Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Gynecomastia: What It Is, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/16227-enlarged-male-breast-tissue-gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia (enlarged male breast tissue) most often happens due to an imbalance of testosterone and estrogen. […] Gynecomastia is enlarged breast (chest) tissue in males. Its a benign (noncancerous) increase in breast volume due to an increase in glandular tissue. […] Gynecomastia can affect males of all ages. But it usually occurs during the newborn period, puberty and older adulthood. […] Gynecomastia most often happens due to an imbalance of hormones specifically testosterone and estrogen. […] Gynecomastia isn’t harmful to your physical health, but it may make you self-conscious and affect your self-esteem. […] If you have obesity, you may develop enlarged breasts due to excess adipose tissue (pseudogynecomastia). […] Gynecomastia is the enlargement of glandular tissue in your breast(s). Estrogen is responsible for the growth of glandular breast tissue.

• #1 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351793

  With gynecomastia, tissue inside the breast glands grows. This can cause female-appearing breasts. […] Gynecomastia can affect one or both breasts, sometimes unevenly. […] Most often, gynecomastia isn’t a serious problem. But it can be tough to cope with the condition. People with gynecomastia sometimes have pain in their breasts. And they may feel embarrassed. […] Gynecomastia may go away on its own. If it doesn’t, medicine or surgery may help. […] Gynecomastia symptoms can include: Pain, especially in teenagers. Swollen breast tissue. Tender breasts. Sensitive nipples when they rub against clothes. […] See a member of your health care team if you have: Swelling. Pain or tenderness. Fluid coming out of one or both breast nipples. This is called nipple discharge. A firm or hard lump. Dimpled skin on the breast.

• #1 Gynecomastia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-overview

  Gynecomastia is a benign enlargement of the male breast (usually bilateral but sometimes unilateral) resulting from a proliferation of the glandular component of the breast. […] Gynecomastia should be differentiated from pseudogynecomastia (lipomastia), which is characterized by fat deposition without glandular proliferation. […] Patients with physiologic gynecomastia do not require further evaluation. […] Similarly, asymptomatic and pubertal gynecomastia do not require further tests and should be reevaluated in 6 months. […] General management considerations are as follows: As a rule, no treatment is required for physiologic gynecomastia. […] Pubertal gynecomastia resolves spontaneously within several weeks to 3 years in most patients; breasts larger than 4 cm in diameter may not regress completely.

• #1 Gynecomastia | The Children’s Hospital at Montefiore

  https://www.cham.org/health-library/article?id=hw51306spec

  Gynecomastia is the overdevelopment of the male breast. A breast has both glandular tissue and fatty tissue. With gynecomastia, the glands in the breast become enlarged. The enlarged glands may feel like a rubbery disk beneath the nipple area. Both breasts are often affected. […] In addition to having enlarged breasts, men or boys with gynecomastia may notice their breasts feel rubbery or firm. Often men don’t have any symptoms. Boys may notice a lump or mass behind the nipple. Boys (and some men) may have breast tenderness and pain. […] Gynecomastia can usually be diagnosed from a physical exam and medical history. […] Gynecomastia in newborn babies often goes away in a few weeks without treatment. But it can last for up to a year. […] If gynecomastia occurs during puberty, it often goes away within a year without treatment. But it may last for up to 2 years. It can be uncomfortable. But if it causes pain or worry, medicine or surgery can help. […] For teens and men with severe gynecomastia, early treatment with medicines can make a difference. Breast tissue can change in less than a year from glandular tissue to fibrotic tissue. Once that happens, surgery may be the only way to reduce the extra breast tissue.

• #1 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics/print

  GYNECOMASTIA OVERVIEW […] Gynecomastia is a condition in which the glandular tissue in the breasts becomes enlarged in males, sometimes causing discomfort or nipple tenderness. It is usually the result of a hormonal imbalance and typically occurs during infancy, adolescence, or mid to late life. Gynecomastia must be distinguished from the breast enlargement due to fat deposits seen in overweight males. The condition often goes away on its own, but treatments are available for severe or persistent cases. When gynecomastia is the result of an underlying health problem, treatment of that problem usually improves the gynecomastia as well. […] Up to 70 percent of males in early to mid-puberty experience gynecomastia because of the normal hormonal changes that occur during puberty. Gynecomastia is also common among middle-aged and older males. In this population, up to 65 percent of males are affected.

