress (i.e. physical discomfort or psychological distress), and is in the fibrotic stage. […] In adolescent males, it is recommended that surgery is postponed until puberty is completed. […] The American Board of Cosmetic Surgery reports surgery is the „most effective known treatment for gynecomastia.”

• #28 Gynecomastia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynecomastia

  Surgical treatment should be considered if the gynecomastia persists for more than 12 months, causes distress (i.e. physical discomfort or psychological distress), and is in the fibrotic stage. […] In adolescent males, it is recommended that surgery is postponed until puberty is completed. […] The American Board of Cosmetic Surgery reports surgery is the „most effective known treatment for gynecomastia.”

• #29 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351799

  To find out if you have gynecomastia, a member of your health care team starts by asking you some questions. […] Gynecomastia often goes away over time without treatment. But if gynecomastia is caused by a medical condition, that condition may need treatment. […] Treatment may be needed if gynecomastia doesn’t get better on its own. Treatment also can help if the condition causes pain, tenderness or embarrassment. […] Medicines used to treat breast cancer and other conditions may be helpful for some adults with gynecomastia. […] You may still have enlarged breasts after waiting for gynecomastia to go away on its own or after taking medicine for it. If your appearance or other symptoms bother you, surgery may be a treatment choice: […] Two gynecomastia surgery options are: […] This surgery removes breast fat but not the breast gland tissue itself. […] This type of surgery removes the breast gland tissue. With smaller amounts of gland tissue, mastectomy can be done using small incisions. This lessens the recovery time. Sometimes liposuction and mastectomy are combined.

• #30 Gynecomastia in Older Men: Understanding Age-Related Factors and Treatment Solutions – Dr. David Stoker

  https://www.drstoker.com/blog/gynecomastia-in-older-men-understanding-age-related-factors-and-treatment-solutions/

  Gynecomastia, characterized by enlarged male breast tissue, can affect men of all ages. […] Male breast reduction is a transformative solution for men seeking to address gynecomastia and regain self-confidence. The procedure aims to remove excess breast tissue, fat, and skin (when gynecomastia is accompanied by significant weight loss and skin inelasticity) to create a smoother and more masculine chest contour. […] There are two primary techniques for male breast reduction: […] For pseudo-gynecomastia or cases where the excess breast tissue is accompanied by unnecessary fat, liposuction offers a targeted contouring option with minimal scarring. […] Although liposuction can help create a flatter chest profile in true gynecomastia cases, surgical excision of glandular tissue is the main remedy.

• #31 Gynecomastia Treatment in NYC and Long Island

  https://cosmeticlaserskinsurgery.com/gynecomastia/

  Gynecomastia is a medical condition that occurs in males when there is an imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone. It can cause an increase in the amount of breast gland tissue in one or typically both breasts, leading to breast enlargement. […] Tamoxifen and raloxifene are two common drugs can be used to treat men with enlarged breasts. Liposuction can also be performed in order to reduce the excess male breast tissue for those more drastic cases. […] Liposuction is performed with a typically smaller tube inserted into small incisions in the breast. Unwanted tissue is then removed through a suction pump carried through the small tubes. […] The treatment modalities include liposuction, Kybella injections, as well as surgical excision of the breast tissue. […] In most cases, surgical options are the best way to address gynecomastia. The best surgical procedure which leaves almost no visible scars is liposuction. […] Kybella injections which destroy fat by putting holes in membranes of the fat cells are an effective option for those who want to avoid undergoing a surgical procedure such as liposuction. […] Dr. Rokhsar is an expert in the treatment of gynecomastia through liposuction.

• #32 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351799

  To find out if you have gynecomastia, a member of your health care team starts by asking you some questions. […] Gynecomastia often goes away over time without treatment. But if gynecomastia is caused by a medical condition, that condition may need treatment. […] Treatment may be needed if gynecomastia doesn’t get better on its own. Treatment also can help if the condition causes pain, tenderness or embarrassment. […] Medicines used to treat breast cancer and other conditions may be helpful for some adults with gynecomastia. […] You may still have enlarged breasts after waiting for gynecomastia to go away on its own or after taking medicine for it. If your appearance or other symptoms bother you, surgery may be a treatment choice: […] Two gynecomastia surgery options are: […] This surgery removes breast fat but not the breast gland tissue itself. […] This type of surgery removes the breast gland tissue. With smaller amounts of gland tissue, mastectomy can be done using small incisions. This lessens the recovery time. Sometimes liposuction and mastectomy are combined.

