Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Influencing Factors in the Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases

  https://www.jmolpat.com/jmolpat-articles/influencing-factors-in-the-pathogenesis-of-infectious-diseases-96497.html

  Pathogenesis of infectious diseases refers to the process by which a pathogen causes illness in its host. Pathogens can be viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites, and they can cause a wide range of infectious diseases, from the common cold to more severe infections like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and COVID-19. […] The pathogenesis of infectious diseases involves several stages, including colonization, invasion, multiplication, and dissemination. Each stage is critical to the pathogen’s ability to cause disease and must be understood to develop effective treatments and preventive measures. […] Colonization: The first step in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases is colonization. During this stage, the pathogen enters the host’s body and establishes itself in a particular location. For example, bacteria may colonize the skin or mucous membranes, while viruses may enter cells in the respiratory or digestive system. The ability of a pathogen to colonize a host depends on several factors, including the pathogen’s virulence (ability to cause disease), the host’s immune system, and the environment where the colonization occurs.

• #2

  https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/infectious-disease-pathogenesis-26707.html

  Infectious diseases have shaped human history, influencing the course of societies, economies, and public health. Understanding the pathogenesis of infectious diseases is essential for developing effective prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. Infectious disease pathogenesis encompasses a complex interplay between the invading pathogens and the host’s immune response. […] Pathogens: Infectious diseases are caused by various microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. These pathogens have evolved numerous strategies to invade host tissues, evade the immune system, and replicate within host cells. Host Factors: The host’s response to an invading pathogen is influenced by various factors, including genetics, age, immune status, and underlying health conditions. Host factors can determine susceptibility to infection and the severity of the disease.

• #3 Pathogenesis – Critical Needs and Gaps in Understanding Prevention, Amelioration, and Resolution of Lyme and Other Tick-Borne Diseases – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK57011/

  The pathogenesis of a disease describes the mechanisms by which it develops, progresses, and either persists or is resolved. Understanding pathogenesis of an infectious disease at the cellular and molecular levels is critical for discovering, developing, and implementing methods to prevent infection, and to improve patient outcomes after treatment. […] By determining which microbial molecules establish infection by binding to and entering human cells or tissues, for example, scientists can develop vaccines against tick-borne diseases (TBDs) as they already have for influenza. The pathogenesis of tick-borne diseases can also reveal why some individuals are more prone to severe disease, or fail to resolve infection. […] Scientists rely on several methods to study the pathogenesis of TBDs. These include in vitro studies, based on cultured cells; animal studies, based on tracking animals with a disease; and patient studies, based on clinical trials and specimens from biopsies and autopsies.

• #4 12.2: Characteristics and Steps of Infectious Diseases – Biology LibreTexts

  https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Manchester_Community_College_(MCC)/Remix_of_Openstax%3AMicrobiology_by_Parker_Schneegurt_et_al/12%3A_Microbial_Interactions_Flora_Pathogenicity_and_Epidemiology/12.02%3A_How_Pathogens_Cause_Disease

  The ability of a microbial agent to cause disease is called pathogenicity, and the degree to which an organism is pathogenic is called virulence. Virulence is a continuum. On one end of the spectrum are organisms that are avirulent (not harmful) and on the other are organisms that are highly virulent. Highly virulent pathogens will almost always lead to a disease state when introduced to the body, and some may even cause multi-organ and body system failure in healthy individuals. Less virulent pathogens may cause an initial infection, but may not always cause severe illness. Pathogens with low virulence would more likely result in mild signs and symptoms of disease, such as low-grade fever, headache, or muscle aches. Some individuals might even be asymptomatic. […] An example of a highly virulent microorganism is Bacillus anthracis, the pathogen responsible for anthrax. B. anthracis can produce different forms of disease, depending on the route of transmission (e.g., cutaneous injection, inhalation, ingestion). The most serious form of anthrax is inhalation anthrax. After B. anthracis spores are inhaled, they germinate. An active infection develops and the bacteria release potent toxins that cause edema (fluid buildup in tissues), hypoxia (a condition preventing oxygen from reaching tissues), and necrosis (cell death and inflammation). Signs and symptoms of inhalation anthrax include high fever, difficulty breathing, vomiting and coughing up blood, and severe chest pains suggestive of a heart attack. With inhalation anthrax, the toxins and bacteria enter the bloodstream, which can lead to multi-organ failure and death of the patient. If a gene (or genes) involved in pathogenesis is inactivated, the bacteria become less virulent or nonpathogenic.

