Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351793

  Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) is an increase in the amount of breast gland tissue in boys or men. An imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone causes it. […] Gynecomastia can happen when the amount of testosterone in the body drops compared with estrogen. The decrease can be caused by conditions that lower testosterone or block its effects. Or it can be caused by conditions that raise the estrogen level. […] Estrogen levels that are too high or are out of balance with testosterone levels can cause gynecomastia. […] Certain health conditions that affect the balance of hormones can either cause or be linked with gynecomastia. They include: Hypogonadism. Conditions that lower the amount of testosterone the body makes can be linked with gynecomastia. […] Aging. Hormone changes that happen with aging can cause gynecomastia, especially in people who are overweight.

• #2 Gynecomastia: What It Is, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/16227-enlarged-male-breast-tissue-gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia (enlarged male breast tissue) most often happens due to an imbalance of testosterone and estrogen. […] Gynecomastia is the enlargement of glandular tissue in your breast(s). Estrogen is responsible for the growth of glandular breast tissue. Estrogen also suppresses the release of testosterone. This is because it suppresses luteinizing hormone (LH), the hormone responsible for the release of testosterone in your testicles. In other words, an increase in estrogen and a decrease in testosterone most often leads to gynecomastia. […] Gynecomastia may be a symptom or result of the following health conditions: Adrenal tumors, Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), Kidney disease or kidney failure, Klinefelter syndrome (an inherited condition), Liver disease and cirrhosis, Male hypogonadism (low testosterone), Pituitary gland tumors (pituitary adenomas), especially prolactinomas, Testicular tumors.

• #3 Gynecomastia – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/male-reproductive-endocrinology-and-related-disorders/gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia is hypertrophy of breast glandular tissue in men. It must be differentiated from pseudogynecomastia, which is increased breast fat, but no enlargement of breast glandular tissue. […] In men, the most common causes are persistent pubertal gynecomastia, idiopathic gynecomastia, and medications (particularly spironolactone, anabolic steroids, and antiandrogens). […] If evaluation reveals no cause for gynecomastia, it is considered idiopathic. The cause may not be found because gynecomastia is physiologic or because there is no longer any evidence of the inciting event. […] Gynecomastia is often physiologic or idiopathic. […] A wide variety of medications can cause gynecomastia.

• #4 Gynecomastia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279105/

  Gynecomastia is a relatively common disorder. Its causes range from benign physiological processes to rare neoplasms. To diagnose the etiology of the gynecomastia, the clinician must understand the hormonal factors involved in breast development. […] Since a balance exists between estrogen and androgens in males, any disease state or medication that increases circulating estrogens or decreases circulating androgens, causing an elevation in the estrogen to androgen ratio, can induce gynecomastia. […] Due to the diversity of possible etiologies, including a neoplasm, performing a careful history and physical is imperative. […] Gynecomastia, breast development in males, can occur normally during three phases of life. The first occurs shortly after birth in both males and females. This is partly caused by the high fetal blood levels of estradiol and progesterone (produced by the mother) that stimulate breast tissue in the newborn.

• #5 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/enlarged-breasts-in-men-gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia (guy-nuh-koh-MAS-tee-uh) is an increase in the amount of breast gland tissue in boys or men. An imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone causes it. […] Gynecomastia can happen when the amount of testosterone in the body drops compared with estrogen. The decrease can be caused by conditions that lower testosterone or block its effects. Or it can be caused by conditions that raise the estrogen level. […] Estrogen levels that are too high or are out of balance with testosterone levels can cause gynecomastia. […] Certain health conditions that affect the balance of hormones can either cause or be linked with gynecomastia. […] Conditions that lower the amount of testosterone the body makes can be linked with gynecomastia. […] Hormone changes that happen with aging can cause gynecomastia, especially in people who are overweight.

• #6 Gynecomastia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia is the non-cancerous enlargement of one or both breasts in men due to the growth of breast tissue as a result of a hormone imbalance between estrogens and androgens. […] Gynecomastia may be caused by abnormal hormone changes, any condition that leads to an increase in the ratio of estrogens/androgens such as liver disease, kidney failure, thyroid disease and some non-breast tumors. Alcohol and some drugs can also cause breast enlargement. […] Gynecomastia is thought to be caused by an altered ratio of estrogens to androgens mediated by an increase in estrogen action, a decrease in androgen action, or a combination of these two factors. […] Known causes can be physiologic (occurring normally) or non-physiologic due to underlying pathologies such as drug use, chronic disease, tumors, or malnutrition.

• #7 Gynecomastia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-overview

  Gynecomastia results from an altered estrogen-androgen balance, in favor of estrogen, or from increased breast sensitivity to a normal circulating estrogen level. […] The imbalance is between the stimulatory effect of estrogen and the inhibitory effect of androgen. […] Estrogens induce ductal epithelial hyperplasia, ductal elongation and branching, proliferation of the periductal fibroblasts, and an increase in vascularity. […] Increased estrogen production and/or action can occur at the testicular level or at the periphery and is characterized as follows: From the testes – Can be due to testicular tumors or to ectopic production of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), as is reported with carcinoma of lung, kidney, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and extragonadal germ cell tumors. […] From peripheral conversion – Can be due to increased substrate or increased activity of aromatase, as in chronic liver disease, malnutrition, hyperthyroidism, adrenal tumors, and familial gynecomastia.