• #1 Gynecomastia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia is the non-cancerous enlargement of one or both breasts in men due to the growth of breast tissue as a result of a hormone imbalance between estrogens and androgens. […] Gynecomastia is the most common benign disorder of the male breast tissue and affects 35% of men, being most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 69. […] If the condition does not resolve within 2 years, or if it causes embarrassment, pain or tenderness, treatment is warranted. […] Medical treatment of gynecomastia that has persisted beyond two years is often ineffective. […] Medications such as aromatase inhibitors have been found to be effective and even in rare cases of gynecomastia from disorders such as aromatase excess syndrome or Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, but surgical removal of the excess tissue can be needed to correct the condition.

• #1 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351793

  Gynecomastia can happen when the amount of testosterone in the body drops compared with estrogen. […] Estrogen levels that are too high or are out of balance with testosterone levels can cause gynecomastia. […] Gynecomastia caused by hormone changes during puberty is somewhat common. Most of the time, the swollen breast tissue goes away without treatment within 6 months to 2 years. […] About 24% to 65% of men ages 50 to 80 get gynecomastia. But most adults with the condition have no symptoms. […] Certain health conditions that affect the balance of hormones can either cause or be linked with gynecomastia. […] Gynecomastia has few physical complications. But it may lead to mental health concerns due to changes in how the chest looks. […] Several factors within your control may lower the risk of gynecomastia: Don’t use drugs. Examples include anabolic steroids, amphetamines, heroin and marijuana. Limit or stay away from alcohol. It helps not to drink alcohol. If you do drink, do so in moderation. That means no more than two drinks a day for men.

• #1 What Is Gynecomastia? – Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/blog/cancer-care/what-is-gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia is a condition that results in increased breast tissue growth in boys and men. Its the most common male breast disorder. […] The condition can occur at different stages of life. More than 50% of male newborns have some degree of breast enlargement due to exposure to the mothers estrogen. More than half of teenage boys develop gynecomastia as their hormones change. And older men may notice breast enlargement due to increased body fat and lower testosterone levels. […] Gynecomastia can produce lumps or generalized abnormal enlargement in one or both breasts, and the growth may be uneven. An imbalance in testosterone and estrogen often causes the condition. […] If you believe you have or your child has developed more breast tissue than expected, you should contact your doctor.

• #1 Gynecomastia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0401/p716.html

  Gynecomastia is defined as benign proliferation of glandular breast tissue in men. […] Treatment should be pursued early and should be directed by the patient. […] Gynecomastia, which can be physiologic or nonphysiologic, occurs when the estrogen-to-testosterone ratio in men is disrupted, leading to proliferation of glandular breast tissue. […] One-half of adolescent males will experience gynecomastia, with typical onset at 13 to 14 years of age, or Tanner stage 3 or 4. […] Although adolescent physiologic gynecomastia often resolves spontaneously, intervention may be warranted to ameliorate emotional distress. […] Decreasing free testosterone levels may contribute to a final peak in gynecomastia incidence in men older than 50 years. […] Nonphysiologic gynecomastia can occur at any age as a result of a number of medical conditions, medication use, or substance use.

• #1 Gynecomastia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-overview

  Gynecomastia can be physiologic or pathologic. […] Gynecomastia in adults is often multifactorial. […] Increased aromatization of testosterone to estradiol and the gradual decrease of testosterone production in the aging testes most often account for gynecomastia in adult males. […] Research has indicated that the psychological effects of gynecomastia can include depression, anxiety, disordered eating, body dissatisfaction, and reduced self-esteem. […] A study by Sir et al suggested that gynecomastia can impinge on male sexual function.

• #1 Gynecomastia: What It Is, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/16227-enlarged-male-breast-tissue-gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia may be a symptom or result of the following health conditions: Adrenal tumors, Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), Kidney disease or kidney failure, Klinefelter syndrome (an inherited condition), Liver disease and cirrhosis, Male hypogonadism (low testosterone), Pituitary gland tumors (pituitary adenomas), especially prolactinomas, Testicular tumors. […] Gynecomastia may be a side effect of certain medications, including: Cimetidine (for heartburn and acid reflux), Digoxin (for certain heart issues), Finasteride (for enlarged prostate or alopecia), Ketoconazole (for fungal or yeast infections), Spironolactone (for high blood pressure and heart failure), Thiazides (a class of diuretics), Phenothiazines (a class of first-generation antipsychotic medications), Theophylline (for asthma and COPD), Methotrexate (for rheumatoid arthritis and cancer), Imatinib (chemotherapy drug).

