Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Infectious Disease: Types, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17724-infectious-diseases

  Infectious diseases are illnesses caused by harmful organisms (pathogens) that get into your body from the outside. Pathogens that cause infectious diseases are viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites and, rarely, prions. You can get infectious diseases from other people, bug bites and contaminated food, water or soil. […] Infectious diseases can be viral, bacterial, parasitic or fungal infections. […] Treatment depends on what causes the infection. Sometimes your healthcare provider will recommend monitoring your symptoms rather than taking medication. […] Your healthcare provider usually diagnoses infectious diseases using one or more lab tests. Your provider can look for signs of disease by swabbing your nose or throat. […] Vaccines reduce your risk of getting an infectious disease by training your immune system to recognize and fight off infections from harmful invaders. […] With treatment, most people get better after being sick with an infectious disease.

• #2 Diagnosis of Infectious Disease – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/diagnosis-of-infectious-disease/diagnosis-of-infectious-disease

  Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. […] Doctors suspect an infection based on the person’s symptoms, physical examination results, and risk factors. First, doctors confirm that the person has an infection rather than another type of illness. […] Once doctors confirm that the person has an infection, they usually need to know which specific microorganism is causing the infection. […] Many different types of laboratory tests can identify microorganisms. […] No single test can identify every microorganism, and tests that work well for one microorganism often do not work well for another. […] When a microorganism is identified, doctors can then do tests to determine which medications are most effective against it (susceptibility tests), and effective treatment can be started sooner.

• #3 Infectious diseases – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infectious-diseases/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351179

  Your healthcare professional will likely ask you about your symptoms and medical history. You’ll likely get a physical exam too. You also may need certain tests or imaging scans to help figure out the cause of your symptoms. […] Many infectious diseases have symptoms in common. Samples of body fluids can sometimes point to the particular germ that causes the illness. This helps your care team make sure you get the right treatment. […] Tests that make images of the inside of the body also can help your healthcare team figure out the cause of your symptoms. Imaging tests include X-ray, computerized tomography, ultrasound and MRI. […] Knowing what type of germ is causing your illness makes it easier for your healthcare team to choose the right treatment. […] Antibiotics are medicines that clear up illnesses caused by bacteria. They are grouped into classes of similar types.

• #4 Introduction to Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Disease – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/laboratory-diagnosis-of-infectious-disease/introduction-to-laboratory-diagnosis-of-infectious-disease

  Laboratory tests may identify organisms directly (eg, visually, using a microscope, growing the organism in culture) or indirectly (eg, identifying antibodies to the organism). […] Culture is normally the gold standard for identification of organisms, but results may not be available for days or weeks, and not all pathogens can be cultured, making alternative tests useful. […] The introduction of both genotypic and phenotypic rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) has allowed for a more rapid and targeted approach to antimicrobial therapy. […] Some tests (eg, Gram stain, routine aerobic culture) can detect a large variety of pathogens and are commonly done for many suspected infectious illnesses. […] In such cases, clinicians should request tests specific for the suspected pathogen (eg, special stains or culture media) or advise the laboratory of the suspected organism or organisms so that more specific tests may be selected.

• #5 Diagnosis of Infectious Disease – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/diagnosis-of-infectious-disease/diagnosis-of-infectious-disease

  Doctors sometimes can identify a microorganism simply by looking at it under a microscope. […] Many microorganisms, such as the bacteria that cause urinary tract infections or strep throat, can easily be grown in a culture. […] After the microorganisms are cultured, tests to identify them and to determine susceptibility and sensitivity to antimicrobials are done. […] Although doctors know in general which antimicrobials are effective against different microorganisms, microorganisms are constantly developing resistance to medications that were previously effective. […] Sometimes genetic testing can be used to detect genes in the microorganism that cause resistance to certain antimicrobials. […] Some microorganisms, such as the bacteria that cause syphilis, cannot be cultured. […] Antibody tests are usually done on a sample of the infected person’s blood because antibodies circulate in the blood.

• #6 Principles of Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7149376/

  Infectious diseases are diagnosed by detection of a bacterium, virus, fungus, protozoan, or helminth in a patient with a compatible clinical illness. The methods of detection include cultivation of bacteria and fungi on growth medium, isolation of viruses in cell culture, and identification of the agent biochemically, antigenically, or genetically. […] Specific diagnoses require isolation of the agent in culture, microscopic visualization of the pathogen in tissue lesions, and/or detection of a specific host immune response to the organism. […] The immune system, which evolved to control infectious diseases, also provides an approach to determine the diagnosis of an infectious disease. […] The most powerful tool for specific microscopic diagnosis of infectious diseases is immunohistochemistry.

• #7 Immuno Diagnostics Importance Against Diseases | Babirus LLC

  https://www.babirus.ae/immuno-diagnostics-importance-against-diseases/

  This immuno diagnostics feature indicates the proportion of uninfected individuals who are correctly identified as negative by the test, in other words, a highly specific test will have few false positives. […] Therefore, specificity is important to minimize false positives and avoid unnecessary treatments or interventions in immuno diagnostics tests. […] It is essential to note that the choice of immuno diagnostic assay, with all the used new technology, depends on the specific infectious disease being targeted and the stage of the infection. […] ELISA is widely used for detecting antibodies or antigens in a patients blood sample, as it utilizes an enzyme-labeled antibody or antigen and colorimetric detection. […] Moreover, ELISA is used in detecting infections such as HIV, hepatitis, Lyme disease, and certain parasitic infections.

