Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Postexposure Prophylaxis for Common Infectious Diseases | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0701/p25.html

  The primary goals of the evaluation are to provide PEP if indicated, to allay the exposed person’s anxiety, and to avoid unnecessary interventions and loss of workdays. […] PEP for common infectious diseases should be implemented according to published guidelines. […] For maximal effectiveness, postexposure prophylaxis for common infectious diseases should be started as early as possible and within the recommended period of administration. […] After a patient has been exposed to bloodborne pathogens, the physician should obtain baseline testing for human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus antibodies, and repeat testing in six weeks, three months, and six months. […] PEP should be given to persons exposed to index cases of pertussis and invasive meningococcal infection regardless of immunization history, and should be given following rabies and tetanus exposure regardless of the length of delay. […] For the PEP regimen to be beneficial, it should be safe, effective, and affordable.

• #2 Infectious Disease – Healthy People 2030 | odphp.health.gov

  https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/infectious-disease

  Many people in the United States get sick and die from infectious diseases each year. Healthy People 2030 focuses on preventing and treating infectious diseases. […] Making sure children and at-risk adults get vaccinated for diseases like measles, pertussis, flu, and hepatitis A and B is key to preventing infections. […] For diseases that cant be prevented by vaccines, like hepatitis C, early diagnosis and treatment can help improve health outcomes. Infection control interventions at hospitals can also help reduce health care-associated infections like C. diff (Clostridioides difficile) and MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus).

• #3

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/prevention

  The prevention of infectious diseases involves the implementation of interventions, either at population or individual level, which aim to prevent outbreaks and halt or minimise the burden of these diseases. Five levels of disease prevention are generally recognised, each of which focuses on the stage at which the preventive strategy is applied: […] Primary: comprises services and activities aimed at avoiding infection, e.g. immunisation against disease or pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV […] The public health concepts of preparedness and control are complementary to but different from prevention. Preparedness refers to the readiness and capacity of systems, organisations, and communities, and consists of measures undertaken in advance of an outbreak to respond and cope with public health emergencies. By contrast, control aims to contain the spread of diseases, mitigate their impact on affected individuals and communities, and prevent further transmission. […] Guidance in brief: Prevention and control of infectious diseases among people who inject drugs – 2023 update […] Prevention and control of infectious diseases among people who inject drugs – 2023 update.

• #4 From Concept to Practice: Infectious Diseases Prevention in the Health System – ISID

  https://isid.org/from-concept-to-practice-infectious-diseases-prevention-in-the-health-system/

  From Concept to Practice: Infectious Diseases Prevention in the Health System […] Preventive health services strive to decrease peoples risk of diseases, injuries, or disabilities. Approaches and activities aimed at reducing the likelihood that a disease or disorder will affect an individual, interrupting or slowing the disorder’s progress, or reducing disability is how the World Health Organization (WHO) defines prevention. Preventative health measures to prevent illnesses before they arise include lifestyle counseling, asymptomatic disease tests, and vaccinations. […] We may summarize the efficacious preventive methods here by applying the prevention concept to the agents for infectious diseases: […] Primary prevention involves strategies that prevent infections from spreading by eliminating infection-causing factors or building disease resistance. Prophylaxis, vaccination against infections, barrier from contact, and hygiene are a few examples. […]

• #5 WHO EMRO | Health promotion and disease prevention through population-based interventions, including action to address social determinants and health inequity | Public health functions | About WHO

  https://www.emro.who.int/about-who/public-health-functions/health-promotion-disease-prevention.html

  Health promotion and disease prevention through population-based interventions, including action to address social determinants and health inequity. […] Disease prevention, understood as specific, population-based and individual-based interventions for primary and secondary (early detection) prevention, aiming to minimize the burden of diseases and associated risk factors. […] Primary prevention refers to actions aimed at avoiding the manifestation of a disease (this may include actions to improve health through changing the impact of social and economic determinants on health; the provision of information on behavioral and medical health risks, alongside consultation and measures to decrease them at the personal and community level; nutritional and food supplementation; oral and dental hygiene education; and clinical preventive services such as immunization and vaccination of children, adults and the elderly, as well as vaccination or post-exposure prophylaxis for people exposed to a communicable disease).

• #6 WHO EMRO | Health promotion and disease prevention through population-based interventions, including action to address social determinants and health inequity | Public health functions | About WHO

  https://www.emro.who.int/about-who/public-health-functions/health-promotion-disease-prevention.html

  Secondary prevention deals with early detection when this improves the chances for positive health outcomes (this comprises activities such as evidence-based screening programs for early detection of diseases or for prevention of congenital malformations; and preventive drug therapies of proven effectiveness when administered at an early stage of the disease). […] Primary prevention services and activities include: Vaccination and post-exposure prophylaxis of children, adults and the elderly; […] Secondary prevention includes activities such as: Population-based screening programmes for early detection of diseases; […] Provision of chemo-prophylactic agents to control risk factors (e.g., hypertension).

