Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Infectious Disease Epidemiology – Public Health

  https://publichealth.cornell.edu/curriculum/concentrations/infectious-disease-epidemiology/

  Infectious disease epidemiology is the study of how and why infectious diseases emerge and spread among different populations, and what strategies can prevent or contain the spread of disease at the population level. […] Our MPH Program prepares students in the Infectious Disease Epidemiology concentration to address both established and emerging infectious diseases that have local, national, and global impact on public health. […] Core to this practice is the ability to assess and monitor population health; investigate, diagnose, and address health hazards and root causes; communicate effectively to inform and educate; and enable equitable access to prevention and care services. […] Graduates of the Infectious Disease Epidemiology concentration build careers as epidemiologists, biostatisticians, consultants, analysts, project managers, and more.

• #2 Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research Unit | Columbia Public Health  | Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health

  https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/academics/departments/epidemiology/research/infectious-disease-epidemiology

  Infectious diseases continue to have a substantial impact on the health of communities around the world. […] Emerging molecular methods are critical for future efforts researching the epidemiology of infectious diseases. […] Traditional surveillance and surveys, case control and cohort studies will be necessary to define the role of such pathogens in disease causality. […] The infectious disease epidemiology unit encompasses domestic and global work on the epidemiology of emerging and re-emerging infections, global infectious disease threats, disease surveillance, disease detection, development of vaccines and other prevention methods, treatment options, implementation science, and the role of infectious pathogens in the pathogenesis of chronic non-communicable diseases (such as cancer and cardiovascular disease).

• #3 About the Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Prevention and Control (IDEPC) Division – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/about/org/idepc/index.html

  Infectious diseases, from flu to smallpox, affect all of us at one time or another. Through the Infectious Disease Division (IDEPC), we monitor the occurrence of infectious diseases, develop strategies for preventing and controlling disease, and work to put those strategies into action. […] MDH collects disease surveillance information on certain communicable diseases to determine disease impact, assess trends in disease occurrence, characterize affected populations, prioritize disease control efforts, and evaluate disease prevention strategies.

• #4 Division of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology | Penn State

  https://med.psu.edu/infectious-diseases/team

  Infectious diseases are among the most critical health problems for people living in the United States and across the globe. […] The Division of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology is committed to the education of students, residents, fellows, faculty and the community. […] The division provides education through clinical training programs and facilitates popular medical student and internal medicine infectious diseases elective rotations in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. […] Faculty members understand the importance of engaging the community in education activities. […] The Division of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology faculty are actively engaged in innovative research supported by funding from the National Institutes of Health, Health Resources and Services Administration, Global Health Innovative Technology Fund, and other federal and non-federal sponsors.

• #5 Infectious Disease Epidemiology Certificate | Columbia Public Health  | Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health

  https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/academics/degrees/master-public-health/certificates/infectious-disease-epidemiology

  Despite some predictions, infectious diseases remain the leading causes of death worldwide. […] The continuing global impact of the HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis epidemics; the emergence of previously unrecognized pathogens; and the threat of resistant pathogens have all focused attention on the need for public health professionals well trained in infectious disease issues. […] Infectious disease epidemiology monitors the occurrence of infectious diseases and develops strategies for preventing and controlling disease. It requires the use of traditional epidemiologic methods as well as methods that cannot be applied to non-infectious diseases, such as mathematical modeling. […] This course is designed to provide an introduction to infectious disease epidemiology. It will focus on the tools and methods used in identifying, preventing, and controlling infectious diseases to improve public health.

• #6 Infectious Disease Epidemiology Certificate | Columbia Public Health  | Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health

  https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/academics/degrees/master-public-health/certificates/infectious-disease-epidemiology

  Despite some predictions, infectious diseases remain the leading causes of death worldwide. […] The continuing global impact of the HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis epidemics; the emergence of previously unrecognized pathogens; and the threat of resistant pathogens have all focused attention on the need for public health professionals well trained in infectious disease issues. […] Infectious disease epidemiology monitors the occurrence of infectious diseases and develops strategies for preventing and controlling disease. It requires the use of traditional epidemiologic methods as well as methods that cannot be applied to non-infectious diseases, such as mathematical modeling. […] This course is designed to provide an introduction to infectious disease epidemiology. It will focus on the tools and methods used in identifying, preventing, and controlling infectious diseases to improve public health.

• #7

  https://www.who.int/westernpacific/emergencies/surveillance

  Surveillance in emergencies […] The Western Pacific Region, being the most diverse region in the World, is beset by unique public health challenges and is considered a hotspot for outbreaks and emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, such as SARS, MERS, avian influenza, Zika and dengue. Currently there are 3 global emergencies affecting the Region: […] Public health surveillance is the continuous, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data for action. Disease surveillance data serves as the basis for the detection of potential outbreaks for an early warning system to prevent what could become public health emergencies. It enables monitoring and evaluation of the impact of an intervention, helps track progress towards specified goals and clarifies the epidemiology of health issues.

• #8 Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research Unit | Columbia Public Health  | Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health

  https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/academics/departments/epidemiology/research/infectious-disease-epidemiology

  The focus is broad, ranging from the search for novel pathogens using advanced molecular techniques to longitudinal population-based studies to define transmission dynamics and spectrum of disease and survival and implementation science studies that focus on the how of health service delivery using a health equity lens. […] Approaches are employed in an interdisciplinary fashion to define etiology, pathogenesis, transmission, prevention/treatment potentials, and implementation challenges. […] PREDICT, a large program funded by the U.S. Agency for International Developments Emerging Pandemic Threats Program, is developing a global warning system for newly emerging diseases and to anticipate and assess emerging infectious diseases that move between animals and people to prevent the next global pandemic.

• #9 Infectious Disease Epidemiology Certificate | Columbia Public Health  | Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health

  https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/academics/degrees/master-public-health/certificates/infectious-disease-epidemiology

  Despite some predictions, infectious diseases remain the leading causes of death worldwide. […] The continuing global impact of the HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis epidemics; the emergence of previously unrecognized pathogens; and the threat of resistant pathogens have all focused attention on the need for public health professionals well trained in infectious disease issues. […] Infectious disease epidemiology monitors the occurrence of infectious diseases and develops strategies for preventing and controlling disease. It requires the use of traditional epidemiologic methods as well as methods that cannot be applied to non-infectious diseases, such as mathematical modeling. […] This course is designed to provide an introduction to infectious disease epidemiology. It will focus on the tools and methods used in identifying, preventing, and controlling infectious diseases to improve public health.

• #10 Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology MPH | UC Berkeley Public Health

  https://publichealth.berkeley.edu/academics/programs/infectious-diseases-and-vaccinology-mph

  The study of infectious diseases focuses on interactions between infectious agents, their hosts, and the environment that may lead to disease in humans. […] The curriculum is designed to emphasize the biology and molecular biology of host-pathogen interactions; host immune response to infection associated with protection or pathology; the ecology, evolution, and transmission of infectious agents, methods of laboratory-based surveillance and the epidemiology of infectious diseases. […] The MPH Program in Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology is a 2-year course of study. […] The curriculum is designed to emphasize the biology and molecular biology of host-pathogen interactions; host immune response to infection associated with protection or pathology; the ecology, evolution, and transmission of infectious agents; methods of laboratory-based surveillance; and the epidemiology of infectious diseases.

• #11 Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research Unit | Columbia Public Health  | Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health

  https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/academics/departments/epidemiology/research/infectious-disease-epidemiology

  Infectious diseases continue to have a substantial impact on the health of communities around the world. […] Emerging molecular methods are critical for future efforts researching the epidemiology of infectious diseases. […] Traditional surveillance and surveys, case control and cohort studies will be necessary to define the role of such pathogens in disease causality. […] The infectious disease epidemiology unit encompasses domestic and global work on the epidemiology of emerging and re-emerging infections, global infectious disease threats, disease surveillance, disease detection, development of vaccines and other prevention methods, treatment options, implementation science, and the role of infectious pathogens in the pathogenesis of chronic non-communicable diseases (such as cancer and cardiovascular disease).

• #12 Disease surveillance – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease_surveillance

  Disease surveillance is an epidemiological practice by which the spread of disease is monitored in order to establish patterns of progression. The main role of disease surveillance is to predict, observe, and minimize the harm caused by outbreak, epidemic, and pandemic situations, as well as increase knowledge about which factors contribute to such circumstances. A key part of modern disease surveillance is the practice of disease case reporting. […] Formal reporting of notifiable infectious diseases is a requirement placed upon health care providers by many regional and national governments, and upon national governments by the World Health Organization to monitor spread as a result of the transmission of infectious agents. Since 1969, WHO has required that all cases of the following diseases be reported to the organization: cholera, plague, yellow fever, smallpox, relapsing fever and typhus.

• #13 Surveillance in emergencies

  https://www.who.int/emergencies/surveillance

  Public health surveillance is the continuous, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data. […] Disease surveillance data: serves as an early warning system for impending outbreaks that could become public health emergencies; enables monitoring and evaluation of the impact of an intervention, helps track progress towards specified goals; and monitors and clarifies the epidemiology of health problems, guiding priority-setting and planning and evaluation public health policy and strategies. […] An effective disease surveillance system is essential to detecting disease outbreaks quickly before they spread, cost lives and become difficult to control. Effective surveillance can improve disease outbreak detection in emergency settings, such as in countries in conflict or following a natural disaster. […] Populations affected by emergencies are continually at risk of outbreaks of epidemic-prone diseases and other public health hazards. […] Epidemics of infectious diseases are occurring more often, and spreading faster and further than ever, in many different regions of the world.

• #14 Surveillance of Infectious Diseases Is Information for Action | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/surveillance-infectious-diseases-information-action/2006-04

  Surveillance is defined as the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of outcome-specific data for use in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. […] Surveillance is the foundation upon which many of the public health successes we enjoy today are based. […] Effective surveillance of disease in humans begins with the health care provider. […] It is the responsibility of health care personnel, with the help of public and private laboratories, to diagnose and report cases of notifiable infectious diseases. […] State legislation or regulations mandate that health care providers and laboratories report confirmed or probable cases of notifiable infectious diseases to their local or state health department, or both. […] Hence, surveillance is information for action.

