Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/

  COVID-19 Nursing Care Management […] In this study guide, learn all the important information about Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) including how it is transmitted, its symptoms, how it is diagnosed, its preventive measures, nursing management, and advice for the health workers. […] Nursing management for patients with COVID-19 infection include the following: […] Assessment of a patient suspected of COVID-19 should include: […] Based on the assessment data, the major nursing diagnosis for a patient with COVID-19 are: […] The following are the major nursing care planning goals for COVID-19: […] Listed below are the nursing interventions for a patient diagnosed with COVID-19: […] Nursing goals are met as evidenced by: […] Documentation guidelines for a patient with COVID-19 include the following:

• #2 Nursing Management of COVID-19

  https://everynurse.org/nursing-management-covid-19/

  Nursing Management of COVID-19 […] Since the global outbreak of COVID-19, nurses have answered the call to take care of those affected by coronavirus and to help prevent further spread of the deadly disease. The creation of clear nursing management guidelines can help nurses offer better care for patients with COVID-19 and optimize patient outcomes. Establishing and initiating clear guidelines, before the pandemic causes an overwhelming influx of severely ill patients, can ultimately provide better results. Knowing what to do before the tsunami of very sick patients can also keep your nursing staff safe, on track, and fully in control. […] Nursing management for patients with COVID-19 infection includes assessment, diagnosis, the development of nursing care plans and goals, interventions, evaluations, and documentation.

• #3 Nursing Management of COVID-19

  https://everynurse.org/nursing-management-covid-19/

  Careful assessment is essential in the evaluation and management of patients who may have COVID-19, and particularly in those with fever, acute respiratory illness, and other symptoms of infection. Nursing assessments of these patients should include: […] Travel history a detailed travel history should include travel to other countries, states, or cities with active COVID-19 cases; resources such as Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center can be helpful in determining geographic hotspots in the United States and worldwide. […] Physical examination careful documentation of the patients signs and symptoms, which may develop 2 to 14 days after exposure to the virus; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) lists the following symptoms of COVID-19: […] Not every patient with COVID-19 experiences all of these symptoms. In fact, a study published on June 23, 2020, found that 78 percent of COVID-19 patients had a fever, 57 percent reported a cough, and 31 percent said they had suffered fatigue. Interestingly, 25 percent had lost their sense of smell and 23 percent lost their sense of taste.

• #4

  https://journals.lww.com/cinjournal/fulltext/2024/02000/exploring_nursing_care_for_patients_with_covid_19.6.aspx

  This study explored nursing care topics for patients with the coronavirus disease 2019 admitted to the wards and intensive care units using International Classification for Nursing Practicebased nursing narratives. […] The most documented topics were related to infection; physical symptoms such as sputum, cough, dyspnea, and shivering; and vital signs including blood oxygen saturation and body temperature. […] This study showed that the International Classification for Nursing Practicebased nursing records can be used as source of information to identify nursing care for patients with coronavirus disease 19. […] In particular, there have been more patients per nurse than usual, as well as new patient categories requiring specialized and complex care. […] Understanding the frequent nursing interventions delivered to patients with COVID-19 using nursing records can provide insights into defining effective nursing care for such patients.

• #5 Nursing Management of COVID-19

  https://everynurse.org/nursing-management-covid-19/

  A nursing diagnosis provides clinical judgment about the patients experiences and responses to potential coronavirus infection. Nursing diagnosis for a patient with COVID-19 can include: […] Establishing nursing care plan goals can help improve patient outcomes and decrease the transmission of COVID-19. Major nursing care planning goals for COVID-19 may include: […] Based on assessment data, nursing interventions for COVID-19 should focus on monitoring vital signs, maintaining respiratory function, managing hyperthermia, and reducing transmission. […] Evaluation helps nurses determine if they have met their goals. Evidence for meeting nursing goals for COVID-19 might include: […] Documentation is always important, but perhaps more so when caring for patients with COVID-19. Documentation guidelines for COVID-19 patients include:

• #6 COVID-19 care plan for outpatients with mild to moderate disease

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/nursing-care-plan-for-outpatients-with-mild-to-moderate-covid-19-disease/