• #4 12.2: Characteristics and Steps of Infectious Diseases – Biology LibreTexts

  https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Manchester_Community_College_(MCC)/Remix_of_Openstax%3AMicrobiology_by_Parker_Schneegurt_et_al/12%3A_Microbial_Interactions_Flora_Pathogenicity_and_Epidemiology/12.02%3A_How_Pathogens_Cause_Disease

  To cause disease, a pathogen must successfully achieve four steps or stages of pathogenesis: exposure (contact), adhesion (colonization), invasion, and infection. The pathogen must be able to gain entry to the host, travel to the location where it can establish an infection, evade or overcome the hosts immune response, and cause damage (i.e., disease) to the host. In many cases, the cycle is completed when the pathogen exits the host and is transmitted to a new host.

• #5 15.2: How Pathogens Cause Disease – Biology LibreTexts

  https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(OpenStax)/15%3A_Microbial_Mechanisms_of_Pathogenicity/15.02%3A_How_Pathogens_Cause_Disease

  In 1884, Koch published four postulates that summarized his method for determining whether a particular microorganism was the cause of a particular disease. Each of Kochs postulates represents a criterion that must be met before a disease can be positively linked with a pathogen. […] The ability of a microbial agent to cause disease is called pathogenicity, and the degree to which an organism is pathogenic is called virulence. Virulence is a continuum. On one end of the spectrum are organisms that are avirulent (not harmful) and on the other are organisms that are highly virulent. Highly virulent pathogens will almost always lead to a disease state when introduced to the body, and some may even cause multi-organ and body system failure in healthy individuals. […] To cause disease, a pathogen must successfully achieve four steps or stages of pathogenesis: exposure (contact), adhesion (colonization), invasion, and infection. The pathogen must be able to gain entry to the host, travel to the location where it can establish an infection, evade or overcome the hosts immune response, and cause damage (i.e., disease) to the host.

• #6 Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infection and its Treatment

  https://www.longdom.org/open-access/pathogenesis-of-bacterial-infection-and-its-treatment-92248.html

  Bacterial pathogenesis is the interaction by which microbes contaminate and cause sickness in a host. Not all microbes are pathogens and have the ability for pathogenesis (otherwise called virulence). To cause sickness, a microorganism should effectively accomplish four stages or phases of pathogenesis: exposure (contact), grip (colonization), invasion, and infection. […] Pathogenesis is characterized as the start and development of an infection. This illness etiology and improvement, are the two significant aspects of pathogenesis, are the forecast in the prevention, and treatment of different diseases. […] Infection is the invasion of the host by microorganisms, and then they multiply in close association with the host’s tissues. Infection is distinguished from disease, a replace pathological method that does not essentially involve infection.

• #7 Influencing Factors in the Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases

  https://www.jmolpat.com/jmolpat-articles/influencing-factors-in-the-pathogenesis-of-infectious-diseases-96497.html

  Invasion: Once the pathogen has colonized the host, it can begin to invade the host’s tissues. This process involves breaking through the host’s physical barriers, such as the skin or mucous membranes, and entering the underlying tissue. The invasion process often involves the production of enzymes or toxins by the pathogen, which can break down host tissues and allow the pathogen to move deeper into the host’s body. The host’s immune system may respond to the invasion by releasing cytokines, which can cause inflammation and attract immune cells to the site of infection. […] Multiplication: Once the pathogen has invaded the host’s tissues, it can begin to multiply. This process involves the pathogen replicating itself using the host’s resources, such as nutrients and energy. As the pathogen multiplies, it can cause more damage to the host’s tissues, leading to further inflammation and immune responses.