• #15 Surveillance of Infectious Diseases Is Information for Action | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/surveillance-infectious-diseases-information-action/2006-04

  Surveillance is defined as the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of outcome-specific data for use in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. […] Surveillance is the foundation upon which many of the public health successes we enjoy today are based. […] Effective surveillance of disease in humans begins with the health care provider. […] It is the responsibility of health care personnel, with the help of public and private laboratories, to diagnose and report cases of notifiable infectious diseases. […] State legislation or regulations mandate that health care providers and laboratories report confirmed or probable cases of notifiable infectious diseases to their local or state health department, or both. […] Hence, surveillance is information for action.

• #16 Infectious Disease Surveillance

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7149515/

  Infectious disease surveillance is an important epidemiological tool to monitor disease burden and epidemiology of disease and identify outbreaks and new pathogens. […] The goals of infectious disease surveillance are threefold: (1) to describe the current burden and epidemiology of disease, (2) to monitor trends, and (3) to identify outbreaks and new pathogens. […] Surveillance also monitors the control, elimination, and eradication of diseases. […] A key aspect of infectious disease surveillance is the cycle of detecting, responding to, and preventing outbreaks. […] Infectious disease surveillance can have different approaches based on the epidemiology and clinical presentation of the disease and the goals of surveillance. […] Notifiable disease surveillance is an example of passive surveillance.

• #17 Infectious Disease Surveillance

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7149515/

  Infectious disease surveillance is an important epidemiological tool to monitor disease burden and epidemiology of disease and identify outbreaks and new pathogens. […] The goals of infectious disease surveillance are threefold: (1) to describe the current burden and epidemiology of disease, (2) to monitor trends, and (3) to identify outbreaks and new pathogens. […] Surveillance also monitors the control, elimination, and eradication of diseases. […] A key aspect of infectious disease surveillance is the cycle of detecting, responding to, and preventing outbreaks. […] Infectious disease surveillance can have different approaches based on the epidemiology and clinical presentation of the disease and the goals of surveillance. […] Notifiable disease surveillance is an example of passive surveillance.

• #18 Infectious Disease Surveillance

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7149515/

  Infectious disease surveillance is an important epidemiological tool to monitor disease burden and epidemiology of disease and identify outbreaks and new pathogens. […] The goals of infectious disease surveillance are threefold: (1) to describe the current burden and epidemiology of disease, (2) to monitor trends, and (3) to identify outbreaks and new pathogens. […] Surveillance also monitors the control, elimination, and eradication of diseases. […] A key aspect of infectious disease surveillance is the cycle of detecting, responding to, and preventing outbreaks. […] Infectious disease surveillance can have different approaches based on the epidemiology and clinical presentation of the disease and the goals of surveillance. […] Notifiable disease surveillance is an example of passive surveillance.

• #19 Surveillance in emergencies

  https://www.who.int/emergencies/surveillance

  Public health surveillance is the continuous, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data. […] Disease surveillance data: serves as an early warning system for impending outbreaks that could become public health emergencies; enables monitoring and evaluation of the impact of an intervention, helps track progress towards specified goals; and monitors and clarifies the epidemiology of health problems, guiding priority-setting and planning and evaluation public health policy and strategies. […] An effective disease surveillance system is essential to detecting disease outbreaks quickly before they spread, cost lives and become difficult to control. Effective surveillance can improve disease outbreak detection in emergency settings, such as in countries in conflict or following a natural disaster. […] Populations affected by emergencies are continually at risk of outbreaks of epidemic-prone diseases and other public health hazards. […] Epidemics of infectious diseases are occurring more often, and spreading faster and further than ever, in many different regions of the world.

• #20 Surveillance in emergencies

  https://www.who.int/emergencies/surveillance

  Public health surveillance is the continuous, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data. […] Disease surveillance data: serves as an early warning system for impending outbreaks that could become public health emergencies; enables monitoring and evaluation of the impact of an intervention, helps track progress towards specified goals; and monitors and clarifies the epidemiology of health problems, guiding priority-setting and planning and evaluation public health policy and strategies. […] An effective disease surveillance system is essential to detecting disease outbreaks quickly before they spread, cost lives and become difficult to control. Effective surveillance can improve disease outbreak detection in emergency settings, such as in countries in conflict or following a natural disaster. […] Populations affected by emergencies are continually at risk of outbreaks of epidemic-prone diseases and other public health hazards. […] Epidemics of infectious diseases are occurring more often, and spreading faster and further than ever, in many different regions of the world.

• #21 Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance | AustinTexas.gov

  https://www.austintexas.gov/department/epidemiology-and-disease-surveillance

  Disease surveillance is at the heart of a public health system. It is used to monitor disease trends over time, to detect disease outbreaks, and to increase our knowledge of risk factors that contribute to disease development. […] The Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance Unit receives case reports and collects additional detailed information through case investigation. These reports help public health professionals understand the incidence of diseases in the community, and guide appropriate prevention strategies or protective measures to reduce the spread of disease in the community. […] Epidemiologists and other staff at Austin Public Health conduct activities to identify and better understand current and emerging public health issues (e.g., infectious diseases, chronic diseases, injuries) in our community.

• #22 Infectious Disease Surveillance

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7149515/

  Infectious disease surveillance is an important epidemiological tool to monitor disease burden and epidemiology of disease and identify outbreaks and new pathogens. […] The goals of infectious disease surveillance are threefold: (1) to describe the current burden and epidemiology of disease, (2) to monitor trends, and (3) to identify outbreaks and new pathogens. […] Surveillance also monitors the control, elimination, and eradication of diseases. […] A key aspect of infectious disease surveillance is the cycle of detecting, responding to, and preventing outbreaks. […] Infectious disease surveillance can have different approaches based on the epidemiology and clinical presentation of the disease and the goals of surveillance. […] Notifiable disease surveillance is an example of passive surveillance.

• #23 Infectious Disease Surveillance

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7149515/

  Infectious disease surveillance is an important epidemiological tool to monitor disease burden and epidemiology of disease and identify outbreaks and new pathogens. […] The goals of infectious disease surveillance are threefold: (1) to describe the current burden and epidemiology of disease, (2) to monitor trends, and (3) to identify outbreaks and new pathogens. […] Surveillance also monitors the control, elimination, and eradication of diseases. […] A key aspect of infectious disease surveillance is the cycle of detecting, responding to, and preventing outbreaks. […] Infectious disease surveillance can have different approaches based on the epidemiology and clinical presentation of the disease and the goals of surveillance. […] Notifiable disease surveillance is an example of passive surveillance.

• #24 Infectious Disease Surveillance

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7149515/

  Active surveillance aims to detect every case, and passive surveillance likely misses cases due to the reporting structure. […] Surveillance for some diseases can be a mixture of passive and active surveillance wherein passive surveillance is complemented by active surveillance to investigate outbreak signals detected through passive surveillance. […] Community-based surveillance is useful for surveying diseases targeted for eradication because all cases must be traced and is not limited to those severe enough to be admitted to a hospital or those that have access to a health-care facility. […] Zoonotic diseases cause disease in humans and can be challenging to control since both animals and humans can be hosts. […] Serosurveillance involves the use of blood specimens to determine the burden of disease or immunity gaps in a population.

• #25 Infectious Disease Surveillance

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7149515/

  Active surveillance aims to detect every case, and passive surveillance likely misses cases due to the reporting structure. […] Surveillance for some diseases can be a mixture of passive and active surveillance wherein passive surveillance is complemented by active surveillance to investigate outbreak signals detected through passive surveillance. […] Community-based surveillance is useful for surveying diseases targeted for eradication because all cases must be traced and is not limited to those severe enough to be admitted to a hospital or those that have access to a health-care facility. […] Zoonotic diseases cause disease in humans and can be challenging to control since both animals and humans can be hosts. […] Serosurveillance involves the use of blood specimens to determine the burden of disease or immunity gaps in a population.

• #26 Infectious Disease Surveillance

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7149515/

  Active surveillance aims to detect every case, and passive surveillance likely misses cases due to the reporting structure. […] Surveillance for some diseases can be a mixture of passive and active surveillance wherein passive surveillance is complemented by active surveillance to investigate outbreak signals detected through passive surveillance. […] Community-based surveillance is useful for surveying diseases targeted for eradication because all cases must be traced and is not limited to those severe enough to be admitted to a hospital or those that have access to a health-care facility. […] Zoonotic diseases cause disease in humans and can be challenging to control since both animals and humans can be hosts. […] Serosurveillance involves the use of blood specimens to determine the burden of disease or immunity gaps in a population.

• #27 Infectious Disease Surveillance

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7149515/

  Active surveillance aims to detect every case, and passive surveillance likely misses cases due to the reporting structure. […] Surveillance for some diseases can be a mixture of passive and active surveillance wherein passive surveillance is complemented by active surveillance to investigate outbreak signals detected through passive surveillance. […] Community-based surveillance is useful for surveying diseases targeted for eradication because all cases must be traced and is not limited to those severe enough to be admitted to a hospital or those that have access to a health-care facility. […] Zoonotic diseases cause disease in humans and can be challenging to control since both animals and humans can be hosts. […] Serosurveillance involves the use of blood specimens to determine the burden of disease or immunity gaps in a population.

• #28 Community-based surveillance of infectious diseases: a systematic review of drivers of success | BMJ Global Health

  https://gh.bmj.com/content/7/8/e009934

  Our findings highlight strategies for improving the design and implementation of community-based surveillance. […] Community-based surveillance (CBS) is defined by the WHO as: the systematic detection and reporting of events of public health significance within a community by community members. […] CBS is often designed for the routine detection and reporting of infectious diseases, it is a potentially versatile and scalable intervention and has been used for the detection and reporting of non-communicable diseases, for monitoring births and deaths, for carrying out verbal autopsies, and more recently, for containing outbreaks of COVID-19. […] Given its potential to enhance the early warning and containment function of national surveillance systems, CBS is increasingly framed as a promising surveillance modality in the discourse around global health security.

• #29 Infectious Disease Surveillance

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7149515/

  Active surveillance aims to detect every case, and passive surveillance likely misses cases due to the reporting structure. […] Surveillance for some diseases can be a mixture of passive and active surveillance wherein passive surveillance is complemented by active surveillance to investigate outbreak signals detected through passive surveillance. […] Community-based surveillance is useful for surveying diseases targeted for eradication because all cases must be traced and is not limited to those severe enough to be admitted to a hospital or those that have access to a health-care facility. […] Zoonotic diseases cause disease in humans and can be challenging to control since both animals and humans can be hosts. […] Serosurveillance involves the use of blood specimens to determine the burden of disease or immunity gaps in a population.