• #8 What causes a man’s breasts to grow? – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/mens-health/what-causes-a-mans-breasts-to-grow

  Indeed, breast enlargement in men has become more common. The two predominant reasons are excess weight and a condition called gynecomastia (pronounced guy-nuh-co-MAS-tee-uh). […] Gynecomastia refers to an enlargement of the breast’s glandular tissue, not by excess fat. The glandular tissue is concentrated under the nipple. […] Male glandular tissue is influenced by the balance of androgens (the group of male sex hormones, with testosterone being the major one), which keep breast tissue small, and female hormones like estrogen, which stimulate breast tissue growth. […] But even a slight shift in the balance between testosterone and estrogen can lead to gynecomastia. […] Gynecomastia has been reported as a potential side effect of many drugs. […] In older men, levels of testosterone can fall enough to cause gynecomastia. Also, men undergoing hormonal treatment for prostate cancer to lower testosterone will develop a balance favoring the estrogen effects on breast tissue. […] Liver disease is another reason for an imbalance favoring estrogen.

• #9 Gynecomastia Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | BodyLogicMD

  https://www.bodylogicmd.com/for-men/gynecomastia/

  Gynecomastia is the atypical breast enlargement of one or both breasts in men. The process usually begins with a small lump underneath the nipple which causes uneven swelling. Enlarged breasts in men are not uncommon, especially as a newborn or during puberty. […] The enlarged male breasts associated with gynecomastia are caused by a hormonal imbalance. This explains why the condition occurs in newborns and during puberty. In newborns, gynecomastia is an aftereffect of the mother’s estrogen in the infant’s system. Commonly in these cases, the hormones naturally correct themselves and the male breasts diminish. […] Specifically, enlarged breasts in men occur when the balance between testosterone and male estrogen is drastically altered. While mainly considered to be a female hormone, every man possesses low levels of estrogen to regulate sperm production, bone density and mood.

• #10 Gynecomastia (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/boybrst.html

  Sometimes, guys develop breasts during puberty. This is called gynecomastia (pronounced: guy-nuh-ko-MAS-tee-uh). It’s usually due to normal hormone changes during puberty, and almost always goes away on its own within a few months to a couple of years. […] Gynecomastia causes breast enlargement. It can happen in one or both breasts. […] Puberty is the main cause of gynecomastia in adolescent boys. Hormones are chemical messengers. The ones involved in puberty can get out of balance and lead to gynecomastia. […] Some medicines, drugs (including alcohol, marijuana, amphetamines, and heroin), anabolic steroids (taken to build muscle and improve strength), and other medicines also can cause gynecomastia. […] Rarely, gynecomastia can be a sign of other medical conditions. […] A health care provider’s exam can tell whether a guy has gynecomastia or pseudogynecomastia.

• #11 Gynecomastia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-overview

  Gynecomastia can be physiologic or pathologic. […] Physiologic gynecomastia is seen in newborn infants, pubescent adolescents, and elderly individuals. […] Gynecomastia in adults is often multifactorial. Increased aromatization of testosterone to estradiol and the gradual decrease of testosterone production in the aging testes most often account for gynecomastia in adult males. […] Rarely, hyperprolactinemia may lead to gynecomastia through its effects on the hypothalamus to cause central hypogonadism. […] Pathologic gynecomastia can be caused by an increase in the production and/or action of estrogen, by a decrease in the production and/or action of testosterone accompanied by increased aromatization and high estrogen, or by drug use. […] Conditions that result in primary or secondary hypogonadism can lead to gynecomastia in different mechanisms.

• #12 Breast enlargement in males: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003165.htm

  In newborns, breast growth is caused by being exposed to estrogen from the mother. About one half of boy babies are born with enlarged breasts, called breast buds. They usually go away in 2 to 6 months, but can last longer. […] In preteens and teens, breast growth is caused by normal hormone changes that occur during puberty. More than one half of boys develop some breast enlargement during puberty. Breast growth often goes away in 6 months to 2 years. […] In men, hormone changes due to aging can cause breast growth. This may occur more often in overweight or obese men and in men age 50 and older. […] Certain health problems can cause breast growth in adult men, including chronic liver disease, kidney failure and dialysis, low testosterone level, and obesity (also the most common cause of breast growth due to fat).

• #13 Breast enlargement in males Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/symptoms/breast-enlargement-in-males

  Gynecomastia; Breast enlargement in a male. […] When an abnormal amount of breast tissue develops in males, it is called gynecomastia. […] Enlarged breasts in males are usually harmless, but may cause men to avoid wearing certain clothing or to not want to be seen without a shirt. This can cause significant distress, particularly in young men. […] Normal hormone changes are the most common cause of breast development in newborns, boys, and men. There are other causes as well. […] Breast enlargement is usually caused by an imbalance of estrogen (female hormone) and testosterone (male hormone). […] Changes in the levels of these hormones, or in how the body uses or responds to these hormones, can cause enlarged breasts in males. […] In newborns, breast growth is caused by being exposed to estrogen from the mother.