• #1 Gynecomastia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279105/

  The third age range in which gynecomastia is frequently seen is during older age (60 years). […] Pathologic gynecomastia is due to an increase in the circulating and/or local breast tissue ratio of estrogen to androgen. […] Increased estrogen levels will increase glandular proliferation by several mechanisms. […] Gynecomastia is seen rarely in hyperprolactinemia, possibly because of the low estrogen levels due to suppression of LH secretion. […] About 20% of gynecomastia is caused by medications or exogenous chemicals. […] Treatment of the underlying endocrinologic or systemic disease that has caused gynecomastia is appropriate when possible. […] If no pathologic etiology is detected, then appropriate treatment is close observation. […] If the gynecomastia has been present for more than six months, regression is unlikely because of the presence of less reversible fibrotic tissues.

• #1 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/enlarged-breasts-in-men-gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia (guy-nuh-koh-MAS-tee-uh) is an increase in the amount of breast gland tissue in boys or men. An imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone causes it. Gynecomastia can affect one or both breasts, sometimes unevenly. […] Most often, gynecomastia isn’t a serious problem. But it can be tough to cope with the condition. People with gynecomastia sometimes have pain in their breasts. And they may feel embarrassed. […] With gynecomastia, tissue inside the breast glands grows. This can cause female-appearing breasts. […] Gynecomastia symptoms can include: Pain, especially in teenagers. Swollen breast tissue. Tender breasts. Sensitive nipples when they rub against clothes. […] See a member of your health care team if you have: Swelling. Pain or tenderness. Fluid coming out of one or both breast nipples. This is called nipple discharge. A firm or hard lump. Dimpled skin on the breast.

• #1 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351799

  To find out if you have gynecomastia, a member of your health care team starts by asking you some questions. […] You’re also given a medical exam to check your breast tissue, stomach area and genitals. […] Gynecomastia often goes away over time without treatment. But if gynecomastia is caused by a medical condition, that condition may need treatment. […] Treatment may be needed if gynecomastia doesn’t get better on its own. Treatment also can help if the condition causes pain, tenderness or embarrassment. […] For people with gynecomastia, having enlarged breasts can be stressful and embarrassing. The condition can be hard to hide. […] Whatever your age, if you have gynecomastia, you might feel unhappy with your body. But you can take steps that may help you cope.

• #1 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics/print

  GYNECOMASTIA EVALUATION […] Gynecomastia should not be confused with pseudogynecomastia (also known as lipomastia), which occurs in overweight males whose breasts enlarge because of fat deposits. […] If you are a male with enlarged or tender breasts, your health care provider will perform an examination to determine whether the tissue in your breasts is fatty or glandular. Glandular tissue is designed to secrete substances, such as milk or hormones, and usually has a network of ducts that can be felt. […] If the provider has difficulty determining whether you have gynecomastia, he or she might recommend that you have a breast ultrasound or a mammogram, a specialized X-ray of the breast. […] Laboratory tests — A blood test might be ordered to measure the level of your blood testosterone and two pituitary hormones, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone. Sometimes, other hormones such as thyroid tests might be ordered. Blood tests are often not needed if the cause of the gynecomastia (eg, puberty, drugs) is identified.

• #1 Gynaecomastia: when and why to refer to specialist care | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/71/705/185

  Gynaecomastia is the commonest male breast complaint. Most cases are benign but the condition may signify a serious underlying illness. The challenge in primary care is to identify which patients with gynaecomastia are at greatest risk of pathological aetiology, so that they may be offered prompt specialty-appropriate referral and treatment. […] Gynaecomastia refers to the enlargement of male glandular breast tissue. The condition develops because of an imbalance in the male oestrogen:testosterone ratio from a relative oestrogen excess or testosterone deficiency. […] Adult gynaecomastia is most commonly idiopathic. Male breast enlargement may be indicative of an underlying systemic illness or malignancy. Gynaecomastia is associated with underlying health conditions including chronic renal failure, liver cirrhosis, thyrotoxicosis, malabsorptive states, and testicular infiltration.

• #1 Gynecomastia: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Surgery, & Self Care

  https://www.medicinenet.com/gynecomastia/article.htm

  Reduction mammoplasty (breast reduction surgery) has been used in severe cases of the condition, long-term gynecomastia, and in cases in which drug therapies have not been effective to help restore a normal breast appearance. […] Men with gynecomastia have about a fivefold greater risk of developing male breast cancer when compared with the general population. It is believed that gynecomastia itself is not a precancerous condition, but the hormonal changes (relative increase in estrogens, lower levels of androgens) that produce gynecomastia in adult men also increase their risk of developing breast cancer. […] Gynecomastia that occurs because of hormonal fluctuations with growth or aging cannot be prevented. Gynecomastia related to medical conditions can only be prevented to the extent that the underlying or responsible condition can be prevented.