• #30 Infectious Disease Surveillance

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7149515/

  Adverse events following immunization (AEFI) surveillance is a critical component of ensuring vaccine safety in the populations where the vaccines are being used. […] Technology is increasing the availability of data on health that can be used for infectious disease surveillance, including sources that go beyond that of traditional passive or active surveillance systems. […] Surveillance is an action-oriented public health tool. […] Surveillance information can be used at the global, regional, national, local, and individual levels. […] Surveillance sites can be used as platforms for research and special studies.

• #31 Wastewater-based surveillance of infectious diseases: towards a global perspective (12 November)

  https://4euplus.eu/4EU-858.html

  Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a macro-epidemiological approach that aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of population exposure to infectious agents, and biological and chemical contaminants through the analysis of wastewater. […] The combination of multidisciplinary approaches has enabled the development of new epidemiological indicators providing an excellent approximation of the dynamics of the epidemic and the nature of the SARS-CoV-2 variants. […] The potential of this approach is considerable: detection and monitoring of emerging infections (including respiratory viral infections, arboviruses, Monkeypox), sexually transmitted infections, antibiotic resistance etc., all indicators that would provide governments with an integrated picture of health risks and disparities in access to care.

• #32 Community Wastewater based Infectious Disease Surveillance | National Academies

  https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work/community-wastewater-based-infectious-disease-surveillance

  Nearly 80 percent of U.S. households are connected to municipal wastewater collection systems. These sewer systems contain the biological waste, including discharged pathogens, of the human populations they serve. During the COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater surveillance studies successfully tracked the virus shed in feces and provided advanced indications of outbreaks, sometimes weeks ahead of other public health data. This study will examine the value of wastewater surveillance as a tool to trace, prevent, and control the spread of infectious diseases beyond COVID-19. […] The COVID-19 pandemic sparked widespread implementation of wastewater surveillance in communities across the United States to help track the spread of the disease. In contrast to clinical laboratory testing that tracks individual cases of infection, wastewater surveillance provides a way to measure the amount of DNA from pathogens coming from homes, businesses, and other institutions that share a sewer system.

• #33 What is Case Surveillance? | National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/nndss/what-is-case-surveillance/index.html

  Case surveillance helps professionals understand diseases and their spread and take action to control outbreaks. […] Case surveillance is foundational to public health practice. […] Case surveillance occurs each time public health agencies at the local, state, or national levels collect information about a case or person diagnosed with a disease or condition that poses a serious health threat to Americans. […] Health departments notify CDC about certain conditions so we can track them for the whole country. […] CDC monitors about 120 of these notifiable diseases and conditions at the national level. […] Following standard case definitions, case surveillance captures information that public health officials can use to understand where diseases are occurring, how they can be prevented, and which groups are most heavily impacted.

• #34 Disease surveillance – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease_surveillance

  Disease surveillance is an epidemiological practice by which the spread of disease is monitored in order to establish patterns of progression. The main role of disease surveillance is to predict, observe, and minimize the harm caused by outbreak, epidemic, and pandemic situations, as well as increase knowledge about which factors contribute to such circumstances. A key part of modern disease surveillance is the practice of disease case reporting. […] Formal reporting of notifiable infectious diseases is a requirement placed upon health care providers by many regional and national governments, and upon national governments by the World Health Organization to monitor spread as a result of the transmission of infectious agents. Since 1969, WHO has required that all cases of the following diseases be reported to the organization: cholera, plague, yellow fever, smallpox, relapsing fever and typhus.

• #35 Disease surveillance – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease_surveillance

  Disease surveillance is an epidemiological practice by which the spread of disease is monitored in order to establish patterns of progression. The main role of disease surveillance is to predict, observe, and minimize the harm caused by outbreak, epidemic, and pandemic situations, as well as increase knowledge about which factors contribute to such circumstances. A key part of modern disease surveillance is the practice of disease case reporting. […] Formal reporting of notifiable infectious diseases is a requirement placed upon health care providers by many regional and national governments, and upon national governments by the World Health Organization to monitor spread as a result of the transmission of infectious agents. Since 1969, WHO has required that all cases of the following diseases be reported to the organization: cholera, plague, yellow fever, smallpox, relapsing fever and typhus.

• #36 Disease surveillance – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease_surveillance

  Disease surveillance is an epidemiological practice by which the spread of disease is monitored in order to establish patterns of progression. The main role of disease surveillance is to predict, observe, and minimize the harm caused by outbreak, epidemic, and pandemic situations, as well as increase knowledge about which factors contribute to such circumstances. A key part of modern disease surveillance is the practice of disease case reporting. […] Formal reporting of notifiable infectious diseases is a requirement placed upon health care providers by many regional and national governments, and upon national governments by the World Health Organization to monitor spread as a result of the transmission of infectious agents. Since 1969, WHO has required that all cases of the following diseases be reported to the organization: cholera, plague, yellow fever, smallpox, relapsing fever and typhus.

• #37 About National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System | National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/nndss/about/index.html

  The National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) collects case surveillance data from across the U.S. to keep people healthy. […] Learn more about NNDSS, its surveillance efforts and the role it plays in the prevention and control of infectious and non-infectious conditions. […] Case surveillance and NNDSS help protect the health of communities and the nation. […] NNDSS receives and shares case data from state, local, and territorial health departments to help public health monitor, control, and prevent serious diseases.

• #38 What is Case Surveillance? | National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/nndss/what-is-case-surveillance/index.html

  Case surveillance helps professionals understand diseases and their spread and take action to control outbreaks. […] Case surveillance is foundational to public health practice. […] Case surveillance occurs each time public health agencies at the local, state, or national levels collect information about a case or person diagnosed with a disease or condition that poses a serious health threat to Americans. […] Health departments notify CDC about certain conditions so we can track them for the whole country. […] CDC monitors about 120 of these notifiable diseases and conditions at the national level. […] Following standard case definitions, case surveillance captures information that public health officials can use to understand where diseases are occurring, how they can be prevented, and which groups are most heavily impacted.

• #39 What is Case Surveillance? | National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/nndss/what-is-case-surveillance/index.html

  Case surveillance helps professionals understand diseases and their spread and take action to control outbreaks. […] Case surveillance is foundational to public health practice. […] Case surveillance occurs each time public health agencies at the local, state, or national levels collect information about a case or person diagnosed with a disease or condition that poses a serious health threat to Americans. […] Health departments notify CDC about certain conditions so we can track them for the whole country. […] CDC monitors about 120 of these notifiable diseases and conditions at the national level. […] Following standard case definitions, case surveillance captures information that public health officials can use to understand where diseases are occurring, how they can be prevented, and which groups are most heavily impacted.

• #40 What is Case Surveillance? | National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/nndss/what-is-case-surveillance/index.html

  Case surveillance helps professionals understand diseases and their spread and take action to control outbreaks. […] Case surveillance is foundational to public health practice. […] Case surveillance occurs each time public health agencies at the local, state, or national levels collect information about a case or person diagnosed with a disease or condition that poses a serious health threat to Americans. […] Health departments notify CDC about certain conditions so we can track them for the whole country. […] CDC monitors about 120 of these notifiable diseases and conditions at the national level. […] Following standard case definitions, case surveillance captures information that public health officials can use to understand where diseases are occurring, how they can be prevented, and which groups are most heavily impacted.

• #41 Surveillance of Infectious Diseases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7660971/

  Surveillance is the backbone of any disease control program. Data must be representative, timely, and consistent. Collection of data must be systematic. Analysis of data should include analysis by time, place, and person. Surveillance is undoubtedly an essential indeed critical ingredient of any disease control program. It is used to paint a picture of the progress and overall burden of infection or disease, so that any preventive or therapeutic action can be measured as it advances. Surveillance is the ongoing and systematic collection of routine data which are then analyzed, interpreted, and acted upon. Surveillance is essential for evaluating the impact of an intervention, such as mass vaccination, on a population. It can also act as a fairly sensitive system for the early detection of outbreaks. Timeliness is another important ingredient of a surveillance system. This is especially the case with infection. It is particularly essential for the early recognition of outbreaks, but it is important also in evaluating the success or otherwise of programs to control the spread of an infection e.g., the effect of lockdown on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on a population. Representativeness is another important ingredient of a surveillance program. The program has to be representative of the effect of that infection on a population. Surveillance of outbreaks (as opposed to individual infections) can be revealing, and important to allow public health measures. Surveillance systems should ideally be frequently evaluated for usefulness, as well as for accuracy, efficiency, and effectiveness. The ease and speed of modern travel, the distribution of goods (especially foodstuffs) across increasingly wide parts of the world, and the uncontrollable spread of birds and other wildlife across boundaries has made global and international surveillance essential for outbreak and infection control.

• #42 Surveillance of Infectious Diseases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7660971/

  Surveillance is the backbone of any disease control program. Data must be representative, timely, and consistent. Collection of data must be systematic. Analysis of data should include analysis by time, place, and person. Surveillance is undoubtedly an essential indeed critical ingredient of any disease control program. It is used to paint a picture of the progress and overall burden of infection or disease, so that any preventive or therapeutic action can be measured as it advances. Surveillance is the ongoing and systematic collection of routine data which are then analyzed, interpreted, and acted upon. Surveillance is essential for evaluating the impact of an intervention, such as mass vaccination, on a population. It can also act as a fairly sensitive system for the early detection of outbreaks. Timeliness is another important ingredient of a surveillance system. This is especially the case with infection. It is particularly essential for the early recognition of outbreaks, but it is important also in evaluating the success or otherwise of programs to control the spread of an infection e.g., the effect of lockdown on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on a population. Representativeness is another important ingredient of a surveillance program. The program has to be representative of the effect of that infection on a population. Surveillance of outbreaks (as opposed to individual infections) can be revealing, and important to allow public health measures. Surveillance systems should ideally be frequently evaluated for usefulness, as well as for accuracy, efficiency, and effectiveness. The ease and speed of modern travel, the distribution of goods (especially foodstuffs) across increasingly wide parts of the world, and the uncontrollable spread of birds and other wildlife across boundaries has made global and international surveillance essential for outbreak and infection control.