• #14 Causes of Gynecomastia | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/mens-health/gynecomastia/causes.html

  In newborns, gynecomastia is caused by estrogen from the mother. […] Gynecomastia can also be caused by an estrogen-producing tumor. […] In adult males, gynecomastia is usually caused by another condition, such as liver or lung cancer, cirrhosis of the liver, overactive thyroid, or by hormone problems, such as cancer of the pituitary gland, adrenal glands, or testicles. […] Alcohol, marijuana, methamphetamine, and heroin use also may cause gynecomastia. […] In older males, gynecomastia can be caused by a change in hormone levels. […] Use of certain medicines may also cause gynecomastia, including: steroids, such as prednisone or dexamethasone; medicines used to treat ulcers (such as cimetidine); medicines used to treat epilepsy (such as phenytoin [Dilantin]); digitalis and other heart medicines; chemotherapy drugs, especially alkylating agents; antiandrogen drugs (such as flutamide, cyproterone, and spironolactone); antianxiety and antidepressant medicines (such as diazepam [Valium] and tricyclic antidepressants).

• #15 Male Breast Enlargement (Gynecomastia) Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/men/features/male-breast-enlargement-gynecomastia

  Some men get enlarged breast tissue. Its called gynecomastia. […] Its normal. Seventy percent of boys get it during puberty. Its caused by natural changes in estrogen (a „female hormone” that men also have) and testosterone. Newborn babies sometimes have short-term gynecomastia, too. Thats because some of their mothers estrogen stays in their blood for a while after birth. […] Middle-aged and older men can also have the condition. It could be due to aging (which also shifts hormone levels) or because of certain medicines, including some: […] Marijuana and drugs like heroin, amphetamines, and steroids can cause it. So can drinking too much alcohol. […] Herbal products that contain tea tree oil or lavender oil can also increase breast size. Thats because they have natural estrogen that can upset your bodys normal hormone levels. […] Sometimes it happens because of another health problem, like an overactive thyroid, kidney disease, or a tumor on one of the glands that controls your hormones.

• #16 What Causes Gynecomastia? | Aspira Plastic Surgery

  https://aspiraplasticsurgery.com/blog/gynecomastia-causes/

  Gynecomastia the enlargement of male breast tissue is a condition that can affect men of all ages. Understanding the causes of gynecomastia is essential for identifying potential treatments and managing the condition. Men can develop gynecomastia when there is an imbalance between estrogen and testosterone levels in the body. Hormonal changes naturally occur during certain life stages, such as infancy, puberty, and older age. Pubertal gynecomastia affects approximately 50-60% of adolescent boys, typically developing between ages 10-14, when glandular breast tissue forms due to temporary hormonal imbalances. Similarly, up to 70% of males over 50 may experience some degree of gynecomastia, as testosterone levels naturally decline with age. Excess body fat contributes significantly to male breast enlargement, though this condition differs from true gynecomastia and is sometimes called pseudogynecomastia. Fat cells convert male hormones to estrogens through a process called aromatization, creating imbalances that promote breast tissue growth. Hypogonadism refers to conditions where the testes (male reproductive organs) produce insufficient testosterone, disrupting the bodys estrogen-to-testosterone ratio. Certain tumors can produce hormones that trigger breast enlargement in men. Testicular tumors may lead to excess estrogen, directly affecting breast tissue growth. Overactive thyroid function (hyperthyroidism) increases the production of thyroid hormones, which can disrupt the bodys estrogen-testosterone balance. Chronic kidney disease and renal failure may contribute to male breast enlargement in multiple ways. Liver disease, especially cirrhosis, is a common cause of gynecomastia due to the livers crucial role in hormone metabolism. While rare, male breast cancer can present as an enlargement in one or both breasts. Cushings syndrome, characterized by chronically elevated cortisol levels, frequently causes gynecomastia through the disruption of normal hormone metabolism. Severe malnutrition can paradoxically cause breast enlargement in men due to complex hormonal disruptions. Numerous medications can lead to male breast enlargement as a side effect, often by altering hormone levels or activity. Recreational drug use and alcohol abuse frequently contribute to male breast enlargement. Certain plant-based substances contain estrogen-like properties (phytoestrogens) that can stimulate breast tissue growth when consumed in sufficient quantities. In approximately 25% of gynecomastia cases, no specific cause can be identified despite thorough evaluation, leading to a diagnosis of idiopathic gynecomastia. Gynecomastia is a condition with various potential causes, ranging from natural hormone changes and obesity to more complex health issues like tumors or liver failure. Identifying the underlying cause is crucial for determining the most effective treatment.