• #33 What You Need to Know about Gynecomastia Treatment | Dr. Steinberg

  https://www.drsteinberg.com/what-you-need-to-know-about-treating-gynecomastia/

  However, some men have problems with enlarged breasts, also known as gynecomastia. […] The number of men who have opted for gynecomastia treatment surgery has risen over the past several years. […] When a patient goes to a surgeon and expresses dissatisfaction about enlarged male breasts, the surgeon will assess what kind of tissue is causing enlargement. Surgery to take out the tissue usually involves liposuction of the excess fat. […] Your surgeon may remove extra glandular breast tissue via an incision around the nipple. […] Most plastic surgeons do this procedure under general anesthesia, but its possible to do it with oral sedation and local anesthesia. […] When patients choose to have liposuction, excision, or a combination, the results of this surgery are usually excellent and permanent.

• #34 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351799

  To find out if you have gynecomastia, a member of your health care team starts by asking you some questions. […] Gynecomastia often goes away over time without treatment. But if gynecomastia is caused by a medical condition, that condition may need treatment. […] Treatment may be needed if gynecomastia doesn’t get better on its own. Treatment also can help if the condition causes pain, tenderness or embarrassment. […] Medicines used to treat breast cancer and other conditions may be helpful for some adults with gynecomastia. […] You may still have enlarged breasts after waiting for gynecomastia to go away on its own or after taking medicine for it. If your appearance or other symptoms bother you, surgery may be a treatment choice: […] Two gynecomastia surgery options are: […] This surgery removes breast fat but not the breast gland tissue itself. […] This type of surgery removes the breast gland tissue. With smaller amounts of gland tissue, mastectomy can be done using small incisions. This lessens the recovery time. Sometimes liposuction and mastectomy are combined.

• #35 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics/print

  GYNECOMASTIA TREATMENT […] The best treatment for gynecomastia depends upon its cause, duration, and severity and whether it causes pain or discomfort. […] For males with severe gynecomastia that is causing substantial tenderness or embarrassment, a short course of a drug called tamoxifen (sample brand name: Nolvadex) or raloxifene (brand name: Evista) may be recommended. These drugs block the effects of estrogen in the body and can reduce the size of the breasts somewhat. However, neither of these drugs is approved in the United States for the treatment of gynecomastia. Drugs may be prescribed without US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, although the risks and benefits have not been studied completely. […] For males with idiopathic gynecomastia that causes discomfort and lasts more than three months, a short course (three to six months) of tamoxifen or raloxifene may be recommended. […] Gynecomastia is a common complication of hormonal treatment for prostate cancer (androgen deprivation therapy or antiandrogen monotherapy). However, there are treatment options available to prevent the development of gynecomastia, including tamoxifen and radiation therapy. […] Tamoxifen can be taken along with the hormonal anti-prostate cancer treatment (androgen deprivation or antiandrogen monotherapy). Tamoxifen must be taken every day for the duration of antiandrogen treatment. […] Treating the breasts with radiation before antiandrogen treatment begins can prevent gynecomastia in some males. […] Although tamoxifen and raloxifene are effective for males who have had enlarged breasts for a few months, the drug is not effective in males whose breast tissue is not tender or who have had the condition for more than one year. For these males, surgery is an option to reduce the size of the breasts. […] The extent of surgery depends upon the severity of the breast enlargement and whether there is also excess fatty tissue. Many males are treated with a combination of surgical removal of the glandular tissue and liposuction. […] Men who have had gynecomastia for more than one year do not typically benefit from the use of tamoxifen. For them, surgery to reduce the size of the breasts is an option. […]

• #36 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics

  Tamoxifen can be taken along with the hormonal anti-prostate cancer treatment. […] Treating the breasts with radiation before antiandrogen treatment begins can prevent gynecomastia in some males. […] For males with more severe breast enlargement or those who have excessive sagging of the breast tissue that might occur after weight loss, more extensive cosmetic surgery, including partial surgical removal of the breast skin, is required. […] Men who have had gynecomastia for more than one year do not typically benefit from the use of tamoxifen. For them, surgery to reduce the size of the breasts is an option.