• #8 Pathogenesis | Basicmedical Key

  https://basicmedicalkey.com/pathogenesis-3/

  Certain bacteria have specialized structures (e.g., pili) or produce substances (e.g., capsules or glycocalyces) that allow them to adhere to the surface of human cells, thereby enhancing their ability to cause disease. These adherence mechanisms are essential for organisms that attach to mucous membranes; mutants that lack these mechanisms are often nonpathogenic. […] One of the two main mechanisms by which bacteria cause disease is invasion of tissue followed by inflammation. […] The second major mechanism by which bacteria cause disease is the production of toxins.

• #9

  https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/infectious-disease-pathogenesis-26707.html

  Colonization and Invasion: The first stage of pathogenesis involves the pathogen’s entry and colonization in the host. Pathogens must overcome various barriers, such as physical barriers (skin and mucous membranes) and the host’s microbiota. Invasive pathogens often produce virulence factors, such as toxins and adhesins, to facilitate attachment and colonization. Evasion of Host Defenses: Once inside the host, pathogens must evade or suppress the host’s immune defenses. This can involve strategies like antigenic variation, hiding within host cells, and interfering with immune signaling pathways. Multiplication and Dissemination: Pathogens multiply within the host, causing tissue damage and clinical symptoms. Some pathogens, like viruses, can disseminate throughout the body via the bloodstream or lymphatic system. This stage is critical for the spread of infection.

• #10 Influencing Factors in the Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases

  https://www.jmolpat.com/jmolpat-articles/influencing-factors-in-the-pathogenesis-of-infectious-diseases-96497.html

  Dissemination: During the dissemination stage, the pathogen spreads from the initial site of infection to other parts of the body. This process can occur through the bloodstream, lymphatic system, or other means of transport. Dissemination is a critical stage in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases because it can lead to systemic infections, which can be life-threatening. For example, sepsis is a severe systemic infection that occurs when pathogens spread throughout the body and trigger a widespread inflammatory response. […] Host-Pathogen Interactions: The pathogenesis of infectious diseases is not solely determined by the pathogen’s characteristics. Host factors also play a critical role in determining the outcome of infection. For example, the host’s immune system can recognize and respond to pathogens, which can limit the pathogen’s ability to cause disease. However, pathogens have evolved several mechanisms to evade or suppress the host’s immune response. For example, some bacteria produce molecules that can bind to and inhibit antibodies, while others can form biofilms that protect them from immune cells.

• #11 pathogenesis of disease common diseases and its progress | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pathogenesis-of-disease-common-diseases-and-its-progress/267001064

  Pathogens start multiplication and maintenance. Pathogens compete with normal flora for residence. Pathogens will resist body reactions e.g. Bile, stomach acid, skin secretions, IgA (mucosal antibodies). […] Many bacteria produce virulence factors that inhibit the host’s immune system defenses. The polysaccharide capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae inhibits phagocytosis of the bacterium by host immune cells. […] Many virulence factors are proteins made by microorganisms that poison host cells and cause tissue damage.

• #12 Exploring the Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases: Insights and I

  https://www.iomcworld.com/open-access/exploring-the-pathogenesis-of-infectious-diseases-insights-and-implications-132437.html

  Infectious diseases have plagued humanity throughout history, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Understanding the pathogenesis of these diseases is crucial for their prevention, management, and control. This research article provides a comprehensive overview of the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, highlighting key factors contributing to their development and progression. […] Pathogenesis refers to the mechanism by which pathogens (e.g., bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites) cause disease in their hosts. It involves a complex interplay between the infectious agent, the host’s immune response, and various environmental and genetic factors. […] Pathogens possess unique mechanisms to evade host defenses and establish infection. This often involves adhesion to host cells, invasion, and replication within host tissues. These processes can result in tissue damage and the clinical manifestations of the disease.