• #17 Gynecomastia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279105/

  Puberty marks the second period when gynecomastia can occur physiologically. In fact, up to 60% of boys have clinically detectable gynecomastia by age 14. […] The third age range in which gynecomastia is frequently seen is during older age (60 years). […] Pathologic gynecomastia is due to an increase in the circulating and/or local breast tissue ratio of estrogen to androgen. […] Increased estrogen levels will increase glandular proliferation by several mechanisms. […] Thus, any cause of estrogen excess from overproduction to peripheral aromatization of androgens can initiate the cascade to breast development. […] Testicular tumors can lead to increased blood estrogen levels by the following mechanisms: estrogen overproduction, androgen overproduction with extragonadal aromatization to estrogens, and secretion of hCG that stimulates normal Leydig cells (via the LH receptor).

• #18 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics/print

  Gynecomastia is a condition in which the glandular tissue in the breasts becomes enlarged in males, sometimes causing discomfort or nipple tenderness. It is usually the result of a hormonal imbalance and typically occurs during infancy, adolescence, or mid to late life. […] Gynecomastia can happen when the balance shifts, with an increase in estrogen or decrease in androgens. This can occur because of expected hormonal changes during puberty or aging or because of the use of certain drugs or herbal products. […] The most common causes of gynecomastia in adult males that seek a medical evaluation for gynecomastia include: Pubertal gynecomastia that does not resolve – 25 percent, Drugs – 10 to 25 percent, Unknown causes (idiopathic) – 25 percent. […] Gynecomastia occurs in up to 75 percent of males who take drugs called antiandrogens to treat prostate cancer.

• #19 Gynecomastia (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/boybrst.html

  About half of all guys going through puberty get gynecomastia in one or both breasts. […] Gynecomastia usually goes away without medical treatment. The breasts flatten out within a few months to a couple of years. […] If gynecomastia is very severe, there is medicine that can help. And if gynecomastia lasts past puberty, surgery can reduce the size of the breasts.

• #20 Causes of Gynecomastia | Dr. Miguel Delgado | San Francisco & Marin County

  https://www.dr-delgado.com/male/gynecomastia-surgery/what-causes-gynecomastia/

  There are many different causes for gynecomastia and the most effective treatment is gynecomastia surgery in San Francisco with Dr. Delgado. […] When hormonal levels of testosterone and estrogen surge during puberty, low testosterone or high estrogen (the female hormone) can bring on female-like breast tissue growth. This is the primary cause of gynecomastia, which can occur in one or both breasts. […] Another cause of male breasts can be attributed to the use of some drugs and medications, especially steroids, which is known as drug-induced gynecomastia. […] Once men start approaching their sixties, testosterone levels naturally decrease, which can result in breast enlargement. This is commonly known today as low T or andropause in men, which is similar to menopause in women. […] Gynecomastia most commonly develops during puberty and resolves within two years in 90 percent of cases. In the remaining 10 percent, gynecomastia is present for life.

• #21 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/enlarged-breasts-men-gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia (guy-nuh-koh-MAS-tee-uh) is an increase in the amount of breast gland tissue in boys or men. An imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone causes it. […] Gynecomastia can happen when the amount of testosterone in the body drops compared with estrogen. The decrease can be caused by conditions that lower testosterone or block its effects. Or it can be caused by conditions that raise the estrogen level. […] Estrogen levels that are too high or are out of balance with testosterone levels can cause gynecomastia. […] More than half of male babies are born with enlarged breasts due to the effects of estrogen during pregnancy. […] Gynecomastia caused by hormone changes during puberty is somewhat common. […] About 24% to 65% of men ages 50 to 80 get gynecomastia. […] The following medicines can cause gynecomastia: Anti-androgens used to treat conditions such as an enlarged prostate and prostate cancer.

• #22 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics

  Males taking combination treatment for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), called highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), sometimes develop enlarged breasts. […] It is not always clear what causes gynecomastia during mid to late life. Still, as males age, blood testosterone levels tend to decline, and the hormone balance changes to a higher amount of estrogen-to-testosterone ratio. These factors probably conspire to account for most cases of „idiopathic” gynecomastia.

• #23 Understanding Gynecomastia and Its Management

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/understanding-gynecomastia-and-its-management/preview/uspeditorial?utm_source=TrendMD&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=US_Pharmacist_TrendMD_1

  Gynecomastia in older men may result from decreased serum testosterone concentrations, increased aromatase activity related to increased body fat that leads to increased conversion of androgens to estrogen, and elevated luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations. Increased serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations may also make estrogen more bioavailable than testosterone, further affecting the E2-to-testosterone ratio. Notably, gynecomastia is attributable to medications in 80% of cases in older men.

• #24 Gynecomastia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279105/

  Besides tumors, other conditions have also been associated with excessive aromatization of testosterone and other androgens to estrogen leading to gynecomastia. […] Besides increased estrogen production, decreased testosterone levels can cause an elevation in the estrogen to androgen ratio, thereby producing gynecomastia. […] The gynecomastia of liver disease, particularly cirrhosis, does not have a clear etiology. […] Gynecomastia is associated with spinal cord disorders. […] About 20% of gynecomastia is caused by medications or exogenous chemicals. […] Some drugs may increase estrogen effect by several mechanisms: 1) they possess intrinsic estrogen-like properties, 2) they increase endogenous estrogen production, or 3) they supply an excess of an estrogen precursor (e.g., testosterone or androstenedione) that can be aromatized to estrogen.