• #7 From Concept to Practice: Infectious Diseases Prevention in the Health System – ISID

  https://isid.org/from-concept-to-practice-infectious-diseases-prevention-in-the-health-system/

  Secondary prevention refers to strategies for identifying and treating an illness before symptoms manifest. Examples include testing for STIs, TB, HIV, and other conditions. […] […] Tertiary prevention refers to strategies that focus on treatment and rehabilitation to lessen the adverse consequences of a symptomatic condition, such as death, disability, or spread to others. Sample HIV, hepatitis, and tuberculosis treatments. […] […] As defined by Ruth A. Etzel, Primordial prevention is all population-level actions and measures that inhibit the emergence and establishment of risk factors and includes any efforts to stop risk factors from developing in the first place, early in life, and even before conception. This could include controlling disease-carrying insects, including ticks, flies, and mosquitoes, and maintaining environmental hygiene. An established system for preventing and controlling infections and outbreaks related to healthcare is available through Prevention and Control (IPC) programs.

• #8 Control and prevention of infectious diseases from a One Health perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7856630/

  The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has caught the attention of the global community and rekindled the debate about our ability to prevent and manage outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics. […] To realistically control infectious diseases, human, animal, and environmental factors need to be considered together, based on the One Health perspective. In this article, we highlight the most effective initiatives for the control and prevention of infectious diseases: vaccination; environmental sanitation; vector control; social programs that encourage a reduction in the population growth; control of urbanization; safe sex stimulation; testing; treatment of sexually and vertically transmitted infections; promotion of personal hygiene practices; food safety and proper nutrition; reduction of the human contact with wildlife and livestock; reduction of social inequalities; infectious disease surveillance; and biodiversity preservation.

• #9 From Concept to Practice: Infectious Diseases Prevention in the Health System – ISID

  https://isid.org/from-concept-to-practice-infectious-diseases-prevention-in-the-health-system/

  To prevent infectious diseases in the future, there will be an increased need for coordination between the healthcare industry and other sectors in charge of delivering and/or overseeing critical services, including the local governments, the environment, and the food supply chain. Vaccination, environmental sanitation, vector control, urbanization control, safe sex stimulation, testing, treatment of STDs and other infections, promotion of good personal hygiene, food safety, and nutrition, fewer human-wildlife and livestock interactions, social inequality reduction, infectious disease surveillance, and preserving biodiversity are some of the most effective interventions. […] The organizational complexity of the current healthcare models and governmental structure makes integrating prevention into the healthcare system difficult. Preventive health, in general, has entered a recession despite cost-effectiveness studies and recognition of its economic effects due to the complexity that has arisen along the route.

• #10 Control and prevention of infectious diseases from a One Health perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7856630/

  Each infectious disease has specific biological and ecological aspects, affecting geographic regions in different ways. Therefore, each disease requires specific control and preventive actions. However, there are effective universal strategies to prevent and mitigate infectious diseases in general, with very robust results, especially when such strategies consider human, environmental, animal and pathogen aspects in an integrated way from a One Health perspective. […] Vaccines prevent ~2.5 million deaths each year. Currently, there are vaccines available internationally to prevent 26 infectious diseases. […] Considering the broad benefits of vaccines in preventing infectious diseases, governments need to focus heavily on increasing vaccination coverage by conducting vaccination campaigns and establishing mechanisms to encourage vaccination, such as offering vaccines without cost to the citizens and ensuring easy access to vaccination services.

• #11 Prevention and Treatment – What You Need to Know About Infectious Disease – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK209704/

  Infectious disease may be an unavoidable fact of life, but there are many strategies available to help us protect ourselves from infection and to treat a disease once it has developed. […] Some are simple steps that individuals can take; others are national or global methods of detection, prevention, and treatment. All are critical to keeping communities, nations, and global populations healthy and secure. […] Vaccines are widely used in the United States, many once-common diseases—polio, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, mumps, tetanus, and certain forms of meningitis—are now rare or well controlled. […] Vaccinated people produce antibodies that neutralize a disease-causing virus or bacterium. They are much less likely to become infected and transmit those germs to others. […] Daily habits provide some of the strongest defenses against infectious diseases. Among the sensible actions you can take: Keep immunizations up to date.

• #12 Prevention and Treatment – What You Need to Know About Infectious Disease – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK209704/

  Infectious disease may be an unavoidable fact of life, but there are many strategies available to help us protect ourselves from infection and to treat a disease once it has developed. […] Some are simple steps that individuals can take; others are national or global methods of detection, prevention, and treatment. All are critical to keeping communities, nations, and global populations healthy and secure. […] Vaccines are widely used in the United States, many once-common diseases—polio, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, mumps, tetanus, and certain forms of meningitis—are now rare or well controlled. […] Vaccinated people produce antibodies that neutralize a disease-causing virus or bacterium. They are much less likely to become infected and transmit those germs to others. […] Daily habits provide some of the strongest defenses against infectious diseases. Among the sensible actions you can take: Keep immunizations up to date.

