Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21214-coronavirus-covid-19

  COVID-19 is an illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. […] COVID-19 is a respiratory illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, a type of coronavirus. […] But in 2019, a new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, started infecting humans and causing severe illness. […] SARS-CoV-2 virus causes COVID. Its a type of coronavirus, a group of viruses that also cause common colds. […] COVID spreads through respiratory droplets. […] COVID can cause serious complications, even if you dont feel very sick. […] Making sure youre up to date with a current COVID vaccine is the best way to reduce your risk of getting sick with COVID and reduce your risk of severe illness if you do get sick. […] Vaccinations and antiviral medications can help reduce your risk of severe illness.

• #2 About COVID-19 | COVID-19 | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/covid/about/index.html

  COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. […] COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is a disease caused by a virus named SARS-CoV-2. It can be very contagious and spreads quickly.

• #3 Factsheet for health professionals on COVID-19

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/infectious-disease-topics/z-disease-list/covid-19/factsheet-covid-19

  COVID-19 disease is caused by a virus of the coronavirus family, SARS-CoV-2, in the order of nidovirales. Like SARS-COV-1, SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the betacoronavirus genus and sarbecovirus sub-genus. […] SARS-CoV-2 evolves and adapts itself through mutation. While most emerging mutations have no significant impact on the spread of the virus, some mutations or combinations of mutations provide the virus with a selective advantage, e.g. increased transmissibility or the ability to evade the host immune response. In such cases, these mutations or combinations of mutations (also called variations) can increase the risk to human health, and the virus strains (or variants) that carry those mutations are classified as variants of concern (VOCs). […] Some patients may experience long-term symptoms with unclear aetiology, referred to as Post-COVID-19 condition (and sometimes as Long COVID). This has been defined as the condition that occurs in individuals with a history of probable or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, usually three months from the onset of COVID-19, with symptoms that last for at least two months and cannot be explained by an alternative diagnosis.

• #4 COVID-19 Pandemic: Epidemiology, Etiology, Conventional and Non-Conventional Therapies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662254/

  Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which reported in an outbreak in 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The virus belongs to the beta-coronavirus class, along with the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus. […] The actual mechanism used by the COVID-19 virus to induce disease is still speculative. […] The entry of the virus into the cell of the host organism is determined by the S protein found on the virus. […] The envelope S is constituted of glycoprotein binds to a specific receptor: CD209L (L-SIGN also called C-type lectin) for SARS coronavirus, ACE2 for SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, and DPP4 for MERS coronavirus. […] Comprehensive information on whether the 2019 nCoV causes disease in humans by the interaction of ACE-2 and its S-protein, how this interaction could serve as a means of disease transmission in humans, and how the virus causes damages to organs in patients remain unclear; thus, more detailed researches are necessitated.

• #5 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a previously unknown betacoronavirus that was discovered in bronchoalveolar lavage samples taken from clusters of patients who presented with pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019. […] A majority of patients in the initial stages of this outbreak reported a link to the Huanan South China Seafood Market, a live animal or „wet” market, suggesting a zoonotic origin of the virus. […] A zoonotic origin has still not been confirmed. Some studies suggested that SARS-CoV-2 may be a recombinant virus between a bat coronavirus and an origin-unknown coronavirus, with pangolins and minks suggested as possible intermediate hosts. However, there is currently no evidence to demonstrate the possible route of transmission from a bat reservoir to humans through one or several intermediary animal species.

• #6 COVID-19 Pandemic: Epidemiology, Etiology, Conventional and Non-Conventional Therapies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662254/

  Complete viral genome analysis reveals that the virus shares 88% sequence identity with two bat-derived severe acute respiratory syndromes (SARS)-like coronaviruses, but is more distant from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). […] Hence, it was temporarily called 2019-novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). […] Based on current data, it seems that bats might initially host COVID-19, which might have been transmitted to humans via pangolin or other wild animals sold at the Huanan seafood market, with subsequent spread via human-to-human transmission.

• #7 Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it

  https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it

  Official names have been announced for the virus responsible for COVID-19 (previously known as 2019 novel coronavirus) and the disease it causes. The official names are: coronavirus disease (COVID-19) […] severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). ICTV announced severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as the name of the new virus on 11 February 2020. This name was chosen because the virus is genetically related to the coronavirus responsible for the SARS outbreak of 2003. […] WHO announced COVID-19 as the name of this new disease on 11 February 2020.

• #8 Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-020-00646-x

  It appears that most of the early cases had some sort of contact history with the original seafood market. […] However, later cases were reported among medical staff and others with no history of exposure to that market or visiting Wuhan, which was taken as an indication of human-to-human transmission. […] The latest guidelines from Chinese health authorities described three main transmission routes for the COVID-19: 1) droplets transmission, 2) contact transmission, and 3) aerosol transmission. […] Coronaviruses are enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses that are zoonotic in nature and cause symptoms ranging from those similar to the common cold to more severe respiratory, enteric, hepatic, and neurological symptoms. […] Studies also reported that COVID-19S-protein supported strong interaction with human ACE2 molecules despite the dissimilarity of its sequence with that of SARS-CoV.

• #9 SARS-CoV-2 – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2

  SARS-CoV-2 is a strain of coronavirus that causes COVID-19, the respiratory illness responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. […] SARS-CoV-2 is of zoonotic origin; its close genetic similarity to bat coronaviruses suggests it emerged from such a bat-borne virus. […] Research is ongoing as to whether SARS-CoV-2 came directly from bats or indirectly through any intermediate hosts. […] The virus shows little genetic diversity, indicating that the spillover event introducing SARS-CoV-2 to humans is likely to have occurred in late 2019. […] SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that is contagious in humans. […] The original source of viral transmission to humans remains unclear, as does whether the virus became pathogenic before or after the spillover event. […] A March 2021 WHO-convened report stated that human spillover via an intermediate animal host was the most likely explanation, with direct spillover from bats next most likely.

• #10 COVID-19 Pandemic: Epidemiology, Etiology, Conventional and Non-Conventional Therapies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662254/

  Complete viral genome analysis reveals that the virus shares 88% sequence identity with two bat-derived severe acute respiratory syndromes (SARS)-like coronaviruses, but is more distant from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). […] Hence, it was temporarily called 2019-novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). […] Based on current data, it seems that bats might initially host COVID-19, which might have been transmitted to humans via pangolin or other wild animals sold at the Huanan seafood market, with subsequent spread via human-to-human transmission.

• #11 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20479963

  COVID-19, also called coronavirus disease 2019, is an illness caused by a virus. The virus is called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or more commonly, SARS-CoV-2. […] COVID-19 is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, also called SARS-CoV-2. […] The coronavirus spreads mainly from person to person, even from someone who is infected but has no symptoms. When people with COVID-19 cough, sneeze, breathe, sing or talk, their breath may be infected with the COVID-19 virus. […] The virus that causes COVID-19 can infect some pets. Cats, dogs, hamsters and ferrets have caught this coronavirus and had symptoms. It’s rare for a person to get COVID-19 from a pet. […] It’s possible to get COVID-19 more than once. […] Over time, the body’s defense against the COVID-19 virus can fade.

• #12 Factsheet for health professionals on COVID-19

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/infectious-disease-topics/z-disease-list/covid-19/factsheet-covid-19

  COVID-19 disease is caused by a virus of the coronavirus family, SARS-CoV-2, in the order of nidovirales. Like SARS-COV-1, SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the betacoronavirus genus and sarbecovirus sub-genus. […] SARS-CoV-2 evolves and adapts itself through mutation. While most emerging mutations have no significant impact on the spread of the virus, some mutations or combinations of mutations provide the virus with a selective advantage, e.g. increased transmissibility or the ability to evade the host immune response. In such cases, these mutations or combinations of mutations (also called variations) can increase the risk to human health, and the virus strains (or variants) that carry those mutations are classified as variants of concern (VOCs). […] Some patients may experience long-term symptoms with unclear aetiology, referred to as Post-COVID-19 condition (and sometimes as Long COVID). This has been defined as the condition that occurs in individuals with a history of probable or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, usually three months from the onset of COVID-19, with symptoms that last for at least two months and cannot be explained by an alternative diagnosis.

• #13 COVID-19 Pandemic: Epidemiology, Etiology, Conventional and Non-Conventional Therapies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662254/

  Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which reported in an outbreak in 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The virus belongs to the beta-coronavirus class, along with the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus. […] The actual mechanism used by the COVID-19 virus to induce disease is still speculative. […] The entry of the virus into the cell of the host organism is determined by the S protein found on the virus. […] The envelope S is constituted of glycoprotein binds to a specific receptor: CD209L (L-SIGN also called C-type lectin) for SARS coronavirus, ACE2 for SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, and DPP4 for MERS coronavirus. […] Comprehensive information on whether the 2019 nCoV causes disease in humans by the interaction of ACE-2 and its S-protein, how this interaction could serve as a means of disease transmission in humans, and how the virus causes damages to organs in patients remain unclear; thus, more detailed researches are necessitated.

• #14 Scripps Research on Facebook

  https://www.scripps.edu/covid-19/science-simplified/parts-of-a-coronavirus/

  The coronavirus at the root of COVID-19 is the newest known member of this family. And like other coronaviruses that infect people, the new coronavirus causes respiratory disease, among other symptoms. […] The spike proteins act as grappling hooks that allow the virus to latch onto host cells and crack them open for infection. Like all viruses, coronaviruses are unable to thrive and reproduce outside of a living host.

• #15 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology

  The exact pathophysiology remains unknown, partly due to the scarcity of postmortem studies. […] SARS-CoV-2 attaches to the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor on target host cells, followed by internalization and replication of the virus. […] The virus uses host transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) for viral spike protein priming and fusion of viral and host cell membranes. […] SARS-CoV-2 variants may be more transmissible, at least in part, due to enhanced spike protein binding affinity for the ACE2 receptor.

• #16 COVID-19 Pandemic: Epidemiology, Etiology, Conventional and Non-Conventional Therapies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662254/

  Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which reported in an outbreak in 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The virus belongs to the beta-coronavirus class, along with the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus. […] The actual mechanism used by the COVID-19 virus to induce disease is still speculative. […] The entry of the virus into the cell of the host organism is determined by the S protein found on the virus. […] The envelope S is constituted of glycoprotein binds to a specific receptor: CD209L (L-SIGN also called C-type lectin) for SARS coronavirus, ACE2 for SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, and DPP4 for MERS coronavirus. […] Comprehensive information on whether the 2019 nCoV causes disease in humans by the interaction of ACE-2 and its S-protein, how this interaction could serve as a means of disease transmission in humans, and how the virus causes damages to organs in patients remain unclear; thus, more detailed researches are necessitated.

• #17 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology

  The exact pathophysiology remains unknown, partly due to the scarcity of postmortem studies. […] SARS-CoV-2 attaches to the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor on target host cells, followed by internalization and replication of the virus. […] The virus uses host transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) for viral spike protein priming and fusion of viral and host cell membranes. […] SARS-CoV-2 variants may be more transmissible, at least in part, due to enhanced spike protein binding affinity for the ACE2 receptor.

• #18 COVID-19 – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19

  COVID-19 is caused by infection with a strain of coronavirus known as „severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2” (SARS-CoV-2. […] Most scientists believe that the SARS-CoV-2 virus entered into human populations through natural zoonosis, similar to the SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV outbreaks, and consistent with other pandemics in human history. […] Social and environmental factors including climate change, natural ecosystem destruction and wildlife trade increased the likelihood of such zoonotic spillover. […] Available evidence suggests that the SARS-CoV-2 virus was originally harboured by bats, and spread to humans multiple times from infected wild animals at the Huanan Seafood Market in Wuhan in December 2019. […] The virus is thought to be of natural animal origin, most likely through spillover infection.

• #19 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a previously unknown betacoronavirus that was discovered in bronchoalveolar lavage samples taken from clusters of patients who presented with pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019. […] A majority of patients in the initial stages of this outbreak reported a link to the Huanan South China Seafood Market, a live animal or „wet” market, suggesting a zoonotic origin of the virus. […] A zoonotic origin has still not been confirmed. Some studies suggested that SARS-CoV-2 may be a recombinant virus between a bat coronavirus and an origin-unknown coronavirus, with pangolins and minks suggested as possible intermediate hosts. However, there is currently no evidence to demonstrate the possible route of transmission from a bat reservoir to humans through one or several intermediary animal species.