• #8 Immuno Diagnostics Importance Against Diseases | Babirus LLC

  https://www.babirus.ae/immuno-diagnostics-importance-against-diseases/

  Western Blot is a confirmatory test used mainly for HIV and Lyme disease diagnostics, it detects specific antibodies in a patients blood sample. […] However, Western Blot is accomplished following a positive screening test, such as an ELISA, to ensure higher specificity. […] FA is used for detecting exact biological or bacterial antigens by tagging them with a fluorescent dye. […] This FA test is employed in the diagnosis of various infections, including respiratory viruses (e.g., influenza, respiratory syncytial virus), sexually transmitted infections (e.g., Chlamydia trachomatis), and certain zoonotic diseases. […] The IFA test depends on specific antibodies that bind to target antigens and are visualized using fluorescent dyes like the FA test. […] Yet, it is used to diagnose infections like Toxoplasmosis, Syphilis, Legionellosis, and viral infections such as Herpes simplex and Cytomegalovirus.

• #9 Clinical Tests To Diagnose Infectious Diseases – iProcess

  https://iprocess.net/infectious-disease-diagnostics/

  One critical aspect of diagnostic tests for infectious diseases is the collection of biospecimens. […] Antibody tests are typically performed with the use of a patients blood. […] One limitation of antibody tests is that they may not be useful for diagnosing a current infectious disease. […] Antigen tests are effective for prompt infectious disease diagnostics, as clinicians dont have to wait for the bodys production of antibodies. […] A positive antigen test will result from the binding of the antibody to the antigen found in the patients sample and indicates a current, active infection. […] Nucleic acid-based tests are tests that identify microorganisms based on the genetic material produced by the microorganism, such as a virus. […] Clinical tests for infectious disease diagnostics include an array of different methods, including antibody and antigen tests.

• #10 Microfluidics-based strategies for molecular diagnostics of infectious diseases | Military Medical Research | Full Text

  https://mmrjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40779-022-00374-3

  In such cases, microfluidics, a technology that combines micro-electro-mechanical system technology, nanotechnology, or materials science for precise fluid manipulations, offers a new opportunity for point-of-care testing (POCT) of infectious pathogens outside of hospitals and laboratories. […] Microfluidic technology enables a sample- and cost-saving route for molecular diagnostics during disease outbreaks compared with traditional laborious diagnostics. […] Among the existing strategies for diagnosing infectious diseases, molecular diagnostics are among the most sensitive methods. […] Moreover, molecular diagnostics usually serve as the gold standard method for ongoing COVID-19 detection, allowing direct detection of virus-specific RNA or DNA regions prior to onset of the immune response.

• #11 Diagnosis of infectious diseases: complexity to convenience – Sensors & Diagnostics (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/D3SD00236E

  https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2024/sd/d3sd00236e

  Attempts have been made to incorporate nanoparticles with ELISA to increase sensitivity and lower the limit of detection (LOD). […] The improvement in the sensitivity of AuNP-based ELISA for detection of the Opisthorchis viverrini antigen (OvAg) was achieved by developing fluorescence AuNPs-LISA. […] PCR is a type of NAT, which amplifies specific nucleic acid sequences from the target. […] PCR is highly sensitive and specific as it is a nucleic acid-based technique and hence it allows for accurate detection of a wide range of bacteria, viruses and parasites. […] The involvement of reverse transcriptase in PCR for the detection of RNA paved the way for the development of reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) as we know them today. […] The requirement of thermal cycling for PCR is a major blockade while developing a new platform using PCR.

• #11 Diagnosis of infectious diseases: complexity to convenience – Sensors & Diagnostics (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/D3SD00236E

  https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2024/sd/d3sd00236e

  To counter this, researchers have discovered isothermal amplification. […] Based on isothermal amplification, techniques such as loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), rolling circle amplification (RCA), nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) and recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) have been derived. […] The CRISPR-Cas system is a defense mechanism evolved by bacteria. […] After their discovery, the systems have been widely used for gene editing owing to their high specificity, but recently, developments have been made in regard to their use in diagnostics. […] Biosensors convert the signals from a biological reaction into electrical or optical signals. […] Biosensors are being studied widely because of their ability to perform tests in a short period of time with high sensitivity.

• #11 Diagnosis of infectious diseases: complexity to convenience – Sensors & Diagnostics (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/D3SD00236E

  https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2024/sd/d3sd00236e

  These involve electrochemical biosensors, SPR-based biosensors, SERS-based biosensors, fluorescent biosensors, colorimetric biosensors, and chemiluminescent biosensors. […] LFAs are primarily based on the principle of antigen-antibody interaction on a paper-strip. […] LFAs are widely used as POC test devices in low resource settings due to their ability to provide highly sensitive and specific detection results, low cost, rapid results and portability. […] The nucleic acid-based lateral flow test (NALFT), also known as a nucleic acid lateral flow immunoassay (NALFIA), is a diagnostic test used to identify and analyse certain nucleic acid sequences, such as DNA or RNA, in a sample with the help of nucleic acids or primers as detection molecules. […] The techniques discussed above have provided scientific evidence for their application in routine use.