• #37 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics/print

  GYNECOMASTIA TREATMENT […] The best treatment for gynecomastia depends upon its cause, duration, and severity and whether it causes pain or discomfort. […] For males with severe gynecomastia that is causing substantial tenderness or embarrassment, a short course of a drug called tamoxifen (sample brand name: Nolvadex) or raloxifene (brand name: Evista) may be recommended. These drugs block the effects of estrogen in the body and can reduce the size of the breasts somewhat. However, neither of these drugs is approved in the United States for the treatment of gynecomastia. Drugs may be prescribed without US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, although the risks and benefits have not been studied completely. […] For males with idiopathic gynecomastia that causes discomfort and lasts more than three months, a short course (three to six months) of tamoxifen or raloxifene may be recommended. […] Gynecomastia is a common complication of hormonal treatment for prostate cancer (androgen deprivation therapy or antiandrogen monotherapy). However, there are treatment options available to prevent the development of gynecomastia, including tamoxifen and radiation therapy. […] Tamoxifen can be taken along with the hormonal anti-prostate cancer treatment (androgen deprivation or antiandrogen monotherapy). Tamoxifen must be taken every day for the duration of antiandrogen treatment. […] Treating the breasts with radiation before antiandrogen treatment begins can prevent gynecomastia in some males. […] Although tamoxifen and raloxifene are effective for males who have had enlarged breasts for a few months, the drug is not effective in males whose breast tissue is not tender or who have had the condition for more than one year. For these males, surgery is an option to reduce the size of the breasts. […] The extent of surgery depends upon the severity of the breast enlargement and whether there is also excess fatty tissue. Many males are treated with a combination of surgical removal of the glandular tissue and liposuction. […] Men who have had gynecomastia for more than one year do not typically benefit from the use of tamoxifen. For them, surgery to reduce the size of the breasts is an option. […]

• #38 Breast swelling (gynaecomastia) | Prostate cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/prostate-cancer/practical-emotional-support/hormone-symptoms/breast-swelling-gynaecomastia

  Gynaecomastia is swelling or enlargement of the breast in men. […] You might have radiotherapy, a drug called tamoxifen or surgery to remove the breast tissue. Talk to your doctor about what is best for you. […] Treatment might include: radiotherapy, tablets such as tamoxifen, surgery. […] Radiotherapy uses high energy x-rays to reduce the swelling. It’s the main treatment for preventing and treating breast swelling. […] Tamoxifen works by blocking oestrogen. This slows down breast tissue swelling. Research suggests that in men taking bicalutamide it can: prevent breast swelling, reduce swelling and pain. […] You can have any excess breast tissue removed. The surgeon makes a cut (incision) around the nipple to leave it in place and minimise any scarring. […] There is some research that suggests combining surgery with sucking out the fat may work better.

• #39 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics

  Tamoxifen can be taken along with the hormonal anti-prostate cancer treatment. […] Treating the breasts with radiation before antiandrogen treatment begins can prevent gynecomastia in some males. […] For males with more severe breast enlargement or those who have excessive sagging of the breast tissue that might occur after weight loss, more extensive cosmetic surgery, including partial surgical removal of the breast skin, is required. […] Men who have had gynecomastia for more than one year do not typically benefit from the use of tamoxifen. For them, surgery to reduce the size of the breasts is an option.

• #40 Understanding Gynecomastia and Its Management

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/understanding-gynecomastia-and-its-management

  Surgical intervention may be indicated for gynecomastia that does not resolve spontaneously or with medical treatment and may persist into the fibrotic stage after 12 months. […] The focus of surgical procedures is to remove hypertrophic fibrotic glandular tissue and reestablish the shape of the male breast.

• #41 Gynecomastia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Breast Surgery

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-treatment

  A Chinese study indicated that endoscopic subcutaneous mastectomy, without skin excision, could be an effective treatment for gynecomastia. […] Complications of surgery include sloughing of tissue due to a compromised blood supply, contour irregularity, hematoma or seroma formation, and permanent numbness in the nipple-areolar area.