• #20 Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/

  Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). […] SARS-CoV-2 is a novel betaCoV belonging to the same subgenus as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which have been previously implicated in SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV epidemics with mortality rates up to 10% and 35%, respectively. […] Although the origin of SARS-CoV-2 is currently unknown, it is widely postulated to have a zoonotic transmission. […] Genomic analyses suggest that SARS-CoV-2 probably evolved from a strain found in bats. […] The genomic comparison between the human SARS-CoV-2 sequence and known animal coronaviruses revealed high homology (96%) between the SARS-CoV-2 and the betaCoV RaTG13 of bats.

• #21 SARS-CoV-2 – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2

  SARS-CoV-2 is a strain of coronavirus that causes COVID-19, the respiratory illness responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. […] SARS-CoV-2 is of zoonotic origin; its close genetic similarity to bat coronaviruses suggests it emerged from such a bat-borne virus. […] Research is ongoing as to whether SARS-CoV-2 came directly from bats or indirectly through any intermediate hosts. […] The virus shows little genetic diversity, indicating that the spillover event introducing SARS-CoV-2 to humans is likely to have occurred in late 2019. […] SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that is contagious in humans. […] The original source of viral transmission to humans remains unclear, as does whether the virus became pathogenic before or after the spillover event. […] A March 2021 WHO-convened report stated that human spillover via an intermediate animal host was the most likely explanation, with direct spillover from bats next most likely.

• #22 Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/

  Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). […] SARS-CoV-2 is a novel betaCoV belonging to the same subgenus as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which have been previously implicated in SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV epidemics with mortality rates up to 10% and 35%, respectively. […] Although the origin of SARS-CoV-2 is currently unknown, it is widely postulated to have a zoonotic transmission. […] Genomic analyses suggest that SARS-CoV-2 probably evolved from a strain found in bats. […] The genomic comparison between the human SARS-CoV-2 sequence and known animal coronaviruses revealed high homology (96%) between the SARS-CoV-2 and the betaCoV RaTG13 of bats.

• #23 COVID-19 Pandemic: Epidemiology, Etiology, Conventional and Non-Conventional Therapies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662254/

  Complete viral genome analysis reveals that the virus shares 88% sequence identity with two bat-derived severe acute respiratory syndromes (SARS)-like coronaviruses, but is more distant from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). […] Hence, it was temporarily called 2019-novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). […] Based on current data, it seems that bats might initially host COVID-19, which might have been transmitted to humans via pangolin or other wild animals sold at the Huanan seafood market, with subsequent spread via human-to-human transmission.

• #24 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a previously unknown betacoronavirus that was discovered in bronchoalveolar lavage samples taken from clusters of patients who presented with pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019. […] A majority of patients in the initial stages of this outbreak reported a link to the Huanan South China Seafood Market, a live animal or „wet” market, suggesting a zoonotic origin of the virus. […] A zoonotic origin has still not been confirmed. Some studies suggested that SARS-CoV-2 may be a recombinant virus between a bat coronavirus and an origin-unknown coronavirus, with pangolins and minks suggested as possible intermediate hosts. However, there is currently no evidence to demonstrate the possible route of transmission from a bat reservoir to humans through one or several intermediary animal species.

• #25 5 years after it appeared, things we know and still don’t know about COVID | PBS News

  https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/5-years-after-it-appeared-things-we-know-and-still-dont-know-about-covid

  Five years ago, a cluster of people in Wuhan, China, fell sick with a virus never before seen in the world. […] The virus is still with us, though humanity has built up immunity through vaccinations and infections. […] Scientists think the most likely scenario is that it circulated in bats, like many coronaviruses. They think it then infected another species, probably racoon dogs, civet cats or bamboo rats, which in turn infected humans handling or butchering those animals at a market in Wuhan, where the first human cases appeared in late November 2019. […] But this theory has not been proven for the virus that causes COVID-19. […] The true origin of the pandemic may not be known for many years if ever. […] Probably more than 20 million. The World Health Organization has said member countries reported more than 7 million deaths from COVID-19 but the true death toll is estimated to be at least three times higher.

• #26 COVID-19 Pandemic: Epidemiology, Etiology, Conventional and Non-Conventional Therapies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662254/

  Complete viral genome analysis reveals that the virus shares 88% sequence identity with two bat-derived severe acute respiratory syndromes (SARS)-like coronaviruses, but is more distant from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). […] Hence, it was temporarily called 2019-novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). […] Based on current data, it seems that bats might initially host COVID-19, which might have been transmitted to humans via pangolin or other wild animals sold at the Huanan seafood market, with subsequent spread via human-to-human transmission.

• #27 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a previously unknown betacoronavirus that was discovered in bronchoalveolar lavage samples taken from clusters of patients who presented with pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019. […] A majority of patients in the initial stages of this outbreak reported a link to the Huanan South China Seafood Market, a live animal or „wet” market, suggesting a zoonotic origin of the virus. […] A zoonotic origin has still not been confirmed. Some studies suggested that SARS-CoV-2 may be a recombinant virus between a bat coronavirus and an origin-unknown coronavirus, with pangolins and minks suggested as possible intermediate hosts. However, there is currently no evidence to demonstrate the possible route of transmission from a bat reservoir to humans through one or several intermediary animal species.

• #28 Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-020-00646-x

  The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been identified as the cause of an outbreak of respiratory illness in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China beginning in December 2019. […] Studies thus far have shown that the virus origination is in connection to a seafood market in Wuhan, but specific animal associations have not been confirmed. […] The COVID-19 has been found to have higher levels of transmissibility and pandemic risk than the SARS-CoV, as the effective reproductive number (R) of COVID-19 (2.9) is estimated to be higher than the reported effective reproduction number (R) of SARS (1.77) at this early stage. […] To detect the infection source of COVID-19, China CDC researchers collected 585 environmental samples from the Huanan Seafood Market in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China on 1 January and 12 January 2020. They detected 33 samples containing SARS-CoV-2 and indicated that it originated from wild animals sold in the market.

• #29 5 years after it appeared, things we know and still don’t know about COVID | PBS News

  https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/5-years-after-it-appeared-things-we-know-and-still-dont-know-about-covid

  Five years ago, a cluster of people in Wuhan, China, fell sick with a virus never before seen in the world. […] The virus is still with us, though humanity has built up immunity through vaccinations and infections. […] Scientists think the most likely scenario is that it circulated in bats, like many coronaviruses. They think it then infected another species, probably racoon dogs, civet cats or bamboo rats, which in turn infected humans handling or butchering those animals at a market in Wuhan, where the first human cases appeared in late November 2019. […] But this theory has not been proven for the virus that causes COVID-19. […] The true origin of the pandemic may not be known for many years if ever. […] Probably more than 20 million. The World Health Organization has said member countries reported more than 7 million deaths from COVID-19 but the true death toll is estimated to be at least three times higher.

• #30 COVID-19: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/covid-19-sars-cov-2-virus

  The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, discovered in December 2019 in the province of Wuhan in China, is responsible for COVID-19. […] COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is an infectious respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus in the coronavirus family which emerged in China in late 2019. […] Scientists consider that this „zoonotic” hypothesis is the most likely explanation for the origins of SARS-CoV-2, but further research is needed to confirm it. […] A second hypothesis, developed in the SAGO report, cannot be ruled out but has yet to be scientifically proven: the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 was introduced to the human population through a laboratory leak of a coronavirus. […] Finally, the hypothesis that the virus was manufactured in a lab for subsequent introduction to the population is rejected by virtually the entire scientific community.

• #31 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology

  The exact pathophysiology remains unknown, partly due to the scarcity of postmortem studies. […] SARS-CoV-2 attaches to the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor on target host cells, followed by internalization and replication of the virus. […] The virus uses host transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) for viral spike protein priming and fusion of viral and host cell membranes. […] SARS-CoV-2 variants may be more transmissible, at least in part, due to enhanced spike protein binding affinity for the ACE2 receptor.

• #32 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20479963

  COVID-19, also called coronavirus disease 2019, is an illness caused by a virus. The virus is called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or more commonly, SARS-CoV-2. […] COVID-19 is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, also called SARS-CoV-2. […] The coronavirus spreads mainly from person to person, even from someone who is infected but has no symptoms. When people with COVID-19 cough, sneeze, breathe, sing or talk, their breath may be infected with the COVID-19 virus. […] The virus that causes COVID-19 can infect some pets. Cats, dogs, hamsters and ferrets have caught this coronavirus and had symptoms. It’s rare for a person to get COVID-19 from a pet. […] It’s possible to get COVID-19 more than once. […] Over time, the body’s defense against the COVID-19 virus can fade.

• #33 Beyond breathing: How COVID-19 affects your heart, brain and other organs | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2024/01/16/how-covid-19-affects-your-heart-brain-and-other-organs

  But the coronavirus is capable of causing much more than a simple respiratory illness, affecting organs throughout the body, experts say. […] „I would argue that COVID-19 is not a disease of the lungs at all,” she said. „It seems most likely that it is what we call a vascular and neurologic infection, affecting both nerve endings and our cardiovascular system.” […] One of the best reviews of long COVID symptoms, Viswanathan said, appeared last January in Nature Reviews Microbiology. It detailed the disease’s effects throughout the body, including the pancreas, blood vessels and reproductive system. […] „SARS-CoV-2 is excellent at triggering your immune system to go from zero to 100,” said Dr. Lindsay McAlpine, a neurologist who is director of the Yale NeuroCovid Clinic in New Haven, Connecticut. That revving of the immune response leads to both a „wide swath of inflammation” and excessive blood clotting, she said.

• #34 Virus that causes COVID-19 puts a plug in cellular defenses | Yale News

  https://news.yale.edu/2020/11/05/virus-causes-covid-19-puts-plug-cellular-defenses

  One of the novel coronavirus tricks is it can block the ability of cells to produce protective proteins without hindering its own ability to replicate. […] Now, a multidisciplinary team of Yale researchers has discovered how SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, accomplishes this trick by blocking production of cellular proteins, including immune molecules, and contributes to severe illness in its host. […] Previous studies had implicated a viral protein, nonstructural protein 1 or Nsp1, in the COVID-19 virus ability to block cells ability to produce new proteins. […] Using advanced genetic screening and cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM), the Yale team was able to show that Nsp1 is one of SARS-CoV-2s most pathogenic viral proteins. […] In human lung cells, it can drastically alter host cell gene expression and essentially form a plug that prevents the ribosome, the cells protein-making machinery, from receiving genetic instructions for new proteins encoded in messenger RNA.

• #35 Virus that causes COVID-19 puts a plug in cellular defenses | Yale News

  https://news.yale.edu/2020/11/05/virus-causes-covid-19-puts-plug-cellular-defenses

  SARS-CoV-2 protein Nsp1 plugs the messenger RNA (mRNA, the genetic blueprint) entry channel on the ribosome to block the host protein production. […] This process affects protein production in many parts of the body, and high levels of Nsp1 may help explain why some people fare poorly after infection by the virus, he said. […] However, it remains unknown how the virus is still able to produce its own proteins, using the same ribosome, to replicate in the cell after it disables the cells ability to make normal proteins, Xiong said.

• #36 Health Education and Public Health

  https://healtheducationandpublichealth.com/issues-which-influence-the-etiology-of-covid19-infection

  Issues which Influence the Etiology of CoVid-19 infection: A Proposed Treatment Protocol Based upon Optimising the Autonomic and Immune Response […] In general the criteria used to diagnose a medical condition is based upon the known etiology of the condition however in the case of CoVid-19 the pathophysiology of the infection, in particular how it leads to the death of patients infected with the virus, has yet to be clearly defined. […] Whilst the CoVid-19 virus has been circulating in the world economy since the period late Q3/2019-early Q4/2019 there is not yet an accepted understanding of its mode of action. It is an entirely new viral infection, of uncertain and/or unknown origin, therefore knowledge of how it functions and, in particular how it infects patients and leads to their death has not yet been identified although information is steadily being accumulated by reporters in the tabloid press and in published research in medical journals i.e. by researchers, clinicians, and doctors through their work with patients. […] The early indications are that CoVid-19 infects the patient through the ACE pathways and damages and/or alters heart function. […] In the case of CoVid-19 patients die as a result of a perceived cytokine storm in which components in the immune response overwhelm the body’s autonomic response and results in the bronchospasm/cough response which attempts to physically remove the accumulation of water and sputum/phlegm and/or via the mechanism which inhibits and/or impedes the ability of the lungs to exchange/replace CO2 with O2. […] A Cytokine storm is an often noted expression of the immune response to a viral infection. It comprises the release of more than 150 inflammatory mediators such as various interleukins, interferons, tumour necrosis factor alpha, Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, etc; and is considered to be indicative of acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure similar to that experienced by patients who have been infected by the SARS-COV-2 virus (CoVid-19). […] It is generally considered that exposure to viruses tends to infect all who are exposed to the virus although clearly there are many in the populations of the world who have a greater level of resistance and/or immunity to infection e.g. through diet, being less stressed, being physically fit, and having a more resilient genetic profile. […] The CoVid-19 coronavirus poses a number of issues which the scientific community is struggling to address. The virus affects a broad range of people in particular those who have lower levels of immunity. […] The most susceptible patients appear to be those with elevated levels of intercellular acidity arising from their lifestyles i.e. being inactive, consuming acidified and/or alcoholic beverages, being diabetic and obese, who subsequently develop heart, kidney and liver problems. These are medical indications which are accompanied by low levels of essential minerals and which adversely influence their immune response. […] The proposed regimen can easily be adopted because many of the ingredients are freely available as a result of treating patients with pre-eclampsia.