• #13 Pathogenesis | Basicmedical Key

  https://basicmedicalkey.com/pathogenesis-3/

  From the organism’s perspective, the two critical determinants in overpowering the host are the number of organisms to which the host, or person, is exposed and the virulence of these organisms. Clearly, the greater the number of organisms, the greater is the likelihood of infection. It is important to realize, however, that a small number of highly virulent organisms can cause disease just as a large number of less virulent organisms can. The virulence of an organism is determined by its ability to produce various virulence factors, several of which were described previously. […] Bacteria cause disease by two major mechanisms: (1) toxin production and (2) invasion and inflammation. Toxins fall into two general categories: exotoxins and endotoxins. Exotoxins are polypeptides released by the cell, whereas endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which form an integral part of the cell wall. Endotoxins occur only in gram-negative rods and cocci, are not actively released from the cell, and cause fever, shock, and other generalized symptoms. Both exotoxins and endotoxins by themselves can cause symptoms; the presence of the bacteria in the host is not required. Invasive bacteria, on the other hand, grow to large numbers locally and induce an inflammatory response consisting of erythema, edema, warmth, and pain.

• #14 Exploring the Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases: Insights and I

  https://www.iomcworld.com/open-access/exploring-the-pathogenesis-of-infectious-diseases-insights-and-implications-132437.html

  The host’s immune system plays a pivotal role in combating infectious agents. It employs various mechanisms to detect and eliminate invading pathogens, including innate and adaptive immunity. However, pathogens have evolved strategies to evade immune detection and counter host defense mechanisms, leading to a tug-of-war between the host and the pathogen. […] Immunopathogenesis refers to the harmful effects of an excessive or dysregulated immune response. In some cases, the immune system’s response can be overly aggressive, causing collateral damage to host tissues. […] Genetic factors can influence the host’s ability to recognize and mount an effective immune response against specific pathogens. Polymorphisms in genes coding for immune system components, such as receptors or cytokines, can affect disease susceptibility and severity.

• #15 Infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection

  Disease can arise if the host’s protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host. Microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes. […] Persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection. […] Infection transmission can take place via many potential routes. […] The relationship between virulence versus transmissibility is complex; with studies have shown that there were no clear relationship between the two. […] Diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly. […] The immune system response to a microorganism often causes symptoms such as a high fever and inflammation, and has the potential to be more devastating than direct damage caused by a microbe. […] Specific acquired immunity against infectious diseases may be mediated by antibodies and/or T lymphocytes.

• #16 Influencing Factors in the Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases

  https://www.jmolpat.com/jmolpat-articles/influencing-factors-in-the-pathogenesis-of-infectious-diseases-96497.html

  Genetics and Environmental Factors: The pathogenesis of infectious diseases can also be influenced by genetic and environmental factors. For example, some individuals may be more susceptible to certain infections due to genetic factors that affect their immune system’s function. Environmental factors, such as hygiene practices and exposure to pathogens, can also play a critical role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases.

• #17 Models with environmental drivers offer a plausible mechanism for the rapid spread of infectious disease outbreaks in marine organisms | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-62118-4

  The effects of temperature, humidity, and precipitation on disease incidence have been documented for waterborne diseases and vector-borne diseases, especially for human pathogens with an important environmental component in their transmission cycle. […] The effects of climate on disease transmission cannot be easily isolated through statistical analysis, however, because the size of disease outbreaks may depend on both climate influences and the abundance of susceptible and infectious individuals in the host population, which interact in a non-linear fashion to produce the observed disease dynamics. […] The infection rate i.e., the rate at which new, initially asymptomatic infections are recruited following exposure to infective propagules was assumed to be either constant or an increasing function of temperature variance, similar to the response documented for withering syndrome in abalone.

• #18 Understanding the pathogenesis of infectious diseases by single-cell RNA sequencing

  http://microbialcell.com/researcharticles/2021a-huang-microbial-cell/

  The outcomes of an infection are complicated interactions of the pathogen and the host involving multiple biological factors. […] ScRNA-seq has become a powerful tool to probe cell-to-cell variability and uncover both host and bacterial factors that influence the severity of infection. […] The immune response to infectious agents is an orchestrated process that involves numerous cell types and pathways. […] Viral infections are always of urgent public concern because of their high degree of transmissibility and pathogenic severity. […] Advances in single cell technology coupled with mathematical modeling and computer science provide new horizons for understanding virus and host interactions. […] COVID-19, a newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become an ongoing global health emergency.