• #42 Male Breast Reduction Guide | Gynecomastia Surgery Guide | ABCS

  https://www.americanboardcosmeticsurgery.org/procedure-learning-center/body/gynecomastia-surgery-guide/

  A male breast reduction is the most effective known treatment for gynecomastia, or enlarged male breasts. This cosmetic surgery procedure removes excess fat and glandular tissue to restore a flatter, firmer and more masculine contour to the chest. […] Currently, male breast reduction is the only consistently effective treatment for gynecomastia that has long lasting, if not permanent, results. […] Male breast reduction results are meant to be permanent the excess fat, glandular tissue and skin removed are gone for good. However, its important to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Significant weight gain, steroid use, or certain medical conditions could result in a recurrence of gynecomastia. Additionally, drugs that influence testosterone levels could also affect your results. An experienced, board certified cosmetic surgeon can help you learn what to do to maintain your results for the long term.

• #43 Plastic Surgery for Men Gynecomastia Michael P. Vincent MD FACS

  https://www.cosmeticsurgerycare.com/gynecomastia/

  Excision of the firmer Gyencomastia tissue via a periareolar incision is typically recommended. […] Your surgeon will evaluate you as a candidate for gynecomastia surgery and clarify what a gynecomastia procedure can do for you. […] Gynecomastia surgical results are permanent, assuming your weight is stable. […] If your condition arose from the use of medication or anabolic steroids, further use could lead to recurrence.

• #44 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351793

  With gynecomastia, tissue inside the breast glands grows. This can cause female-appearing breasts. […] Gynecomastia may go away on its own. If it doesn’t, medicine or surgery may help. […] Gynecomastia can happen when the amount of testosterone in the body drops compared with estrogen. The decrease can be caused by conditions that lower testosterone or block its effects. Or it can be caused by conditions that raise the estrogen level. […] Gynecomastia caused by hormone changes during puberty is somewhat common. Most of the time, the swollen breast tissue goes away without treatment within 6 months to 2 years. […] About 24% to 65% of men ages 50 to 80 get gynecomastia. But most adults with the condition have no symptoms. […] The following medicines can cause gynecomastia: Anti-androgens used to treat conditions such as an enlarged prostate and prostate cancer.

• #45 Surgical Treatment of Bilateral Gynecomastia

  https://www.southcarolinablues.com/web/public/brands/medicalpolicyhb/external-policies/surgical-treatment-of-bilateral-gynecomastia/

  The therapy being considered is surgical treatment: removal of the breast tissue by surgical excision or liposuction. […] Evaluation of the general outcomes of interest requires a long follow-up period beyond the immediate postoperative period if surgery is performed. […] To demonstrate improvement in health outcomes, controlled trials are needed that report clinically important outcomes such as improvement in functional status. No such trials were identified through a literature search. […] According to the ASPS, in adolescents, surgical treatment for unilateral or bilateral grade II or III gynecomastia may be appropriate if the gynecomastia persists for more than 1 year after pathological causation is ruled out (or 6 months if grade IV) and continues after 6 months of unsuccessful medical treatment for pathological gynecomastia. […] The ASPS also indicated that surgical treatment of gynecomastia may be appropriate when distention and tightness cause pain and discomfort.

• #46 What You Need to Know about Gynecomastia Treatment | Dr. Steinberg

  https://www.drsteinberg.com/what-you-need-to-know-about-treating-gynecomastia/

  While there is no total cure for gynecomastia, gynecomastia surgery is concerned permanent in most cases and is able to address this problem directly and effectively for many men. […] Severe gynecomastia in boys causing discomfort or embarrassment may be treated with a brief course of tamoxifen (e.g., Nolvadex) or raloxifene (e.g., Evista). These medications inhibit estrogen effects, helping reduce breast size. […] Non-invasive treatments for gynecomastia are not as effective as surgery, but new clinical studies show that some drug therapies can help with the problem. […] Some doctors report that some patients with gynecomastia may benefit from testosterone treatments if they have a low hormone level. […] It is also possible for prostate cancer patients to develop gynecomastia in one or both breasts. […] Often, gynecomastia is isolated but sometimes it can be an indication of a testicular tumor.