• #37 Beyond breathing: How COVID-19 affects your heart, brain and other organs | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2024/01/16/how-covid-19-affects-your-heart-brain-and-other-organs

  But the coronavirus is capable of causing much more than a simple respiratory illness, affecting organs throughout the body, experts say. […] „I would argue that COVID-19 is not a disease of the lungs at all,” she said. „It seems most likely that it is what we call a vascular and neurologic infection, affecting both nerve endings and our cardiovascular system.” […] One of the best reviews of long COVID symptoms, Viswanathan said, appeared last January in Nature Reviews Microbiology. It detailed the disease’s effects throughout the body, including the pancreas, blood vessels and reproductive system. […] „SARS-CoV-2 is excellent at triggering your immune system to go from zero to 100,” said Dr. Lindsay McAlpine, a neurologist who is director of the Yale NeuroCovid Clinic in New Haven, Connecticut. That revving of the immune response leads to both a „wide swath of inflammation” and excessive blood clotting, she said.

• #38 Understanding COVID-19 Fatigue: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/coronavirus/how-to-beat-covid-19-fatigue-and-get-your-energy-back/

  COVID-19 causes the immune system to go into overdrive, leading to the release of chemicals called cytokines that trigger inflammation, fever, and tissue death, all of which contribute to fatigue, says Dr. Chopra. […] Even a relatively mild case of COVID-19 can wipe you out. A lot of people who have had COVID-19 describe the fatigue they feel as worse than they have experienced at any time in their lives, says McClelland. Its certainly a unique feature of the illness. […] COVID-19 is a systemic illness; it affects many parts of the body, such as the whole respiratory mucosa, the kidneys, fat cells, parts of the brain. The illness causes a remarkable amount of inflammation and that, as it is resolving, is likely to leave people feeling fatigued, says McClelland. […] Fatigue is one of the most reported symptoms of long COVID, says Chopra. There are studies that suggest that a large number of people may continue to struggle with fatigue three to 12 months after infection, she says, referencing research published in Brain, Behavior Immunity-Health in 2022.

• #39 Beyond breathing: How COVID-19 affects your heart, brain and other organs | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2024/01/16/how-covid-19-affects-your-heart-brain-and-other-organs

  But the coronavirus is capable of causing much more than a simple respiratory illness, affecting organs throughout the body, experts say. […] „I would argue that COVID-19 is not a disease of the lungs at all,” she said. „It seems most likely that it is what we call a vascular and neurologic infection, affecting both nerve endings and our cardiovascular system.” […] One of the best reviews of long COVID symptoms, Viswanathan said, appeared last January in Nature Reviews Microbiology. It detailed the disease’s effects throughout the body, including the pancreas, blood vessels and reproductive system. […] „SARS-CoV-2 is excellent at triggering your immune system to go from zero to 100,” said Dr. Lindsay McAlpine, a neurologist who is director of the Yale NeuroCovid Clinic in New Haven, Connecticut. That revving of the immune response leads to both a „wide swath of inflammation” and excessive blood clotting, she said.

• #40 SARS-CoV-2 infection causes immunodeficiency in recovered patients by downregulating CD19 expression in B cells via enhancing B-cell metabolism | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-021-00749-3

  The SARS-CoV-2 infection causes severe immune disruption. […] At the end of 2019, a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the causative pathogen of the severe acute respiratory infection named COVID-19. […] The goal of this study is to assess the signaling properties of B cells from COVID-19 patients. […] We found that SARS-CoV-2 infection causes immunodeficiency in recovered patients by downregulating CD19 expression in B cells via enhancing B-cell metabolism, which may provide a new intervention target to cure COVID-19. […] The SARS-CoV-2 infection has caused immune disruption according to previous reports. […] More interestingly, we found that CD19 expression was significantly reduced in almost all the B-cell subsets in recovered patients. […] Together, we have established the immune deficiency in recovered patients is due to the reduced CD19 expression, which dampens the BCR signaling.

• #41 SARS-CoV-2 infection causes immunodeficiency in recovered patients by downregulating CD19 expression in B cells via enhancing B-cell metabolism | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-021-00749-3

  Moreover, its reported that increased mitochondrial ROS production has been shown to result in decreased CD19 expression, which reduces BCR signaling. […] We have demonstrated that the increase of the metabolic state causes decreased expression of the critical immune regulator-CD19 and the immunodeficiency state in recovered patients. […] It could be interesting to examine the CD19 expression in mild and severely infected patients and the metabolism state of B cells. […] In summary, SARS-CoV-2 infection may affect the BCR signaling by altering the metabolomic and transcriptome profiles of B cells.

• #42 Beyond breathing: How COVID-19 affects your heart, brain and other organs | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2024/01/16/how-covid-19-affects-your-heart-brain-and-other-organs

  But the coronavirus is capable of causing much more than a simple respiratory illness, affecting organs throughout the body, experts say. […] „I would argue that COVID-19 is not a disease of the lungs at all,” she said. „It seems most likely that it is what we call a vascular and neurologic infection, affecting both nerve endings and our cardiovascular system.” […] One of the best reviews of long COVID symptoms, Viswanathan said, appeared last January in Nature Reviews Microbiology. It detailed the disease’s effects throughout the body, including the pancreas, blood vessels and reproductive system. […] „SARS-CoV-2 is excellent at triggering your immune system to go from zero to 100,” said Dr. Lindsay McAlpine, a neurologist who is director of the Yale NeuroCovid Clinic in New Haven, Connecticut. That revving of the immune response leads to both a „wide swath of inflammation” and excessive blood clotting, she said.

• #43 COVID-19 Virus Could Damage Vision – MU School of Medicine

  https://medicine.missouri.edu/news/covid-19-virus-could-damage-vision

  The blood-retinal barrier is designed to protect our vision from infections by preventing microbial pathogens from reaching the retina where they could trigger an inflammatory response with potential vision loss. But researchers at the University of Missouri School of Medicine have discovered the virus that causes COVID-19 can breach this protective retinal barrier with potential long-term consequences in the eye. […] Using a humanized ACE2 mice model, the team found that SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, can infect the inside of the eyes even when the virus doesn’t enter the body through the surface of the eyes. […] However, our findings reveal that SARS-CoV-2 not only reaches the eye during systemic infection but induces a hyperinflammatory response in the retina and causes cell death in the blood-retinal barrier.

• #44 COVID-19 Virus Could Damage Vision – MU School of Medicine

  https://medicine.missouri.edu/news/covid-19-virus-could-damage-vision

  The longer viral remnants remain in the eye, the risk of damage to the retina and visual function increases. […] Singh also discovered that extended presence of SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen can cause retinal microaneurysm, retinal artery and vein occlusion, and vascular leakage. […] While viruses and bacteria have been found to breach the blood-retinal-barrier in immunocompromised people, this research is the first to suggest that the virus that causes COVID-19 could breach the barrier even in otherwise healthy individuals, leading to an infection that manifests inside the eye itself. […] Now that we know the risk of COVID-19 to the retina, our goal is to better understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of how this virus breaches the blood-retinal barrier and associated pathological consequences in hopes of informing development of therapies to prevent and treat COVID-19 induced eye complications before a patient’s vision is compromised.

• #45 Researchers Find COVID-19 Causes Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Heart and Other Organs | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/news/researchers-find-covid-19-causes-mitochondrial-dysfunction-heart-and-other-organs

  Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, researchers have been trying to determine why this virus creates such negative long-term effects compared with most coronaviruses. Now, a multi-institutional consortium of researchers led by a team at Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and the COVID-19 International Research Team (COV-IRT) has found that the genes of the mitochondria, the energy producers of our cells, can be negatively impacted by the virus, leading to dysfunction in multiple organs beyond the lungs. […] This study provides us with strong evidence that we need to stop looking at COVID-19 as strictly an upper respiratory disease and start viewing it as a systemic disorder that impacts multiple organs, said co-senior author Douglas C. Wallace, PhD, director of the CMEM at CHOP. The continued dysfunction we observed in organs other than the lungs suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction could be causing long-term damage to the internal organs of these patients. […] According to Wallace, the demonstration that SARS-CoV-2 markedly affects mitochondrial function supports the hypothesis that individual differences in mitochondrial function could be a factor in individual severity of COVID-19.

• #46 Study: SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, can alter genome structure of our cells – UTHealth Houston

  https://www.uth.edu/news/story/study-sarscov2-the-virus-causing-covid19-can-alter-genome-structure-of-our-cells

  People infected with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, may experience genome structure changes that not only may explain our immunological symptoms after infection, but also potentially link to long COVID, according to a new study by researchers at UTHealth Houston. […] What we found here is a unique mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 that is associated with its severe impacts on human health. […] In this study, researchers used leading-edge methods and comprehensively characterized the chromatin architecture in human cells after a COVID-19 infection. […] After SARS-CoV-2 infection, we found that the yin and yang portions of the chromatin lose their normal shapes and start to mix together. Such mixing may be a reason for some key genes to change in infected cells, including a crucial inflammation gene interleukin-6 that can cause cytokine storm in severe COVID-19 patients, Li said. […] Therefore, our finding may provide an unrealized new perspective to understand the viral impacts on host chromatin that can associate with long COVID, Yuan said. […] This study elucidated to us how SARS-CoV-2 can uniquely alter our chromatin to cause COVID-19 symptoms.

• #47 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology

  Respiratory transmission is the dominant mode of transmission, with proximity and ventilation being the key determinants of transmission risk. […] Evidence that nebulizer treatments increase the risk of transmission of coronaviruses similar to SARS-CoV-2 is inconclusive, and there is minimal direct evidence about the risk for transmission of SARS-CoV-2. […] Fecal-oral transmission (or respiratory transmission through aerosolized feces) may be possible, but there is only limited circumstantial evidence to support this mode of transmission. […] Transmission via other body fluids (including sexual transmission or bloodborne transmission) has not been reported. […] Perinatal (vertical) transmission occurs rarely and transplacental transmission has been documented. There is limited evidence on the extent of vertical transmission and its timing.

• #48 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20479963

  COVID-19, also called coronavirus disease 2019, is an illness caused by a virus. The virus is called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or more commonly, SARS-CoV-2. […] COVID-19 is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, also called SARS-CoV-2. […] The coronavirus spreads mainly from person to person, even from someone who is infected but has no symptoms. When people with COVID-19 cough, sneeze, breathe, sing or talk, their breath may be infected with the COVID-19 virus. […] The virus that causes COVID-19 can infect some pets. Cats, dogs, hamsters and ferrets have caught this coronavirus and had symptoms. It’s rare for a person to get COVID-19 from a pet. […] It’s possible to get COVID-19 more than once. […] Over time, the body’s defense against the COVID-19 virus can fade.

• #49 Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/

  Similar to SARS and MERS, it has been hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 advanced from bats to intermediate hosts, such as pangolins and minks, and then to humans. […] A globally dominant D614G variant was eventually identified and associated with increased transmissibility but without the ability to cause severe illness. […] Another variant was attributed to transmission from infected farmed mink in Denmark but was not associated with increased transmissibility. […] Since then, multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2 have been described, of which a few are considered variants of concern (VOCs) due to their potential to cause enhanced transmissibility or virulence. […] The primary mode of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is via exposure to respiratory droplets carrying the infectious virus from close contact or direct transmission from presymptomatic, asymptomatic, or symptomatic individuals harboring the virus. […] Epidemiologic data from several case studies have reported that patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection have the live virus in feces implying possible fecal-oral transmission. […] The WHO currently estimates the global case fatality rate for COVID-19 is 2.2%.