• #43 Infectious Disease Surveillance

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7149515/

  Infectious disease surveillance is an important epidemiological tool to monitor disease burden and epidemiology of disease and identify outbreaks and new pathogens. […] The goals of infectious disease surveillance are threefold: (1) to describe the current burden and epidemiology of disease, (2) to monitor trends, and (3) to identify outbreaks and new pathogens. […] Surveillance also monitors the control, elimination, and eradication of diseases. […] A key aspect of infectious disease surveillance is the cycle of detecting, responding to, and preventing outbreaks. […] Infectious disease surveillance can have different approaches based on the epidemiology and clinical presentation of the disease and the goals of surveillance. […] Notifiable disease surveillance is an example of passive surveillance.

• #44 Surveillance in emergencies

  https://www.who.int/emergencies/surveillance

  Public health surveillance is the continuous, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data. […] Disease surveillance data: serves as an early warning system for impending outbreaks that could become public health emergencies; enables monitoring and evaluation of the impact of an intervention, helps track progress towards specified goals; and monitors and clarifies the epidemiology of health problems, guiding priority-setting and planning and evaluation public health policy and strategies. […] An effective disease surveillance system is essential to detecting disease outbreaks quickly before they spread, cost lives and become difficult to control. Effective surveillance can improve disease outbreak detection in emergency settings, such as in countries in conflict or following a natural disaster. […] Populations affected by emergencies are continually at risk of outbreaks of epidemic-prone diseases and other public health hazards. […] Epidemics of infectious diseases are occurring more often, and spreading faster and further than ever, in many different regions of the world.

• #45 Infectious Disease Surveillance

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7149515/

  Adverse events following immunization (AEFI) surveillance is a critical component of ensuring vaccine safety in the populations where the vaccines are being used. […] Technology is increasing the availability of data on health that can be used for infectious disease surveillance, including sources that go beyond that of traditional passive or active surveillance systems. […] Surveillance is an action-oriented public health tool. […] Surveillance information can be used at the global, regional, national, local, and individual levels. […] Surveillance sites can be used as platforms for research and special studies.

• #46 Infectious Disease Surveillance

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7149515/

  Adverse events following immunization (AEFI) surveillance is a critical component of ensuring vaccine safety in the populations where the vaccines are being used. […] Technology is increasing the availability of data on health that can be used for infectious disease surveillance, including sources that go beyond that of traditional passive or active surveillance systems. […] Surveillance is an action-oriented public health tool. […] Surveillance information can be used at the global, regional, national, local, and individual levels. […] Surveillance sites can be used as platforms for research and special studies.

• #47 Infectious Disease Surveillance | South Dakota Department of Health

  https://doh.sd.gov/health-data-reports/infectious-communicative-disease-data-reports/infectious-disease-surveillance/

  Infectious disease surveillance is the ongoing collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data. This type of assessment is a core public health function. Communicable disease surveillance monitors patterns of disease occurrence and assesses the health status of South Dakota’s population. Surveillance can detect sudden changes in disease occurrence, such as an outbreak, or identify long-term disease trends or new and emerging diseases. Surveillance activities are linked to public health actions, such as investigation, control and prevention, evaluation, or planning and allocating resources to address the diseases affecting the population. […] An important component of surveillance is sharing data back with health care providers, public health agencies, policymakers, and the general population. The surveillance cycle is not complete until disease information is relayed to those who have responsibilities for the various public health and medical actions. Surveillance assessment reports should serve to inform and motivate. Infectious disease surveillance endeavors to: identify cases for investigation and follow-up, estimate the magnitude of a health problem and follow trends in its incidence and distribution, formulate and evaluate control and prevention measures, detect outbreaks or epidemics and generate appropriate interventions, monitor changes in infectious agents (e.g., antibiotic resistance, emerging infections), facilitate epidemiologic and laboratory research, detect changes in health practice (e.g., impact of use of new diagnostic methods on case counts), facilitate planning (e.g., allocation of program resources, policy development).

• #48 Infectious Disease Surveillance

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7149515/

  Adverse events following immunization (AEFI) surveillance is a critical component of ensuring vaccine safety in the populations where the vaccines are being used. […] Technology is increasing the availability of data on health that can be used for infectious disease surveillance, including sources that go beyond that of traditional passive or active surveillance systems. […] Surveillance is an action-oriented public health tool. […] Surveillance information can be used at the global, regional, national, local, and individual levels. […] Surveillance sites can be used as platforms for research and special studies.

• #49 Surveillance of Infectious Diseases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7660971/

  Surveillance is the backbone of any disease control program. Data must be representative, timely, and consistent. Collection of data must be systematic. Analysis of data should include analysis by time, place, and person. Surveillance is undoubtedly an essential indeed critical ingredient of any disease control program. It is used to paint a picture of the progress and overall burden of infection or disease, so that any preventive or therapeutic action can be measured as it advances. Surveillance is the ongoing and systematic collection of routine data which are then analyzed, interpreted, and acted upon. Surveillance is essential for evaluating the impact of an intervention, such as mass vaccination, on a population. It can also act as a fairly sensitive system for the early detection of outbreaks. Timeliness is another important ingredient of a surveillance system. This is especially the case with infection. It is particularly essential for the early recognition of outbreaks, but it is important also in evaluating the success or otherwise of programs to control the spread of an infection e.g., the effect of lockdown on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on a population. Representativeness is another important ingredient of a surveillance program. The program has to be representative of the effect of that infection on a population. Surveillance of outbreaks (as opposed to individual infections) can be revealing, and important to allow public health measures. Surveillance systems should ideally be frequently evaluated for usefulness, as well as for accuracy, efficiency, and effectiveness. The ease and speed of modern travel, the distribution of goods (especially foodstuffs) across increasingly wide parts of the world, and the uncontrollable spread of birds and other wildlife across boundaries has made global and international surveillance essential for outbreak and infection control.

• #50 Surveillance of Infectious Diseases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7660971/

  Surveillance is the backbone of any disease control program. Data must be representative, timely, and consistent. Collection of data must be systematic. Analysis of data should include analysis by time, place, and person. Surveillance is undoubtedly an essential indeed critical ingredient of any disease control program. It is used to paint a picture of the progress and overall burden of infection or disease, so that any preventive or therapeutic action can be measured as it advances. Surveillance is the ongoing and systematic collection of routine data which are then analyzed, interpreted, and acted upon. Surveillance is essential for evaluating the impact of an intervention, such as mass vaccination, on a population. It can also act as a fairly sensitive system for the early detection of outbreaks. Timeliness is another important ingredient of a surveillance system. This is especially the case with infection. It is particularly essential for the early recognition of outbreaks, but it is important also in evaluating the success or otherwise of programs to control the spread of an infection e.g., the effect of lockdown on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on a population. Representativeness is another important ingredient of a surveillance program. The program has to be representative of the effect of that infection on a population. Surveillance of outbreaks (as opposed to individual infections) can be revealing, and important to allow public health measures. Surveillance systems should ideally be frequently evaluated for usefulness, as well as for accuracy, efficiency, and effectiveness. The ease and speed of modern travel, the distribution of goods (especially foodstuffs) across increasingly wide parts of the world, and the uncontrollable spread of birds and other wildlife across boundaries has made global and international surveillance essential for outbreak and infection control.

• #51 Infectious Disease Surveillance | South Dakota Department of Health

  https://doh.sd.gov/health-data-reports/infectious-communicative-disease-data-reports/infectious-disease-surveillance/

  Infectious disease surveillance is the ongoing collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data. This type of assessment is a core public health function. Communicable disease surveillance monitors patterns of disease occurrence and assesses the health status of South Dakota’s population. Surveillance can detect sudden changes in disease occurrence, such as an outbreak, or identify long-term disease trends or new and emerging diseases. Surveillance activities are linked to public health actions, such as investigation, control and prevention, evaluation, or planning and allocating resources to address the diseases affecting the population. […] An important component of surveillance is sharing data back with health care providers, public health agencies, policymakers, and the general population. The surveillance cycle is not complete until disease information is relayed to those who have responsibilities for the various public health and medical actions. Surveillance assessment reports should serve to inform and motivate. Infectious disease surveillance endeavors to: identify cases for investigation and follow-up, estimate the magnitude of a health problem and follow trends in its incidence and distribution, formulate and evaluate control and prevention measures, detect outbreaks or epidemics and generate appropriate interventions, monitor changes in infectious agents (e.g., antibiotic resistance, emerging infections), facilitate epidemiologic and laboratory research, detect changes in health practice (e.g., impact of use of new diagnostic methods on case counts), facilitate planning (e.g., allocation of program resources, policy development).

• #52 Surveillance of Infectious Diseases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7660971/

  Surveillance is the backbone of any disease control program. Data must be representative, timely, and consistent. Collection of data must be systematic. Analysis of data should include analysis by time, place, and person. Surveillance is undoubtedly an essential indeed critical ingredient of any disease control program. It is used to paint a picture of the progress and overall burden of infection or disease, so that any preventive or therapeutic action can be measured as it advances. Surveillance is the ongoing and systematic collection of routine data which are then analyzed, interpreted, and acted upon. Surveillance is essential for evaluating the impact of an intervention, such as mass vaccination, on a population. It can also act as a fairly sensitive system for the early detection of outbreaks. Timeliness is another important ingredient of a surveillance system. This is especially the case with infection. It is particularly essential for the early recognition of outbreaks, but it is important also in evaluating the success or otherwise of programs to control the spread of an infection e.g., the effect of lockdown on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on a population. Representativeness is another important ingredient of a surveillance program. The program has to be representative of the effect of that infection on a population. Surveillance of outbreaks (as opposed to individual infections) can be revealing, and important to allow public health measures. Surveillance systems should ideally be frequently evaluated for usefulness, as well as for accuracy, efficiency, and effectiveness. The ease and speed of modern travel, the distribution of goods (especially foodstuffs) across increasingly wide parts of the world, and the uncontrollable spread of birds and other wildlife across boundaries has made global and international surveillance essential for outbreak and infection control.