• #47 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics/print

  GYNECOMASTIA TREATMENT […] The best treatment for gynecomastia depends upon its cause, duration, and severity and whether it causes pain or discomfort. […] For males with severe gynecomastia that is causing substantial tenderness or embarrassment, a short course of a drug called tamoxifen (sample brand name: Nolvadex) or raloxifene (brand name: Evista) may be recommended. These drugs block the effects of estrogen in the body and can reduce the size of the breasts somewhat. However, neither of these drugs is approved in the United States for the treatment of gynecomastia. Drugs may be prescribed without US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, although the risks and benefits have not been studied completely. […] For males with idiopathic gynecomastia that causes discomfort and lasts more than three months, a short course (three to six months) of tamoxifen or raloxifene may be recommended. […] Gynecomastia is a common complication of hormonal treatment for prostate cancer (androgen deprivation therapy or antiandrogen monotherapy). However, there are treatment options available to prevent the development of gynecomastia, including tamoxifen and radiation therapy. […] Tamoxifen can be taken along with the hormonal anti-prostate cancer treatment (androgen deprivation or antiandrogen monotherapy). Tamoxifen must be taken every day for the duration of antiandrogen treatment. […] Treating the breasts with radiation before antiandrogen treatment begins can prevent gynecomastia in some males. […] Although tamoxifen and raloxifene are effective for males who have had enlarged breasts for a few months, the drug is not effective in males whose breast tissue is not tender or who have had the condition for more than one year. For these males, surgery is an option to reduce the size of the breasts. […] The extent of surgery depends upon the severity of the breast enlargement and whether there is also excess fatty tissue. Many males are treated with a combination of surgical removal of the glandular tissue and liposuction. […] Men who have had gynecomastia for more than one year do not typically benefit from the use of tamoxifen. For them, surgery to reduce the size of the breasts is an option. […]

• #48 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics/print

  GYNECOMASTIA TREATMENT […] The best treatment for gynecomastia depends upon its cause, duration, and severity and whether it causes pain or discomfort. […] For males with severe gynecomastia that is causing substantial tenderness or embarrassment, a short course of a drug called tamoxifen (sample brand name: Nolvadex) or raloxifene (brand name: Evista) may be recommended. These drugs block the effects of estrogen in the body and can reduce the size of the breasts somewhat. However, neither of these drugs is approved in the United States for the treatment of gynecomastia. Drugs may be prescribed without US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, although the risks and benefits have not been studied completely. […] For males with idiopathic gynecomastia that causes discomfort and lasts more than three months, a short course (three to six months) of tamoxifen or raloxifene may be recommended. […] Gynecomastia is a common complication of hormonal treatment for prostate cancer (androgen deprivation therapy or antiandrogen monotherapy). However, there are treatment options available to prevent the development of gynecomastia, including tamoxifen and radiation therapy. […] Tamoxifen can be taken along with the hormonal anti-prostate cancer treatment (androgen deprivation or antiandrogen monotherapy). Tamoxifen must be taken every day for the duration of antiandrogen treatment. […] Treating the breasts with radiation before antiandrogen treatment begins can prevent gynecomastia in some males. […] Although tamoxifen and raloxifene are effective for males who have had enlarged breasts for a few months, the drug is not effective in males whose breast tissue is not tender or who have had the condition for more than one year. For these males, surgery is an option to reduce the size of the breasts. […] The extent of surgery depends upon the severity of the breast enlargement and whether there is also excess fatty tissue. Many males are treated with a combination of surgical removal of the glandular tissue and liposuction. […] Men who have had gynecomastia for more than one year do not typically benefit from the use of tamoxifen. For them, surgery to reduce the size of the breasts is an option. […]

• #49 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics/print

  GYNECOMASTIA TREATMENT […] The best treatment for gynecomastia depends upon its cause, duration, and severity and whether it causes pain or discomfort. […] For males with severe gynecomastia that is causing substantial tenderness or embarrassment, a short course of a drug called tamoxifen (sample brand name: Nolvadex) or raloxifene (brand name: Evista) may be recommended. These drugs block the effects of estrogen in the body and can reduce the size of the breasts somewhat. However, neither of these drugs is approved in the United States for the treatment of gynecomastia. Drugs may be prescribed without US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, although the risks and benefits have not been studied completely. […] For males with idiopathic gynecomastia that causes discomfort and lasts more than three months, a short course (three to six months) of tamoxifen or raloxifene may be recommended. […] Gynecomastia is a common complication of hormonal treatment for prostate cancer (androgen deprivation therapy or antiandrogen monotherapy). However, there are treatment options available to prevent the development of gynecomastia, including tamoxifen and radiation therapy. […] Tamoxifen can be taken along with the hormonal anti-prostate cancer treatment (androgen deprivation or antiandrogen monotherapy). Tamoxifen must be taken every day for the duration of antiandrogen treatment. […] Treating the breasts with radiation before antiandrogen treatment begins can prevent gynecomastia in some males. […] Although tamoxifen and raloxifene are effective for males who have had enlarged breasts for a few months, the drug is not effective in males whose breast tissue is not tender or who have had the condition for more than one year. For these males, surgery is an option to reduce the size of the breasts. […] The extent of surgery depends upon the severity of the breast enlargement and whether there is also excess fatty tissue. Many males are treated with a combination of surgical removal of the glandular tissue and liposuction. […] Men who have had gynecomastia for more than one year do not typically benefit from the use of tamoxifen. For them, surgery to reduce the size of the breasts is an option. […]