• #50

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus

  Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. […] The virus can spread from an infected persons mouth or nose in small liquid particles when they cough, sneeze, speak, sing or breathe. […] On average it takes 56 days from when someone is infected with the virus for symptoms to show, however it can take up to 14 days. […] WHO regularly conducts risk assessments for graded emergencies in accordance with the WHO Emergency Response Framework. Since January 2020, WHO conducted… […] LP.8.1 is currently one of two SARS-CoV-2 variants under monitoring (VUM) with increasing prevalence globally, the other being XEC. Considering the available…

• #51 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/primary-care/covid-19

  Coronavirus, also known as COVID-19 is an infectious disease that affects the nose, throat, and lungs. It is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. […] Infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus causes COVID-19. The illness spreads easily among people in close contact (within 6 feet of each other). A person infected with the virus can spread it even before they have any symptoms. […] COVID-19 can be transmitted when a the person with the virus coughs, sneezes or breathes out droplets or particles that contain the virus. Other people breathe them in, or the droplets land on the eyes, nose, or mouth of others.

• #52

  https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/conditions-diseases/coronavirus/symptoms-causes

  COVID-19 is the infectious disease caused by a strain of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. […] COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is spread through droplets, contact and airborne transmission. […] Recent scientific data suggests that transmission may occur even before an infected person shows symptoms. This is called pre-symptomatic or asymptomatic transmission.

• #53 Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/

  Similar to SARS and MERS, it has been hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 advanced from bats to intermediate hosts, such as pangolins and minks, and then to humans. […] A globally dominant D614G variant was eventually identified and associated with increased transmissibility but without the ability to cause severe illness. […] Another variant was attributed to transmission from infected farmed mink in Denmark but was not associated with increased transmissibility. […] Since then, multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2 have been described, of which a few are considered variants of concern (VOCs) due to their potential to cause enhanced transmissibility or virulence. […] The primary mode of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is via exposure to respiratory droplets carrying the infectious virus from close contact or direct transmission from presymptomatic, asymptomatic, or symptomatic individuals harboring the virus. […] Epidemiologic data from several case studies have reported that patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection have the live virus in feces implying possible fecal-oral transmission. […] The WHO currently estimates the global case fatality rate for COVID-19 is 2.2%.

• #54 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20479963

  COVID-19, also called coronavirus disease 2019, is an illness caused by a virus. The virus is called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or more commonly, SARS-CoV-2. […] COVID-19 is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, also called SARS-CoV-2. […] The coronavirus spreads mainly from person to person, even from someone who is infected but has no symptoms. When people with COVID-19 cough, sneeze, breathe, sing or talk, their breath may be infected with the COVID-19 virus. […] The virus that causes COVID-19 can infect some pets. Cats, dogs, hamsters and ferrets have caught this coronavirus and had symptoms. It’s rare for a person to get COVID-19 from a pet. […] It’s possible to get COVID-19 more than once. […] Over time, the body’s defense against the COVID-19 virus can fade.

• #55 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology

  Respiratory transmission is the dominant mode of transmission, with proximity and ventilation being the key determinants of transmission risk. […] Evidence that nebulizer treatments increase the risk of transmission of coronaviruses similar to SARS-CoV-2 is inconclusive, and there is minimal direct evidence about the risk for transmission of SARS-CoV-2. […] Fecal-oral transmission (or respiratory transmission through aerosolized feces) may be possible, but there is only limited circumstantial evidence to support this mode of transmission. […] Transmission via other body fluids (including sexual transmission or bloodborne transmission) has not been reported. […] Perinatal (vertical) transmission occurs rarely and transplacental transmission has been documented. There is limited evidence on the extent of vertical transmission and its timing.

• #56 Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/

  Similar to SARS and MERS, it has been hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 advanced from bats to intermediate hosts, such as pangolins and minks, and then to humans. […] A globally dominant D614G variant was eventually identified and associated with increased transmissibility but without the ability to cause severe illness. […] Another variant was attributed to transmission from infected farmed mink in Denmark but was not associated with increased transmissibility. […] Since then, multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2 have been described, of which a few are considered variants of concern (VOCs) due to their potential to cause enhanced transmissibility or virulence. […] The primary mode of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is via exposure to respiratory droplets carrying the infectious virus from close contact or direct transmission from presymptomatic, asymptomatic, or symptomatic individuals harboring the virus. […] Epidemiologic data from several case studies have reported that patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection have the live virus in feces implying possible fecal-oral transmission. […] The WHO currently estimates the global case fatality rate for COVID-19 is 2.2%.

• #57 Coronavirus (COVID-19) Causes | What Causes Coronavirus to Spread?

  https://www.nationaljewish.org/patients-visitors/patient-info/updates-recalls/coronavirus-information-resources/about-coronavirus-covid-19/coronavirus-condition-information/coronavirus-covid-19-causes

  The COVID-19 virus is spread through droplets from coughs and sneezes or from touching objects that have been contaminated with the virus. […] It is not known exactly how long the virus that causes COVID-19 lives on surfaces. Other coronaviruses live on surfaces for a few hours up to several days depending on the surface, temperature or humidity of the environment. Early information about the COVID-19 virus indicates that it follows the same lifespan. […] It is very rare for animals to transmit coronaviruses to people who then infect other people. The SARS-CoV was associated with civet cats and MERS-CoV is transmitted by dromedary camels. Possible animal sources of COVID-19 have not yet been confirmed. […] People at risk for COVID-19 from the COVID-19 virus include those who have close contact with animals, live animal market workers and those caring for people infected with the virus, including health care workers, caregivers and family members. People with chronic diseases and the elderly are at risk for developing very serious cases of COVID-19.

• #58 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology

  Respiratory transmission is the dominant mode of transmission, with proximity and ventilation being the key determinants of transmission risk. […] Evidence that nebulizer treatments increase the risk of transmission of coronaviruses similar to SARS-CoV-2 is inconclusive, and there is minimal direct evidence about the risk for transmission of SARS-CoV-2. […] Fecal-oral transmission (or respiratory transmission through aerosolized feces) may be possible, but there is only limited circumstantial evidence to support this mode of transmission. […] Transmission via other body fluids (including sexual transmission or bloodborne transmission) has not been reported. […] Perinatal (vertical) transmission occurs rarely and transplacental transmission has been documented. There is limited evidence on the extent of vertical transmission and its timing.

• #59 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology

  Respiratory transmission is the dominant mode of transmission, with proximity and ventilation being the key determinants of transmission risk. […] Evidence that nebulizer treatments increase the risk of transmission of coronaviruses similar to SARS-CoV-2 is inconclusive, and there is minimal direct evidence about the risk for transmission of SARS-CoV-2. […] Fecal-oral transmission (or respiratory transmission through aerosolized feces) may be possible, but there is only limited circumstantial evidence to support this mode of transmission. […] Transmission via other body fluids (including sexual transmission or bloodborne transmission) has not been reported. […] Perinatal (vertical) transmission occurs rarely and transplacental transmission has been documented. There is limited evidence on the extent of vertical transmission and its timing.

• #60 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20479963

  COVID-19, also called coronavirus disease 2019, is an illness caused by a virus. The virus is called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or more commonly, SARS-CoV-2. […] COVID-19 is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, also called SARS-CoV-2. […] The coronavirus spreads mainly from person to person, even from someone who is infected but has no symptoms. When people with COVID-19 cough, sneeze, breathe, sing or talk, their breath may be infected with the COVID-19 virus. […] The virus that causes COVID-19 can infect some pets. Cats, dogs, hamsters and ferrets have caught this coronavirus and had symptoms. It’s rare for a person to get COVID-19 from a pet. […] It’s possible to get COVID-19 more than once. […] Over time, the body’s defense against the COVID-19 virus can fade.

• #61 The virus that causes COVID-19 is widespread in wildlife, Virginia Tech scientists find | Virginia Tech News | Virginia Tech

  https://news.vt.edu/articles/2024/07/research_fralinbiomed_covidwildlife_0724.html

  SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, is widespread among wildlife species, according to Virginia Tech research published today in Nature Communications. […] The highest exposure to SARS CoV-2 was found in animals near hiking trails and high-traffic public areas, suggesting the virus passed from humans to wildlife, according to scientists at the Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, the Department of Biological Sciences in Virginia Techs College of Science, and the Fralin Life Sciences Institute. […] The virus can jump from humans to wildlife when we are in contact with them, like a hitchhiker switching rides to a new, more suitable host, said Carla Finkielstein, professor of biological sciences at the Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC and one of the papers corresponding authors.

• #62 The virus that causes COVID-19 is widespread in wildlife, Virginia Tech scientists find | Virginia Tech News | Virginia Tech

  https://news.vt.edu/articles/2024/07/research_fralinbiomed_covidwildlife_0724.html

  The data suggests exposure to the virus has been widespread in wildlife and that areas with high human activity may serve as points of contact for cross-species transmission. […] The virus is indifferent to whether its host walks on two legs or four. Its primary objective is survival. […] This study highlights the potentially large host range SARS-CoV-2 can have in nature and really how widespread it might be, Hoyt said. […] But what weve already learned, Finkielstein said, is that SARS CoV-2 is not only a human problem and that it takes a heck of a multidisciplinary team to address its impact on various species and ecosystems effectively.

• #63 COVID-19: Who’s at higher risk of serious symptoms?

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-who-is-at-risk/art-20483301

  Advanced age and some health conditions can raise the risk of serious COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) illness. […] Not every risk factor for serious COVID-19 illness is known. But some risks stand out thanks to research gathered since the start of the pandemic. […] The risk for serious COVID-19 illness depends on your health status, age and activities. Your risk also depends on other factors. This includes where you live, work or learn, how easy it is for you to get medical care, and your economic stability. […] People age 65 and older and babies younger than 6 months have a higher than average risk of serious COVID-19 illness. Those age groups have the highest risk of needing hospital care for COVID-19. […] Severe COVID-19 disease is more likely for people who have other health issues.

• #64 Underlying Conditions and the Higher Risk for Severe COVID-19 | COVID-19 | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/covid/hcp/clinical-care/underlying-conditions.html

  COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is a disease caused by a virus named SARS-CoV-2. It can be very contagious and spreads quickly. […] Age is the strongest risk factor for severe COVID-19 outcomes. Patients with one or multiple certain underlying medical conditions are also at higher risk.(1-3) […] Additionally, being unvaccinated or not being up to date on COVID-19 vaccinations also increases the risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes. […] Providers should consider the patient’s age, presence of underlying medical conditions and other risk factors, and vaccination status in determining the risk of severe COVID-19-associated outcomes for any patient. […] Studies have shown that COVID-19 does not affect all population groups equally. […] Risk of severe outcomes is increased in people of all ages with certain underlying medical conditions and in people who are 50 years and older, with risk increasing substantially at ages 65 years.

• #65 COVID-19: Who’s at higher risk of serious symptoms?

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-who-is-at-risk/art-20483301

  Advanced age and some health conditions can raise the risk of serious COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) illness. […] Not every risk factor for serious COVID-19 illness is known. But some risks stand out thanks to research gathered since the start of the pandemic. […] The risk for serious COVID-19 illness depends on your health status, age and activities. Your risk also depends on other factors. This includes where you live, work or learn, how easy it is for you to get medical care, and your economic stability. […] People age 65 and older and babies younger than 6 months have a higher than average risk of serious COVID-19 illness. Those age groups have the highest risk of needing hospital care for COVID-19. […] Severe COVID-19 disease is more likely for people who have other health issues.

• #66 COVID-19: Who’s at higher risk of serious symptoms?

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-who-is-at-risk/art-20483301

  The risk of serious COVID-19 illness is linked to having one or more underlying medical condition. […] Your risk of having more severe COVID-19 illness is higher if you have lung disease. […] In general, people with cancer have a greater risk of getting serious COVID-19. […] Many different diseases can raise the risk of severe COVID-19 illness. […] Other risk factors for severe COVID-19 are: Not getting enough physical activity, Smoking, Pregnancy or having recently given birth, Use of medicines that lower the immune system’s ability to respond to germs. […] Also, as a general group, disability is linked to an increased risk of severe COVID-19. […] The COVID-19 vaccine can lower the risk of death or serious illness caused by COVID-19. […] Everyone can lower the risk of serious COVID-19 illness by working to prevent infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. […] If you’re at a higher risk of serious illness, talk to your healthcare professional about how best to protect yourself.

• #67 COVID-19: Who’s at higher risk of serious symptoms?