• #13 How to prevent infections – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/how-to-prevent-infections

  You can prevent infections by food-borne pathogens in your household by preparing and storing foods safely. Many serious infections can be prevented by immunization. […] Consult your health care provider regarding your immunization status. In general: Children should receive the recommended childhood vaccinations. Adults should make sure their vaccinations are up to date. […] If you are planning a trip, ask your doctor if you need any immunizations. Discuss your travel plans with your physician at least three months before you leave. […] The only sure way to prevent sexually transmitted diseases is to not have sexual intercourse or other sexual contact. That’s not an option for most people, so the next best choice is to follow these safer sex guidelines. […] Controlling the population of mice or rats in and near your home can help you avoid pathogens spread by rodents and also help control the population of ticks that spread disease. The following measures can help you avoid getting sick from diseases transmitted by animals: Keep food and garbage in covered, rodent-proof containers. Seal holes and cracks in your home to deter rodent access.

• #14 Postexposure Prophylaxis for Common Infectious Diseases | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0701/p25.html

  A number of interventions reduce the risk of acquiring an infectious disease after exposure. […] Immunization is particularly important for health care workers who are not only at high risk of exposure to communicable diseases, but who can also transmit infection to high-risk patients. […] In health care settings, adherence to standard precautions such as routine hand hygiene, correct use of personal protective equipment (e.g., gowns, gloves, masks, N95 respirators, eye protection), and appropriate use of isolation precautions can reduce the risk of infection. […] Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) is effective in preventing development of the disease and, in some cases, in reducing the risk of secondary transmission to other susceptible persons. […] PEP is routinely recommended following exposure to a wide spectrum of viral and bacterial diseases.

• #15 Traveler’s guide to avoiding infectious diseases: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001925.htm

  You can stay healthy during travel by taking the right steps to protect yourself before you go. You can also do things to help prevent disease while you are traveling. Most infections you catch while traveling are minor. In rare cases, however, they can be severe, or even deadly. […] Talk to your health care provider or visit a travel clinic 4 to 6 weeks before you leave for your trip. You may need several vaccinations. Some of these need time to work. […] You also may need to update your vaccinations. For example, you may need „booster” vaccines for: COVID-19, Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (Tdap), Influenza (flu), Measles – mumps – rubella (MMR), Polio. […] You also may need vaccines for diseases that are not commonly found in North America. Examples of recommended vaccines include: Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Meningococcal, Typhoid.

• #16 Infectious disease prophylaxis and treatment in cancer patients, with particular emphasis on COVID-19. Interdisciplinary position statement of Polish experts | Rutkowski | Nowotwory. Journal of Oncology

  https://journals.viamedica.pl/nowotwory_journal_of_oncology/article/view/100196

  The vaccination benefits for cancer patients include preventing severe disease, hospitalization and death. Still, vaccinations may also shorten possible infection duration, limit potential therapeutic breaks, or avoid deferring the antitumor treatment. […] Vaccination recommendations for adult patients with hematological malignancies are available in Polish, implemented into clinical practice and updated. However, there are no similar national recommendations for patients with solid tumors. […] Cancer patients should be among the vaccination priority groups due to their high risk of severe infections and complications. Access to vaccinations in Poland has been recently significantly improved, due to the extension of reimbursement of pneumococcal and influenza vaccines and local vaccination prevention programs.

• #17 Postexposure Prophylaxis for Common Infectious Diseases | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0701/p25.html

  Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) is effective in preventing illness after potential or documented exposure to a variety of microbial pathogens and in reducing the risk of secondary spread of infection. […] Guidelines have been published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for proper use of PEP for bloodborne pathogens, for microorganisms transmitted by either airborne or droplet spread or through direct contact, and for infections acquired after traumatic injuries. […] PEP should be given to persons exposed to index cases of pertussis and invasive meningococcal infection regardless of immunization history, and should be given following rabies and tetanus exposure regardless of the length of delay. […] In general, PEP should be given as soon as possible following a high-risk exposure.

• #18 Postexposure Prophylaxis for Common Infectious Diseases | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0701/p25.html

  The primary goals of the evaluation are to provide PEP if indicated, to allay the exposed person’s anxiety, and to avoid unnecessary interventions and loss of workdays. […] PEP for common infectious diseases should be implemented according to published guidelines. […] For maximal effectiveness, postexposure prophylaxis for common infectious diseases should be started as early as possible and within the recommended period of administration. […] After a patient has been exposed to bloodborne pathogens, the physician should obtain baseline testing for human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus antibodies, and repeat testing in six weeks, three months, and six months. […] PEP should be given to persons exposed to index cases of pertussis and invasive meningococcal infection regardless of immunization history, and should be given following rabies and tetanus exposure regardless of the length of delay. […] For the PEP regimen to be beneficial, it should be safe, effective, and affordable.

• #19 Postexposure Prophylaxis for Common Infectious Diseases | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0701/p25.html

  Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) is effective in preventing illness after potential or documented exposure to a variety of microbial pathogens and in reducing the risk of secondary spread of infection. […] Guidelines have been published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for proper use of PEP for bloodborne pathogens, for microorganisms transmitted by either airborne or droplet spread or through direct contact, and for infections acquired after traumatic injuries. […] PEP should be given to persons exposed to index cases of pertussis and invasive meningococcal infection regardless of immunization history, and should be given following rabies and tetanus exposure regardless of the length of delay. […] In general, PEP should be given as soon as possible following a high-risk exposure.