• #25 Gynecomastia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0401/p716.html

  Liver injury may impair hepatic degradation of estrogens and increase levels of sex hormone-binding globulin that contribute to increased peripheral estrogens. […] Gynecomastia may be the only presenting symptom in men with primary hypogonadism. […] Although testicular tumors are rare, approximately 10 percent of persons with testicular tumors present with gynecomastia alone. […] Gynecomastia occurs in 10 to 40 percent of men with hyperthyroidism, although it is rarely the only symptom at presentation. […] Hormonal dysfunction is common in men with renal failure because of overall suppression of testosterone production and direct testicular damage secondary to uremia. […] Conditions that impair absorption, such as ulcerative colitis and cystic fibrosis, may result in gynecomastia.

• #26 Gynecomastia – Symptoms, Causes, Complications and Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Num

  https://www.pacehospital.com/gynecomastia-symptoms-causes-complications-and-prevention

  Hyperthyroidism: In hyperthyroidism, there will be an increase in sex hormone binding globulin (protein), which leads to an increase in oestradiol levels. […] Renal / kidney failure and dialysis: In haemodialysis patients, there will be abnormalities in the function of the Leydig cell (source of testosterone or androgens in males). In case of kidney failure, it leads to hormonal abnormalities, where the testosterone level goes down and oestradiol and luteinizing hormone levels go up. […] Overweight/Obese: Overweight/Obese can raise oestrogen levels, causing breast tissue to grow. Overweight people are more likely to have excess fat, which can cause breast tissue to enlarge.

• #27 Enlarged Breasts in Men: Gynecomastia Is No Laughing Matter

  https://tctmed.com/gynecomastia/

  Gynecomastia, the medical term for enlarged breasts in men, is caused by a significant decrease in the amount of testosterone in a man’s system compared with estrogen—a decrease often caused by certain medical conditions that block the effects of testosterone, reduce testosterone, or cause increases in your estrogen level. […] Male estrogen levels that climb too high or fall out of balance with testosterone levels can lead to gynecomastia. The reverse also is true—when testosterone levels fall too low, estrogen runs somewhat amuck, causing changes to a man’s system. […] Medical conditions that can cause a disruption to your hormone production and affect their delicate testosterone-to-estrogen balance and result in gynecomastia include: Hypogonadism—the medical term for Low T, Klinefelters syndrome (pituitary insufficiency), Obesity, Tumors of the testes, adrenal glands or pituitary gland, Kidney failure, Liver failure and cirrhosis, Malnutrition and starvation—testosterone production decreases dramatically while estrogen production remains virtually unchanged.

• #28 Gynecomastia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynecomastia

  About 10-25% of gynecomastia cases are estimated to result from the use of medications or exogenous chemicals. […] Drugs can increase estrogen activity or increase the estrogen to androgen ratio through various mechanisms, such as binding to estrogen receptors, promoting estrogen synthesis, providing precursors that can be aromatized into estrogen, causing damage to the testes, inhibiting testosterone synthesis, inhibiting the action of androgens, or displacing estrogen from SHBG. […] Many kidney failure patients experience a hormonal imbalance due to the suppression of testosterone production and testicular damage from high levels of urea also known as uremia-associated hypogonadism. […] Additionally, gynecomastia has been observed in 50% of patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing dialysis.

• #29 Gynecomastia – Symptoms, Causes, Complications and Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Num

  https://www.pacehospital.com/gynecomastia-symptoms-causes-complications-and-prevention

  Gynaecomastia in newborns is caused by oestrogen from their mother. […] During the early stages of puberty, a boy’s level of oestrogen will be higher than the level of testosterone. This causes the imbalance of oestrogen to testosterone levels causes gynecomastia. […] Cirrhosis, or liver disease: Due to the increased production of androstenedione (steroid hormone responsible for the production of oestrogen and testosterone) from the adrenal glands, an increase in the conversion of androstenedione to oestrone and oestrone oestradiol and decreased clearance of adrenal androgens from the liver leads to a decrease in free testosterone. This causes an imbalance between the amount of oestrogen and testosterone in the body, which leads to gynecomastia. […] Male hypogonadism: Primary hypogonadism (production of low amount of sex hormones) can lead to a decrease in testosterone production.

• #30 Breast Enlargement in Men (Gynecomastia)

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gynecomastia

  Breast enlargement with increased breast gland tissue in males is called gynecomastia. It can occur naturally or be caused by hormones or medications. Most cases of gynecomastia dont require treatment, though the condition may cause distress due to esthetic concerns. […] A decrease in the hormone testosterone, usually with an increase in the hormone estrogen, causes most cases of gynecomastia. […] These hormone fluctuations can be typical at different phases of life and can affect infants, children entering puberty, and older males. […] Drugs such as steroids and amphetamines can cause estrogen levels to increase slightly. This can result in gynecomastia. Medications may be responsible for as many as 80% of cases in older adults. […] Less common causes of gynecomastia include testicular tumors, liver failure (cirrhosis), hyperthyroidism, and chronic renal failure.