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-who-is-at-risk/art-20483301

  The risk of serious COVID-19 illness is linked to having one or more underlying medical condition. […] Your risk of having more severe COVID-19 illness is higher if you have lung disease. […] In general, people with cancer have a greater risk of getting serious COVID-19. […] Many different diseases can raise the risk of severe COVID-19 illness. […] Other risk factors for severe COVID-19 are: Not getting enough physical activity, Smoking, Pregnancy or having recently given birth, Use of medicines that lower the immune system’s ability to respond to germs. […] Also, as a general group, disability is linked to an increased risk of severe COVID-19. […] The COVID-19 vaccine can lower the risk of death or serious illness caused by COVID-19. […] Everyone can lower the risk of serious COVID-19 illness by working to prevent infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. […] If you’re at a higher risk of serious illness, talk to your healthcare professional about how best to protect yourself.

• #68 COVID-19: Who’s at higher risk of serious symptoms?

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-who-is-at-risk/art-20483301

  The risk of serious COVID-19 illness is linked to having one or more underlying medical condition. […] Your risk of having more severe COVID-19 illness is higher if you have lung disease. […] In general, people with cancer have a greater risk of getting serious COVID-19. […] Many different diseases can raise the risk of severe COVID-19 illness. […] Other risk factors for severe COVID-19 are: Not getting enough physical activity, Smoking, Pregnancy or having recently given birth, Use of medicines that lower the immune system’s ability to respond to germs. […] Also, as a general group, disability is linked to an increased risk of severe COVID-19. […] The COVID-19 vaccine can lower the risk of death or serious illness caused by COVID-19. […] Everyone can lower the risk of serious COVID-19 illness by working to prevent infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. […] If you’re at a higher risk of serious illness, talk to your healthcare professional about how best to protect yourself.

• #69 Underlying Conditions and the Higher Risk for Severe COVID-19 | COVID-19 | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/covid/hcp/clinical-care/underlying-conditions.html

  Evidence used to inform the list of underlying medical conditions that increase a person’s risk of severe illness from COVID-19 is presented in alphabetical order by study design section. […] Higher risk is defined as an underlying medical condition or risk factor that has a published meta-analysis or systematic review or underwent the CDC systematic review process. The meta-analysis or systematic review demonstrates a conclusive increase in risk for at least one severe COVID-19 outcome. […] Certain underlying medical conditions were associated with an increased risk for severe COVID-19 illness in adults. […] Having multiple conditions was also associated with severe COVID-19 illness. […] Obesity, diabetes with complications, and anxiety and fear-related disorders had the strongest association with death. […] The number of frequent underlying medical conditions (present in 10.0% of patients) increased with age.

• #70 Underlying Conditions and the Higher Risk for Severe COVID-19 | COVID-19 | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/covid/hcp/clinical-care/underlying-conditions.html

  Evidence used to inform the list of underlying medical conditions that increase a person’s risk of severe illness from COVID-19 is presented in alphabetical order by study design section. […] Higher risk is defined as an underlying medical condition or risk factor that has a published meta-analysis or systematic review or underwent the CDC systematic review process. The meta-analysis or systematic review demonstrates a conclusive increase in risk for at least one severe COVID-19 outcome. […] Certain underlying medical conditions were associated with an increased risk for severe COVID-19 illness in adults. […] Having multiple conditions was also associated with severe COVID-19 illness. […] Obesity, diabetes with complications, and anxiety and fear-related disorders had the strongest association with death. […] The number of frequent underlying medical conditions (present in 10.0% of patients) increased with age.

• #71 Underlying Conditions and the Higher Risk for Severe COVID-19 | COVID-19 | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/covid/hcp/clinical-care/underlying-conditions.html

  Evidence used to inform the list of underlying medical conditions that increase a person’s risk of severe illness from COVID-19 is presented in alphabetical order by study design section. […] Higher risk is defined as an underlying medical condition or risk factor that has a published meta-analysis or systematic review or underwent the CDC systematic review process. The meta-analysis or systematic review demonstrates a conclusive increase in risk for at least one severe COVID-19 outcome. […] Certain underlying medical conditions were associated with an increased risk for severe COVID-19 illness in adults. […] Having multiple conditions was also associated with severe COVID-19 illness. […] Obesity, diabetes with complications, and anxiety and fear-related disorders had the strongest association with death. […] The number of frequent underlying medical conditions (present in 10.0% of patients) increased with age.

• #72 Underlying Conditions and the Higher Risk for Severe COVID-19 | COVID-19 | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/covid/hcp/clinical-care/underlying-conditions.html

  Evidence used to inform the list of underlying medical conditions that increase a person’s risk of severe illness from COVID-19 is presented in alphabetical order by study design section. […] Higher risk is defined as an underlying medical condition or risk factor that has a published meta-analysis or systematic review or underwent the CDC systematic review process. The meta-analysis or systematic review demonstrates a conclusive increase in risk for at least one severe COVID-19 outcome. […] Certain underlying medical conditions were associated with an increased risk for severe COVID-19 illness in adults. […] Having multiple conditions was also associated with severe COVID-19 illness. […] Obesity, diabetes with complications, and anxiety and fear-related disorders had the strongest association with death. […] The number of frequent underlying medical conditions (present in 10.0% of patients) increased with age.

• #73 Underlying Conditions and the Higher Risk for Severe COVID-19 | COVID-19 | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/covid/hcp/clinical-care/underlying-conditions.html

  Evidence used to inform the list of underlying medical conditions that increase a person’s risk of severe illness from COVID-19 is presented in alphabetical order by study design section. […] Higher risk is defined as an underlying medical condition or risk factor that has a published meta-analysis or systematic review or underwent the CDC systematic review process. The meta-analysis or systematic review demonstrates a conclusive increase in risk for at least one severe COVID-19 outcome. […] Certain underlying medical conditions were associated with an increased risk for severe COVID-19 illness in adults. […] Having multiple conditions was also associated with severe COVID-19 illness. […] Obesity, diabetes with complications, and anxiety and fear-related disorders had the strongest association with death. […] The number of frequent underlying medical conditions (present in 10.0% of patients) increased with age.

• #74 Underlying Conditions and the Higher Risk for Severe COVID-19 | COVID-19 | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/covid/hcp/clinical-care/underlying-conditions.html

  COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is a disease caused by a virus named SARS-CoV-2. It can be very contagious and spreads quickly. […] Age is the strongest risk factor for severe COVID-19 outcomes. Patients with one or multiple certain underlying medical conditions are also at higher risk.(1-3) […] Additionally, being unvaccinated or not being up to date on COVID-19 vaccinations also increases the risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes. […] Providers should consider the patient’s age, presence of underlying medical conditions and other risk factors, and vaccination status in determining the risk of severe COVID-19-associated outcomes for any patient. […] Studies have shown that COVID-19 does not affect all population groups equally. […] Risk of severe outcomes is increased in people of all ages with certain underlying medical conditions and in people who are 50 years and older, with risk increasing substantially at ages 65 years.

• #75 COVID-19: Who’s at higher risk of serious symptoms?

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-who-is-at-risk/art-20483301

  The risk of serious COVID-19 illness is linked to having one or more underlying medical condition. […] Your risk of having more severe COVID-19 illness is higher if you have lung disease. […] In general, people with cancer have a greater risk of getting serious COVID-19. […] Many different diseases can raise the risk of severe COVID-19 illness. […] Other risk factors for severe COVID-19 are: Not getting enough physical activity, Smoking, Pregnancy or having recently given birth, Use of medicines that lower the immune system’s ability to respond to germs. […] Also, as a general group, disability is linked to an increased risk of severe COVID-19. […] The COVID-19 vaccine can lower the risk of death or serious illness caused by COVID-19. […] Everyone can lower the risk of serious COVID-19 illness by working to prevent infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. […] If you’re at a higher risk of serious illness, talk to your healthcare professional about how best to protect yourself.

• #76 COVID-19: Who’s at higher risk of serious symptoms?

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-who-is-at-risk/art-20483301

  The risk of serious COVID-19 illness is linked to having one or more underlying medical condition. […] Your risk of having more severe COVID-19 illness is higher if you have lung disease. […] In general, people with cancer have a greater risk of getting serious COVID-19. […] Many different diseases can raise the risk of severe COVID-19 illness. […] Other risk factors for severe COVID-19 are: Not getting enough physical activity, Smoking, Pregnancy or having recently given birth, Use of medicines that lower the immune system’s ability to respond to germs. […] Also, as a general group, disability is linked to an increased risk of severe COVID-19. […] The COVID-19 vaccine can lower the risk of death or serious illness caused by COVID-19. […] Everyone can lower the risk of serious COVID-19 illness by working to prevent infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. […] If you’re at a higher risk of serious illness, talk to your healthcare professional about how best to protect yourself.

• #77 COVID-19: Who’s at higher risk of serious symptoms?

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-who-is-at-risk/art-20483301

  The risk of serious COVID-19 illness is linked to having one or more underlying medical condition. […] Your risk of having more severe COVID-19 illness is higher if you have lung disease. […] In general, people with cancer have a greater risk of getting serious COVID-19. […] Many different diseases can raise the risk of severe COVID-19 illness. […] Other risk factors for severe COVID-19 are: Not getting enough physical activity, Smoking, Pregnancy or having recently given birth, Use of medicines that lower the immune system’s ability to respond to germs. […] Also, as a general group, disability is linked to an increased risk of severe COVID-19. […] The COVID-19 vaccine can lower the risk of death or serious illness caused by COVID-19. […] Everyone can lower the risk of serious COVID-19 illness by working to prevent infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. […] If you’re at a higher risk of serious illness, talk to your healthcare professional about how best to protect yourself.

• #78 COVID-19: Who’s at higher risk of serious symptoms?

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-who-is-at-risk/art-20483301

  The risk of serious COVID-19 illness is linked to having one or more underlying medical condition. […] Your risk of having more severe COVID-19 illness is higher if you have lung disease. […] In general, people with cancer have a greater risk of getting serious COVID-19. […] Many different diseases can raise the risk of severe COVID-19 illness. […] Other risk factors for severe COVID-19 are: Not getting enough physical activity, Smoking, Pregnancy or having recently given birth, Use of medicines that lower the immune system’s ability to respond to germs. […] Also, as a general group, disability is linked to an increased risk of severe COVID-19. […] The COVID-19 vaccine can lower the risk of death or serious illness caused by COVID-19. […] Everyone can lower the risk of serious COVID-19 illness by working to prevent infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. […] If you’re at a higher risk of serious illness, talk to your healthcare professional about how best to protect yourself.

• #79 COVID-19: Who’s at higher risk of serious symptoms?

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-who-is-at-risk/art-20483301

  The risk of serious COVID-19 illness is linked to having one or more underlying medical condition. […] Your risk of having more severe COVID-19 illness is higher if you have lung disease. […] In general, people with cancer have a greater risk of getting serious COVID-19. […] Many different diseases can raise the risk of severe COVID-19 illness. […] Other risk factors for severe COVID-19 are: Not getting enough physical activity, Smoking, Pregnancy or having recently given birth, Use of medicines that lower the immune system’s ability to respond to germs. […] Also, as a general group, disability is linked to an increased risk of severe COVID-19. […] The COVID-19 vaccine can lower the risk of death or serious illness caused by COVID-19. […] Everyone can lower the risk of serious COVID-19 illness by working to prevent infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. […] If you’re at a higher risk of serious illness, talk to your healthcare professional about how best to protect yourself.

• #80 Factsheet for health professionals on COVID-19

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/infectious-disease-topics/z-disease-list/covid-19/factsheet-covid-19

  COVID-19 disease is caused by a virus of the coronavirus family, SARS-CoV-2, in the order of nidovirales. Like SARS-COV-1, SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the betacoronavirus genus and sarbecovirus sub-genus. […] SARS-CoV-2 evolves and adapts itself through mutation. While most emerging mutations have no significant impact on the spread of the virus, some mutations or combinations of mutations provide the virus with a selective advantage, e.g. increased transmissibility or the ability to evade the host immune response. In such cases, these mutations or combinations of mutations (also called variations) can increase the risk to human health, and the virus strains (or variants) that carry those mutations are classified as variants of concern (VOCs). […] Some patients may experience long-term symptoms with unclear aetiology, referred to as Post-COVID-19 condition (and sometimes as Long COVID). This has been defined as the condition that occurs in individuals with a history of probable or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, usually three months from the onset of COVID-19, with symptoms that last for at least two months and cannot be explained by an alternative diagnosis.

• #81 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20479963

  A person may be exposed to so much of the virus that it breaks through their immune defense. […] As a virus infects a group of people, the virus copies itself. During this process, the genetic code can randomly change in each copy. The changes are called mutations. If the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 changes in ways that make previous infections or vaccination less effective at preventing infection, people can get sick again.