• #20 Postexposure Prophylaxis for Common Infectious Diseases | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0701/p25.html

  The primary goals of the evaluation are to provide PEP if indicated, to allay the exposed person’s anxiety, and to avoid unnecessary interventions and loss of workdays. […] PEP for common infectious diseases should be implemented according to published guidelines. […] For maximal effectiveness, postexposure prophylaxis for common infectious diseases should be started as early as possible and within the recommended period of administration. […] After a patient has been exposed to bloodborne pathogens, the physician should obtain baseline testing for human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus antibodies, and repeat testing in six weeks, three months, and six months. […] PEP should be given to persons exposed to index cases of pertussis and invasive meningococcal infection regardless of immunization history, and should be given following rabies and tetanus exposure regardless of the length of delay. […] For the PEP regimen to be beneficial, it should be safe, effective, and affordable.

• #21

  https://www.nicklauschildrens.org/treatments/infection-prophylaxis

  Infection prophylaxis is the idea of using antibiotics and other infection-fighting medications prior to the infection occurring to help prevent it. This approach is commonly used before a surgical procedure that can cause infections, or in patients who are more prone to infections. […] Infection prophylaxis is a potential remedy and standard treatment. […] Infection prophylaxis can take on several different forms. […] All people who had surgical removal of the spleen, called a splenectomy, or past infection with pneumococcus should keep taking penicillin throughout life. People who have sickle cell disease should receive all recommended childhood vaccines. They should also receive additional vaccines to prevent other infections. […] Preparations for infection prophylaxis vary based on the specific medication regimen that is recommended.

• #22

  https://www.nicklauschildrens.org/treatments/infection-prophylaxis

  Infection prophylaxis is the idea of using antibiotics and other infection-fighting medications prior to the infection occurring to help prevent it. This approach is commonly used before a surgical procedure that can cause infections, or in patients who are more prone to infections. […] Infection prophylaxis is a potential remedy and standard treatment. […] Infection prophylaxis can take on several different forms. […] All people who had surgical removal of the spleen, called a splenectomy, or past infection with pneumococcus should keep taking penicillin throughout life. People who have sickle cell disease should receive all recommended childhood vaccines. They should also receive additional vaccines to prevent other infections. […] Preparations for infection prophylaxis vary based on the specific medication regimen that is recommended.

• #23

  https://www.nicklauschildrens.org/treatments/infection-prophylaxis

  Infection may still be a potential risk even after the administration of infection prophylaxis. […] All people who have sickle cell disease should receive a flu shot every year at the start of the flu season. […] A child who has sickle cell disease should receive a meningococcal vaccine at 2, 4, 6 and 12-15 months. […] Even though all children routinely receive the vaccine against pneumococcus (PCV13), your child’s doctor may recommend a second kind of vaccine against pneumococcus (PPSV23).

• #24 Postexposure Prophylaxis for Common Infectious Diseases | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0701/p25.html

  The primary goals of the evaluation are to provide PEP if indicated, to allay the exposed person’s anxiety, and to avoid unnecessary interventions and loss of workdays. […] PEP for common infectious diseases should be implemented according to published guidelines. […] For maximal effectiveness, postexposure prophylaxis for common infectious diseases should be started as early as possible and within the recommended period of administration. […] After a patient has been exposed to bloodborne pathogens, the physician should obtain baseline testing for human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus antibodies, and repeat testing in six weeks, three months, and six months. […] PEP should be given to persons exposed to index cases of pertussis and invasive meningococcal infection regardless of immunization history, and should be given following rabies and tetanus exposure regardless of the length of delay. […] For the PEP regimen to be beneficial, it should be safe, effective, and affordable.

• #25 Postexposure management of infectious diseases | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/84/1/65

  Keeping up-to-date with current institutional policies and national guidelines is essential. Sources include US Public Health Service guidelines and reports from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as consultation with an expert healthcare provider (eg, infectious diseases physician, infection control provider, public health officer). […] Postexposure management should include the following elements: […] Deciding whether postexposure prophylaxis is indicated and, if so, the type, dose, route, and duration. […] Initiating prophylaxis as soon as possible. […] Counseling exposed women who are pregnant or breast-feeding about the risks and benefits of postexposure prophylaxis to mother, fetus, and infant. […] Identifying required infection control precautions, including work and school restriction, for exposed and source individuals.

• #26 Postexposure management of infectious diseases | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/84/1/65

  Counseling and psychological support for exposed individuals, who need to know about the risks of acquiring the infection and transmitting it to others, infection control precautions, benefits, and adverse effects of postexposure prophylaxis, the importance of adhering to the regimen, and the follow-up plan. […] Postexposure prophylaxis should begin as soon as possible to maximize its effects while awaiting the results of further diagnostic tests. […] The choice of regimen should be guided by efficacy, safety, cost, toxicity, ease of adherence, drug interactions, and antimicrobial resistance. […] Postexposure prophylaxis may not be required if the potentially exposed individual was wearing appropriate personal protective equipment such as a surgical mask, gown, and gloves and was following standard precautions.