• #31 Gynecomastia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0401/p716.html

  Although obesity causes pseudogynecomastia (a proliferation of adipose rather than glandular tissue), elevated weight is also associated with true gynecomastia. […] Other rare causes of gynecomastia include exposure to phthalates and lead, emotional stress, and repetitive mechanical stress causing unilateral symptoms.

• #32 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/mayo-health-library/enlarged-breasts-in-men-gynecomastia/

  Changes in hormone levels related to liver problems and cirrhosis medicines are linked with gynecomastia. […] When the body doesn’t get enough nutrition, testosterone levels drop. But estrogen levels stay the same. This causes an imbalance in the hormones. […] Some plant oils used in shampoos, soaps or lotions have been associated with gynecomastia. These include tea tree or lavender oil. This likely is due to compounds in the oil that may mimic estrogen or affect testosterone.

• #33 Gynecomastia: What It Is, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/16227-enlarged-male-breast-tissue-gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia may be a side effect of certain medications, including: Cimetidine (for heartburn and acid reflux), Digoxin (for certain heart issues), Finasteride (for enlarged prostate or alopecia), Ketoconazole (for fungal or yeast infections), Spironolactone (for high blood pressure and heart failure), Thiazides (a class of diuretics), Phenothiazines (a class of first-generation antipsychotic medications), Theophylline (for asthma and COPD), Methotrexate (for rheumatoid arthritis and cancer), Imatinib (chemotherapy drug). […] If an underlying condition is the cause, like a tumor or hypogonadism, treatment for the condition may also treat gynecomastia.

• #34 Gynecomastia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-overview

  The following are some of the conditions associated with gynecomastia: Klinefelter syndrome, congenital anorchia, testicular trauma, viral orchitis, Kallmann syndrome, pituitary tumors or abnormalities, malignancies that increase the serum level of hCG, renal failure, hyperthyroidism, malnutrition, environmental pollutants, androgen insensitivity syndrome, and aromatase excess syndrome. […] Various drugs are implicated in gynecomastia and can be classified into categories. […] The pathophysiologic mechanism for some drugs, such as estrogens or antiandrogens, is quite clear. […] However, for others such as spironolactone, the mechanism is more complex. […] Spironolactone can increase the aromatization of testosterone to estradiol, decrease testosterone production by the testes, increasing the rate of testosterone clearance by displacing it from SHBG, and also binding to androgen receptors leading to gynecomastia through estrogen/testosterone imbalance.

• #35 Gynecomastia Treatment, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Causes

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/gynecomastia/article_em.htm

  A wide range of medications have also been associated with the development of gynecomastia. Examples include the diuretic spironolactone (Aldactone), some calcium channel blockers and ACE inhibitor drugs used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure), some antibiotics, anti-ulcer drugs, and highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) for HIV disease, which may cause fat redistribution leading to pseudogynecomastia or, in some cases, true gynecomastia. […] Finally, alcohol and some drugs of abuse (for example, marijuana, and heroin) are known causes of gynecomastia. Lavender oil and tea tree oil, when used in skin care products, have also been associated with gynecomastia.

• #36 What are the most common medications that can cause gynecomastia (breast enlargement and tenderness) in males?

  https://www.ebmconsult.com/articles/what-are-the-most-common-medications-that-can-cause-gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-and-tenderness-in-males

  Gynecomastia is known as breast enlargement and tenderness. […] Gynecomastia is an enlargement or swelling of the breast tissue in males. It is most commonly caused by too much influence from estrogen and not enough testosterone. In addition to breast enlargement, most male patients will experience breast tenderness and/or pain. In some cases, patients can also have nipple discharge. […] The mechanisms by which these medications are known to cause this effect are different and/or may not be fully known. We do know that antipsychotics contribute to this side effect through their antagonism of the dopamine receptors in the central nervous system, which causes an increase in prolactin secretion from the pituitary. Eplerenone and spironolactone have varying degrees of binding to the androgen and progesterone receptors with eplerenone being the least likely to inhibit it. Ketoconazole is known to inhibit androgen synthesis thus creating an imbalance that favors breast tissue growth.

• #37 Breast enlargement in males Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/symptoms/breast-enlargement-in-males

  In preteens and teens, breast growth is caused by normal hormone changes that occur during puberty. […] In men, hormone changes due to aging can cause breast growth. […] Certain health problems can cause breast growth in adult men, including chronic liver disease, kidney failure and dialysis, low testosterone level, and obesity. […] Rare causes include genetic variants, overactive thyroid or underactive thyroid, and tumors. […] Some medicines and treatments that can cause breast growth in men include cancer chemotherapy, hormone treatment for prostate cancer, and treatment for hair loss with finasteride. […] Using certain substances can cause breast enlargement: alcohol, amphetamines, heroin, marijuana, and methadone. […] Gynecomastia has also been linked to exposure to endocrine disrupters.