• #12

  https://www.nextgenerationdx.com/infectious-disease-diagnostics/15

  There is great interest and potential in the use of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (NGS) for diagnosis of infectious diseases in clinical settings. […] Whole-genome sequencing provides the ultimate resolution in molecular typing. This resolution is yielding critical insights into the spread of healthcare-associated infections and will have a major impact on the future of infection prevention. […] The presentation will outline studies to evaluate the use of NGS-based devices as an aid in Infectious Disease diagnostics, and to gain a better understanding of potential NGS clinical implementation strategies. […] Programs that incorporate molecular diagnostics as part of the decision paradigm, can improve timeliness of appropriate antimicrobial prescribing, reduce cost and improve patient outcomes.

• #12

  https://www.nextgenerationdx.com/infectious-disease-diagnostics/15

  Novel, innovative technologies have revolutionized the detection and identification of bloodstream pathogens in the laboratory. This session discusses approaches to rapid diagnosis of sepsis. […] We used an integrative omics approach to develop a clinico-metabolomic classifier to predict sepsis and the probability of death at the time of presentation. […] We have engineered PAMPs-binding proteins (e.g. FcMBL) on solid supports to capture fungi, bacteria, viruses, parasites and toxins from complex media. We use the engineered FcMBL for pathogen identification using molecular and protein analysis and we have successfully treated septic rats and pigs using FcMBL in an extracorporeal dialysis-like-therapy (DLT). […] Current progress in pathogen detection is limited primarily because of the time required to grow the pathogens to a detectable level. UMB inventors have developed a lipid-based rapid, accurate and automatable method of pathogen detection that may be deployed on existing MALDI-TOF-MS instruments already becoming popular in diagnostic laboratories for pathogen identification based on high abundance protein profiles.

• #13 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Unlocking-rapid-diagnosis-exploring-the-benefits-of-syndromic-infectious-disease-testing.aspx

  The demand for swift and accurate diagnosis of infectious diseases stands as a paramount challenge. Syndromic infectious disease testing is a novel approach that focuses on identifying the cause of an illness by examining a range of clinical symptoms, or syndromes, instead of individually isolating specific pathogens. […] Syndromic infectious disease testing is designed to simultaneously identify multiple pathogens responsible for similar clinical symptoms in a single test. Traditional testing methods typically only target one pathogen at a time. […] Rapid diagnosis is extremely important in infectious disease management. The quicker healthcare providers can identify the exact pathogen responsible for an illness, the sooner they can begin the appropriate treatment. Syndromic testing generates results within hours, reducing patients’ time to wait for diagnosis.

• #13 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Unlocking-rapid-diagnosis-exploring-the-benefits-of-syndromic-infectious-disease-testing.aspx

  Infectious diseases caused by contagious pathogens have the potential to spread rapidly within communities and hospitals. Syndromic testing can reduce disease transmission, as healthcare facilities can quickly identify infected individuals, isolate them, and control the infection. […] For severe, life-threatening infections, early intervention can have a substantial impact on recovery and survival rates. With syndromic testing, patients receive more accurate treatments, which plays a pivotal role in the severity and duration of their illnesses. […] Syndromic testing can diagnose various infectious diseases, from respiratory infections to gastrointestinal illnesses. […] Syndromic testing identifies the infectious agents responsible for a patient’s symptoms. By knowing the specific pathogens, healthcare professionals can target treatments more accurately, differentiating between viral and bacterial infections and ensuring antibiotics are used correctly and not unnecessarily.

• #14 The Importance of Diagnostic Tests in Fighting Infectious Diseases | Life Changing Innovation

  https://www.lifechanginginnovation.org/medtech-facts/importance-diagnostic-tests-fighting-infectious-diseases.html

  Test manufacturers are continually advancing and developing diagnostics to match the evolution and emergence of new infectious diseases. Recent advances enable health care providers to reach a diagnosis more quickly, improving patient outcomes and lowering associated health care costs. […] Use of a diagnostic test for the early detection of MRSA enabled doctors to prescribe optimum antibiotics 1.7 days sooner, reducing the length of hospital stays by 6.2 days and lowering hospital costs by more than $21,000. […] Point of care (POC) testing allows patient diagnoses in the physician’s office, an ambulance, the home, the field or in the hospital. The results allow for rapid treatment. […] During the recent Ebola crisis, test manufacturers rushed to develop new POC rapid diagnostic tests to avoid multi-day delays in diagnosing affected patients.

• #15 Tackling Infectious Diseases with Rapid Molecular Diagnosis and Innovative Prevention

  https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7449/16/2/17

  The invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 1985 and its practical application through the use of thermostable polymerase, followed by the availability of PCR thermocyclers, paved the way for major changes in the culture-free molecular diagnosis of infectious diseases due to its high sensitivity and specificity, and ability to produce billion-fold copies of nucleic acid from a small number of microorganisms present in a sample. […] Rapid rtPCR tests have proven to be a powerful tool not only for the diagnosis of infectious diseases, but also for the prevention and control of infections, reducing the spread of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. […] Molecular diagnostic technologies were later taken to a new height, bringing diagnosis to the point of care (POC) as portable, simple, and fast tests, an effective way of further reducing the turnaround time (TAT) for rapid molecular tests.