• #27 Postexposure management of infectious diseases | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/84/1/65

  Most healthcare institutions have clear protocols for managing occupational exposures to infectious diseases, in particular for blood-borne pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] The protocol should include appropriate evaluation and laboratory testing of the source patient and exposed healthcare provider, as well as procedures for counseling the exposed provider, identifying and procuring an initial prophylactic regimen for timely administration, a mechanism for formal expert consultation (eg, with an in-house infectious diseases consultant), and a plan for outpatient follow-up. […] Postexposure prophylaxis is effective in eradicating N meningiditis and is recommended for all close contacts of patients with invasive meningococcal disease. […] Postexposure prophylaxis should be given to all household and close contacts (Table 4). […] Postexposure prophylaxis is indicated only for nonimmune close contacts (eg, household and sexual contacts).

• #28 Postexposure management of infectious diseases | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/84/1/65

  Most healthcare institutions have clear protocols for managing occupational exposures to infectious diseases, in particular for blood-borne pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] The protocol should include appropriate evaluation and laboratory testing of the source patient and exposed healthcare provider, as well as procedures for counseling the exposed provider, identifying and procuring an initial prophylactic regimen for timely administration, a mechanism for formal expert consultation (eg, with an in-house infectious diseases consultant), and a plan for outpatient follow-up. […] Postexposure prophylaxis is effective in eradicating N meningiditis and is recommended for all close contacts of patients with invasive meningococcal disease. […] Postexposure prophylaxis should be given to all household and close contacts (Table 4). […] Postexposure prophylaxis is indicated only for nonimmune close contacts (eg, household and sexual contacts).

• #29 Postexposure Prophylaxis for Common Infectious Diseases | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0701/p25.html

  Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) is effective in preventing illness after potential or documented exposure to a variety of microbial pathogens and in reducing the risk of secondary spread of infection. […] Guidelines have been published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for proper use of PEP for bloodborne pathogens, for microorganisms transmitted by either airborne or droplet spread or through direct contact, and for infections acquired after traumatic injuries. […] PEP should be given to persons exposed to index cases of pertussis and invasive meningococcal infection regardless of immunization history, and should be given following rabies and tetanus exposure regardless of the length of delay. […] In general, PEP should be given as soon as possible following a high-risk exposure.

• #30 Traveler’s guide to avoiding infectious diseases: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001925.htm

  Certain countries have required vaccinations. You may need proof that you have had this vaccine in order to enter the country. […] If you are traveling to an area where malaria is common, you may need to take medicines that prevent the disease. These medicines are taken before you leave, during your travel, and for a short period after you return. […] To prevent getting the Zika virus, take steps to avoid mosquito bites. Sexual transmission of the virus can be prevented by using condoms or not having sex with a person who is possibly infected. […] To prevent against bites from mosquitoes and other insects: Wear insect repellent when you are outdoors, but use it safely. […] You can get some types of infections by eating or drinking contaminated food or water. There is a high risk of infection from eating undercooked or raw foods. […] Clean your hands often. Use soap and water or an alcohol-based cleanser to help prevent infection. […] Get medical care right away if: Diarrhea does not go away, You develop a high fever or become dehydrated.

• #31 Traveler’s guide to avoiding infectious diseases: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001925.htm

  Certain countries have required vaccinations. You may need proof that you have had this vaccine in order to enter the country. […] If you are traveling to an area where malaria is common, you may need to take medicines that prevent the disease. These medicines are taken before you leave, during your travel, and for a short period after you return. […] To prevent getting the Zika virus, take steps to avoid mosquito bites. Sexual transmission of the virus can be prevented by using condoms or not having sex with a person who is possibly infected. […] To prevent against bites from mosquitoes and other insects: Wear insect repellent when you are outdoors, but use it safely. […] You can get some types of infections by eating or drinking contaminated food or water. There is a high risk of infection from eating undercooked or raw foods. […] Clean your hands often. Use soap and water or an alcohol-based cleanser to help prevent infection. […] Get medical care right away if: Diarrhea does not go away, You develop a high fever or become dehydrated.

• #32 Infection Control Basics | Infection Control | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/infection-control/about/index.html

  Infection control prevents or stops the spread of infections in healthcare settings. […] Healthcare workers can reduce the risk of healthcare-associated infections and protect themselves, patients and visitors by following CDC guidelines. […] Healthcare providers can perform basic infection prevention measures to prevent infection. […] There are 2 tiers of recommended precautions to prevent the spread of infections in healthcare settings: Standard Precautions, used for all patient care, and Transmission-based Precautions, used for patients who may be infected or colonized with certain germs. […] There are also transmission- and germ-specific guidelines providers can follow to prevent transmission and healthcare-associated infections from happening. […] CDC provides information on infection control and clinical safety to help reduce the risk of infections among healthcare workers, patients, and visitors.