• #1 Nursing Care Plan For Gynecomastia – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-gynecomastia/

  The nursing care plan for gynecomastia is a comprehensive and patient-centered approach designed to address the physical and psychological challenges faced by individuals with this condition. Gynecomastia is a benign enlargement of the male breast tissue, resulting in breast swelling and tenderness. This condition can cause distress and negatively impact a persons self-esteem and body image. […] The nursing care plan for gynecomastia aims to provide compassionate care, support, and education to individuals with gynecomastia. Through a thorough nursing assessment and the implementation of evidence-based interventions, healthcare providers can address the underlying causes of gynecomastia, manage symptoms, and promote the patients overall well-being. […] Nurses play a critical role in assessing the patients physical and emotional status, collaborating with the healthcare team, and developing tailored interventions to meet individual needs. This includes providing education about gynecomastia, potential triggers, and available treatment options.

• #1 Nursing Care Plan For Gynecomastia – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-gynecomastia/

  Interventions may include offering emotional support and counseling to individuals coping with body image concerns, implementing pain management strategies, and facilitating consultations with specialists such as endocrinologists or plastic surgeons. […] Gynecomastia can cause breast enlargement and altered physical appearance in males, leading to body image disturbances, decreased self-esteem, and emotional distress. […] Gynecomastia may cause breast tenderness and swelling, resulting in acute pain and discomfort for the patient. […] The diagnosis of gynecomastia and the associated changes in physical appearance can lead to anxiety and fear of social stigma or negative reactions from others. […] Individuals with gynecomastia may experience body image concerns and embarrassment, leading to a potential risk of social isolation and withdrawal from social interactions.

• #1 Nursing Care Plan For Gynecomastia – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-gynecomastia/

  Offer emotional support and reassurance to individuals with gynecomastia, addressing their body image concerns, and providing a safe space for expressing feelings and fears. […] Provide comprehensive education about gynecomastia, its benign nature, possible causes, and available treatment options to promote understanding and alleviate anxiety. […] Implement pain management strategies, such as the application of cold packs or pain medications, to relieve breast tenderness and discomfort. […] Promote open communication between the patient, their family, and the healthcare team to foster understanding and support. […] Teach coping techniques to help patients manage the emotional impact of gynecomastia, such as relaxation exercises, mindfulness, and positive affirmations. […] Facilitate consultations with endocrinologists, plastic surgeons, or other specialists to explore potential treatment options and discuss the suitability of surgery, if desired.

• #1 Nursing Care Plan For Gynecomastia – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-gynecomastia/

  Help patients develop positive body image through counseling, discussing self-acceptance, and encouraging focus on other positive aspects of themselves. […] Offer information and encourage participation in support groups or online communities where individuals with gynecomastia can share experiences and gain mutual support. […] Educate patients about medications that may be associated with gynecomastia, if applicable, and discuss potential alternatives with the healthcare provider. […] Encourage patients to engage in regular physical activity to maintain overall health and well-being. […] Emphasize the importance of self-care, including proper nutrition, hydration, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. […] The nursing care plan for gynecomastia emphasizes the importance of providing psychological support, educating patients and their families about gynecomastia, and implementing pain management strategies to alleviate breast tenderness and discomfort.

• #1 Nursing Care Plan For Gynecomastia – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-gynecomastia/

  Patients and their families may lack sufficient knowledge about gynecomastia, its underlying causes, available treatment options, and ways to cope with the condition. […] Gynecomastia can negatively impact self-esteem and self-perception, leading to feelings of inadequacy or low self-worth. […] Breast tenderness and discomfort associated with gynecomastia may disrupt the patients sleep pattern, leading to fatigue and impaired daytime functioning. […] The emotional distress caused by gynecomastia may challenge the patients coping mechanisms, potentially leading to maladaptive coping strategies. […] Breast tenderness and swelling due to gynecomastia may restrict the patients physical mobility and ability to engage in certain activities. […] Gynecomastia can lead to disturbed sexual identity and questions about masculinity due to changes in the male chest appearance.

• #1 Breast enlargement in males Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/symptoms/breast-enlargement-in-males

  For swollen breasts that are tender, applying cold compresses may help. […] Contact your provider if you have recent swelling, pain, or enlargement in one or both breasts. […] Often no treatment is needed. Breast growth in newborns and young boys often goes away on its own. […] Treatments that may be used in this situation are hormone treatment that blocks the effects of estrogens and breast reduction surgery to remove the breast tissue.