• #16 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Revolutions-in-Infectious-Disease-Testing.aspx

  The large scale of COVID-19 testing has allowed the comprehensive evaluation of these tests compared with the gold standard, whether the polymerase chain reaction or other benchmark test. […] A second type of POCT is based on molecular diagnosis, with the results being available in minutes rather than hours. […] Various nucleic acid-based probes and nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), have been around for over three decades. […] NAATs came to the forefront with the advance of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and many automated devices for high-throughput testing were introduced during the pandemic. […] Other advances in NAAT technology include the ability to reduce the number of samples per batch, down from 96 to as low as one, simply by using separate extraction and amplification modules.

• #16 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Revolutions-in-Infectious-Disease-Testing.aspx

  Infectious diseases (IDs) still take 14 million lives worldwide each year, making up a quarter of total deaths. This makes them a leading cause of mortality. […] The management of IDs is dependent on accurate and rapid diagnosis. […] Not only are these techniques cumbersome and slow, but they require highly trained staff and carefully collected samples, usually body fluids. […] It is worth noting that researchers have come up with ASSURED characteristics that delineate the ideal diagnostic test: Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Rapid, Equipment-free, and Delivered to those in need. […] A major advance in this field has been the entrance of rapid point of care tests (POCTs). […] Such tests are currently available for Chlamydia, many diarrheal agents, respiratory tract pathogens, reproductive tract disease, Treponema, Trichomonas, and some fungi.

• #17 Two-test algorithms for infectious disease diagnosis: Implications for COVID-19 | PLOS Global Public Health

  https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0000293

  A two-test algorithm comprising a rapid screening test followed by confirmatory laboratory testing can reduce false positive rate, produce rapid results and conserve laboratory resources, but can lead to large number of missed cases in high prevalence setting. […] The accurate and timely diagnosis of numerous infectious diseases is constrained by a lack of optimal diagnostic infrastructure and expertise, particularly at the point-of-care in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). […] Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) provide a platform that is simple to use, cost effective and can provide rapid results; the use of malaria RDTs in malaria endemic settings has been shown to improve health outcomes. […] However, outside of the widely used malaria RDT, available RDTs for many infectious diseases are limited by suboptimal accuracies and hence would benefit from being used as part of clearly defined diagnostic algorithms.

• #18 Pediatric Infectious Disease Diagnostics

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/specialty-centers-and-programs/laboratory-services/test-menu/infectious-diseases-microbiology

  The Microbiology/Virology/Molecular laboratory performs testing to aid in the diagnosis of infectious diseases. […] We provide infectious disease serologic testing to assess for tuberculosis infection and confirm immune status for measles, mumps, rubella and varicella. […] Of note we are one of only a few institutions who are utilizing Matrix- assisted laser desorption /ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) technology for the identification of yeast and bacteria. […] Susceptibility testing is performed on disease-causing organisms to guide antibiotic treatment. […] Our menu of molecular tests now includes: The FilmArray Respiratory Viral Panel (RVP) quantitative EBV, CMV, Adenovirus and BK virus PCR, Bordetella pertussis/parapertussis PCR, HSV PCR (blood, csf and vesicle fluid), C. difficile Toxin B PCR and Enterovirus PCR from CSF. […] In addition, we maintain traditional virology methods such as culture and DFA for testing of specimens not validated for molecular testing.

• #19 Center for Infectious Disease Diagnostics & Innovation | Duke Department of Medicine

  https://medicine.duke.edu/divisions/infectious-diseases/research/institutes-and-labs/center-infectious-disease-diagnostics

  The Infectious Disease Genomics team is focused on understanding the dynamic between host and pathogen to discover and develop host-response markers that can diagnose and predict health and disease. […] With any potential infectious disease diagnosis, it is difficult, if not impossible, to determine the underlying cause of illness at the time of presentation. […] Given the difficulties in making a diagnosis, most patients are inappropriately treated with antibacterials. However, each of these etiologies (bacteria, virus or neither) leaves a fingerprint embedded in the host gene expression response. We are very interested in finding those fingerprints and exploiting them to generate new approaches to disease diagnosis. […] These principles also apply to sepsis, defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection.

• #19 Center for Infectious Disease Diagnostics & Innovation | Duke Department of Medicine

  https://medicine.duke.edu/divisions/infectious-diseases/research/institutes-and-labs/center-infectious-disease-diagnostics

  Our research into biomarkers capable of predicting and diagnosing health and disease states such as sepsis and antibiotic resistant infections (ARIs) is supported by funds from the Austere environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), National Institutes of Health Antibiotic Resistance Leadership Group (ARLG), Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the advancement of Military Medicine, Defense Threat Reduction Agency and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. […] Current diagnostic tests for detecting Streptococcus pneumoniae can be unreliable and can mislead clinical decision-making and treatment. […] The CAPSOD study is designed to identify novel tests for early diagnosis of severe sepsis and CAP. […] Development of biomarker-based tests will permit patient selection for appropriate disposition, such as the intensive care unit, and use of intensive medical therapies, thereby reducing mortality and increasing effectiveness of resource allocation.