• #33 Infection Control Basics | Infection Control | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/infection-control/about/index.html

  Infection control prevents or stops the spread of infections in healthcare settings. […] Healthcare workers can reduce the risk of healthcare-associated infections and protect themselves, patients and visitors by following CDC guidelines. […] Healthcare providers can perform basic infection prevention measures to prevent infection. […] There are 2 tiers of recommended precautions to prevent the spread of infections in healthcare settings: Standard Precautions, used for all patient care, and Transmission-based Precautions, used for patients who may be infected or colonized with certain germs. […] There are also transmission- and germ-specific guidelines providers can follow to prevent transmission and healthcare-associated infections from happening. […] CDC provides information on infection control and clinical safety to help reduce the risk of infections among healthcare workers, patients, and visitors.

• #34 Infection control – standard and transmission-based precautions

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/infection-control-standard-and-transmission-based-precautions

  Standard precautions aim to minimise, and where possible, eliminate the risk of transmission of infection, particularly those caused by blood borne viruses. […] Standard precautions must be used in the handling of blood (including dried blood), all other body fluids/substances (except sweat), regardless of whether they contain visible blood, non-intact skin, and mucous membranes. […] Standard precautions consist of the following practices: hand hygiene before and after all patient contact, the use of personal protective equipment, which may include gloves, impermeable gowns, plastic aprons, masks, face shields and eye protection, the safe use and disposal of sharps, the use of aseptic „non-touch” technique for all invasive procedures, including appropriate use of skin disinfectants, reprocessing of reusable instruments and equipment, routine environmental cleaning, waste management, respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette, and appropriate handling of linen.

• #35 Infection control – standard and transmission-based precautions

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/infection-control-standard-and-transmission-based-precautions

  Transmission-based precautions (TBPs) are used in addition to standard precautions when standard precautions alone may be insufficient to prevent transmission of infection. TBPs are used for patients known or suspected to be infected or colonised with epidemiologically important or highly transmissible pathogens that can transmit or cause infection. […] TBPs should be tailored to the particular infectious agent involved and the mode of transmission.

• #36

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/infection-prevention-and-control

  Infection prevention and control (IPC) is a practical, evidence-based approach preventing patients and health workers from being harmed by avoidable infections. Effective IPC requires constant action at all levels of the health system, including policymakers, facility managers, health workers and those who access health services. […] Programmes to support IPC are particularly important in low- and middle-income countries, where health care delivery and medical hygiene standards may be negatively affected by secondary infections. […] To help in this fight, WHO has created a number of programmes and campaigns that set standards for evidence-based recommendations and operating procedures and promote behaviours to limit avoidable infections. […] WHO provides technical assistance for developing local IPC policies and guidelines, performs in-country assessments, convenes meetings focused on guideline development and provides ongoing support for health care providers.

• #37

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/infection-prevention-and-control

  Infection prevention and control (IPC) is a practical, evidence-based approach preventing patients and health workers from being harmed by avoidable infections. Effective IPC requires constant action at all levels of the health system, including policymakers, facility managers, health workers and those who access health services. […] Programmes to support IPC are particularly important in low- and middle-income countries, where health care delivery and medical hygiene standards may be negatively affected by secondary infections. […] To help in this fight, WHO has created a number of programmes and campaigns that set standards for evidence-based recommendations and operating procedures and promote behaviours to limit avoidable infections. […] WHO provides technical assistance for developing local IPC policies and guidelines, performs in-country assessments, convenes meetings focused on guideline development and provides ongoing support for health care providers.

• #38 Infection Prevention Resources – Cook County Department of Public Health

  https://cookcountypublichealth.org/communicable-diseases/infection-prevention-resources/

  Improving ventilation practices and interventions can reduce the airborne concentrations and reduce the risk that residents, visitors, and health care personnel (HCP) come in contact with viral particles. […] Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are infections patients can get while receiving medical treatment. These infections are a major threat to patient safety and are often preventable. […] Antibiotic stewardship is the effort to measure and improve how antibiotics are prescribed by clinicians and used by patients. Improving antibiotic prescribing and use is critical to effectively treat infections, protect patients from harms caused by unnecessary antibiotic use, and combat antibiotic resistance. […] Infection Control Assessment and Response (ICAR) tools are used to systematically assess a healthcare facility’s infection prevention and control (IPC) practices and guide quality improvement activities (e.g., by addressing identified gaps).

• #39 Infection prevention and control – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/infection-prevention-and-control/

  Isolation precautions (also known as transmission-based precautions) provide additional protection against the spread of suspected or confirmed highly contagious infections, and are used in addition to standard precautions. […] Certain communicable diseases have the potential to spread in the local community and must be reported to the local health department (notifiable diseases). Controlling local outbreaks may involve the following methods. […] Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP): a form of secondary prevention in which treatment is administered following exposure to a highly infectious pathogen. […] Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) or nosocomial infections are avoidable infections acquired within a medical setting. A number of health care quality improvement initiatives focus on reducing the number of HAIs. […] Follow standard precautions. […] Ensure health care staff do not work if they are ill and that they are up to date on their vaccinations.