• #1 Gynecomastia – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/gynecomastia.html

  Gynecomastia is enlarged breast tissue or glands in men or boys. The enlargement is from an imbalance between testosterone (male hormone) and estrogen (female hormone). One or both breasts may be affected. Gynecomastia may be a sign of a serious disease that needs to be treated. […] Symptoms in babies and teenagers may go away without treatment. Your provider may treat any medical condition or change any medicine that caused your gynecomastia. You may need medicines to help balance your hormone levels or to decrease pain. Surgery may be used to reduce breast tissue if other treatments do not work. […] A cold compress may help relieve pain or soreness. Use an ice pack, or put crushed ice in a plastic bag. Cover it with a towel and apply it to your breasts as often and for as long as directed.

• #1 Gynecomastia Treatment, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Causes

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/gynecomastia/article_em.htm

  Gynocomastia is an enlargement of breast tissue in males as the result of an imbanalce of the hormones in the body, with somewhat of an excess of female horomones called estrogens, when comparted to male hormones calld androgens. Gynecomastia is common in men and boys at various stages of development and in association with certain medical conditions. […] Enlarged male breasts is the primary symptom of gynecomastia. Other signs and symptoms are rubbery or firm nipples, tenderness, sensitivity, but typically, the condition is painless. […] Gynecomastia is usually diagnosed by a physical examination. The presence of breast tissue greater than 0.5 cm in diameter is characteristic of gynecomastia. […] A variety of chest compression garments and vests are available to help minimize discomfort and/or improve cosmetic appearance if desired.

• #1 Gynaecomastia: when and why to refer to specialist care

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8007267/

  Referral to medical endocrinology is advised in the presence of abnormal endocrine (hormonal) blood results. […] Patients with physiological gynaecomastia or pseudo-gynaecomastia may be safely reassured and given advice on maintaining a healthy body mass index. […] Drug-induced gynaecomastia may be managed through stopping the causal precipitant or trying an alternative medication. […] Medical management may be trialled in patients with rapid-onset, non-pathological gynaecomastia. […] The impact of gynaecomastia on patients social and personal wellbeing should not be underestimated. Understanding patients concerns can help to direct communication and management. […] Surgery should be considered in select patients with significant pain or profound psychological distress, where gynaecomastia does not resolve spontaneously or respond to medical treatment. […] Gynaecomastia is the commonest male breast complaint encountered in primary care. Careful history and physical examination are warranted to differentiate benign breast enlargement from serious underlying systemic disease or malignancy.

• #1 Male Breast Reduction | UPMC Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Center

  https://www.upmc.com/services/plastic-surgery/services/aesthetic/our-services/breast-procedures/male-breast-reduction

  Your surgeon will check for masses in the chest, and possibly in the testicles. […] Your plastic surgeon will give you detailed instructions on how to get ready for surgery. […] Plastic surgeons usually do male breast reductions in a hospital as outpatient surgery. […] Doctors can use local anesthesia with IV sedation or general anesthesia. […] Your plastic surgeon will decide what technique to use based on your: Breast anatomy. […] Larger male breast reductions may leave a scar across the entire chest. […] When the procedure is complete, your care team will: Apply dressings to the incisions. […] Following their instructions are vital to the procedure’s success and your healing. […] The results of gynecomastia surgery will be long-lasting. […] Your new chest size should help relieve the physical and emotional issues you may have had before the reduction. […] Your chest generally will have a better shape and be more proportional to your physique.

• #1

  https://umiamihealth.org/en/treatments-and-services/plastic-surgery/gynecomastia

  You may be a candidate for gynecomastia surgery if you are a man who has completed puberty and still have enlarged breasts. […] Breast reduction surgery is an outpatient procedure, so youll be able to go home after your surgery is complete. […] During the surgery, your doctor will use liposuction to remove excess fat in your breasts. […] You will need someone to drive you home and care for you after your procedure. […] To help your chest heal, youll need to wear a compression garment for about 4-6 weeks to hold remaining breast tissue in place.

• #1 Gynecomastia: Male Breast Enlargement | Istanbul Med Assist

  https://www.istanbulmedassist.com/blog/gynecomastia-male-breasts-causes-symptoms-surgery/

  The recovery process from Gynecomastia surgery (male breast reduction/lift) can vary significantly from individual to individual. Each patient is unique regarding their body’s natural recovery response and pain tolerance. The type of surgical technique used, and the amount of excess tissue that needs to be removed will also affect recovery time. With that said, the typical recovery time for gynecomastia surgery is 4-6 weeks. […] Most patients will experience moderate pain following their procedure. Especially within the first 2-3 days following the surgery. Pain severity will differ based on each man’s pain tolerance and the extent of the surgery. Pain can be managed through medications. […] Scarring along the incision areas is possible depending on the surgical technique and the extent of tissue being worked on. However, a skilled plastic surgeon will place the incision in low-visibility areas. Additionally, treating the area with topical scar-lightening creams can help heal and minimize the appearance of scarring. Other laser-based scar treatments are available to address more significant, visible scars.