  Nursing care plan for outpatients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 disease […] COVID-19 is associated with a plethora of complications for those who suffer from both mild and severe forms of the disease. Although research is ongoing, its known that those who suffer from COVID-19 require interventions that target the respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological system, and renal systems. […] Below is information designed to help nurses working in the outpatient and home health settings develop care plans that meet the needs of patients suffering from mild to moderate symptoms of COVID-19. An effective care plan may help reduce mortality. […] COVID-19 particularly affects the respiratory system. Complications include chronic cough, fibrotic lung disease, bronchiectasis, and pulmonary vascular diseases. This mirrors other coronavirus diseases such as SARS and MERS, which both also cause long-term lung damage. A nurse who is planning care for a patient with COVID-19 should focus on the respiratory system as the primary body system of concern. Interventions include: […]

• #7 COVID-19 care plan for outpatients with mild to moderate disease

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/nursing-care-plan-for-outpatients-with-mild-to-moderate-covid-19-disease/

  Patients who suffer from COVID-19 disease often develop clotting disorders that can lead to myocardial or neurological injury. Patients also are at risk for venous thromboembolism after a long hospital stay during which they are quarantined in their rooms. In the outpatient setting, the following interventions can help prevent cardiovascular complications: […] […] Renal complications are attributed to decreased hydration and nutrition. One of the most commonly reported symptoms of COVID-19 is lack of taste and smell. This places patients at risk for renal complications if their intake is not sufficient. Nursing interventions include: […] […] Although COVID-19 is a new disease, emerging literature suggests the importance of preventative nursing interventions in managing mild and moderate forms of the disease. Nurses who are tasked with caring for patients in outpatient settings can use the information outlined here as a guide to plan care, thereby helping to reduce the risk of complications and mortality.

• #8 How to care for yourself or others with COVID-19 – King County, Washington

  https://kingcounty.gov/en/dept/dph/health-safety/disease-illness/covid-19/support/care

  Encourage the sick person to drink liquids. Offer small amounts of fluid frequently, even if they do not feel thirsty. […] If the sick person is not eating solid food, give fluids that contain sugars and salts, such as Pedialyte or Lytren, broth, or sports drinks. […] Make sure the sick person avoids drinking alcohol, caffeinated, or diet drinks. Do not use tobacco. […] Watch for signs of dehydration. Someone who is dehydrated may be weak or unresponsive, have a dry mouth and tongue, or produce less urine, which becomes dark in color. […] If the sick person is dehydrated, give plenty of fluid through frequent sips or spoonfuls over a 4-hour period. Watch for an increase in urination and a lighter color of the urine. Call a healthcare provider if dehydration worsens. […] Prevent the spread of COVID-19 in the home. Anyone ill should stay home, except to get medical care. Call ahead before visiting your doctor. Use a separate bedroom and bathroom if possible.

• #9 search-icon

  https://news.christianacare.org/2022/01/i-have-covid19-whats-the-best-way-to-take-care-of-myself-at-home/

  Most people with COVID-19 have mild symptoms and can take care of themselves at home. If your symptoms get worse, you may need care in a hospital. […] Its important to do all you can to avoid spreading the virus to others, especially since the omicron variant is so highly contagious. You need to isolate yourself while you are sick. […] Leave your home only if you need to get tested or get medical care. If you need to leave your home, wear a face mask that a mask fits snugly over your nose and mouth and doesnt have any gaps. It can help stop the spread of the virus when you cough, sneeze or speak. […] Get extra rest. […] Drink plenty of fluids. This helps replace fluids lost from fever. Fluids also help ease a scratchy throat. Water, soup, fruit juice and hot tea with lemon are good choices.

• #10 search-icon

  https://news.christianacare.org/2022/01/i-have-covid19-whats-the-best-way-to-take-care-of-myself-at-home/

  Take acetaminophen (such as Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) to reduce a fever. It may also help with muscle and body aches. Read and follow all instructions on the label. […] Sponge your body with lukewarm water to help with fever. Dont use cold water or ice. […] Use petroleum jelly on sore skin. This can help if the skin around your nose and lips becomes sore from rubbing a lot with tissues. If you use oxygen, use a water-based product instead of petroleum jelly. […] Keep track of symptoms such as fever and shortness of breath. This can help you know if you need to call your doctor. It can also help you know when its safe to be around other people. […] Limit contact with people in your home. If possible, stay in a separate bedroom and use a separate bathroom. […] Avoid contact with pets and other animals.