• #53 Surveillance of Infectious Diseases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7660971/

  Surveillance is the backbone of any disease control program. Data must be representative, timely, and consistent. Collection of data must be systematic. Analysis of data should include analysis by time, place, and person. Surveillance is undoubtedly an essential indeed critical ingredient of any disease control program. It is used to paint a picture of the progress and overall burden of infection or disease, so that any preventive or therapeutic action can be measured as it advances. Surveillance is the ongoing and systematic collection of routine data which are then analyzed, interpreted, and acted upon. Surveillance is essential for evaluating the impact of an intervention, such as mass vaccination, on a population. It can also act as a fairly sensitive system for the early detection of outbreaks. Timeliness is another important ingredient of a surveillance system. This is especially the case with infection. It is particularly essential for the early recognition of outbreaks, but it is important also in evaluating the success or otherwise of programs to control the spread of an infection e.g., the effect of lockdown on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on a population. Representativeness is another important ingredient of a surveillance program. The program has to be representative of the effect of that infection on a population. Surveillance of outbreaks (as opposed to individual infections) can be revealing, and important to allow public health measures. Surveillance systems should ideally be frequently evaluated for usefulness, as well as for accuracy, efficiency, and effectiveness. The ease and speed of modern travel, the distribution of goods (especially foodstuffs) across increasingly wide parts of the world, and the uncontrollable spread of birds and other wildlife across boundaries has made global and international surveillance essential for outbreak and infection control.

• #54 Surveillance of Infectious Diseases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7660971/

  Surveillance is the backbone of any disease control program. Data must be representative, timely, and consistent. Collection of data must be systematic. Analysis of data should include analysis by time, place, and person. Surveillance is undoubtedly an essential indeed critical ingredient of any disease control program. It is used to paint a picture of the progress and overall burden of infection or disease, so that any preventive or therapeutic action can be measured as it advances. Surveillance is the ongoing and systematic collection of routine data which are then analyzed, interpreted, and acted upon. Surveillance is essential for evaluating the impact of an intervention, such as mass vaccination, on a population. It can also act as a fairly sensitive system for the early detection of outbreaks. Timeliness is another important ingredient of a surveillance system. This is especially the case with infection. It is particularly essential for the early recognition of outbreaks, but it is important also in evaluating the success or otherwise of programs to control the spread of an infection e.g., the effect of lockdown on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on a population. Representativeness is another important ingredient of a surveillance program. The program has to be representative of the effect of that infection on a population. Surveillance of outbreaks (as opposed to individual infections) can be revealing, and important to allow public health measures. Surveillance systems should ideally be frequently evaluated for usefulness, as well as for accuracy, efficiency, and effectiveness. The ease and speed of modern travel, the distribution of goods (especially foodstuffs) across increasingly wide parts of the world, and the uncontrollable spread of birds and other wildlife across boundaries has made global and international surveillance essential for outbreak and infection control.

• #55 Surveillance of Infectious Diseases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7660971/

  Surveillance is the backbone of any disease control program. Data must be representative, timely, and consistent. Collection of data must be systematic. Analysis of data should include analysis by time, place, and person. Surveillance is undoubtedly an essential indeed critical ingredient of any disease control program. It is used to paint a picture of the progress and overall burden of infection or disease, so that any preventive or therapeutic action can be measured as it advances. Surveillance is the ongoing and systematic collection of routine data which are then analyzed, interpreted, and acted upon. Surveillance is essential for evaluating the impact of an intervention, such as mass vaccination, on a population. It can also act as a fairly sensitive system for the early detection of outbreaks. Timeliness is another important ingredient of a surveillance system. This is especially the case with infection. It is particularly essential for the early recognition of outbreaks, but it is important also in evaluating the success or otherwise of programs to control the spread of an infection e.g., the effect of lockdown on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on a population. Representativeness is another important ingredient of a surveillance program. The program has to be representative of the effect of that infection on a population. Surveillance of outbreaks (as opposed to individual infections) can be revealing, and important to allow public health measures. Surveillance systems should ideally be frequently evaluated for usefulness, as well as for accuracy, efficiency, and effectiveness. The ease and speed of modern travel, the distribution of goods (especially foodstuffs) across increasingly wide parts of the world, and the uncontrollable spread of birds and other wildlife across boundaries has made global and international surveillance essential for outbreak and infection control.

• #56 Disease surveillance – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease_surveillance

  The World Health Organization (WHO) is the lead agency for coordinating global response to major diseases. […] WHO’s Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response (EPR) to detect, verify rapidly and respond appropriately to epidemic-prone and emerging disease threats covers the following diseases: […] The WHO coordinated International Outbreak Alert and Response is designed to ensure „outbreaks of potential international importance are rapidly verified and information is quickly shared within the Network” but not necessarily by the public; integrate and coordinate „activities to support national efforts” rather than challenge national authority within that nation in order to „respect the independence and objectivity of all partners”. […] Surveillance of H5N1 in humans, poultry, wild birds, cats and other animals remains very weak in many parts of Asia and Africa. Much remains unknown about the exact extent of its spread.

• #57 Disease surveillance – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease_surveillance

  The World Health Organization (WHO) is the lead agency for coordinating global response to major diseases. […] WHO’s Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response (EPR) to detect, verify rapidly and respond appropriately to epidemic-prone and emerging disease threats covers the following diseases: […] The WHO coordinated International Outbreak Alert and Response is designed to ensure „outbreaks of potential international importance are rapidly verified and information is quickly shared within the Network” but not necessarily by the public; integrate and coordinate „activities to support national efforts” rather than challenge national authority within that nation in order to „respect the independence and objectivity of all partners”. […] Surveillance of H5N1 in humans, poultry, wild birds, cats and other animals remains very weak in many parts of Asia and Africa. Much remains unknown about the exact extent of its spread.

• #58 Surveillance in emergencies

  https://www.who.int/emergencies/surveillance

  Public health surveillance is the continuous, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data. […] Disease surveillance data: serves as an early warning system for impending outbreaks that could become public health emergencies; enables monitoring and evaluation of the impact of an intervention, helps track progress towards specified goals; and monitors and clarifies the epidemiology of health problems, guiding priority-setting and planning and evaluation public health policy and strategies. […] An effective disease surveillance system is essential to detecting disease outbreaks quickly before they spread, cost lives and become difficult to control. Effective surveillance can improve disease outbreak detection in emergency settings, such as in countries in conflict or following a natural disaster. […] Populations affected by emergencies are continually at risk of outbreaks of epidemic-prone diseases and other public health hazards. […] Epidemics of infectious diseases are occurring more often, and spreading faster and further than ever, in many different regions of the world.

• #59 Surveillance in emergencies

  https://www.who.int/emergencies/surveillance

  Public health surveillance is the continuous, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data. […] Disease surveillance data: serves as an early warning system for impending outbreaks that could become public health emergencies; enables monitoring and evaluation of the impact of an intervention, helps track progress towards specified goals; and monitors and clarifies the epidemiology of health problems, guiding priority-setting and planning and evaluation public health policy and strategies. […] An effective disease surveillance system is essential to detecting disease outbreaks quickly before they spread, cost lives and become difficult to control. Effective surveillance can improve disease outbreak detection in emergency settings, such as in countries in conflict or following a natural disaster. […] Populations affected by emergencies are continually at risk of outbreaks of epidemic-prone diseases and other public health hazards. […] Epidemics of infectious diseases are occurring more often, and spreading faster and further than ever, in many different regions of the world.

• #60

  https://www.who.int/westernpacific/emergencies/surveillance

  Humanitarian emergencies increase the risk of transmission of infectious diseases and other health conditions, such as severe malnutrition. An effective disease surveillance system is essential to detect disease outbreaks quickly before they spread, cost lives and become difficult to control. Effective surveillance can improve disease outbreak detection in emergency settings, such as in countries in conflict or following a natural disaster.

• #61 Surveillance and early warning – European Commission

  https://health.ec.europa.eu/health-security-and-infectious-diseases/surveillance-and-early-warning_en

  In our globalised world, diseases can spread very quickly from one country to another. The early detection of health threats requires continuous robust surveillance and mechanisms for early warning and response. […] Surveillance systems provide information for monitoring communicable disease trends, helping to identify risk factors, and areas for intervention. […] Decision No. 2119/98/EC of the European Parliament and the Council originally established the network for the epidemiological surveillance and control of communicable diseases. […] This new Decision revived the network for the epidemiological surveillance of communicable diseases and related special health issues. […] It maintains and further strengthens the European network for epidemiological surveillance, which continues to be operated and coordinated by the ECDC.

• #62 Infectious Disease Surveillance

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7149515/

  Adverse events following immunization (AEFI) surveillance is a critical component of ensuring vaccine safety in the populations where the vaccines are being used. […] Technology is increasing the availability of data on health that can be used for infectious disease surveillance, including sources that go beyond that of traditional passive or active surveillance systems. […] Surveillance is an action-oriented public health tool. […] Surveillance information can be used at the global, regional, national, local, and individual levels. […] Surveillance sites can be used as platforms for research and special studies.

• #63 Surveillance and early warning – European Commission

  https://health.ec.europa.eu/health-security-and-infectious-diseases/surveillance-and-early-warning_en

  In our globalised world, diseases can spread very quickly from one country to another. The early detection of health threats requires continuous robust surveillance and mechanisms for early warning and response. […] Surveillance systems provide information for monitoring communicable disease trends, helping to identify risk factors, and areas for intervention. […] Decision No. 2119/98/EC of the European Parliament and the Council originally established the network for the epidemiological surveillance and control of communicable diseases. […] This new Decision revived the network for the epidemiological surveillance of communicable diseases and related special health issues. […] It maintains and further strengthens the European network for epidemiological surveillance, which continues to be operated and coordinated by the ECDC.

• #64

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-024-00272-y

  The last decade has seen major advances and growth in internet-based surveillance for infectious diseases through advanced computational capacity, growing adoption of smart devices, increased availability of Artificial Intelligence (AI), alongside environmental pressures including climate and land use change contributing to increased threat and spread of pandemics and emerging infectious diseases. […] With the increasing burden of infectious diseases and the COVID-19 pandemic, the need for developing novel technologies and integrating internet-based data approaches to improving infectious disease surveillance is greater than ever. […] The emergence of the novel coronavirus in December 2019 leading to the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a renewed interest in disease surveillance and outbreak tracking with the need for integrative digital early warning and surveillance systems more pronounced than ever.