• #1 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics/print

  GYNECOMASTIA TREATMENT […] The best treatment for gynecomastia depends upon its cause, duration, and severity and whether it causes pain or discomfort. […] Adolescents — Because pubertal gynecomastia usually goes away on its own, treatment is not usually recommended initially. Instead, the provider will watch for changes in size for several months. In most cases, pubertal gynecomastia resolves during that time. […] For males with severe gynecomastia that is causing substantial tenderness or embarrassment, a short course of a drug called tamoxifen (sample brand name: Nolvadex) or raloxifene (brand name: Evista) may be recommended. These drugs block the effects of estrogen in the body and can reduce the size of the breasts somewhat. However, neither of these drugs is approved in the United States for the treatment of gynecomastia. Drugs may be prescribed without US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, although the risks and benefits have not been studied completely.

• #1 Gynecomastia: What It Is, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/16227-enlarged-male-breast-tissue-gynecomastia

  If an underlying condition is the cause, like a tumor or hypogonadism, treatment for the condition may also treat gynecomastia. […] Some people choose to get surgery for gynecomastia (male breast reduction) to remove excess breast tissue. […] For newborns and adolescents, gynecomastia is usually temporary it goes away once your hormones rebalance. […] If you have gynecomastia due to obesity (pseudogynecomastia), weight loss may decrease it. […] If gynecomastia is causing you distress and/or you have other new symptoms, talk to your healthcare provider. […] If you feel uncomfortable about the look and size of your breasts (chest), reach out to your healthcare provider.

• #1 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics

  Gynecomastia is a common complication of hormonal treatment for prostate cancer (androgen deprivation therapy or antiandrogen monotherapy). However, there are treatment options available to prevent the development of gynecomastia, including tamoxifen and radiation therapy. […] Tamoxifen can be taken along with the hormonal anti-prostate cancer treatment (androgen deprivation or antiandrogen monotherapy). Tamoxifen must be taken every day for the duration of antiandrogen treatment. […] For males with idiopathic gynecomastia that causes discomfort and lasts more than three months, a short course (three to six months) of tamoxifen or raloxifene may be recommended. […] For males with severe gynecomastia that is causing substantial tenderness or embarrassment, a short course of a drug called tamoxifen may be recommended.

• #1 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics/print

  Adult males — Treatment is not usually recommended in adult males whose gynecomastia is likely to be caused by an underlying health problem or by drugs. In these males, treating the underlying condition or stopping the problematic drug usually allows the gynecomastia to resolve. […] For males with idiopathic gynecomastia that causes discomfort and lasts more than three months, a short course (three to six months) of tamoxifen or raloxifene may be recommended. […] Prostate cancer patients — Gynecomastia is a common complication of hormonal treatment for prostate cancer (androgen deprivation therapy or antiandrogen monotherapy). However, there are treatment options available to prevent the development of gynecomastia, including tamoxifen and radiation therapy. […] Tamoxifen — Tamoxifen can be taken along with the hormonal anti-prostate cancer treatment (androgen deprivation or antiandrogen monotherapy). Tamoxifen must be taken every day for the duration of antiandrogen treatment. In one study, only 8 percent of males who took an antiandrogen plus tamoxifen developed gynecomastia (compared with 68 percent of males who took the antiandrogen alone).

• #1 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics/print

  Tamoxifen may also be given to males who develop gynecomastia while taking antiandrogens. […] Radiation therapy — Treating the breasts with radiation before antiandrogen treatment begins can prevent gynecomastia in some males. Radiation treatment is usually delivered in one to three sessions (similar to having an X-ray). In the study above, 34 percent of males who had radiation treatment before antiandrogen therapy developed gynecomastia. […] Gynecomastia that has already developed can be treated with higher radiation doses and may improve pain. However, when given after breasts have already developed, radiation is not very effective at reducing breast size. […] Surgery — Although tamoxifen and raloxifene are effective for males who have had enlarged breasts for a few months, the drug is not effective in males whose breast tissue is not tender or who have had the condition for more than one year. For these males, surgery is an option to reduce the size of the breasts. For adolescents, surgery is generally not recommended until puberty is completed; there might be regrowth of the breast tissue if the surgery is performed before puberty is completed.

• #1 Gynecomastia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynecomastia

  If chronic gynecomastia does not respond to medical treatment, surgical removal of glandular breast tissue is usually required. […] Surgical treatment should be considered if the gynecomastia persists for more than 12 months, causes distress (i.e. physical discomfort or psychological distress), and is in the fibrotic stage.