• #19 Center for Infectious Disease Diagnostics & Innovation | Duke Department of Medicine

  https://medicine.duke.edu/divisions/infectious-diseases/research/institutes-and-labs/center-infectious-disease-diagnostics

  This program seeks to discover a minimal set of molecular biomarkers that would indicate, less than 24 hours after exposure to a pathogen, whether an individual will become contagious. […] The overarching goal of our current DARPA Biochronicity program is to develop biomolecular classifiers of the baseline state of health (B-HEALTH) for a given individual that enables an accurate prediction of future health versus disease states for that person. […] However, there is currently no available test platform that measures host gene expression signatures in the timeframe necessary to impact clinical decision making for acutely ill patients. Therefore, we have sought out technology partners where the development of a simple, rapid test that quantifies the host response is within reach.

• #20 Infectious diseases – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infectious-diseases/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351179

  Antibiotics have no effect on illnesses caused by viruses. But sometimes it’s hard to tell which type of germ is at work. […] The overuse of antibiotics is a problem. Bacteria can change in response to these medicines. As a result, some types of bacteria can resist the effects of one or more varieties of antibiotics. This is called antibiotic resistance. It makes these germs much harder to treat. […] These medicines can treat certain viruses. […] Some diseases, including malaria, are caused by tiny parasites. These organisms live in or on host organisms, which can include people. […] Medicines can treat diseases caused by parasites. But some types of parasites have developed resistance to the drugs.

• #21 Detection and Diagnostics – Global Infectious Disease Surveillance and Detection – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK52875/

  Timely and accurate diagnosis is critical to the global efforts to prevent and treat infectious diseases. […] The tragic reality is that diagnostic uncertainty exacts a huge toll in morbidity and mortality. […] Reliance on underperforming diagnostic technologies limits the control of the world’s greatest killers, especially in settings with high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence. […] We contend that innovative mechanisms are needed to produce, develop and deploy new and better diagnostic tools for infectious diseases in developing countries. […] The weaknesses of standard diagnostic tests for tuberculosis are well documented. […] Reliance on inadequate diagnostic tools cripple TB control efforts. […] The success of RDTs in improving the targeting of drug therapy, and their acceptance in malaria management by remote health workers and patients, will depend on the reliability and accuracy of the tests.

• #22 Detection and Diagnostics – Global Infectious Disease Surveillance and Detection – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK52875/

  With FIND’s support, companies that produce low-cost diagnostics for use in developing countries realize sufficient cost savings (in manufacturing, approval procedures, and marketing) to sustain profits. […] Soldiers at risk of contracting infectious disease—either from the natural environment or from bioweapons—need diagnostics that are rugged, rapid, and easy to use, according to speaker Mark Wolcott of the Diagnostic Systems Division at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID). […] In their contribution to this chapter, Wolcott and co-authors discuss the rationale, design, and development of rapid diagnostic assays for infectious diseases. […] Rapid diagnostic tools are also improving infectious disease surveillance in animals. […] Based on such experiences, Ardans argued that the state’s laboratory system plays its most crucial role when recognizing and responding to unusual disease events.

• #23

  https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/laboratory-medicine-in-infectious-disease-diagnosis-innovations-and-challenges-31518.html

  Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an emerging global challenge that complicates the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. The detection of AMR pathogens requires sophisticated molecular testing methods, which are not always widely available. The lack of rapid AMR testing can delay appropriate treatment and contribute to the spread of resistant strains. Additionally, the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in both healthcare and agriculture exacerbate the problem, underscoring the need for improved stewardship and rapid diagnostic technologies that can guide targeted therapy. […] Finally, data integration and bioinformatics present challenges in the context of precision medicine. With the increasing availability of genomic and proteomic data, there is a growing need for robust bioinformatics platforms that can interpret and integrate complex datasets to provide actionable insights for clinicians. The ability to quickly analyze and interpret large volumes of data is essential for personalized treatment regimens and epidemiological surveillance.

• #24 Immuno Diagnostics Importance Against Diseases | Babirus LLC

  https://www.babirus.ae/immuno-diagnostics-importance-against-diseases/

  The immuno diagnostics technology covers a wide range of applications beyond infectious diseases, including autoimmunity, oncology, allergy, transplantation, and hormonal disorders. […] Therefore, immuno diagnostic tests are used to detect autoantibodies associated with autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis or lupus, to monitor tumor markers in cancer patients, and to measure hormone levels in conditions like diabetes or thyroid disorders. […] There is an increasing demand for immuno diagnostic tests that can be performed at the point of care, such as at a doctors office, pharmacy, or even at home. […] POCT, just like Amplex diagnostics, offers great advantages, like rapid results, convenience, and reduced healthcare costs. […] Moreover, the development of portable and handheld immuno diagnostic devices, such as lateral flow assays and smartphone-based diagnostics, can and will drive the big growth of POCT in immuno diagnostics.

• #25 Detection and Diagnostics – Global Infectious Disease Surveillance and Detection – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK52875/

  Although Koch’s postulates remain diagnostic standards, adapting them to a vastly expanded understanding of disease states has become increasingly problematic, observed presenter Ian Lipkin and co-author Thomas Briese of Columbia University’s Jerome L. and Dawn Greene Infectious Disease Laboratory. […] Their paper discusses contemporary problems in proving causality, and illustrative case studies that reveal how these challenges are shaping pathogen surveillance and discovery. […] Imagining a future in which bioterrorism agents are continually reengineered to elude standard detection and diagnostic methods as well as therapeutics, speaker and Forum member Stephen Johnston offers a model of diagnosis for exposure to a pathogen before symptoms appear: a host-based detection system, capable of analyzing hundreds to thousands of components in samples of blood, sputum, or urine, and thereby capable of detecting any type of engineered or natural threat agent.