• #40 Infection Prevention Resources – Cook County Department of Public Health

  https://cookcountypublichealth.org/communicable-diseases/infection-prevention-resources/

  Improving ventilation practices and interventions can reduce the airborne concentrations and reduce the risk that residents, visitors, and health care personnel (HCP) come in contact with viral particles. […] Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are infections patients can get while receiving medical treatment. These infections are a major threat to patient safety and are often preventable. […] Antibiotic stewardship is the effort to measure and improve how antibiotics are prescribed by clinicians and used by patients. Improving antibiotic prescribing and use is critical to effectively treat infections, protect patients from harms caused by unnecessary antibiotic use, and combat antibiotic resistance. […] Infection Control Assessment and Response (ICAR) tools are used to systematically assess a healthcare facility’s infection prevention and control (IPC) practices and guide quality improvement activities (e.g., by addressing identified gaps).

• #41 Infection Prevention | Alabama Department of Public Health (ADPH)

  https://www.alabamapublichealth.gov/infectiousdiseases/infection-prevention.html

  Alabama recognizes that infection preventionist (IPs) play a crucial role in keeping the public safe and healthy – protecting us from surges in healthcare-associated infections and so many other infectious threats. […] Implementation of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Use in Nursing Homes to Prevent Spread of Multidrug-resistant Organisms (MDROs) […] The CDC Infection Control Assessment and Response (ICAR) Tool for General Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) Across Settings tool is intended to systematically assess healthcare facility infection prevention and control practices in acute care, long-term care, and outpatient settings. […] The Infection Control Assessment and Response Tool for General Infection Prevention and Control Across Settings will be used during consultations to guide quality improvement activities.

• #42 How to prevent infections – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/how-to-prevent-infections

  A few simple precautions can help you avoid getting sick with an infectious disease. Infectious diseases are a leading cause of illness and death in the United States and around the world. For certain people–particularly those with underlying illnesses like heart disease or cancer, those who have serious injuries, or those who are taking medications that weaken the immune systemit’s more difficult to avoid getting sick with an infection. However, for most healthy people, following a few basic principles can go a long way in helping to prevent infections. […] The best way to prevent infections is to block pathogens from entering the body. The first line of defense is to keep germs at bay by following good personal hygiene habits. Prevent infection before it begins and avoid spreading it to others with these easy measures.

• #43 About the Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Prevention and Control (IDEPC) Division – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/about/org/idepc/index.html

  Infectious diseases, from flu to smallpox, affect all of us at one time or another. […] Through the Infectious Disease Division (IDEPC), we monitor the occurrence of infectious diseases, develop strategies for preventing and controlling disease, and work to put those strategies into action. […] Guidelines and information about preventing and controlling infectious disease transmission. […] MDH collects disease surveillance information on certain communicable diseases to determine disease impact, assess trends in disease occurrence, characterize affected populations, prioritize disease control efforts, and evaluate disease prevention strategies. […] Proper hand hygiene may eliminate nearly half of all cases of foodborne illness and significantly reduce the spread of the common cold and flu. […] Injection safety, or safe injection practices, refers to the measures taken to perform injections in the safest manner possible for patients, health care providers, and others.

• #44 Infectious diseases – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infectious-diseases/symptoms-causes/syc-20351173

  Many infectious diseases, such as measles and chickenpox, can be prevented by vaccines. And other illnesses, such as COVID-19, might make you less sick if you get vaccinated. Frequent and thorough hand-washing also helps protect you from most infectious diseases. […] Follow these tips to lower the risk of infection: […] Wash your hands. Scrub them with water and soap for at least 20 seconds. Or use a hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol. Washing is very important before and after you prepare food, before you eat, and after you use the toilet or touch garbage. It’s also key to wash after you handle pets, their food or their waste. Be sure to scrub your hands after you care for someone who’s sick, before and after you treat a cut, and after you blow your nose too. Also, try not to touch your eyes, nose or mouth with your hands. That’s a common way for germs to enter the body.

• #45

  https://www.gvsu.edu/campushealth/communicable-disease-prevention-50.htm

  If soap and water are not readily available, you can use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol. […] Handwashing with soap removes germs from hands. This helps prevent infections because: […] Removing germs through handwashing therefore helps prevent diarrhea and respiratory infections and may even help prevent skin and eye infections.

• #46 Managing Infectious Diseases in Schools

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/school-health/managing-infectious-diseases-in-schools/?srsltid=AfmBOoo2TENwZRlTKgNx7i_rggYxqLwBj55ElkSMobz87uHoMotz6Tvd

  Keeping children and the adults who care for them healthy is a goal of educators, families, public health officials, and health professionals. […] Many preventive strategies are simple, safe, and effective, allowing you to guard against a variety of potentially serious illnesses. […] Use the following strategies within your school to help prevent the spread of infectious diseases: […] Encourage all children and their families to get sufficient sleep, eat nutritious meals, practice good oral hygiene, and get enough physical activity to keep their bodies healthy. […] Utilize infection prevention and control methods. […] Encourage frequent hand washing to prevent the spread of germs and viruses. […] Clean, sanitize, and disinfect surfaces. […] Teach children to cough and sneeze in their elbows or in to a tissue. […] Make sure rooms are well-ventilated. […] Handle food safely. […] Create a school environment where mask wearing is normal and welcome. Consider making masks available to students and school professionals who wish to wear one.