• #50 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics

  Tamoxifen can be taken along with the hormonal anti-prostate cancer treatment. […] Treating the breasts with radiation before antiandrogen treatment begins can prevent gynecomastia in some males. […] For males with more severe breast enlargement or those who have excessive sagging of the breast tissue that might occur after weight loss, more extensive cosmetic surgery, including partial surgical removal of the breast skin, is required. […] Men who have had gynecomastia for more than one year do not typically benefit from the use of tamoxifen. For them, surgery to reduce the size of the breasts is an option.

• #51 Gynecomastia Upper East Side – Male Breast Reduction NYC

  https://www.luxurgerynyc.com/male/gynecomastia/

  One of the more unfortunate aspects of gynecomastia is that, while it can really impact a man’s self-confidence, most men don’t choose to do anything to address the condition. […] The most common side effects of male breast reduction are temporary soreness and swelling related to the surgical procedure. […] True gynecomastia related to genetics and enlarged breast glands typically does not recur after appropriate treatment. […] Pseudogynecomastia is an enlargement of the male chest, however, the underlying cause is a collection of fatty tissue rather than actual breast tissue. […] The treatment for this condition, however, can include more non-invasive or minimally invasive techniques such as injectable treatments or liposuction.

• #52 Gynecomastia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0401/p716.html

  A number of medications have been used to treat gynecomastia. […] Surgery can be performed at any time to reduce breast tissue, and a number of techniques have been used. […] If pseudogynecomastia is suspected, no workup is needed, and the patient can be reassured that weight loss will lead to resolution of pseudogynecomastia and also be most beneficial for overall health.

• #53 Gynecomastia: What It Is, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/16227-enlarged-male-breast-tissue-gynecomastia

  If a medication or other substance is causing gynecomastia, your provider may recommend that you switch to a different one or stop using it. […] If an underlying condition is the cause, like a tumor or hypogonadism, treatment for the condition may also treat gynecomastia. […] Some people choose to get surgery for gynecomastia (male breast reduction) to remove excess breast tissue. […] For newborns and adolescents, gynecomastia is usually temporary it goes away once your hormones rebalance. […] If you have gynecomastia due to obesity (pseudogynecomastia), weight loss may decrease it. […] If you have gynecomastia due to a hormonal imbalance, exercise likely won’t make a difference. […] If gynecomastia is causing you distress and/or you have other new symptoms, talk to your healthcare provider. […] Your provider is there to help you, not judge you.

• #54 Gynecomastia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Breast Surgery

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-treatment

  With the administration of clomiphene, an antiestrogen, approximately 50% of patients achieve partial reduction in breast size, and approximately 20% of patients note complete resolution. […] Tamoxifen, an estrogen antagonist, is effective for recent-onset and tender gynecomastia. Up to 80% of patients report partial to complete resolution. […] Reduction mammoplasty is considered for patients with macromastia or long-standing gynecomastia or in persons in whom medical therapy has failed. It is also considered for cosmetic reasons (and for accompanying psychosocial reasons). […] More extensive plastic surgery may be required in patients with marked gynecomastia or who have developed excessive sagging of the breast tissue due to weight loss. If surgery is necessary for patients with pseudogynecomastia, liposuction may be warranted.

• #55 Common things between Gynecomastia and CoolSculpting

  https://www.drsteinbrech.com/blog/coolsculpting-enlarged-male-breasts

  CoolSculpting is a revolutionary non-surgical procedure that can help to reduce enlarged male breasts. […] The benefits of CoolSculpting for enlarged male breasts are numerous and include: […] CoolSculpting is an excellent option for those looking for chest treatments to reduce fat tissue in the male breast area that cannot be corrected through diet and exercise alone. […] With proper aftercare instructions, including following an exercise program and healthy diet plan as well as regular follow-ups with a physician, male breast CoolSculpting can help achieve desired outcomes safely and effectively!