• #65

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-024-00272-y

  The last decade has seen major advances and growth in internet-based surveillance for infectious diseases through advanced computational capacity, growing adoption of smart devices, increased availability of Artificial Intelligence (AI), alongside environmental pressures including climate and land use change contributing to increased threat and spread of pandemics and emerging infectious diseases. […] With the increasing burden of infectious diseases and the COVID-19 pandemic, the need for developing novel technologies and integrating internet-based data approaches to improving infectious disease surveillance is greater than ever. […] The emergence of the novel coronavirus in December 2019 leading to the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a renewed interest in disease surveillance and outbreak tracking with the need for integrative digital early warning and surveillance systems more pronounced than ever.

• #66

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-024-00272-y

  While research interest in digital surveillance has remained high over the previous decade, particularly for influenza outbreak detection, the COVID-19 pandemic was an unprecedented opportunity to employ methods in real-time to detect outbreaks, forecast epidemic growth and tailor effective and locally relevant public health messaging. […] Internet-based or digital surveillance systems use online data sources to detect digital signals for potential indicators or early signs of infectious disease outbreaks based on online information seeking and trends in user behaviours from a range of social media and search engine sources. […] By analysing large volumes of online data in real-time, predictive models can be used to identify high-risk clusters, trends and early warning signs often preceding traditional surveillance methods for disease detection and can provide early warning of outbreaks prior to these health system alerts.

• #67

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-024-00272-y

  While research interest in digital surveillance has remained high over the previous decade, particularly for influenza outbreak detection, the COVID-19 pandemic was an unprecedented opportunity to employ methods in real-time to detect outbreaks, forecast epidemic growth and tailor effective and locally relevant public health messaging. […] Internet-based or digital surveillance systems use online data sources to detect digital signals for potential indicators or early signs of infectious disease outbreaks based on online information seeking and trends in user behaviours from a range of social media and search engine sources. […] By analysing large volumes of online data in real-time, predictive models can be used to identify high-risk clusters, trends and early warning signs often preceding traditional surveillance methods for disease detection and can provide early warning of outbreaks prior to these health system alerts.

• #68 Surveillance – ISID

  https://isid.org/surveillance/

  Delivering curated, real-time, global disease detection. Trustworthy global surveillance data and authoritative analysis from global experts enabling accelerated infectious disease detection and response. […] The Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases ProMED is an is an internet-based reporting system dedicated to the rapid global dissemination of information on outbreaks of infectious diseases and acute exposures to toxins that affect human health, including those in animals and in plants grown for food or animal feed. […] By providing early warning of outbreaks of emerging and re-emerging diseases, public health precautions at all levels can be taken in a timely manner to prevent epidemic transmission and to save lives. […] ISID, along with ProMED, the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modeling at Imperial College London, the University of Sussex (UK), HealthMap at Boston Childrens Hospital/Harvard Medical School, and healthsites.io developed a user-friendly tool to both forecast case counts during infectious disease outbreaks and estimate the risk of infectious disease case importation/exportation in specific geographic areas.

• #69 Surveillance – ISID

  https://isid.org/surveillance/

  Delivering curated, real-time, global disease detection. Trustworthy global surveillance data and authoritative analysis from global experts enabling accelerated infectious disease detection and response. […] The Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases ProMED is an is an internet-based reporting system dedicated to the rapid global dissemination of information on outbreaks of infectious diseases and acute exposures to toxins that affect human health, including those in animals and in plants grown for food or animal feed. […] By providing early warning of outbreaks of emerging and re-emerging diseases, public health precautions at all levels can be taken in a timely manner to prevent epidemic transmission and to save lives. […] ISID, along with ProMED, the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modeling at Imperial College London, the University of Sussex (UK), HealthMap at Boston Childrens Hospital/Harvard Medical School, and healthsites.io developed a user-friendly tool to both forecast case counts during infectious disease outbreaks and estimate the risk of infectious disease case importation/exportation in specific geographic areas.

• #70 Disease surveillance – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease_surveillance

  The World Health Organization (WHO) is the lead agency for coordinating global response to major diseases. […] WHO’s Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response (EPR) to detect, verify rapidly and respond appropriately to epidemic-prone and emerging disease threats covers the following diseases: […] The WHO coordinated International Outbreak Alert and Response is designed to ensure „outbreaks of potential international importance are rapidly verified and information is quickly shared within the Network” but not necessarily by the public; integrate and coordinate „activities to support national efforts” rather than challenge national authority within that nation in order to „respect the independence and objectivity of all partners”. […] Surveillance of H5N1 in humans, poultry, wild birds, cats and other animals remains very weak in many parts of Asia and Africa. Much remains unknown about the exact extent of its spread.

• #71 Disease surveillance – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease_surveillance

  The World Health Organization (WHO) is the lead agency for coordinating global response to major diseases. […] WHO’s Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response (EPR) to detect, verify rapidly and respond appropriately to epidemic-prone and emerging disease threats covers the following diseases: […] The WHO coordinated International Outbreak Alert and Response is designed to ensure „outbreaks of potential international importance are rapidly verified and information is quickly shared within the Network” but not necessarily by the public; integrate and coordinate „activities to support national efforts” rather than challenge national authority within that nation in order to „respect the independence and objectivity of all partners”. […] Surveillance of H5N1 in humans, poultry, wild birds, cats and other animals remains very weak in many parts of Asia and Africa. Much remains unknown about the exact extent of its spread.

• #72 Disease surveillance – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease_surveillance

  The World Health Organization (WHO) is the lead agency for coordinating global response to major diseases. […] WHO’s Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response (EPR) to detect, verify rapidly and respond appropriately to epidemic-prone and emerging disease threats covers the following diseases: […] The WHO coordinated International Outbreak Alert and Response is designed to ensure „outbreaks of potential international importance are rapidly verified and information is quickly shared within the Network” but not necessarily by the public; integrate and coordinate „activities to support national efforts” rather than challenge national authority within that nation in order to „respect the independence and objectivity of all partners”. […] Surveillance of H5N1 in humans, poultry, wild birds, cats and other animals remains very weak in many parts of Asia and Africa. Much remains unknown about the exact extent of its spread.

• #73 Surveillance and early warning – European Commission

  https://health.ec.europa.eu/health-security-and-infectious-diseases/surveillance-and-early-warning_en

  In our globalised world, diseases can spread very quickly from one country to another. The early detection of health threats requires continuous robust surveillance and mechanisms for early warning and response. […] Surveillance systems provide information for monitoring communicable disease trends, helping to identify risk factors, and areas for intervention. […] Decision No. 2119/98/EC of the European Parliament and the Council originally established the network for the epidemiological surveillance and control of communicable diseases. […] This new Decision revived the network for the epidemiological surveillance of communicable diseases and related special health issues. […] It maintains and further strengthens the European network for epidemiological surveillance, which continues to be operated and coordinated by the ECDC.

• #74 Surveillance and early warning – European Commission

  https://health.ec.europa.eu/health-security-and-infectious-diseases/surveillance-and-early-warning_en

  In our globalised world, diseases can spread very quickly from one country to another. The early detection of health threats requires continuous robust surveillance and mechanisms for early warning and response. […] Surveillance systems provide information for monitoring communicable disease trends, helping to identify risk factors, and areas for intervention. […] Decision No. 2119/98/EC of the European Parliament and the Council originally established the network for the epidemiological surveillance and control of communicable diseases. […] This new Decision revived the network for the epidemiological surveillance of communicable diseases and related special health issues. […] It maintains and further strengthens the European network for epidemiological surveillance, which continues to be operated and coordinated by the ECDC.

• #75 Surveillance and early warning – European Commission

  https://health.ec.europa.eu/health-security-and-infectious-diseases/surveillance-and-early-warning_en

  In our globalised world, diseases can spread very quickly from one country to another. The early detection of health threats requires continuous robust surveillance and mechanisms for early warning and response. […] Surveillance systems provide information for monitoring communicable disease trends, helping to identify risk factors, and areas for intervention. […] Decision No. 2119/98/EC of the European Parliament and the Council originally established the network for the epidemiological surveillance and control of communicable diseases. […] This new Decision revived the network for the epidemiological surveillance of communicable diseases and related special health issues. […] It maintains and further strengthens the European network for epidemiological surveillance, which continues to be operated and coordinated by the ECDC.

• #76 A surveillance sector review applied to infectious diseases at a country level | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-10-332

  The new International Health Regulations (IHR) require World Health Organization (WHO) member states to assess their core capacity for surveillance. […] Reviewing surveillance systems for infectious diseases also has the potential to identify worthwhile improvements to the organisation of such systems at a country-level. […] We describe in this article a review of these systems and use the term surveillance sector review as this work seeks to identify and examine all of the important surveillance activities across a defined area of disease burden. […] A surveillance sector review builds upon concepts of more integrated surveillance promoted by the WHO, notably for linking surveillance and action. […] In this article we aim to: (i) Present a framework for describing and categorising diverse surveillance systems and illustrate this by applying it to all of the surveillance systems operating for one disease sector in a single developed country (in this case infectious diseases in New Zealand); (ii) Present an approach for systematically reviewing the public health surveillance systems operating across a broad public health sector (a surveillance sector review); and (iii) Discuss preliminary findings from this review to illustrate its use for identifying potential surveillance sector gaps that require assessment in later stages of the surveillance sector review.

• #77 Surveillance and early warning – European Commission

  https://health.ec.europa.eu/health-security-and-infectious-diseases/surveillance-and-early-warning_en

  About 50 diseases and special health issues, such as antimicrobial resistance, are monitored through the EUs epidemiological surveillance network: from Anthrax to Zika. […] Regulation (EU) 2022/2371 gives the Commission power to update again the list of infectious diseases and relevant health issues, such as antimicrobial resistance, to ensure their coverage by the epidemiological surveillance network. […] The Commission also sets the case definitions concerning each infectious disease that Member States use for surveillance and reporting to ECDC, thus ensuring the comparability and compatibility of the collected data at the Union level. […] EWRS has been successfully used to alert, share information and coordinate measures in response to cross-border events of communicable diseases, with current and previous outbreaks managed, such as COVID-19, Monkeypox, pandemic influenza A(H1N1), Ebola, etc.