• #26 The crucial role of testing algorithms in the diagnosis of infectious diseases

  https://diagnostics.roche.com/global/en/article-listing/health-topics/infectious-diseases/testing-algorithms-for-diagnosing-infectious-diseases.html

  Timely and accurate diagnosis of infectious diseases is fundamental to enable quality care and appropriate control measures. […] Accurate and timely diagnosis not only allows for appropriate treatment and management of patients but it is also important for ruling out a suspected condition. […] Therefore, timely diagnosis also plays a vital role in public health surveillance and outbreak control. […] Early diagnosis plays a crucial role in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. […] Accurate diagnosis aids in monitoring the prevalence and incidence of infectious diseases in a population. […] The importance of testing algorithms lies in their ability to provide a systematic and standardized approach to diagnosing infectious diseases. […] Testing algorithms involve a sequence of tests performed in a specific order to maximize diagnostic accuracy and efficiency.

• #27 Post-Travel Evaluation of the Ill Traveler | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/posttravel-evaluation/rapid-diagnostic-tests-for-infectious-diseases

  Malaria should be ruled out in all patients who develop febrile illness after returning from endemic areas. […] The initial approach to the ill returned traveler is very similar to other routine clinical evaluations and should include the elements outlined in the sections that follow. […] A detailed history focused on the onset and the nature of symptoms can elicit potential diagnostic clues that make etiologic considerations more or less likely. […] Data from surveillance systems, such as the GeoSentinel network, can assist in identifying the most commonly reported etiologies of illness in travelers returning from specific geographic regions. […] The most common travel-associated infections by incubation period are listed in Table 10.1.3, Table 10.1.4, and Table 10.1.5. […] The differential diagnosis of travel-associated undifferentiated febrile syndromes includes common „cosmopolitan” etiologies such as Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and toxoplasmosis.

• #28 Taking connected mobile-health diagnostics of infectious diseases to the field | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-0956-2

  mHealth can also increase system efficiency, by reducing workload and errors associated with paper reporting and preventing stock-outs, through the increased automation of inventory and supply-chain management systems. […] The use of connected diagnostics and symptom-reporting apps, combined with standardized electronic collection of epidemiological and clinical data, has great potential to enhance the efficiency and speed of management of both epidemic and endemic infections, including the management of contacts where appropriate. […] The identification of relevant diagnostic targets for infectious diseases and development of testing technologies aimed at distinguishing the pathogen or host response to the pathogen from commensal infections or non-specific immune responses is a well-established field.

• #28 Taking connected mobile-health diagnostics of infectious diseases to the field | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-0956-2

  Mobile health, or mHealth, is the application of mobile devices, their components and related technologies to healthcare. It is already improving patients access to treatment and advice. Now, in combination with internet-connected diagnostic devices, it offers novel ways to diagnose, track and control infectious diseases and to improve the efficiency of the health system. […] Diagnosis and monitoring of disease are key to clinical management. The control of infectious diseases represents a unique challenge because infections can be transmitted to others and thus require a focus on early detection and treatment, surveillance and outbreak control. Diagnostic and monitoring tools must therefore be integrated with effective surveillance and control measures to limit the spread of infection. […] The global risk of antimicrobial-resistant infections is potentially catastrophic, demanding improved diagnostics to guide antimicrobial therapy. Connected diagnostics that can simultaneously detect a pathogen and identify antimicrobial sensitivity and resistance can enable the selection of appropriate therapies while reporting the required data to surveillance centres.

• #29 Infectious Diseases – Overview – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/departments-centers/infectious-diseases/sections/overview/ovc-20456906

  People turn to Mayo Clinic for help with a wide range of serious and difficult-to-diagnose infectious diseases. […] Each year Mayo Clinic’s infectious diseases specialists diagnose and treat more than 18,000 adults and children from around the world. […] Successful treatment starts with an accurate diagnosis. Our doctors take the time to get it right. […] Mayo Clinic’s infectious disease specialists work with clinical microbiology specialists who have developed advanced microbiological laboratory methods of detecting infections. […] Our infectious disease specialists work in teams to help manage the most complex infections encountered in the hospital setting. […] People who plan to undergo a transplant may see an infectious disease specialist for a pre-surgical assessment of infection risk and to discuss prevention strategies. […] Our infectious disease doctors are committed to developing strategies to reduce the risk of infection after surgical procedures and in people who are hospitalized.