• #1 Gynecomastia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Breast Surgery

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-treatment

  Generally, no treatment is required for physiologic gynecomastia. Pubertal gynecomastia resolves spontaneously within several weeks to 3 years in approximately 90% of patients. Breasts greater than 4 cm in diameter may not completely regress. […] Identifying and managing an underlying primary disorder often alleviates breast enlargement. If hypogonadism (primary or secondary) is the cause of gynecomastia, parenteral or transdermal testosterone replacement therapy is instituted. However, testosterone does have the potential to exacerbate gynecomastia through the aromatization of the exogenous hormone into estradiol. […] For patients with idiopathic gynecomastia or with residual gynecomastia after treatment of the primary cause, medical or surgical treatment may be considered. […] A major factor that should influence the initial choice of therapy for gynecomastia is the conditions duration. It is unlikely that any medical therapy will result in significant regression in the late fibrotic stage (a duration of 12 months or longer) of gynecomastia. As a result, medical therapies, if used, should be tried early in the condition’s course.

• #1 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/enlarged-breasts-in-men-gynecomastia

  Treatment may be needed if gynecomastia doesn’t get better on its own. Treatment also can help if the condition causes pain, tenderness or embarrassment. […] You may still have enlarged breasts after waiting for gynecomastia to go away on its own or after taking medicine for it. If your appearance or other symptoms bother you, surgery may be a treatment choice: Two gynecomastia surgery options are: Liposuction. This surgery removes breast fat but not the breast gland tissue itself. Mastectomy. This type of surgery removes the breast gland tissue.

• #1 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics/print

  The extent of surgery depends upon the severity of the breast enlargement and whether there is also excess fatty tissue. Many males are treated with a combination of surgical removal of the glandular tissue and liposuction. […] More extensive cosmetic surgery, including partial surgical removal of the breast skin, is required for males with more severe breast enlargement or those who have excessive sagging of the breast tissue that might occur after weight loss. […] SUMMARY […] Gynecomastia in adolescent males is usually caused by puberty-related hormonal changes. Pubertal gynecomastia usually resolves on its own, but the condition persists into adulthood in up to 20 percent of individuals. In extreme or painful cases, a brief course of tamoxifen might be recommended. […] Gynecomastia in adult males may be caused by an underlying health problem or by the use of a drug. In such cases, treating the underlying condition or stopping the drug usually allows gynecomastia to resolve. When the cause of gynecomastia cannot be identified, brief use of tamoxifen may be recommended.

• #1 Gynecomastia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Breast Surgery

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-treatment

  Reduction mammoplasty is considered for patients with macromastia or long-standing gynecomastia or in persons in whom medical therapy has failed. It is also considered for cosmetic reasons (and for accompanying psychosocial reasons). […] More extensive plastic surgery may be required in patients with marked gynecomastia or who have developed excessive sagging of the breast tissue due to weight loss. If surgery is necessary for patients with pseudogynecomastia, liposuction may be warranted. […] Complications of surgery include sloughing of tissue due to a compromised blood supply, contour irregularity, hematoma or seroma formation, and permanent numbness in the nipple-areolar area.

• #1 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics

  Gynecomastia is a condition in which the glandular tissue in the breasts becomes enlarged in males, sometimes causing discomfort or nipple tenderness. It is usually the result of a hormonal imbalance and typically occurs during infancy, adolescence, or mid to late life. […] Gynecomastia must be distinguished from the breast enlargement due to fat deposits seen in overweight males. The condition often goes away on its own, but treatments are available for severe or persistent cases. When gynecomastia is the result of an underlying health problem, treatment of that problem usually improves the gynecomastia as well. […] Gynecomastia occurs in up to 75 percent of males who take drugs called antiandrogens to treat prostate cancer. While these males might not be able to stop or substitute their prostate cancer treatment, they might be able to take steps to prevent gynecomastia.

• #1 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics

  Gynecomastia that has already developed can be treated with higher radiation doses and may improve pain. However, when given after breasts have already developed, radiation is not very effective at reducing breast size. […] For these males, surgery is an option to reduce the size of the breasts. For adolescents, surgery is generally not recommended until puberty is completed; there might be regrowth of the breast tissue if the surgery is performed before puberty is completed.