• #78 Surveillance and early warning – European Commission

  https://health.ec.europa.eu/health-security-and-infectious-diseases/surveillance-and-early-warning_en

  About 50 diseases and special health issues, such as antimicrobial resistance, are monitored through the EUs epidemiological surveillance network: from Anthrax to Zika. […] Regulation (EU) 2022/2371 gives the Commission power to update again the list of infectious diseases and relevant health issues, such as antimicrobial resistance, to ensure their coverage by the epidemiological surveillance network. […] The Commission also sets the case definitions concerning each infectious disease that Member States use for surveillance and reporting to ECDC, thus ensuring the comparability and compatibility of the collected data at the Union level. […] EWRS has been successfully used to alert, share information and coordinate measures in response to cross-border events of communicable diseases, with current and previous outbreaks managed, such as COVID-19, Monkeypox, pandemic influenza A(H1N1), Ebola, etc.

• #79 Surveillance and early warning – European Commission

  https://health.ec.europa.eu/health-security-and-infectious-diseases/surveillance-and-early-warning_en

  About 50 diseases and special health issues, such as antimicrobial resistance, are monitored through the EUs epidemiological surveillance network: from Anthrax to Zika. […] Regulation (EU) 2022/2371 gives the Commission power to update again the list of infectious diseases and relevant health issues, such as antimicrobial resistance, to ensure their coverage by the epidemiological surveillance network. […] The Commission also sets the case definitions concerning each infectious disease that Member States use for surveillance and reporting to ECDC, thus ensuring the comparability and compatibility of the collected data at the Union level. […] EWRS has been successfully used to alert, share information and coordinate measures in response to cross-border events of communicable diseases, with current and previous outbreaks managed, such as COVID-19, Monkeypox, pandemic influenza A(H1N1), Ebola, etc.

• #80 Surveillance and early warning – European Commission

  https://health.ec.europa.eu/health-security-and-infectious-diseases/surveillance-and-early-warning_en

  About 50 diseases and special health issues, such as antimicrobial resistance, are monitored through the EUs epidemiological surveillance network: from Anthrax to Zika. […] Regulation (EU) 2022/2371 gives the Commission power to update again the list of infectious diseases and relevant health issues, such as antimicrobial resistance, to ensure their coverage by the epidemiological surveillance network. […] The Commission also sets the case definitions concerning each infectious disease that Member States use for surveillance and reporting to ECDC, thus ensuring the comparability and compatibility of the collected data at the Union level. […] EWRS has been successfully used to alert, share information and coordinate measures in response to cross-border events of communicable diseases, with current and previous outbreaks managed, such as COVID-19, Monkeypox, pandemic influenza A(H1N1), Ebola, etc.

• #81 Surveillance and early warning – European Commission

  https://health.ec.europa.eu/health-security-and-infectious-diseases/surveillance-and-early-warning_en

  EWRS should further allow the exchange of public health measures, risk assessments and crisis management functionalities, such as those requiring the exchange of personal health data, for effective digital cross-border contact tracing and medical evacuation. […] The alerts are posted no later than 24 hours from when the EU country or the Commission first become aware of the threat. […] During the COVID-19 response, the EWRS has also supported the exchange of passenger locator forms data for cross-border contact tracing. Contact tracing is an essential tool for an effective response that allows possibly infected individuals to be rapidly identified to isolate, test, or treat them.

• #82 Surveillance of Infectious Diseases Is Information for Action | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/surveillance-infectious-diseases-information-action/2006-04

  Surveillance is defined as the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of outcome-specific data for use in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. […] Surveillance is the foundation upon which many of the public health successes we enjoy today are based. […] Effective surveillance of disease in humans begins with the health care provider. […] It is the responsibility of health care personnel, with the help of public and private laboratories, to diagnose and report cases of notifiable infectious diseases. […] State legislation or regulations mandate that health care providers and laboratories report confirmed or probable cases of notifiable infectious diseases to their local or state health department, or both. […] Hence, surveillance is information for action.

• #83 Surveillance of Infectious Diseases Is Information for Action | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/surveillance-infectious-diseases-information-action/2006-04

  Surveillance is defined as the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of outcome-specific data for use in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. […] Surveillance is the foundation upon which many of the public health successes we enjoy today are based. […] Effective surveillance of disease in humans begins with the health care provider. […] It is the responsibility of health care personnel, with the help of public and private laboratories, to diagnose and report cases of notifiable infectious diseases. […] State legislation or regulations mandate that health care providers and laboratories report confirmed or probable cases of notifiable infectious diseases to their local or state health department, or both. […] Hence, surveillance is information for action.

• #84 Surveillance of Infectious Diseases Is Information for Action | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/surveillance-infectious-diseases-information-action/2006-04

  Surveillance is defined as the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of outcome-specific data for use in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. […] Surveillance is the foundation upon which many of the public health successes we enjoy today are based. […] Effective surveillance of disease in humans begins with the health care provider. […] It is the responsibility of health care personnel, with the help of public and private laboratories, to diagnose and report cases of notifiable infectious diseases. […] State legislation or regulations mandate that health care providers and laboratories report confirmed or probable cases of notifiable infectious diseases to their local or state health department, or both. […] Hence, surveillance is information for action.

• #85 Surveillance of Infectious Diseases Is Information for Action | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/surveillance-infectious-diseases-information-action/2006-04

  Surveillance is defined as the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of outcome-specific data for use in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. […] Surveillance is the foundation upon which many of the public health successes we enjoy today are based. […] Effective surveillance of disease in humans begins with the health care provider. […] It is the responsibility of health care personnel, with the help of public and private laboratories, to diagnose and report cases of notifiable infectious diseases. […] State legislation or regulations mandate that health care providers and laboratories report confirmed or probable cases of notifiable infectious diseases to their local or state health department, or both. […] Hence, surveillance is information for action.

• #86 Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance | AustinTexas.gov

  https://www.austintexas.gov/department/epidemiology-and-disease-surveillance

  Disease surveillance is at the heart of a public health system. It is used to monitor disease trends over time, to detect disease outbreaks, and to increase our knowledge of risk factors that contribute to disease development. […] The Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance Unit receives case reports and collects additional detailed information through case investigation. These reports help public health professionals understand the incidence of diseases in the community, and guide appropriate prevention strategies or protective measures to reduce the spread of disease in the community. […] Epidemiologists and other staff at Austin Public Health conduct activities to identify and better understand current and emerging public health issues (e.g., infectious diseases, chronic diseases, injuries) in our community.

• #87 Infectious Diseases | doh

  https://dchealth.dc.gov/infectiousdisease

  The District of Columbia Department of Health (DC Health) relies on various partners, including healthcare facility staff, school nurses, and laboratory staff to provide us with information about diseases that can spread in the community or are of public health concern. We use this information to monitor the health of District residents, identify and investigate potential outbreaks, evaluate the effectiveness of public health interventions, and contribute to the national surveillance data collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] To help prevent and control the spread of communicable diseases in the District, all health care providers are required by law to report certain diseases and conditions to DC Health according to Chapter 22-B2 of the District of Columbia Municipal Regulations.

• #88 Infectious Diseases | doh

  https://dchealth.dc.gov/infectiousdisease

  The District of Columbia Department of Health (DC Health) relies on various partners, including healthcare facility staff, school nurses, and laboratory staff to provide us with information about diseases that can spread in the community or are of public health concern. We use this information to monitor the health of District residents, identify and investigate potential outbreaks, evaluate the effectiveness of public health interventions, and contribute to the national surveillance data collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] To help prevent and control the spread of communicable diseases in the District, all health care providers are required by law to report certain diseases and conditions to DC Health according to Chapter 22-B2 of the District of Columbia Municipal Regulations.

• #89 Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research Unit | Columbia Public Health  | Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health

  https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/academics/departments/epidemiology/research/infectious-disease-epidemiology

  Infectious diseases continue to have a substantial impact on the health of communities around the world. […] Emerging molecular methods are critical for future efforts researching the epidemiology of infectious diseases. […] Traditional surveillance and surveys, case control and cohort studies will be necessary to define the role of such pathogens in disease causality. […] The infectious disease epidemiology unit encompasses domestic and global work on the epidemiology of emerging and re-emerging infections, global infectious disease threats, disease surveillance, disease detection, development of vaccines and other prevention methods, treatment options, implementation science, and the role of infectious pathogens in the pathogenesis of chronic non-communicable diseases (such as cancer and cardiovascular disease).

• #90 Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research Unit | Columbia Public Health  | Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health

  https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/academics/departments/epidemiology/research/infectious-disease-epidemiology

  Infectious diseases continue to have a substantial impact on the health of communities around the world. […] Emerging molecular methods are critical for future efforts researching the epidemiology of infectious diseases. […] Traditional surveillance and surveys, case control and cohort studies will be necessary to define the role of such pathogens in disease causality. […] The infectious disease epidemiology unit encompasses domestic and global work on the epidemiology of emerging and re-emerging infections, global infectious disease threats, disease surveillance, disease detection, development of vaccines and other prevention methods, treatment options, implementation science, and the role of infectious pathogens in the pathogenesis of chronic non-communicable diseases (such as cancer and cardiovascular disease).

• #91 Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research Unit | Columbia Public Health  | Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health

  https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/academics/departments/epidemiology/research/infectious-disease-epidemiology

  Infectious diseases continue to have a substantial impact on the health of communities around the world. […] Emerging molecular methods are critical for future efforts researching the epidemiology of infectious diseases. […] Traditional surveillance and surveys, case control and cohort studies will be necessary to define the role of such pathogens in disease causality. […] The infectious disease epidemiology unit encompasses domestic and global work on the epidemiology of emerging and re-emerging infections, global infectious disease threats, disease surveillance, disease detection, development of vaccines and other prevention methods, treatment options, implementation science, and the role of infectious pathogens in the pathogenesis of chronic non-communicable diseases (such as cancer and cardiovascular disease).

• #92 Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research Unit | Columbia Public Health  | Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health

  https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/academics/departments/epidemiology/research/infectious-disease-epidemiology

  The focus is broad, ranging from the search for novel pathogens using advanced molecular techniques to longitudinal population-based studies to define transmission dynamics and spectrum of disease and survival and implementation science studies that focus on the how of health service delivery using a health equity lens. […] Approaches are employed in an interdisciplinary fashion to define etiology, pathogenesis, transmission, prevention/treatment potentials, and implementation challenges. […] PREDICT, a large program funded by the U.S. Agency for International Developments Emerging Pandemic Threats Program, is developing a global warning system for newly emerging diseases and to anticipate and assess emerging infectious diseases that move between animals and people to prevent the next global pandemic.