• #82 Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/

  Similar to SARS and MERS, it has been hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 advanced from bats to intermediate hosts, such as pangolins and minks, and then to humans. […] A globally dominant D614G variant was eventually identified and associated with increased transmissibility but without the ability to cause severe illness. […] Another variant was attributed to transmission from infected farmed mink in Denmark but was not associated with increased transmissibility. […] Since then, multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2 have been described, of which a few are considered variants of concern (VOCs) due to their potential to cause enhanced transmissibility or virulence. […] The primary mode of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is via exposure to respiratory droplets carrying the infectious virus from close contact or direct transmission from presymptomatic, asymptomatic, or symptomatic individuals harboring the virus. […] Epidemiologic data from several case studies have reported that patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection have the live virus in feces implying possible fecal-oral transmission. […] The WHO currently estimates the global case fatality rate for COVID-19 is 2.2%.

• #83 Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/

  Similar to SARS and MERS, it has been hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 advanced from bats to intermediate hosts, such as pangolins and minks, and then to humans. […] A globally dominant D614G variant was eventually identified and associated with increased transmissibility but without the ability to cause severe illness. […] Another variant was attributed to transmission from infected farmed mink in Denmark but was not associated with increased transmissibility. […] Since then, multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2 have been described, of which a few are considered variants of concern (VOCs) due to their potential to cause enhanced transmissibility or virulence. […] The primary mode of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is via exposure to respiratory droplets carrying the infectious virus from close contact or direct transmission from presymptomatic, asymptomatic, or symptomatic individuals harboring the virus. […] Epidemiologic data from several case studies have reported that patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection have the live virus in feces implying possible fecal-oral transmission. […] The WHO currently estimates the global case fatality rate for COVID-19 is 2.2%.

• #84 Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/

  Similar to SARS and MERS, it has been hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 advanced from bats to intermediate hosts, such as pangolins and minks, and then to humans. […] A globally dominant D614G variant was eventually identified and associated with increased transmissibility but without the ability to cause severe illness. […] Another variant was attributed to transmission from infected farmed mink in Denmark but was not associated with increased transmissibility. […] Since then, multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2 have been described, of which a few are considered variants of concern (VOCs) due to their potential to cause enhanced transmissibility or virulence. […] The primary mode of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is via exposure to respiratory droplets carrying the infectious virus from close contact or direct transmission from presymptomatic, asymptomatic, or symptomatic individuals harboring the virus. […] Epidemiologic data from several case studies have reported that patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection have the live virus in feces implying possible fecal-oral transmission. […] The WHO currently estimates the global case fatality rate for COVID-19 is 2.2%.

• #85 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology

  The exact pathophysiology remains unknown, partly due to the scarcity of postmortem studies. […] SARS-CoV-2 attaches to the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor on target host cells, followed by internalization and replication of the virus. […] The virus uses host transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) for viral spike protein priming and fusion of viral and host cell membranes. […] SARS-CoV-2 variants may be more transmissible, at least in part, due to enhanced spike protein binding affinity for the ACE2 receptor.

• #86 Causes of Coronavirus (COVID-19) | American Geriatrics Society | HealthInAging.org

  https://www.healthinaging.org/a-z-topic/covid19/causes

  COVID-19 is the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a type of coronavirus. […] The original virus that causes COVID-19 has mutated into different strains called variants. Different variants may spread more easily, may cause more serious disease, and may not respond as well to treatment.

• #87 Virus that causes COVID-19 uses a secret 'back door’ to infect the brain | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/health/viruses-infections-disease/virus-that-causes-covid-19-virus-uses-a-secret-back-door-to-infect-the-brain

  A mutation on the spike protein of the virus that causes COVID-19 could help it infect the brain by forcing it to use a cellular „back door.” […] SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, may preferentially use a „back door” into cells to infect the brain, a new mouse study suggests. […] Scientists think these symptoms may arise when SARS-CoV-2 enters the central nervous system, but how and why the virus moves from the respiratory tract to the brain wasn’t clear until now. […] In an article published Aug. 23 in the journal Nature Microbiology, researchers discovered mutations in the virus’s spike protein, which it uses to enter human cells by binding to a molecule called ACE2 on the cells’ surface. […] „To reach and replicate successfully in the brain, it seems like the virus has to enter through the back door. Deleting the furin cleavage site makes the virus more likely to use this pathway and more likely to infect brain cells.”

• #88 Virus that causes COVID-19 uses a secret 'back door’ to infect the brain | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/health/viruses-infections-disease/virus-that-causes-covid-19-virus-uses-a-secret-back-door-to-infect-the-brain

  Although it’s not yet possible to say whether these infected cells are responsible for COVID-19’s neurological symptoms, Hultquist and his colleagues saw high rates of infection in cells of the hippocampus and premotor cortex, which are associated with memory and movement, respectively. […] „It is important to follow this study up with human sampling to see if the same mutations are found in humans as in mice,” Matthew Frieman said. […] „Knowing that the virus needs the back door to infect the brain provides unique opportunities to stop [it].”

• #89 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20479963

  COVID-19, also called coronavirus disease 2019, is an illness caused by a virus. The virus is called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or more commonly, SARS-CoV-2. […] COVID-19 is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, also called SARS-CoV-2. […] The coronavirus spreads mainly from person to person, even from someone who is infected but has no symptoms. When people with COVID-19 cough, sneeze, breathe, sing or talk, their breath may be infected with the COVID-19 virus. […] The virus that causes COVID-19 can infect some pets. Cats, dogs, hamsters and ferrets have caught this coronavirus and had symptoms. It’s rare for a person to get COVID-19 from a pet. […] It’s possible to get COVID-19 more than once. […] Over time, the body’s defense against the COVID-19 virus can fade.

• #90 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20479963

  COVID-19, also called coronavirus disease 2019, is an illness caused by a virus. The virus is called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or more commonly, SARS-CoV-2. […] COVID-19 is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, also called SARS-CoV-2. […] The coronavirus spreads mainly from person to person, even from someone who is infected but has no symptoms. When people with COVID-19 cough, sneeze, breathe, sing or talk, their breath may be infected with the COVID-19 virus. […] The virus that causes COVID-19 can infect some pets. Cats, dogs, hamsters and ferrets have caught this coronavirus and had symptoms. It’s rare for a person to get COVID-19 from a pet. […] It’s possible to get COVID-19 more than once. […] Over time, the body’s defense against the COVID-19 virus can fade.

• #91 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20479963

  A person may be exposed to so much of the virus that it breaks through their immune defense. […] As a virus infects a group of people, the virus copies itself. During this process, the genetic code can randomly change in each copy. The changes are called mutations. If the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 changes in ways that make previous infections or vaccination less effective at preventing infection, people can get sick again.

• #92 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20479963

  A person may be exposed to so much of the virus that it breaks through their immune defense. […] As a virus infects a group of people, the virus copies itself. During this process, the genetic code can randomly change in each copy. The changes are called mutations. If the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 changes in ways that make previous infections or vaccination less effective at preventing infection, people can get sick again.

• #93 COVID-19 and Immune Dysregulation, a Summary and Resource – WHN

  https://whn.global/covid-19-and-immune-dysregulation-a-summary-and-resource/

  COVID-19 infection broadly activates the immune cells, so they have greater turnover, which in turn ages them. […] T cell production is also dependent on telomere length and these shorten naturally with age, hence the elderly are even more susceptible to telomere shortening brought on by COVID-19 infection. […] Furthermore, even in mild COVID-19 infections, the monocytes have recently been shown to change their gene expression from a normal innate immune profile to a pro-thrombotic (promoting blood clotting) signature. […] Reinfection has been shown to increase the cumulative risk of death, hospitalization, and sequelae in multiple organ systems in both the acute and postacute phase. […] This immune dysfunction or aging is at least one of the most likely scenarios explaining the recent surges in diseases like RSV, influenza, Strep A, and other infections.

• #94 COVID-19 and Immune Dysregulation, a Summary and Resource – WHN

  https://whn.global/covid-19-and-immune-dysregulation-a-summary-and-resource/

  COVID-19 causes turnover and aging of the immune cells responsible for responding to other pathogens. […] COVID-19 broadly activates these cells, so they have turnover reproduce. […] COVID-19 broadly activates these cells and thus ages them. […] Studies also suggest SARS-COV-2 causes cell apoptosis (programmed cell death) of certain T cells in the immune system. […] The prevalence of acute COVID-19 infections has been incredibly high, resulting in far-reaching effects to humanity. […] SARS-CoV-2 causes immune dysfunction through several direct and indirect mechanisms, including the killing of important categories of innate and adaptive immune cells. […] COVID-19 can affect and damage, at least temporarily, all the aspects and all the cell types of the immune system. […] COVID-19 causes turnover and aging of the immune cells responsible for responding to both COVID-19 and other pathogens.

• #95 COVID-19 and Immune Dysregulation, a Summary and Resource – WHN

  https://whn.global/covid-19-and-immune-dysregulation-a-summary-and-resource/

  COVID-19 infection broadly activates the immune cells, so they have greater turnover, which in turn ages them. […] T cell production is also dependent on telomere length and these shorten naturally with age, hence the elderly are even more susceptible to telomere shortening brought on by COVID-19 infection. […] Furthermore, even in mild COVID-19 infections, the monocytes have recently been shown to change their gene expression from a normal innate immune profile to a pro-thrombotic (promoting blood clotting) signature. […] Reinfection has been shown to increase the cumulative risk of death, hospitalization, and sequelae in multiple organ systems in both the acute and postacute phase. […] This immune dysfunction or aging is at least one of the most likely scenarios explaining the recent surges in diseases like RSV, influenza, Strep A, and other infections.

• #96 COVID-19 and Immune Dysregulation, a Summary and Resource – WHN

  https://whn.global/covid-19-and-immune-dysregulation-a-summary-and-resource/

  COVID-19 infection broadly activates the immune cells, so they have greater turnover, which in turn ages them. […] T cell production is also dependent on telomere length and these shorten naturally with age, hence the elderly are even more susceptible to telomere shortening brought on by COVID-19 infection. […] Furthermore, even in mild COVID-19 infections, the monocytes have recently been shown to change their gene expression from a normal innate immune profile to a pro-thrombotic (promoting blood clotting) signature. […] Reinfection has been shown to increase the cumulative risk of death, hospitalization, and sequelae in multiple organ systems in both the acute and postacute phase. […] This immune dysfunction or aging is at least one of the most likely scenarios explaining the recent surges in diseases like RSV, influenza, Strep A, and other infections.

• #97 COVID-19 and Immune Dysregulation, a Summary and Resource – WHN

  https://whn.global/covid-19-and-immune-dysregulation-a-summary-and-resource/

  COVID-19 causes turnover and aging of the immune cells responsible for responding to other pathogens. […] COVID-19 broadly activates these cells, so they have turnover reproduce. […] COVID-19 broadly activates these cells and thus ages them. […] Studies also suggest SARS-COV-2 causes cell apoptosis (programmed cell death) of certain T cells in the immune system. […] The prevalence of acute COVID-19 infections has been incredibly high, resulting in far-reaching effects to humanity. […] SARS-CoV-2 causes immune dysfunction through several direct and indirect mechanisms, including the killing of important categories of innate and adaptive immune cells. […] COVID-19 can affect and damage, at least temporarily, all the aspects and all the cell types of the immune system. […] COVID-19 causes turnover and aging of the immune cells responsible for responding to both COVID-19 and other pathogens.

• #98 COVID-19 and Immune Dysregulation, a Summary and Resource – WHN

  https://whn.global/covid-19-and-immune-dysregulation-a-summary-and-resource/

  COVID-19 infection broadly activates the immune cells, so they have greater turnover, which in turn ages them. […] T cell production is also dependent on telomere length and these shorten naturally with age, hence the elderly are even more susceptible to telomere shortening brought on by COVID-19 infection. […] Furthermore, even in mild COVID-19 infections, the monocytes have recently been shown to change their gene expression from a normal innate immune profile to a pro-thrombotic (promoting blood clotting) signature. […] Reinfection has been shown to increase the cumulative risk of death, hospitalization, and sequelae in multiple organ systems in both the acute and postacute phase. […] This immune dysfunction or aging is at least one of the most likely scenarios explaining the recent surges in diseases like RSV, influenza, Strep A, and other infections.