• #19 Pathogenesis – Critical Needs and Gaps in Understanding Prevention, Amelioration, and Resolution of Lyme and Other Tick-Borne Diseases – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK57011/

  The persistence of B. burgdorferi in mammals is integral to the bacteria’s natural cycle of infection. […] This dormancy is maintained by the host immune response. […] The persistence of B. burgdorferi infection is complex and involves both antigenic variation and sequestration. […] The mechanisms underlying inflammation and damage can be organ specific. That is, the mechanism producing arthritis differs from that leading to carditis. […] The evidence that infectious spirochetes sequester in sites protected from antibodies also raises important questions.

• #20 Understanding the pathogenesis of infectious diseases by single-cell RNA sequencing

  http://microbialcell.com/researcharticles/2021a-huang-microbial-cell/

  Heterogeneity revealed by scRNA-seq provides insights into the key molecular and immunological mechanisms of parasite infection as well as the identification of potential targets for parasite elimination and vaccine development. […] Fungal disease is also a threatening health problem, causing over 1.5 million deaths worldwide each year. […] Given the increasing morbidity and mortality of fungal disease, deeper and more detailed explorations of fungal-host interactions are urgently needed. […] Although single cell technology has revolutionized many fields, there are still several challenges impeding deep exploration. […] Infection is a complicated process, with outcomes of infection dependent on the heterogeneity of host and pathogen. […] Advances in the application of scRNA-seq for the study of infections have dramatically broadened our understanding of the molecular details of host-pathogen interactions. […] These advances have allowed for the prediction of infection outcomes and the discovery of new diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

• #21 Understanding the pathogenesis of infectious diseases by single-cell RNA sequencing

  http://microbialcell.com/researcharticles/2021a-huang-microbial-cell/

  Infections are highly orchestrated and dynamic processes, which involve both pathogen and host. […] Transcriptional profiling at the single-cell level enables the analysis of cell diversity, heterogeneity of the immune response, and detailed molecular mechanisms underlying infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. […] To clarify the pathogenesis of these diseases, it is necessary to understand the interactions between the host and the pathogen. […] With the development of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), a new technique, which measures the transcriptome at the single-cell level, it is possible to study cell behaviors at a higher resolution. […] Recent advances in scRNA-seq analysis of infections have provided for a new understanding of host-pathogen interactions.

• #22

  https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/infectious-disease-pathogenesis-26707.html

  Host Response: The host’s immune response is triggered by the presence of pathogens. This response can lead to inflammation, fever, and the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection. While these responses are essential for clearing infections, they can also contribute to tissue damage and clinical symptoms. Resolution or Chronic Infection: Depending on the host-pathogen interaction, the infection can be resolved, leading to the elimination of the pathogen. However, in some cases, pathogens can establish chronic infections, persisting within the host for extended periods and potentially leading to long-term health complications. […] Understanding the pathogenesis of infectious diseases is crucial for developing effective prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. The interplay between pathogens and the host’s immune response is complex and dynamic, resulting in a wide range of clinical presentations and outcome. Infectious disease pathogenesis continues to be a vibrant field of research, as new pathogens emerge, antimicrobial resistance grows, and the global landscape of infectious diseases evolves. Ongoing research and collaboration among scientists, healthcare professionals, and public health officials are essential in the fight against infectious diseases, ensuring that we can effectively respond to current and emerging threats and ultimately protect public health.

• #23 Models with environmental drivers offer a plausible mechanism for the rapid spread of infectious disease outbreaks in marine organisms | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-62118-4

  The first signs of sea star wasting disease (SSWD) epidemic occurred in just few months in 2013 along the entire North American Pacific coast. […] Disease dynamics did not manifest as the typical travelling wave of reaction-diffusion epidemiological model, suggesting that other environmental factors might have played some role. […] Models that linked mortality to sea surface temperature gave patterns more consistent with observed data on sea star wasting disease, which suggests that environmental stress could explain why some marine diseases seem to spread so fast and have region-wide impacts on host populations. […] Marine disease outbreaks are often hypothesized to increase under environmental stress. […] Stress might lower host defenses, speed disease development, and expand pathogen home ranges.