• #93 Infectious Disease Surveillance | New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services

  https://www.dhhs.nh.gov/programs-services/disease-prevention/infectious-disease-control/infectious-disease-surveillance

  Some infectious diseases are required by law (RSA 141-C) to be reported by healthcare providers, facilities, or laboratories to NH Public Health authorities. These diseases are contagious and can cause serious illnesses if they spread in a community. […] The Infectious Disease Surveillance Section (IDSS) manages several surveillance (data) systems to watch for symptoms and groups of symptoms that can be early warning signs for an emerging infectious, bioterrorism, or toxin-related concern or problem. This is called syndromic surveillance. […] Automated Hospital Emergency Department Data Surveillance (AHEDD) collects real-time data from all 26 acute care hospital Emergency Departments in NH. […] This CDC system is the nation’s most widely used means to monitor healthcare-related infections.

• #94 Infectious Disease Surveillance | New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services

  https://www.dhhs.nh.gov/programs-services/disease-prevention/infectious-disease-control/infectious-disease-surveillance

  Some infectious diseases are required by law (RSA 141-C) to be reported by healthcare providers, facilities, or laboratories to NH Public Health authorities. These diseases are contagious and can cause serious illnesses if they spread in a community. […] The Infectious Disease Surveillance Section (IDSS) manages several surveillance (data) systems to watch for symptoms and groups of symptoms that can be early warning signs for an emerging infectious, bioterrorism, or toxin-related concern or problem. This is called syndromic surveillance. […] Automated Hospital Emergency Department Data Surveillance (AHEDD) collects real-time data from all 26 acute care hospital Emergency Departments in NH. […] This CDC system is the nation’s most widely used means to monitor healthcare-related infections.

• #95 Infectious Disease Surveillance | New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services

  https://www.dhhs.nh.gov/programs-services/disease-prevention/infectious-disease-control/infectious-disease-surveillance

  Some infectious diseases are required by law (RSA 141-C) to be reported by healthcare providers, facilities, or laboratories to NH Public Health authorities. These diseases are contagious and can cause serious illnesses if they spread in a community. […] The Infectious Disease Surveillance Section (IDSS) manages several surveillance (data) systems to watch for symptoms and groups of symptoms that can be early warning signs for an emerging infectious, bioterrorism, or toxin-related concern or problem. This is called syndromic surveillance. […] Automated Hospital Emergency Department Data Surveillance (AHEDD) collects real-time data from all 26 acute care hospital Emergency Departments in NH. […] This CDC system is the nation’s most widely used means to monitor healthcare-related infections.

• #96

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-024-00272-y

  Over the last decade, there have been many changes in the online ecosystem, with emerging social media platforms, changing user behaviours, and the emergence of AI chatbots integrated into search engines and social media, blurring the lines between sources of information. […] The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant disruption to global health, with widespread impacts on existing public health measures, vaccination and prevention programs and community surveillance programs for many diseases. […] Digital surveillance excels at detecting early signals from recently exposed individuals, those with milder disease states, and younger demographics with limited access to regular healthcare or a lower inclination to seek care. […] Digital data provides near real-time availability, facilitates discussions about symptoms or keywords with geotagging functionality, and links online behaviours to unique user accounts and online networks, potentially reflecting real-world connections like family, friends, and co-workers.

• #97

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-024-00272-y

  Over the last decade, there have been many changes in the online ecosystem, with emerging social media platforms, changing user behaviours, and the emergence of AI chatbots integrated into search engines and social media, blurring the lines between sources of information. […] The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant disruption to global health, with widespread impacts on existing public health measures, vaccination and prevention programs and community surveillance programs for many diseases. […] Digital surveillance excels at detecting early signals from recently exposed individuals, those with milder disease states, and younger demographics with limited access to regular healthcare or a lower inclination to seek care. […] Digital data provides near real-time availability, facilitates discussions about symptoms or keywords with geotagging functionality, and links online behaviours to unique user accounts and online networks, potentially reflecting real-world connections like family, friends, and co-workers.

• #98

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-024-00272-y

  Over the last decade, there have been many changes in the online ecosystem, with emerging social media platforms, changing user behaviours, and the emergence of AI chatbots integrated into search engines and social media, blurring the lines between sources of information. […] The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant disruption to global health, with widespread impacts on existing public health measures, vaccination and prevention programs and community surveillance programs for many diseases. […] Digital surveillance excels at detecting early signals from recently exposed individuals, those with milder disease states, and younger demographics with limited access to regular healthcare or a lower inclination to seek care. […] Digital data provides near real-time availability, facilitates discussions about symptoms or keywords with geotagging functionality, and links online behaviours to unique user accounts and online networks, potentially reflecting real-world connections like family, friends, and co-workers.

• #99

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-024-00272-y

  Developing integrated multisource EWS holds significant potential for improving the early detection of disease signals and identifying emerging outbreaks, particularly for climate and weather-sensitive vector-borne or respiratory diseases. […] Digital data for infectious disease surveillance remains an important area of research.

• #100

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-024-00272-y

  Developing integrated multisource EWS holds significant potential for improving the early detection of disease signals and identifying emerging outbreaks, particularly for climate and weather-sensitive vector-borne or respiratory diseases. […] Digital data for infectious disease surveillance remains an important area of research.

• #101

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-024-00272-y

  Over the last decade, there have been many changes in the online ecosystem, with emerging social media platforms, changing user behaviours, and the emergence of AI chatbots integrated into search engines and social media, blurring the lines between sources of information. […] The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant disruption to global health, with widespread impacts on existing public health measures, vaccination and prevention programs and community surveillance programs for many diseases. […] Digital surveillance excels at detecting early signals from recently exposed individuals, those with milder disease states, and younger demographics with limited access to regular healthcare or a lower inclination to seek care. […] Digital data provides near real-time availability, facilitates discussions about symptoms or keywords with geotagging functionality, and links online behaviours to unique user accounts and online networks, potentially reflecting real-world connections like family, friends, and co-workers.

• #102 Developing infectious disease surveillance systems | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18798-7

  Lessons learnt from the current pandemic will be invaluable to tackle a potential second wave, however, gaps remain in our readiness to face future pandemics. […] We also want to provide researchers with a platform to present findings and tools that can aid policy design and implementation. […] To develop an effective disease surveillance system ready to assess epidemic waves and able to implement policies to tackle them, both have to work in unison. […] Collecting and sharing such data, though, should take into consideration individual privacy. […] To highlight digital and computational studies relevant to epidemiological surveillance and control, we have compiled a Collection that we will update regularly. […] They highlight the need to change routine socio-demographic data collection to increase spatial and temporal granularity to build actionable models that can be used to deploy effective policies for containment.

• #103 Developing infectious disease surveillance systems | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18798-7

  Lessons learnt from the current pandemic will be invaluable to tackle a potential second wave, however, gaps remain in our readiness to face future pandemics. […] We also want to provide researchers with a platform to present findings and tools that can aid policy design and implementation. […] To develop an effective disease surveillance system ready to assess epidemic waves and able to implement policies to tackle them, both have to work in unison. […] Collecting and sharing such data, though, should take into consideration individual privacy. […] To highlight digital and computational studies relevant to epidemiological surveillance and control, we have compiled a Collection that we will update regularly. […] They highlight the need to change routine socio-demographic data collection to increase spatial and temporal granularity to build actionable models that can be used to deploy effective policies for containment.

• #104 Developing infectious disease surveillance systems | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18798-7

  Lessons learnt from the current pandemic will be invaluable to tackle a potential second wave, however, gaps remain in our readiness to face future pandemics. […] We also want to provide researchers with a platform to present findings and tools that can aid policy design and implementation. […] To develop an effective disease surveillance system ready to assess epidemic waves and able to implement policies to tackle them, both have to work in unison. […] Collecting and sharing such data, though, should take into consideration individual privacy. […] To highlight digital and computational studies relevant to epidemiological surveillance and control, we have compiled a Collection that we will update regularly. […] They highlight the need to change routine socio-demographic data collection to increase spatial and temporal granularity to build actionable models that can be used to deploy effective policies for containment.

• #105 Developing infectious disease surveillance systems | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18798-7

  This is a key issue that is addressed in a commissioned Perspective that elaborates on possible frameworks to use digitally collected data (i.e. mobile phone tracing data) for epidemiological surveillance. […] Nevertheless, concerns remain on the potential inequalities that arise from technology-based frameworks. […] As digitally collected data becomes more and more pervasive for infectious disease surveillance, we fully recognise the challenges associated with ensuring data accessibility while safeguarding personal privacy of collected data. […] The more detailed information fed into models, the more mechanisms and dynamics they can reproduce. […] As discussed in our QA, there is also currently confusion on how decision making interacts with model outputs and on the fact that the latter do not automatically define the former. […] We hope this content inspires research that can bridge the gap between digital and computational research and decision making.

• #106 Developing infectious disease surveillance systems | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18798-7

  This is a key issue that is addressed in a commissioned Perspective that elaborates on possible frameworks to use digitally collected data (i.e. mobile phone tracing data) for epidemiological surveillance. […] Nevertheless, concerns remain on the potential inequalities that arise from technology-based frameworks. […] As digitally collected data becomes more and more pervasive for infectious disease surveillance, we fully recognise the challenges associated with ensuring data accessibility while safeguarding personal privacy of collected data. […] The more detailed information fed into models, the more mechanisms and dynamics they can reproduce. […] As discussed in our QA, there is also currently confusion on how decision making interacts with model outputs and on the fact that the latter do not automatically define the former. […] We hope this content inspires research that can bridge the gap between digital and computational research and decision making.

• #107 Developing infectious disease surveillance systems | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18798-7

  This is a key issue that is addressed in a commissioned Perspective that elaborates on possible frameworks to use digitally collected data (i.e. mobile phone tracing data) for epidemiological surveillance. […] Nevertheless, concerns remain on the potential inequalities that arise from technology-based frameworks. […] As digitally collected data becomes more and more pervasive for infectious disease surveillance, we fully recognise the challenges associated with ensuring data accessibility while safeguarding personal privacy of collected data. […] The more detailed information fed into models, the more mechanisms and dynamics they can reproduce. […] As discussed in our QA, there is also currently confusion on how decision making interacts with model outputs and on the fact that the latter do not automatically define the former. […] We hope this content inspires research that can bridge the gap between digital and computational research and decision making.

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