• #11 Infection Control Guidance: SARS-CoV-2 | COVID-19 | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/covid/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  Source control remains an important intervention during periods of higher respiratory virus transmission. […] Source control is recommended for individuals in healthcare settings who have suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection or other respiratory infection. […] Source control is recommended more broadly as described in CDC’s Core IPC Practices in the following circumstances: By those residing or working on a unit or area of the facility experiencing a SARS-CoV-2 or other outbreak of respiratory infection. […] If SARS-CoV-2 infection is not suspected in a patient presenting for care, HCP should follow Standard Precautions. […] As SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the community increases, the potential for encountering asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection also likely increases.

• #12 Infection Control Guidance: SARS-CoV-2 | COVID-19 | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/covid/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  Healthcare facilities responding to SARS-CoV-2 transmission within the facility should always notify and follow the recommendations of public health authorities. […] The IPC recommendations described below (e.g., patient placement, recommended PPE) also apply to patients with symptoms of COVID-19. […] The decision to discontinue empiric Transmission-Based Precautions by excluding the diagnosis of current SARS-CoV-2 infection for a patient with symptoms of COVID-19 can be made based upon having negative results from at least one viral test. […] Patients placed in empiric Transmission-Based Precautions based on close contact with someone with SARS-CoV-2 infection should be maintained in Transmission-Based Precautions for the following time periods. […] Place a patient with suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in a single-person room.

• #13 Home Care Instructions for COVID-19 (Coronavirus) – Unity Healthcare

  https://www.unityhc.com/home-care-instructions-for-covid-19-coronavirus/

  Separate yourself from other people and animals in your home. As much as possible, stay in a specific room away from other people in your home. If possible, use a separate bathroom. If you must be in the same room as other people, wear a facemask to prevent spreading germs to others. […] […] Call ahead before visiting your doctor and tell them that you have or may have COVID-19 so they can prepare for your visit and take steps to keep other people from being exposed or infected. […] […] Wear a facemask. You should wear a facemask when you are around other people (e.g., sharing a room or vehicle) or pets and before you enter a healthcare providers office. […] […] Cover coughs and sneezes. To prevent spreading germs to others, when coughing or sneezing cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve. […]

• #14 Treating COVID-19 at home: Care tips for you and others

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/treating-covid-19-at-home/art-20483273

  Providing care at home for a person sick with COVID-19? Or caring for yourself at home? Understand when emergency care is needed and what you can do to prevent the spread of infection. […] Many people with COVID-19 get better with rest, fluids and treatment for their symptoms. Medicine you can get without a prescription can help. […] A person at high risk of serious COVID-19 illness may be offered medicine to prevent mild illness from getting worse. […] If you are looking after someone with COVID-19, help the person track symptoms. […] For as long as COVID-19 symptoms get worse, stay home and apart from people who don’t have COVID-19. That will help stop the spread of the virus. […] If you have COVID-19 and are staying separate from others, it can be stressful. You can take these actions to help your body and mind through the illness and isolation: Eat healthy foods. Get the rest you need. Try relaxation exercises. Keep up with hobbies you enjoy. Connect with others through phone or video calls.

• #15 Nursing Management of COVID-19

  https://everynurse.org/nursing-management-covid-19/

  Many organizations and healthcare facilities have established guidelines for the nursing management of COVID-19. These guidelines may change quickly, though, in response to new information from researchers or as the result of overwhelming patient caseloads. For more information on the nursing management of COVID-19, consult with the hiring hospital, nursing facility, healthcare organization, or institution.

• #16 COVID-19: Protocol and Checklist for Nursing Care Management at Urgent Care Units

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9916145/

  The creation and validation of a protocol for the management of patients with a suspicion or confirmation of infection by COVID-19 at 24 h UCUs was developed with methodological and scientific rigor so that it can be used by all nurses despite the diversity of scenarios found at these services across Brazil. […] This protocol could also assist in the creation of similar protocols for other healthcare services, providing further instruments for nursing in the continual quest of improvements in care. […] This protocol can contribute to the standardization and guidance of nursing actions in suspected and confirmed cases of COVID-19 at urgent care units, ensuring safe care based on scientific evidence.