• #56 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351793

  Gynecomastia has few physical complications. But it may lead to mental health concerns due to changes in how the chest looks. […] Several factors within your control may lower the risk of gynecomastia: Don’t use drugs. […] Limit or stay away from alcohol. It helps not to drink alcohol. If you do drink, do so in moderation. That means no more than two drinks a day for men.

• #57 Male Breast Reduction (Gynecomastia) Chicago IL

  https://www.aestheticinstitutechicago.com/breast/male-breast-reduction-gynecomastia/

  Gynecomastia is characterized by the development of enlarged male breasts. This common condition can afflict men of varying age, and most adolescent cases resolve spontaneously with time. […] Once longstanding, most males seek treatment for gynecomastia to avoid embarrassment and restore normal male chest contours. Offered by our Chicago plastic surgeons, male breast reduction is an operation performed to treat gynecomastia via the surgical removal of excess glandular and/or fat tissue in the breasts. […] Many patients experience a number of psychological benefits from male breast reduction, as well. Males with gynecomastia often feel self-conscious about the appearance of their chest and may avoid social settings such as gyms, beaches, or swimming pools. By treating gynecomastia, men can feel more confident in these (and other) situations.

• #58

  https://www.laparoscopyhospital.com/forum/forum.php?p=&cat_id=&tid=3559

  Gynecomastia is a condition characterized by the enlargement of breast tissue in males. While it is often benign and associated with hormonal changes during puberty or aging, it can also be a result of certain medical conditions or medications. Treatment options for gynecomastia depend on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Here are some common approaches: Observation and Monitoring: In many cases, especially during puberty, gynecomastia may resolve on its own without the need for specific treatment. Regular monitoring is recommended to track any changes. Lifestyle Changes: For cases related to obesity or excess body fat, lifestyle modifications such as regular exercise and a healthy diet may help reduce overall body fat, including breast tissue. Medication: Hormone-modulating medications may be prescribed to address hormonal imbalances. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) like tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors may be used to reduce breast tissue growth. Surgery: Surgical intervention may be considered for cases where gynecomastia persists or is causing significant discomfort. There are two main types of surgical procedures: Liposuction: This involves the removal of excess fat from the breast tissue. Mastectomy: This involves the surgical removal of glandular tissue. It may be done using traditional surgical techniques or minimally invasive methods. Treatment of Underlying Conditions: If gynecomastia is a result of an underlying medical condition or medication, addressing and treating that condition or adjusting the medication may help resolve the breast enlargement. Counseling and Support: Gynecomastia can have psychological and emotional impacts. Counseling and support groups may be beneficial in helping individuals cope with the condition and its effects on self-esteem.

• #59 Gynecomastia Surgery (Male Breast Reduction): What to Expect

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/24022-gynecomastia-surgery

  The weight of excess breast tissue can also cause discomfort or pain. After gynecomastia surgery, you may be able to jump, run and do activities that you found uncomfortable before. […] Gynecomastia surgery (male breast reduction) is an effective treatment for enlarged male breast tissue. This procedure can help you feel more confident and boost your self-esteem. It can also reduce discomfort or pain that can result from excess breast tissue, especially while doing activities that require jumping and running.

• #60 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics/print

  GYNECOMASTIA TREATMENT […] The best treatment for gynecomastia depends upon its cause, duration, and severity and whether it causes pain or discomfort. […] For males with severe gynecomastia that is causing substantial tenderness or embarrassment, a short course of a drug called tamoxifen (sample brand name: Nolvadex) or raloxifene (brand name: Evista) may be recommended. These drugs block the effects of estrogen in the body and can reduce the size of the breasts somewhat. However, neither of these drugs is approved in the United States for the treatment of gynecomastia. Drugs may be prescribed without US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, although the risks and benefits have not been studied completely. […] For males with idiopathic gynecomastia that causes discomfort and lasts more than three months, a short course (three to six months) of tamoxifen or raloxifene may be recommended. […] Gynecomastia is a common complication of hormonal treatment for prostate cancer (androgen deprivation therapy or antiandrogen monotherapy). However, there are treatment options available to prevent the development of gynecomastia, including tamoxifen and radiation therapy. […] Tamoxifen can be taken along with the hormonal anti-prostate cancer treatment (androgen deprivation or antiandrogen monotherapy). Tamoxifen must be taken every day for the duration of antiandrogen treatment. […] Treating the breasts with radiation before antiandrogen treatment begins can prevent gynecomastia in some males. […] Although tamoxifen and raloxifene are effective for males who have had enlarged breasts for a few months, the drug is not effective in males whose breast tissue is not tender or who have had the condition for more than one year. For these males, surgery is an option to reduce the size of the breasts. […] The extent of surgery depends upon the severity of the breast enlargement and whether there is also excess fatty tissue. Many males are treated with a combination of surgical removal of the glandular tissue and liposuction. […] Men who have had gynecomastia for more than one year do not typically benefit from the use of tamoxifen. For them, surgery to reduce the size of the breasts is an option. […]