• #38 Why Does Steroid Use Lead to Gynecomastia?

  https://www.arizonabreast.com/gynecomastia-treatment/why-does-steroid-use-lead-to-gynecomastia/

  Gynecomastia is the technical term for the enlargement of breast tissue in men. […] The enlargement of male breast tissue is frequently associated with the use of anabolic steroids. […] Gynecomastia will only develop when there is an imbalance between the levels of these two hormones. […] Bodybuilders often have the highest risk of developing gynecomastia as they often rely on the use of anabolic steroids in order to promote muscle growth and enhance their athletic performance. […] Prolonged anabolic steroid usage will be more likely to lead to the development of noticeable and even substantial gynecomastia. […] Even just one cycle can lead to this breast growth.

• #39 Gynecomastia Surgery Dallas – Male Breast Reduction Fort Worth

  https://www.farrismd.com/what-causes-gynecomastia/

  Male breast reduction is a procedure that corrects male breast enlargement (gynecomastia). […] Gynecomastia is caused by an imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone. Factors potentially contributing to the imbalance include: puberty, aging, obesity, malnutrition, underlying health conditions (kidney disease, liver disease, hyperthyroidism, hypoandrogenism), use of anabolic steroids, certain medications, marijuana use and other drug use, and alcohol consumption. […] Research has shown that the THC in marijuana decreases testosterone levels, increasing the estrogen to testosterone ratio, which can contribute to gynecomastia. In addition to an imbalance of estrogen to testosterone and marijuana, other causes include steroids, excessive alcohol consumption, and certain medications. Most commonly however, the cause is unknown and considered idiopathic.

• #40 What Causes Enlarged Man Boobs? | Dr Michael Kernohan

  https://www.drmichaelkernohan.com.au/blogs/what-causes-man-boobs/

  Certain lifestyle choices can cause a hormonal imbalance resulting in man boobs. Identifying and modifying these habits can not only help prevent hormonal imbalance but also helps to prevent other illnesses. […] Some causes of man boobs include: Alcohol abuse: alcohol has a negative impact on the livers capacity to eliminate extra estrogen. […] Increased body fat: the bodys hormone production changes as the bodys fat-to-muscle ratio increases. […] Medication use: a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine stated that medications are responsible for twenty-five percent of all occurrences of man boobs. […] Steroid use: man boobs are one of the downsides to anabolic steroid use. […] Deprivation diets: your bodys testosterone levels decrease if you dont get enough nutrients.

• #41 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351793

  Some tumors can make hormones that shift the body’s hormone balance. These include tumors involving the testes, adrenal glands or pituitary gland. […] Changes in hormone levels related to liver problems and cirrhosis medicines are linked with gynecomastia. […] Some plant oils used in shampoos, soaps or lotions have been associated with gynecomastia. These include tea tree or lavender oil. This likely is due to compounds in the oil that may mimic estrogen or affect testosterone.

• #42 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/enlarged-breasts-in-men-gynecomastia

  Changes in hormone levels related to liver problems and cirrhosis medicines are linked with gynecomastia. […] Some plant oils used in shampoos, soaps or lotions have been associated with gynecomastia. These include tea tree or lavender oil. This likely is due to compounds in the oil that may mimic estrogen or affect testosterone.

• #43 What Causes Enlarged Man Boobs? | Dr Michael Kernohan

  https://www.drmichaelkernohan.com.au/blogs/what-causes-man-boobs/

  Hyperthyroidism: this is a condition characterised by excess production of thyroid hormones. […] Yes! The body produces more estrogen when it consumes foods high in estrogen. […] Some foods that may cause man boobs include: Deep-fried and packaged food items: deep-fried and packaged food items contain unhealthy levels of saturated fat which increases the bodys muscle-to-fat ratio and may trigger the development of man boobs. […] Alcohol: the ability of the liver to eliminate unwanted estrogen is negatively affected by all alcoholic beverages. […] Soy products: the majority of soy products have plant estrogens that are similar to human estrogens. […] Dairy products: research has revealed that dairy products contain a significant amount of estrogen. […] Gynaecomastia is frequently brought on by an imbalance in the bodys androgen-to-estrogen ratio. The development of breast tissue is fuelled by estrogen which is only produced by the male body in small levels. […] If you have Gynaecomastia then you have a slightly higher risk of developing male breast cancer.

• #44 Breast enlargement in males: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003165.htm

  Gynecomastia has also been linked to exposure to endocrine disrupters. These are common chemicals often found in plastics. […] Men who have enlarged breasts may have an increased risk for breast cancer. Breast cancer in men is rare. Signs that may suggest breast cancer include one-sided breast growth, firm or hard breast lump that feels like it is attached to the tissue, skin sore over the breast, and bloody discharge from the nipple. […] Breast growth that is large, uneven, or does not go away may cause a decrease in quality of life. Treatments that may be used in this situation are hormone treatment that blocks the effects of estrogens and breast reduction surgery to remove the breast tissue. […] Gynecomastia that has been present for a long time is less likely to resolve even if the right treatment is started.