• #30 Why Aligning Laboratory Professionals and Infectious Disease Clinicians Can Deliver Favorable Diagnostics, Treatments

  https://www.contagionlive.com/view/why-aligning-laboratory-professionals-and-infectious-disease-clinicians-can-deliver-favorable-diagnostics-treatments

  In todays world of sophisticated, complex tests, an evolving relationship between laboratory professionals and clinicians can aid in providing a quicker diagnosis and help to achieve better patient outcomes. […] However, the development of more sophisticated assays such as rapid diagnostics and PCR testing, combined with concepts like time-to-treat and antimicrobial stewardship have led to the prospective need for the convergence of these 2 groups working together. […] Medical complications for these patients can include multidrug resistance combined with a treatment paradigm in which less effective testing is being conducted followed by prescribing practices that include broad-spectrum antibiotics, which do not always align with positive outcomes. […] This is where laboratorians can play a key role. And some are advocating for laboratory professionals to be added to antimicrobial stewardship teams, especially as they can, execute systemic interventions, facilitating appropriate identification of infections (and noninfections) through diagnostic stewardship. […] We need to be certain, or as close to certain as we can get, that we’re getting an accurate diagnosis, followed by an accurate susceptibility test, so that patients gets the right drug.

• #31 LCD – MolDX: Molecular Syndromic Panels for Infectious Disease Pathogen Identification Testing (L39044)

  https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/view/lcd.aspx?lcdid=39044

  Rapid diagnostics require rapid intervention to be impactful for patient management. Rapid, user-friendly, multiplexed molecular tests have great potential in this regard, though their impact on patient outcomes is clearer for some types of panels, infections, and patients than for others, as studies are variable in design and quality. […] The goal of diagnostic stewardship is to select the right test for the right patient at the right time, to optimize patient care. […] The evidence shows that molecular syndromic panels for infectious disease testing can result in prompt patient management, including the rapid initiation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy, the timely de-escalation of therapy, and the decrease in unnecessary therapy. […] However, the implementation of syndromic panels has also been a challenge, as these panels detect a fixed number of organisms, not all of which are appropriate for a given patient or setting, or during a given season.

• #31 LCD – MolDX: Molecular Syndromic Panels for Infectious Disease Pathogen Identification Testing (L39044)

  https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/view/lcd.aspx?lcdid=39044

  This policy provides limited coverage for outpatient testing with panels using molecular syndromic panels for infectious disease pathogen identification testing. […] Molecular panel tests for infectious diseases have changed the landscape of clinical microbiology. They play an important role in diagnostic testing, as they simultaneously detect several different pathogens associated with similar and overlapping clinical symptomatology. […] For some conditions, such as respiratory tract infections, RP panels have become the SOC. These respiratory panels are exceptionally rapid, providing results in minutes to hours. […] In recent years, molecular syndromic panels have become routinely used for a number of infection types, including respiratory, gastrointestinal, central nervous system, bloodstream, and urogenital/anogenital.

• #32 Infectious diseases | Quest Diagnostics

  https://www.questdiagnostics.com/healthcare-professionals/about-our-tests/infectious-diseases

  For seasonal acute respiratory tract infections, timely clinical decision-making is crucial. Molecular respiratory syndromic panels from Quest Diagnostics provide accurate, rapid, reliable results so that you can start the appropriate treatment sooner while maintaining antibiotic stewardship. […] Patients with vector-borne diseases can deteriorate quickly, but early detection mitigates complications. Quest Diagnostics offers convenient, one-visit screening solutions that can detect infections, including Lyme disease, Zika virus, malaria, and others, whether latent or not. […] With Quest on your side, you get access to more than 3,500 tests, ranging from routine flu and SARS-CoV-2 screening to highly specialized testing for complex diseases like HIV. […] We are committed to helping you deliver the best possible care to your patients. […] Quest is committed to helping you and your patients work together toward better health.

• #33 Infectious Disease Diagnostics | Technology Networks

  https://www.technologynetworks.com/tn/topic-hub/infectious-disease-diagnostics

  Infectious diseases may be caused by a plethora of bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites and finding the culprit is key to treatment and resolution. We explore how infectious diseases are diagnosed and the assays used to achieve this. […] Diagnostic testing is key in many areas including healthcare and preventative medicine, food safety and environmental monitoring. In this article, we will consider what lateral flow tests (LFTs) are, how they work and their applications. […] Researchers have developed a smartphone-sized device that offers rapid testing for tuberculosis. The device could be a useful tool in rural or resource-limited areas, as well as being a non-invasive option for diagnosing young children. […] Oxford Nanopore and Cepheid to co-develop a rapid sequencing workflow for in-house infectious disease diagnostics.

• #34 Infectious diseases – InsightsplayBiopharma testingFungal infectionsGastrointestinal parasitic diseaseHelicobacter pyloriInfectious diseases pathologyMetagenomicsRespiratory diseaseVector-borne diseases

  https://news.mayocliniclabs.com/infectious-disease/

  A focused approach to testing is the best way to identify the type of parasite present in a sample. […] Our practice offers the full spectrum of testing for COVID-19, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and more, providing a one-stop location for clinicians to order testing to diagnose viruses more quickly and determine the best course of treatment for their patients. […] Our internationally renowned clinical microbiology laboratories span all areas of conventional, molecular, and serological medical microbiology, offering a broad selection of tests designed for rapid identification and in-depth characterization of the pathogens associated with infectious diseases. […] To facilitate diagnosis of challenging central nervous system infections, we offer metagenomic sequencing. […] This unbiased testing approach holistically sequences all the DNA and RNA present in a sample and analyzes detected sequences to identify the presence of thousands of pathogenic microorganisms.