• #61 Gynecomastia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Breast Surgery

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-treatment

  Generally, no treatment is required for physiologic gynecomastia. Pubertal gynecomastia resolves spontaneously within several weeks to 3 years in approximately 90% of patients. Breasts greater than 4 cm in diameter may not completely regress. […] Identifying and managing an underlying primary disorder often alleviates breast enlargement. If hypogonadism (primary or secondary) is the cause of gynecomastia, parenteral or transdermal testosterone replacement therapy is instituted. However, testosterone does have the potential to exacerbate gynecomastia through the aromatization of the exogenous hormone into estradiol. […] For patients with idiopathic gynecomastia or with residual gynecomastia after treatment of the primary cause, medical or surgical treatment may be considered. […] A major factor that should influence the initial choice of therapy for gynecomastia is the conditions duration. It is unlikely that any medical therapy will result in significant regression in the late fibrotic stage (a duration of 12 months or longer) of gynecomastia. As a result, medical therapies, if used, should be tried early in the condition’s course.

• #62 Gynecomastia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279105/

  If no pathologic etiology is detected, then appropriate treatment is close observation. […] If the gynecomastia is severe, does not resolve, of recent onset (less than 6 months) and does not have a treatable underlying cause, some medical therapies may be attempted. There are 3 classes of medical treatment for gynecomastia: androgens (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, danazol), anti-estrogens (clomiphene citrate, tamoxifen), and aromatase inhibitors such as letrozole and anastrozole. […] When medical therapy is ineffective, particularly in cases of longstanding gynecomastia, or when the gynecomastia interferes with the patient’s activities of daily living, or when there is suspicion of malignancy of breast, then surgical therapy is appropriate.

• #63 Gynecomastia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia is the non-cancerous enlargement of one or both breasts in men due to the growth of breast tissue as a result of a hormone imbalance between estrogens and androgens. […] If the condition does not resolve within 2 years, or if it causes embarrassment, pain or tenderness, treatment is warranted. […] Medical treatment of gynecomastia that has persisted beyond two years is often ineffective. […] Medications such as aromatase inhibitors have been found to be effective and even in rare cases of gynecomastia from disorders such as aromatase excess syndrome or Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, but surgical removal of the excess tissue can be needed to correct the condition. […] If chronic gynecomastia does not respond to medical treatment, surgical removal of glandular breast tissue is usually required.

• #64 The Best Solution for Gynecomastia in Men – Glenview, IL

  https://drgutowski.com/2021/11/03/the-best-solution-for-gynecomastia-in-men/

  Gynecomastia is a common condition that involves swelling of the breast tissue in men and boys. Doctors do not always know the cause of gynecomastia, but there is treatment available. Male breast reduction, otherwise known as gynecomastia surgery, treats the condition to reduce breast size in men and flatter or contour the chest area. […] Gynecomastia causes excessive breast tissue growth, leading to overdeveloped or enlarged breasts in men. […] When men have gynecomastia, their breast tissue conceals their pectoral muscles. Even with diet and exercise, men with gynecomastia often cannot make the pectoral muscles stand out, which is why surgery is often the most effective treatment for gynecomastia for men. […] Male breast reduction surgery is one of the most common treatments for gynecomastia. Many men opt for gynecomastia surgery if the condition does not improve with medication changes or continues past puberty. […] Dr. Karol Gutowski is a renowned plastic surgeon in Glenview, IL. He performs male breast reductions to help patients achieve toned, contoured chests when diet and exercise aren’t working. If you have gynecomastia and want to reduce your volume of breast tissue, Dr. Gutowski can help.

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