• #1 Nursing Care Plan For Gynecomastia – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-gynecomastia/

  By fostering a therapeutic and empathetic relationship with the patient, nurses play a crucial role in addressing body image disturbances and promoting self-acceptance. […] Education about gynecomastia, its benign nature, potential causes, and available treatment options is an integral part of the nursing care plan. Empowering patients with knowledge enables them to make informed decisions about their care and reduces anxiety related to the condition. […] The nursing interventions include facilitating consultations with specialists, encouraging participation in support groups, and teaching coping strategies to help patients manage the emotional impact of gynecomastia. […] By collaborating with the healthcare team and implementing evidence-based interventions, nurses strive to enhance the overall well-being of individuals with gynecomastia.

• #1 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/enlarged-breasts-in-men-gynecomastia?content_id=CON-20164022

  For people with gynecomastia, having enlarged breasts can be stressful and embarrassing. The condition can be hard to hide. […] Talk therapy can help you manage anxiety or depression caused by gynecomastia. It also can help you talk with your partner or family members, so they understand what you’re going through.

• #1 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/enlarged-breasts-in-men-gynecomastia/

  Gynecomastia (guy-nuh-koh-MAS-tee-uh) is an increase in the amount of breast gland tissue in boys or men, caused by an imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone. Gynecomastia can affect one or both breasts, sometimes unevenly. […] Generally, gynecomastia isn’t a serious problem, but it can be tough to cope with the condition. Men and boys with gynecomastia sometimes have pain in their breasts and may feel embarrassed. […] Gynecomastia may go away on its own. If it persists, medication or surgery may help. […] Gynecomastia has few physical complications, but it can cause psychological or emotional problems caused by appearance. […] Treatment may be necessary if gynecomastia doesn’t improve on its own or if it causes significant pain, tenderness or embarrassment. […] For men, enlarged breasts can be stressful and embarrassing. Gynecomastia can be difficult to hide and a challenge to romantic relationships. During puberty, gynecomastia can make boys a target for teasing from peers. It can make activities such as swimming or changing in the locker room traumatic.

• #1 Gynecomastia: Types, Symptoms & Prevention | Medanta

  https://www.medanta.org/patient-education-blog/understanding-gynecomastia-types-symptoms-and-prevention

  Some men feel tenderness or slight pain in the involved area. The chest might feel sore, especially if touched or pressed. […] As breast tissue grows, some men will experience the skin stretching, which can be painful. […] Certain gynecomastia cases are uncontrollable, such as puberty or ageing. However, there are many lifestyle changes that you can take to minimise the risk of incurring the condition. […] Obesity is one of the leading risk factors for gynecomastia. Excess fat increases oestrogen levels, which can stimulate breast tissue growth. […] If muscle-building supplements or testosterone boosters are used, they should be taken under medical supervision to avoid unwanted side effects. […] Alcohol, especially when consumed in large amounts, harms the liver, which in turn results in high oestrogen levels. […] If you have developed any unexplained breast enlargement, consult a doctor to test your hormone levels.

• #1 Gynecomastia | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/gynecomastia

  Full recovery from gynecomastia surgery typically takes four to six weeks. Most patients return to school and light activity about a week after surgery. Your child’s care team will work closely with you and your child to navigate the best recovery plan. […] The Adolescent Breast Center at Boston Children’s Hospital is one of the first in the country dedicated exclusively to evaluating and treating breast disorders and conditions in children, teens, and young adults through surgical and non-surgical treatments.

• #1

  https://www.plasticsurgery.org/news/blog/what-men-need-to-know-before-having-gynecomastia-surgery

  In patients who only need liposuction to correct their enlarged male breasts, return to exercise and work is typically less than one week. […] For patients who need surgical removal of the excess breast tissue, it can take between two to four weeks to heal enough to tolerate routine activities. […] Common complications include bruising, bleeding, fluid collections, contour irregularities, loss of nipple skin, visible scarring, numbness of the nipples, inverted nipples, loose breast skin and asymmetries.

• #2 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351793

  Gynecomastia can happen when the amount of testosterone in the body drops compared with estrogen. […] Estrogen levels that are too high or are out of balance with testosterone levels can cause gynecomastia. […] Gynecomastia caused by hormone changes during puberty is somewhat common. Most of the time, the swollen breast tissue goes away without treatment within 6 months to 2 years. […] About 24% to 65% of men ages 50 to 80 get gynecomastia. But most adults with the condition have no symptoms. […] Certain health conditions that affect the balance of hormones can either cause or be linked with gynecomastia. […] Gynecomastia has few physical complications. But it may lead to mental health concerns due to changes in how the chest looks. […] Several factors within your control may lower the risk of gynecomastia: Don’t use drugs. Examples include anabolic steroids, amphetamines, heroin and marijuana. Limit or stay away from alcohol. It helps not to drink alcohol. If you do drink, do so in moderation. That means no more than two drinks a day for men.

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