• #24 Exploring the Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases: Insights and I

  https://www.iomcworld.com/open-access/exploring-the-pathogenesis-of-infectious-diseases-insights-and-implications-132437.html

  A deeper understanding of pathogenesis has far-reaching implications for public health interventions and therapeutic strategies. It allows for the development of more effective preventive measures, such as vaccines and antiviral drugs. […] Pathogenesis research is a cornerstone in the fight against infectious diseases. By unraveling the complex interactions between pathogens and hosts, we can develop better strategies for prevention and treatment. Host-pathogen interactions, immune responses, genetic factors, and their interplay all contribute to the development and progression of infectious diseases.

• #25

• #26 Infectious Diseases Research | Emory School of Medicine

  https://med.emory.edu/departments/medicine/divisions/infectious-diseases/research/index.html

  Mechanisms and control of antibiotic resistance […] Pathogenesis of infectious diseases, such as bacterial meningitis […] Analysis of virulence mechanisms of invasive bacterial pathogens […] The role of endogenous bacterial CRISPR/Cas9 systems in host immune evasion and targeted DNA editing […] Genomics of bacterial virulence and antibiotic resistance; study of the microbiome […] Studies of the molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance […] Research into the role of transposable elements and repetitive nucleotide sequences in microbial pathogenesis and agents associated with bioterrorism […] Metagenomics of pathogens for basic and clinical research.

• #27 Infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection

  An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. […] Infectious diseases remain a significant global health concern, causing approximately 9.2 million deaths in 2013 (17% of all deaths). […] The chain of events involves several steps which include the infectious agent, reservoir, entering a susceptible host, exit and transmission to new hosts. Each of the links must be present in a chronological order for an infection to develop. Understanding these steps helps health care workers target the infection and prevent it from occurring in the first place. […] Infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies. This is referred to as colonization.

• #28 Pathogenesis | Basicmedical Key

  https://basicmedicalkey.com/pathogenesis-3/

  Most bacterial infections are acquired from an external source. However, some bacterial infections are caused by members of the normal flora and, as such, are not transmitted directly prior to the onset of infection. […] A generalized sequence of the stages of infection is as follows: (1) Transmission from an external source into the portal of entry. (2) Evasion of primary host defenses such as skin or stomach acid. (3) Adherence to mucous membranes, usually by bacterial pili. (4) Colonization by growth of the bacteria at the site of adherence. (5) Disease symptoms caused by toxin production or invasion accompanied by inflammation. (6) Host responses, both nonspecific and specific (immunity), during steps 3, 4, and 5. (7) Progression or resolution of the disease. […] An understanding of the mode of transmission of bacteria and other infectious agents is extremely important from a public health perspective, because interrupting the chain of transmission is an excellent way to prevent infectious diseases. The mode of transmission of many infectious diseases is human-to-human, but infectious diseases are also transmitted from nonhuman sources such as soil, water, and animals.

• #29 Microbial Pathogenesis & Host Immunity | New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center

  https://www.wadsworth.org/research/areas/microbial-pathogenesis-and-host-response

  Infectious diseases continue to exact a high toll on the health of New Yorkers, and the potential for intentional use of infectious agents as biological terror agents also cannot be ignored. […] The infectious disease process involves a complex interaction between the infecting agent(s) and the host immune responses that are mounted against them. […] Our scientific goals are to determine how specific microbial pathogens bypass natural host-defense mechanisms during the disease process, and to identify the components of the immune system that are needed to protect against each agent. […] This information is critical for the development of new drugs to combat resistant organisms, vaccines to prevent disease, diagnostic assays to detect and track infectious agents, and biomarkers that correlate with disease susceptibility and/or progression.

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