• #17 Infection Control Guidance: SARS-CoV-2 | COVID-19 | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/covid/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  HCP who enter the room of a patient with suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection should adhere to Standard Precautions and use a NIOSH Approved particulate respirator with N95 filters or higher. […] Procedures that could generate infectious aerosols should be performed cautiously and avoided if appropriate alternatives exist. […] Facilities should follow guidance from CMS about visitation. […] Facilities should provide instruction, before visitors enter the patient’s room, on hand hygiene, limiting surfaces touched, and use of PPE according to current facility policy. […] The following are criteria to determine when Transmission-Based Precautions could be discontinued for patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and are influenced by severity of symptoms and presence of immunocompromising conditions.

• #18 Home Care Instructions for COVID-19 (Coronavirus) – Unity Healthcare

  https://www.unityhc.com/home-care-instructions-for-covid-19-coronavirus/

  Home Care Instructions for COVID-19 (Coronavirus) […] The following instructions are for people who have or are being evaluated for novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and their families and caregivers. If you have or are being evaluated for COVID-19, you should follow the prevention steps below until a healthcare provider, the Indiana State Department of Health (ISDH), or your local health department determines that you can return to your normal activities. […] If you are not sure if you have COVID-19, contact your healthcare provider. Your healthcare provider, in consultation with the health department, will determine whether you meet criteria for COVID-19 testing and will determine the most appropriate care plan for you. […] INFORMATION FOR COVID-19 PATIENTS WHO ARE NOT HOSPITALIZED […] Stay home except to get medical care. Do not go to work, school, or public areas, and do not use public transportation, ride-sharing, or taxis. […]

• #19 Home Care Instructions for COVID-19 (Coronavirus) – Unity Healthcare

  https://www.unityhc.com/home-care-instructions-for-covid-19-coronavirus/

  Wash your hands often and thoroughly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. Use alcohol-based hand sanitizer if soap and water are not available and if hands are not visibly dirty. […] […] Avoid sharing household items. Do not share dishes, drinking glasses, cups, eating utensils, towels, bedding, or other items with other people or pets in your home. […] […] Monitor your symptoms. If illness gets worse (e.g., trouble breathing, pain in chest), get medical care right away. […] […] These recommendations should be followed until your healthcare provider and/or the health department confirm that you do not have COVID-19 or determine that you are no longer contagious. […] INFORMATION FOR CAREGIVERS AND HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS OF COVID-19 PATIENTS […] Limit visitors to only people caring for the patient. As much as possible, anyone who is not caring for the patient should stay in another home or stay in other rooms. […]

• #20 Treating COVID-19 at home: Care tips for you and others

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/treating-covid-19-at-home/art-20483273

  Your best protection is a recent COVID-19 vaccine. But you might think about staying apart from the person with COVID-19. […] Carefully watch yourself or the person you’re caring for to see if COVID-19 symptoms are getting worse. […] Get emergency help right away for any of these symptoms: Breathing problems or not being able to catch your breath. Skin, lips or nail beds that are gray or blue. New confusion. Trouble staying awake or waking up. Chest pain or pressure that is constant. […] To prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus to others, stay home and apart from anyone you live with for as long as you have worsening symptoms. […] You also can take other actions that lower the chance of spreading the virus that causes COVID-19: Wash your hands well and often using soap and water for at least 20 seconds. Cover your coughs and sneezes. Clean and disinfect surfaces you touch often.

• #21 The Impact of COVID-19 on Nursing Practice: Lessons Learned and Future Trends

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10770815/

  The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic significantly impacted healthcare givers, especially nurses, who were at the forefront of the crisis. It highlighted the importance of preparedness, adaptability, and technology in healthcare systems. Nurses faced challenges like personal protective equipment (PPE) shortages, high patient numbers, and evolving protocols, emphasizing the need for robust plans and flexible infrastructures. Telehealth became crucial, ensuring care continuity and access, particularly for underserved groups. Mental health support for nurses became vital due to extreme stress and pressure. The pandemic also emphasized ongoing education and upskilling in nursing and highlighted the role of AI in healthcare solutions. Interdisciplinary collaboration among healthcare professionals gained importance, shaping a more holistic approach to patient care.