• #45 Breast Enlargement in Males – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/breast-enlargement-in-males

  Certain health problems can cause breast growth in adult men, including chronic liver disease, kidney failure and dialysis, low testosterone level, and obesity. […] Gynecomastia has also been linked to exposure to endocrine disrupters. These are common chemicals often found in plastics. […] Men who have enlarged breasts may have an increased risk for breast cancer. Breast cancer in men is rare. Signs that may suggest breast cancer include one-sided breast growth, firm or hard breast lump that feels like it is attached to the tissue, skin sore over the breast, and bloody discharge from the nipple. […] Other causes of gynecomastia include exposure to estrogens, androgens (often taken secretly for body building), marijuana, and some medications. Rare causes include tumors, genetic defects, and chronic liver disease.

• #46 Gynecomastia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-overview

  A study by Den Hond et al on the effects of pollutants on sexual maturation indicated that higher blood levels of lead increased the risk of gynecomastia in the study’s subjects, while higher serum levels of hexachlorobenzene decreased the risk. […] Estimates suggest the following etiologies in males seeking medical attention for gynecomastia: Persistent pubertal gynecomastia – 25%, Drugs – 10-25%, No detectable abnormality – 25%, Cirrhosis or malnutrition – 8%, Primary hypogonadism – 8%, Testicular tumors – 3%, Secondary hypogonadism – 2%, Hyperthyroidism – 1.5%, Chronic renal insufficiency – 1%.

• #47 Gynecomastia – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/male-reproductive-endocrinology-and-related-disorders/gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia is hypertrophy of breast glandular tissue in men. It must be differentiated from pseudogynecomastia, which is increased breast fat, but no enlargement of breast glandular tissue. […] In men, the most common causes are persistent pubertal gynecomastia, idiopathic gynecomastia, and medications (particularly spironolactone, anabolic steroids, and antiandrogens). […] If evaluation reveals no cause for gynecomastia, it is considered idiopathic. The cause may not be found because gynecomastia is physiologic or because there is no longer any evidence of the inciting event. […] Gynecomastia is often physiologic or idiopathic. […] A wide variety of medications can cause gynecomastia.

• #48 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics/print

  It is not always clear what causes gynecomastia during mid to late life. Still, as males age, blood testosterone levels tend to decline, and the hormone balance changes to a higher amount of estrogen-to-testosterone ratio. These factors probably conspire to account for most cases of „idiopathic” gynecomastia.

• #49 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/enlarged-breasts-men-gynecomastia

  Certain health conditions that affect the balance of hormones can either cause or be linked with gynecomastia. […] Conditions that lower the amount of testosterone the body makes can be linked with gynecomastia. […] Hormone changes that happen with aging can cause gynecomastia, especially in people who are overweight. […] Some tumors can make hormones that shift the body’s hormone balance. […] Changes in hormone levels related to liver problems and cirrhosis medicines are linked with gynecomastia. […] Some plant oils used in shampoos, soaps or lotions have been associated with gynecomastia. […] Risk factors for gynecomastia include: Puberty, Older age, Obesity, Use of anabolic steroids to improve athletic performance, Certain health conditions. […] Gynecomastia has few physical complications.

• #50 Gynecomastia in Older Men: Causes & Treatments

  https://www.glassmanplasticsurgeryny.com/blog/causes-and-treatments-for-gynecomastia-in-older-men/

  Obesity can increase fatty tissue, which can convert androgens into estrogens and cause hormonal imbalances. The additional fat in the chest area can give the appearance of enlarged breasts but can be treated through gynecomastia surgery. […] Diseases affecting the liver or kidneys also impact hormone levels. Both organs regulate hormones and any dysfunction that can lead to an imbalance, increasing the risk of gynecomastia. […] Excessive alcohol consumption and substance use can also lead to gynecomastia. These substances affect hormone levels by reducing testosterone and increasing estrogen, resulting in the enlargement of breast tissue. […] Conditions that affect the testes, like tumors or infections, can also disrupt the balance of testosterone and estrogen. These conditions often require medical intervention and may increase the need for gynecomastia surgery.

• #51 Gynecomastia | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia is an increased amount of breast tissue in those assigned male at birth. […] Gynecomastia is most often caused by hormonal changes during puberty, but it can also be a result of or exacerbated by genetics, obesity, or certain medications and drugs. […] In rare cases, gynecomastia can be caused by a tumor or certain genetic disorders and conditions, such as Klinefelter syndrome, a condition in which male babies are born with an extra X chromosome.

• #52 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/enlarged-breasts-men-gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia often goes away over time without treatment. […] If gynecomastia is caused by a medical condition, that condition may need treatment. […] Medicines used to treat breast cancer and other conditions may be helpful for some adults with gynecomastia. […] You may still have enlarged breasts after waiting for gynecomastia to go away on its own or after taking medicine for it. […] For people with gynecomastia, having enlarged breasts can be stressful and embarrassing.

• #53 Gynecomastia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430812/

  Gynecomastia is not life-threatening but it can cause significant emotional distress. Most cases take months or years to resolve. Further, men with Klinefelter syndrome also have a risk of developing male breast cancer. Young people with gynecomastia become depressed, isolated, refuse to participate in any activity that involves removing the shirt and have low self-esteem.

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