• #99 Long COVID (Post-COVID Conditions, PCC) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/long-covid-post-covid-conditions-pcc

  Long COVID, also known as Post-COVID Conditions (PCC), refers to the wide range of symptoms and conditions that some people experience four or more weeks after an initial infection by SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. […] While the causes of Long COVID are not yet known and research is ongoing, researchers and clinicians have proposed several theories, including: […] This theory suggests that after the immune system eliminates the coronavirus, some remnants survive in one or more organs, and it continues to stimulate an immune response. […] According to this theory, the immune system produces antibodies that target and attack a person’s own organs and tissues. […] This theory holds that the symptoms of Long COVID are due to damage to organs and/or tissues caused by the body’s immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. […] Long COVID may be caused by a combination of these and other factors. Investigations are still underway to better understand Long COVID, and much research is still necessary.

• #100 Long COVID (Post-COVID Conditions, PCC) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/long-covid-post-covid-conditions-pcc

  Long COVID, also known as Post-COVID Conditions (PCC), refers to the wide range of symptoms and conditions that some people experience four or more weeks after an initial infection by SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. […] While the causes of Long COVID are not yet known and research is ongoing, researchers and clinicians have proposed several theories, including: […] This theory suggests that after the immune system eliminates the coronavirus, some remnants survive in one or more organs, and it continues to stimulate an immune response. […] According to this theory, the immune system produces antibodies that target and attack a person’s own organs and tissues. […] This theory holds that the symptoms of Long COVID are due to damage to organs and/or tissues caused by the body’s immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. […] Long COVID may be caused by a combination of these and other factors. Investigations are still underway to better understand Long COVID, and much research is still necessary.

• #101 Long COVID (Post-COVID Conditions, PCC) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/long-covid-post-covid-conditions-pcc

  Long COVID, also known as Post-COVID Conditions (PCC), refers to the wide range of symptoms and conditions that some people experience four or more weeks after an initial infection by SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. […] While the causes of Long COVID are not yet known and research is ongoing, researchers and clinicians have proposed several theories, including: […] This theory suggests that after the immune system eliminates the coronavirus, some remnants survive in one or more organs, and it continues to stimulate an immune response. […] According to this theory, the immune system produces antibodies that target and attack a person’s own organs and tissues. […] This theory holds that the symptoms of Long COVID are due to damage to organs and/or tissues caused by the body’s immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. […] Long COVID may be caused by a combination of these and other factors. Investigations are still underway to better understand Long COVID, and much research is still necessary.

• #102 The Long COVID Puzzle: Autoimmunity, Inflammation, and Other Possible Causes > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/the-long-covid-puzzle-autoimmunity-inflammation-and-other-possible-causes

  The underlying cause of Long COVID is still a puzzle to researchers. […] Iwasaki explains that Long COVID is an umbrella term and likely has multiple mechanisms that are not mutually exclusive and may even coexist. […] Growing research suggests that viral antigens and viral RNA, various proteins or genetic material, remain present and active in the body’s tissues following acute infection. […] Researchers in Iwasaki’s lab at YSM report that components of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, may persist in the body, long after the initial infection is resolved. […] There may be a connection between COVID-19 and some of the viral infections that many people have in childhood, specifically herpesviruses and/or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] Some evidence suggests that COVID may reactivate these viruses, which generally lie dormant after the acute infection.

• #103 Long COVID (Post-COVID Conditions, PCC) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/long-covid-post-covid-conditions-pcc

  Long COVID, also known as Post-COVID Conditions (PCC), refers to the wide range of symptoms and conditions that some people experience four or more weeks after an initial infection by SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. […] While the causes of Long COVID are not yet known and research is ongoing, researchers and clinicians have proposed several theories, including: […] This theory suggests that after the immune system eliminates the coronavirus, some remnants survive in one or more organs, and it continues to stimulate an immune response. […] According to this theory, the immune system produces antibodies that target and attack a person’s own organs and tissues. […] This theory holds that the symptoms of Long COVID are due to damage to organs and/or tissues caused by the body’s immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. […] Long COVID may be caused by a combination of these and other factors. Investigations are still underway to better understand Long COVID, and much research is still necessary.

• #104 The Long COVID Puzzle: Autoimmunity, Inflammation, and Other Possible Causes > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/the-long-covid-puzzle-autoimmunity-inflammation-and-other-possible-causes

  Infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus may trigger autoimmune disease. […] Elevated levels of autoantibodies, which are believed to play a role in other autoimmune conditions, have been noted in some patients with Long COVID. […] In some patients with Long COVID, antinuclear autoantibodies (ANAs) have been identified up to 12 months after acute infection. […] Inflammation, or recruiting white blood cells and the release of cytokines that initiate tissue swelling and injury, may also underlie some types of Long COVID. […] It is also possible that the three theories outlined above—viral persistence, latent viral reactivation, and autoimmunity—all contribute to the sustained inflammation seen in Long COVID. […] COVID has opened up new areas of interest in medicine. […] SARS-Co-V2 is only the most recent of the infections that can cause some kind of post-acute infection syndrome. […] COVID-19, with its vast reach and egalitarian spirit, has finally provided medicine with a cohort large enough and loud enough to keep our interest.

• #105 Long COVID (Post-COVID Conditions, PCC) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/long-covid-post-covid-conditions-pcc

  Long COVID, also known as Post-COVID Conditions (PCC), refers to the wide range of symptoms and conditions that some people experience four or more weeks after an initial infection by SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. […] While the causes of Long COVID are not yet known and research is ongoing, researchers and clinicians have proposed several theories, including: […] This theory suggests that after the immune system eliminates the coronavirus, some remnants survive in one or more organs, and it continues to stimulate an immune response. […] According to this theory, the immune system produces antibodies that target and attack a person’s own organs and tissues. […] This theory holds that the symptoms of Long COVID are due to damage to organs and/or tissues caused by the body’s immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. […] Long COVID may be caused by a combination of these and other factors. Investigations are still underway to better understand Long COVID, and much research is still necessary.

• #106 The Long COVID Puzzle: Autoimmunity, Inflammation, and Other Possible Causes > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/the-long-covid-puzzle-autoimmunity-inflammation-and-other-possible-causes

  The underlying cause of Long COVID is still a puzzle to researchers. […] Iwasaki explains that Long COVID is an umbrella term and likely has multiple mechanisms that are not mutually exclusive and may even coexist. […] Growing research suggests that viral antigens and viral RNA, various proteins or genetic material, remain present and active in the body’s tissues following acute infection. […] Researchers in Iwasaki’s lab at YSM report that components of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, may persist in the body, long after the initial infection is resolved. […] There may be a connection between COVID-19 and some of the viral infections that many people have in childhood, specifically herpesviruses and/or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] Some evidence suggests that COVID may reactivate these viruses, which generally lie dormant after the acute infection.

• #107 Long COVID (Post-COVID Conditions, PCC) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/long-covid-post-covid-conditions-pcc

  Long COVID, also known as Post-COVID Conditions (PCC), refers to the wide range of symptoms and conditions that some people experience four or more weeks after an initial infection by SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. […] While the causes of Long COVID are not yet known and research is ongoing, researchers and clinicians have proposed several theories, including: […] This theory suggests that after the immune system eliminates the coronavirus, some remnants survive in one or more organs, and it continues to stimulate an immune response. […] According to this theory, the immune system produces antibodies that target and attack a person’s own organs and tissues. […] This theory holds that the symptoms of Long COVID are due to damage to organs and/or tissues caused by the body’s immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. […] Long COVID may be caused by a combination of these and other factors. Investigations are still underway to better understand Long COVID, and much research is still necessary.

• #108 Beyond breathing: How COVID-19 affects your heart, brain and other organs | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2024/01/16/how-covid-19-affects-your-heart-brain-and-other-organs

  „The exact causes of brain-related issues are not clear, but she said it does not appear that the virus is directly attacking brain tissue. Rather, it seems that the ramped-up immune response leads to clots that could cause brain problems.” […] Research shows COVID-19 infection can increase the risk for heart-related problems such as myocarditis, a rare inflammation of the heart, and an irregular heartbeat known as atrial fibrillation. […] Many factors might be playing into COVID-related heart problems, Viswanathan said, including microclots – tiny blood clots – or an autoimmune response targeting heart muscle cells. […] „Interestingly, the GI system’s mechanism may be a little different than what impacts the heart,” Viswanathan said. One theory suggests that the virus finds a hiding place while the rest of the body fights it off.

• #109 Does COVID-19 damage the brain? – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/does-covid-19-damage-the-brain

  When the pandemic started in early 2020, doctors didn’t know much yet about COVID and did not think it affected the brain. Boy, were we wrong! […] We now know that, unfortunately, COVID can damage the brain in many ways. When people first become sick from the virus, they may develop encephalitis inflammation of the brain causing confusion, difficulty concentrating, and memory problems. COVID also can trigger the onset of new psychological disorders such as severe depression or anxiety. It can even cause people to become psychotic to see and hear things that aren’t there and to believe things that aren’t true. It often damages the brain’s autonomic nervous system, leading to abnormalities in heart rate and blood pressure. […] In addition, the virus that causes COVID can infect and injure the linings of blood vessels and make blood clot more easily. These two things can lead to strokes and heart attacks, even in young people.

• #110 Beyond breathing: How COVID-19 affects your heart, brain and other organs | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2024/01/16/how-covid-19-affects-your-heart-brain-and-other-organs

  „The exact causes of brain-related issues are not clear, but she said it does not appear that the virus is directly attacking brain tissue. Rather, it seems that the ramped-up immune response leads to clots that could cause brain problems.” […] Research shows COVID-19 infection can increase the risk for heart-related problems such as myocarditis, a rare inflammation of the heart, and an irregular heartbeat known as atrial fibrillation. […] Many factors might be playing into COVID-related heart problems, Viswanathan said, including microclots – tiny blood clots – or an autoimmune response targeting heart muscle cells. […] „Interestingly, the GI system’s mechanism may be a little different than what impacts the heart,” Viswanathan said. One theory suggests that the virus finds a hiding place while the rest of the body fights it off.

• #111 Beyond breathing: How COVID-19 affects your heart, brain and other organs | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2024/01/16/how-covid-19-affects-your-heart-brain-and-other-organs

  Kidney problems were common in a 2023 study published in The Lancet Respiratory Medicine that looked at organ damage after COVID-19 infection. […] Researchers don’t necessarily know whether kidney problems stem from people getting sick with high fevers and taking in less fluid or because „with a virus that can go anywhere and cause inflammation anywhere, you can have all sorts of problems,” Hernandez said.

• #112 Verified: COVID-19 Infection Increases Diabetes Risk

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/newsroom/verified-covid-19-infection-increases-diabetes-risk/

  Investigators in the Smidt Heart Institute at Cedars-Sinai have confirmed that people who have had COVID-19 have an increased risk for new-onset diabetes the most significant contributor to cardiovascular disease. […] Our results validate early findings revealing a risk of developing Type 2 diabetes after a COVID-19 infection and indicate that this risk has, unfortunately, persisted through the Omicron era, said Alan Kwan, MD, first and corresponding author of the study and a cardiovascular physician in the Smidt Heart Institute at Cedars-Sinai. […] The findings, published today in the journal JAMA Network Open, also suggest that the risk of Type 2 diabetes appears lower in individuals who were already vaccinated against COVID-19 by the time they were infected. […] These results suggest that COVID-19 vaccination prior to infection may provide a protective effect against diabetes risk, said Kwan.

• #113 Verified: COVID-19 Infection Increases Diabetes Risk

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/newsroom/verified-covid-19-infection-increases-diabetes-risk/

  Although we dont yet know for certain, the trends and patterns that we see in the data suggest that COVID-19 infection could be acting in certain settings like a disease accelerator, amplifying risk for a diagnosis that individuals might have otherwise received later in life, said Cheng. […] This research, Kwan says, is one piece of the puzzle that will help researchers understand how to prevent metabolic as well as cardiovascular disease risk in the future.

• #114 Can COVID-19 cause hair loss?

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/hair-loss/causes/covid-19

  After you recover from COVID-19, you may notice more hairs falling out. […] Research from around the world confirms that some people develop hair loss after recovering from COVID-19. Researchers have found that when hair loss occurs, its likely caused by one of the following: […] Temporary hair shedding called telogen effluvium: With this temporary hair shedding, you may notice more hairs than usual fall out. […] Flare-up of existing alopecia areata (less common): Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease that causes hair to stop growing, usually resulting in one or more round or oval patches of hair loss on the head. […] In studies, about 20% of people who had COVID-19 later developed temporary hair shedding, which usually begins a few months after recovery from COVID-19. […] The hair shedding can occur a few months after you experience a stressful event or illness, especially an illness that causes a fever. Because COVID-19 causes a fever, some people see excessive hair shedding after they recover.