• #22 The Impact of COVID-19 on Nursing Practice: Lessons Learned and Future Trends

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10770815/

  The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the indispensable significance of preparedness and adaptability within healthcare systems, particularly highlighting the essential role of nurses amidst the unprecedented challenges. Nurses were compelled to navigate unpredictable circumstances characterized by severe shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE), overwhelming patient caseloads, and the continual evolution of treatment protocols. This crisis emphasized the urgent need for robust contingency plans and flexible healthcare infrastructures capable of rapid adjustment to unforeseen crises without compromising the quality of patient care or endangering the safety of healthcare staff. […] The COVID-19 pandemic brought forth an intensified recognition of the pivotal role technology plays in the domain of nursing. The adoption of telehealth and remote monitoring emerged as fundamental strategies enabling the delivery of healthcare while mitigating exposure risks. Nurses exhibited rapid adaptation to diverse telemedicine platforms, proficiently conducting virtual consultations, remotely monitoring the vital signs of patients, and extending educational and supportive services.

• #23 The Impact of COVID-19 on Nursing Practice: Lessons Learned and Future Trends

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10770815/

  Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic significantly underscored the imperative need for robust mental health provisions and comprehensive support structures tailored for healthcare professionals, particularly nurses. Throughout this global health crisis, nurses encountered unparalleled stressors due to the overwhelming nature of their responsibilities, bearing witness to widespread suffering and bereavement while enduring prolonged shifts amidst immense strain. […] Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has prompted a critical reassessment of nursing education and training paradigms. The widespread transmission of the virus necessitated swift assimilation of new data and dynamic protocols, emphasizing the imperative for continuous educational advancement and proficiency enhancement among nursing professionals.

• #24 The Impact of COVID-19 on Nursing Practice: Lessons Learned and Future Trends

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10770815/

  Notably, the COVID-19 pandemic expedited the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and data-centric healthcare approaches within nursing paradigms. Nurses are progressively embracing AI-driven instruments, utilizing them for predictive analytics, tailoring patient care to individual needs, and optimizing administrative functions, thus fortifying operational efficiency and augmenting patient outcomes. […] The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the pivotal role of interdisciplinary collaboration within the healthcare milieu. Nurses, in particular, engaged in close collaboration with diverse healthcare stakeholders, including physicians, public health specialists, and various healthcare professionals, to develop and implement efficacious strategies and protocols for managing the pandemic’s impact.

• #25 The Impact of COVID-19 on Nursing Practice: Lessons Learned and Future Trends

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10770815/

  In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the field of nursing, representing a pivotal juncture that has instigated transformative changes and paved the way for future trends in nursing practice. It has unequivocally highlighted the indispensable requirement for comprehensive preparedness strategies within healthcare systems. Moreover, the pandemic underscored the pivotal role of technology integration, emphasizing the accelerated adoption of telehealth and remote monitoring tools in nursing care delivery. Simultaneously, it brought attention to the critical importance of addressing mental health challenges among healthcare professionals, particularly nurses, necessitating robust support systems and resources to mitigate burnout. Additionally, the crisis emphasized the necessity for continuous education and the upskilling of nurses to adapt to dynamic circumstances effectively. Notably, interdisciplinary collaboration emerged as a cornerstone in devising and implementing effective healthcare strategies during the pandemic.

• #26 NCSBN Research Projects Significant Nursing Workforce Shortages and Crisis | NCSBN

  https://www.ncsbn.org/news/ncsbn-research-projects-significant-nursing-workforce-shortages-and-crisis

  The data reveals that 100,000 nurses left the workforce during the pandemic and by 2027, almost 900,000, or almost one-fifth of 4.5 million total registered nurses, intend to leave the workforce, threatening the national health care system at large if solutions are not enacted. […] For the first time, the research findings reveal how the nursing workforce was impacted by the pandemic and how many left the workforce in this period, and forecast how many nurses in the U.S. have an intent to leave the workforce. The research also examined the personal and professional characteristics of nurses experiencing heightened workplace burnout and stress due to the COVID-19 pandemic. […] Approximately 100,000 registered nurses (RNs) left the workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic in the past two years due to stress, burnout and retirements.

• #27 NCSBN Research Projects Significant Nursing Workforce Shortages and Crisis | NCSBN

  https://www.ncsbn.org/news/ncsbn-research-projects-significant-nursing-workforce-shortages-and-crisis

  Research also suggested that nurses workloads and unprecedented levels of burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic played key roles in accelerating these workforce trends and threatening the future of the U.S. nursing workforce, particularly for younger, less experienced RNs. […] The pandemic has stressed nurses to leave the workforce and has expedited an intent to leave in the near future, which will become a greater crisis and threaten patient populations if solutions are not enacted immediately.

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