• #35 Infectious Disease | Core Laboratory at Abbott

  https://www.corelaboratory.abbott/int/en/offerings/segments/infectious-disease.html

  Our HAV, HBV and HCV assays are designed to overcome the viral hepatitis diagnostic challenges and help streamline the journey from diagnosis to care, supporting viral hepatitis elimination goals. […] In the battle against the syphilis epidemic, timely and accurate testing plays a crucial role in early detection and treatment. Our automated solution provides accurate results, streamlines the diagnostic process, and enhances efficiency. […] Confidently detect TORCH infections early in pregnancy to minimize mother-to-child transmission risks. Abbott’s TORCH panel provides accurate results and streamlines lab workflows. […] Coming off the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing can provide additional options to test patients and conduct ongoing research to understand the effects of the disease. […] Diagnostics at Abbott offers a complete portfolio of integrated solutions including Core Laboratory, Molecular, Point of Care, Rapid Diagnostics and Transfusion Medicine.

• #36 Infectious Diseases and Diagnosis Peer Reviewed Journals

  https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/infectious-diseases-and-diagnosis.html

  Articles published in Journal of Infectious Diseases and Diagnosis have been cited by esteemed scholars and scientists all around the world. […] Journal Highlights: AIDS Diagnosis, Chlamydia Diagnosis, Diagnosis of UTI, Flu Diagnosis, Food Poisoning Diagnosis, H1N1 Diagnosis, Hepatitis Diagnosis, Herpes Diagnosis, Influenza Diagnosis, Kidney Infection Diagnosis, Malarial Diagnosis, Meningitis Diagnosis, Rash Diagnosis, Swine flu diagnosis, Syphilis Diagnosis. […] Short Communication: Diagnostic Challenges and Therapeutic Strategies in Meningitis Management.

• #37 Detection and Diagnostics – Global Infectious Disease Surveillance and Detection – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK52875/

  The key to future rapid diagnostic systems is the development of a completely and fully integrated system. […] The single most important aspect of rapid testing is sample processing. […] Validation of the appropriateness and effectiveness of assays and systems is paramount in the development process. […] A critical and often overlooked issue is that diagnostic systems and tests intended to be used to test clinical samples must be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in order to legally be distributed and used in the United States. […] The Department of Defense relies on the Joint Program Executive Office-Critical Reagents Program (CRP). […] The advent of high-throughput sequencing technology affords unique opportunities for pathogen discovery. […] The ability to detect infections before they are symptomatic has obvious value to strategies from quarantine to antibiotic treatment.

• #38 Infectious Disease Tests – Verify Diagnostics

  https://verifydiagnostics.com/products/infectious-disease-tests/

  Rather than processing several tests with the laboratory, which could take several hours or days to process, a health care professional can run tests within minutes to gather results to help drive patients to the right treatment paths. Rapid tests can also be used to determine which type of lab test to order for confirmation testing. […] It is critical authorized tests from reputable providers that have the insights and information to support the medical professional or clinic. Make sure the devices you use come from manufacturers who adhere to the ISO-13485 MDSAP requirements. […] ISO 13485:2016 specifies the requirements for a quality management system (QMS) where an organization needs to demonstrate its ability to provide medical devices and related services that consistently meet customer and applicable regulatory requirements.

• #39 Molecular Diagnostics for Infectious Disease

  https://www.nextgenerationdx.com/19/infectious-disease-diagnostics

  Point-of-care molecular diagnostics for infectious diseases are used to guide treatment decisions and improve outcomes. […] This session will describe recent reimbursement changes under the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and discuss the potential impact on clinical laboratories. […] Paradoxal to the vast array of innovative molecular diagnostic tests becoming available, securing reimbursement for such tests is becoming increasingly difficult. […] The ability to prove clinical utility is paramount in order to justify coverage and requires collaborative efforts between multiple disciplines, including diagnostic companies, clinical laboratories and providers. […] This presentation will discuss the challenges that laboratories face in balancing implementation of molecular tests to conform to best practices versus reimbursement woes.

• #39 Molecular Diagnostics for Infectious Disease

  https://www.nextgenerationdx.com/19/infectious-disease-diagnostics

  Infectious disease pathogens induce robust and specific host responses that can be assayed using RNA and proteomic technologies. […] Our strategy is to develop rapid diagnostic tests for use in hospital, clinic, and home. […] The use of next generation sequencing (NGS) for infectious disease diagnosis has recently become a reality. […] This presentation will review the current state of NGS for the diagnosis and management of infectious diseases and discuss options for implementation that could maximize its clinical utility.

• #40

  https://www.roche.com/solutions/focus-areas/infectious-diseases/diagnostics

  The importance of access to accurate testing. Our bodies work constantly to protect us from external threats but when disease is suspected, diagnostic tools help to accurately identify disease and inform appropriate action. Globally, infectious diseases are a leading cause of death across all age groups. With early identification, treatment is often effective. The reality is, however, that many infections are never diagnosed. Without treatment, curable diseases including pneumonia, tuberculosis and meningitis can become life-threatening. […] Diagnostics have become indispensable in identifying and monitoring infectious disease, providing prognoses, determining the best treatment options and predicting treatment responses. To manage the wide variety and variability of infectious diseases, comprehensive testing strategies and access to innovative diagnostic tools are essential.

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