• #115 Coronavirus (COVID-19) Causes | What Causes Coronavirus to Spread?

  https://www.nationaljewish.org/patients-visitors/patient-info/updates-recalls/coronavirus-information-resources/about-coronavirus-covid-19/coronavirus-condition-information/coronavirus-covid-19-causes

  The COVID-19 virus is spread through droplets from coughs and sneezes or from touching objects that have been contaminated with the virus. […] It is not known exactly how long the virus that causes COVID-19 lives on surfaces. Other coronaviruses live on surfaces for a few hours up to several days depending on the surface, temperature or humidity of the environment. Early information about the COVID-19 virus indicates that it follows the same lifespan. […] It is very rare for animals to transmit coronaviruses to people who then infect other people. The SARS-CoV was associated with civet cats and MERS-CoV is transmitted by dromedary camels. Possible animal sources of COVID-19 have not yet been confirmed. […] People at risk for COVID-19 from the COVID-19 virus include those who have close contact with animals, live animal market workers and those caring for people infected with the virus, including health care workers, caregivers and family members. People with chronic diseases and the elderly are at risk for developing very serious cases of COVID-19.

• #116 COVID-19 Pandemic – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus

  The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the world, causing tens of millions of deaths, overwhelming healthcare systems, and disrupting societies and economies. […] The rapid spread of the coronavirus led to many scientific developments and policies from rapid testing and vaccines to social distancing and financial support but an uneven global response, with significant disparities in healthcare access, economic responses, and outcomes. […] The pandemic has resulted in over twenty million deaths. […] Our small team made COVID-19 data clear, reliable, and accessible to a global audience. […] How do death rates from COVID-19 differ between people who are vaccinated and those who are not? […] Key lessons from our work on the COVID-19 pandemic are now published in Lancet Public Health.

• #117 COVID-19 leading cause of death ranking – Peterson-KFF Health System Tracker

  https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-leading-cause-of-death-ranking/

  COVID-19 is on track to be the third leading cause of death in the U.S. for the third year in a row. COVID-19 claimed 340,000 lives in 2020, 475,000 lives in 2021, and so far, has taken 230,000 lives in 2022 through September. […] COVID-19 was the number 1 cause of death for people ages 45-84 and among at least the top 4 leading causes of death for other age groups (age five and up). […] COVID-19 is the number 3 cause of death (through September) in the U.S. […] COVID-19 has frequently ranked among the top 3 leading causes of death in the U.S. […] COVID-19 was the number 1 cause of death for people age 45 and over in January 2022, but has since fallen in ranking. […] COVID-19 is on track to be the third leading cause of death in 2022, just as it was in 2021 and 2020.

• #118 Causes of death and comorbidities in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-82862-5

  Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has been associated with more than two million deaths worldwide. […] We report findings on causes of death and comorbidities of 26 decedents that had clinically presented with severe COVID-19. […] Our findings reveal that causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities. […] We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death. […] COVID-19 is caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel and highly contagious coronavirus strain that mostly spreads through respiratory droplets and that has first been identified in Wuhan, China.

• #119 Causes of death and comorbidities in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-82862-5

  The risk of death from COVID-19 strongly depends on age and previous health conditions. […] Detailed information on the causality and mechanism of death, as well as the spectrum of comorbidities in cases with fatal outcome that will allow accurate assessment of the hazardous nature of COVID-19 yet is missing. […] Our findings reveal that causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in most cases and not an immediate consequence of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities, i.e. these patients despite often suffering from severe health conditions would not have died in the absence of a SARS-CoV-2 infection at the given time point. […] We found that sepsis due to lung infections and respiratory insufficiency were the most frequent immediate causes of death. […] These findings indicate that immediate causes of death were directly linked to lung damage initiated by SARS-CoV-2 infection and not related to preexisting health conditions and comorbidities in most cases. […] Our data suggest that in the majority of cases with severe and fatal COVID-19, patients had died of this disease, although in the presence of multiple preexisting health conditions.

• #120 Associations between mortality from COVID-19 and other causes: A state-level analysis | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0281683

  During the COVID-19 pandemic, the high death toll from COVID-19 was accompanied by a rise in mortality from other causes of death. […] We estimate that causes of death other than COVID-19 represent 19.6% of the total mortality burden associated with COVID-19 during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. […] Circulatory disease served as the most important route through which COVID-19 mortality affected death rates from other causes of death. […] States with unusually high death rates from COVID-19 experienced an even larger mortality burden than implied by those rates alone. […] Research on the COVID-19 pandemic has primarily focused on deaths directly attributed to COVID-19 as the underlying cause of death on the death certificate. […] Recent estimates suggest that increases in non-COVID-19 mortality accounted for between 12% to 28% of the increase in all-cause mortality experienced during the first year of the pandemic, with heart disease, diabetes, dementia, and external causes of death implicated as the key drivers of this increase.

• #121 Associations between mortality from COVID-19 and other causes: A state-level analysis | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0281683

  The causes of death that contribute the most to the increase in all-cause mortality associated with mortality from COVID-19 are circulatory diseases and dementia. […] This estimate of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on other causes of death is in line with estimates by the Center for Disease Control that suggest that the contribution of non-COVID-19 deaths range from 12% to 25% of the total change in mortality. […] The highest coefficient, 0.125, pertained to circulatory disease. […] Malignant neoplasms are the only cause of death showing a significant negative association with COVID-19 mortality at ages 25+. […] We observe no association at the state level between COVID-19 mortality and changes in mortality from external causes. […] The implication is that external cause mortality would have risen substantially over the period even in the absence of the COVID-19 pandemic.

• #122 COVID-19 Pandemic – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus

  The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the world, causing tens of millions of deaths, overwhelming healthcare systems, and disrupting societies and economies. […] The rapid spread of the coronavirus led to many scientific developments and policies from rapid testing and vaccines to social distancing and financial support but an uneven global response, with significant disparities in healthcare access, economic responses, and outcomes. […] The pandemic has resulted in over twenty million deaths. […] Our small team made COVID-19 data clear, reliable, and accessible to a global audience. […] How do death rates from COVID-19 differ between people who are vaccinated and those who are not? […] Key lessons from our work on the COVID-19 pandemic are now published in Lancet Public Health.

• #123 Factsheet for health professionals on COVID-19

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/infectious-disease-topics/z-disease-list/covid-19/factsheet-covid-19

  On 31 December 2019, the Municipal Health Commission in Wuhan City, mainland China, issued a report on a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown aetiology with a link to a wholesale fish and live animal market. […] An individual is infectious if carrying and shedding viable infectious SARS-CoV-2, regardless of whether they have symptoms. The infectivity period may also be affected by disease severity, pre-existing immunity through vaccination, or prior infection. […] Most SARS-CoV-2 infections do not require hospitalisation or medical treatment and can be managed at home or in outpatient settings.

• #124 COVID-19 leading cause of death ranking – Peterson-KFF Health System Tracker

  https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-leading-cause-of-death-ranking/

  COVID-19 is on track to be the third leading cause of death in the U.S. for the third year in a row. COVID-19 claimed 340,000 lives in 2020, 475,000 lives in 2021, and so far, has taken 230,000 lives in 2022 through September. […] COVID-19 was the number 1 cause of death for people ages 45-84 and among at least the top 4 leading causes of death for other age groups (age five and up). […] COVID-19 is the number 3 cause of death (through September) in the U.S. […] COVID-19 has frequently ranked among the top 3 leading causes of death in the U.S. […] COVID-19 was the number 1 cause of death for people age 45 and over in January 2022, but has since fallen in ranking. […] COVID-19 is on track to be the third leading cause of death in 2022, just as it was in 2021 and 2020.

• #125 COVID-19 and Immune Dysregulation, a Summary and Resource – WHN

  https://whn.global/covid-19-and-immune-dysregulation-a-summary-and-resource/

  COVID-19 infection broadly activates the immune cells, so they have greater turnover, which in turn ages them. […] T cell production is also dependent on telomere length and these shorten naturally with age, hence the elderly are even more susceptible to telomere shortening brought on by COVID-19 infection. […] Furthermore, even in mild COVID-19 infections, the monocytes have recently been shown to change their gene expression from a normal innate immune profile to a pro-thrombotic (promoting blood clotting) signature. […] Reinfection has been shown to increase the cumulative risk of death, hospitalization, and sequelae in multiple organ systems in both the acute and postacute phase. […] This immune dysfunction or aging is at least one of the most likely scenarios explaining the recent surges in diseases like RSV, influenza, Strep A, and other infections.

• #126 COVID-19: Who’s at higher risk of serious symptoms?

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-who-is-at-risk/art-20483301

  The risk of serious COVID-19 illness is linked to having one or more underlying medical condition. […] Your risk of having more severe COVID-19 illness is higher if you have lung disease. […] In general, people with cancer have a greater risk of getting serious COVID-19. […] Many different diseases can raise the risk of severe COVID-19 illness. […] Other risk factors for severe COVID-19 are: Not getting enough physical activity, Smoking, Pregnancy or having recently given birth, Use of medicines that lower the immune system’s ability to respond to germs. […] Also, as a general group, disability is linked to an increased risk of severe COVID-19. […] The COVID-19 vaccine can lower the risk of death or serious illness caused by COVID-19. […] Everyone can lower the risk of serious COVID-19 illness by working to prevent infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. […] If you’re at a higher risk of serious illness, talk to your healthcare professional about how best to protect yourself.

• #127 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21214-coronavirus-covid-19

  COVID-19 is an illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. […] COVID-19 is a respiratory illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, a type of coronavirus. […] But in 2019, a new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, started infecting humans and causing severe illness. […] SARS-CoV-2 virus causes COVID. Its a type of coronavirus, a group of viruses that also cause common colds. […] COVID spreads through respiratory droplets. […] COVID can cause serious complications, even if you dont feel very sick. […] Making sure youre up to date with a current COVID vaccine is the best way to reduce your risk of getting sick with COVID and reduce your risk of severe illness if you do get sick. […] Vaccinations and antiviral medications can help reduce your risk of severe illness.

• #128 Verified: COVID-19 Infection Increases Diabetes Risk

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/newsroom/verified-covid-19-infection-increases-diabetes-risk/

  Investigators in the Smidt Heart Institute at Cedars-Sinai have confirmed that people who have had COVID-19 have an increased risk for new-onset diabetes the most significant contributor to cardiovascular disease. […] Our results validate early findings revealing a risk of developing Type 2 diabetes after a COVID-19 infection and indicate that this risk has, unfortunately, persisted through the Omicron era, said Alan Kwan, MD, first and corresponding author of the study and a cardiovascular physician in the Smidt Heart Institute at Cedars-Sinai. […] The findings, published today in the journal JAMA Network Open, also suggest that the risk of Type 2 diabetes appears lower in individuals who were already vaccinated against COVID-19 by the time they were infected. […] These results suggest that COVID-19 vaccination prior to infection may provide a protective effect against diabetes risk, said Kwan.

• #129 COVID-19: Who’s at higher risk of serious symptoms?

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-who-is-at-risk/art-20483301

  The risk of serious COVID-19 illness is linked to having one or more underlying medical condition. […] Your risk of having more severe COVID-19 illness is higher if you have lung disease. […] In general, people with cancer have a greater risk of getting serious COVID-19. […] Many different diseases can raise the risk of severe COVID-19 illness. […] Other risk factors for severe COVID-19 are: Not getting enough physical activity, Smoking, Pregnancy or having recently given birth, Use of medicines that lower the immune system’s ability to respond to germs. […] Also, as a general group, disability is linked to an increased risk of severe COVID-19. […] The COVID-19 vaccine can lower the risk of death or serious illness caused by COVID-19. […] Everyone can lower the risk of serious COVID-19 illness by working to prevent infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. […] If you’re at a higher risk of serious illness, talk to your healthcare professional about how best to protect yourself.

• #130 COVID-19: Who’s at higher risk of serious symptoms?

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-who-is-at-risk/art-20483301

  The risk of serious COVID-19 illness is linked to having one or more underlying medical condition. […] Your risk of having more severe COVID-19 illness is higher if you have lung disease. […] In general, people with cancer have a greater risk of getting serious COVID-19. […] Many different diseases can raise the risk of severe COVID-19 illness. […] Other risk factors for severe COVID-19 are: Not getting enough physical activity, Smoking, Pregnancy or having recently given birth, Use of medicines that lower the immune system’s ability to respond to germs. […] Also, as a general group, disability is linked to an increased risk of severe COVID-19. […] The COVID-19 vaccine can lower the risk of death or serious illness caused by COVID-19. […] Everyone can lower the risk of serious COVID-19 illness by working to prevent infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. […] If you’re at a higher risk of serious illness, talk to your healthcare professional about how best to protect yourself.

Zobacz więcej