• #47 Prevention and Treatment – What You Need to Know About Infectious Disease – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK209704/

  Use antibiotics only for infections caused by bacteria. Viral infections cannot be treated with antibiotics. […] Keeping our nation safe from disease outbreaks depends on effective and well-coordinated programs that monitor public health. […] Foodborne diseases are largely preventable—but the goal requires vigilance in every step from the farm to the table. […] National borders offer trivial impediment to infectious disease threats. […] Safe water supplies, sewage treatment and disposal, improved food safety, and vaccination programs are urgently needed in developing nations. […] Life-saving vaccines and medications are not distributed equitably around the world.

• #48 Infectious diseases – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infectious-diseases/symptoms-causes/syc-20351173

  Get vaccinated. Vaccination can greatly lower your chances of getting many diseases. Make sure to keep up to date on your recommended vaccinations, as well as your children’s. […] Stay home when ill. Don’t go to work if you are vomiting, have diarrhea or have a fever. Don’t send your children to school if they have these symptoms, either. And wear a mask if you’re sick or if you need to take care of someone who’s sick with COVID-19. […] Prepare food safely. Keep counters and other kitchen surfaces clean when you prepare meals. Cook foods to the proper temperature, using a food thermometer to check for doneness. For ground meats, that means at least 160 F (71 C); for poultry, 165 F (74 C); and for most other meats, at least 145 F (63 C). Also, quickly refrigerate leftovers don’t let cooked foods remain at room temperature for long periods of time.

• #49 How to prevent infections – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/how-to-prevent-infections

  You can prevent infections by food-borne pathogens in your household by preparing and storing foods safely. Many serious infections can be prevented by immunization. […] Consult your health care provider regarding your immunization status. In general: Children should receive the recommended childhood vaccinations. Adults should make sure their vaccinations are up to date. […] If you are planning a trip, ask your doctor if you need any immunizations. Discuss your travel plans with your physician at least three months before you leave. […] The only sure way to prevent sexually transmitted diseases is to not have sexual intercourse or other sexual contact. That’s not an option for most people, so the next best choice is to follow these safer sex guidelines. […] Controlling the population of mice or rats in and near your home can help you avoid pathogens spread by rodents and also help control the population of ticks that spread disease. The following measures can help you avoid getting sick from diseases transmitted by animals: Keep food and garbage in covered, rodent-proof containers. Seal holes and cracks in your home to deter rodent access.

• #50 Control and prevention of infectious diseases from a One Health perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7856630/

  Surveillance is one of the most effective strategies for the control of infectious disease outbreaks and containment of emerging pathogens. […] The promotion of safe sex is an essential initiative for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections and encompasses a series of joint actions, including campaigns focused on the prevention of these infections, the distribution of male and female condoms, promotion of sexual health through medical assistance, and school-based sexual education. […] Proper nutrition is a public health issue that also reverberates on the prevention of infectious diseases. […] Social inequality is one of the main drivers of poor population health. […] The multiple interactions between humans and pathogens can be facilitated or avoided depending on the presence or absence of actions for the control and prevention of infectious diseases.

• #51 Infectious Disease | USF Emergency Management

  https://www.usf.edu/administrative-services/emergency-management/hazards/infectious-disease.aspx

  A university environment presents the potential for transmission of infectious diseases. This can range from influenza to more serious diseases. If you begin to experience the symptoms of an infectious disease immediately seek medical attention. […] Following these prevention practices can help limit the spread of infectious diseases: […] Sanitize and or wash your hands as often as possible. […] Avoid close contact with persons you know or suspect to be sick. […] Cover your mouth when sneezing or coughing. […] Limit contact with your mouth, nose, and eyes. […] Practice healthy lifestyles habits can help limit your susceptibility to infectious diseases: […] Get plenty of sleep. […] Stay hydrated. […] USF Student Health Wellness Center offers immunizations for a wide range of infectious diseases. […] USF Policy #33-002 requires that students receive Meningitis, MMR, and Hepatitis B vaccinations before registering for their first semester of on-campus classes.

• #52 Control and prevention of infectious diseases from a One Health perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7856630/

  Surveillance is one of the most effective strategies for the control of infectious disease outbreaks and containment of emerging pathogens. […] The promotion of safe sex is an essential initiative for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections and encompasses a series of joint actions, including campaigns focused on the prevention of these infections, the distribution of male and female condoms, promotion of sexual health through medical assistance, and school-based sexual education. […] Proper nutrition is a public health issue that also reverberates on the prevention of infectious diseases. […] Social inequality is one of the main drivers of poor population health. […] The multiple interactions between humans and pathogens can be facilitated or avoided depending on the presence or absence of actions for the control and prevention of infectious diseases.

• #53 Preventing the Spread of Contagious Diseases | DoDEA

  https://www.dodea.edu/education/student-services/wellness/preventing-spread-contagious-diseases

  Healthy habits prevent germs and infectious diseases from spreading. Learn, practice, and teach healthy habits. […] Get Vaccinated Vaccines can prevent many infectious diseases. You should get some vaccinations in childhood, some as an adult, and some for special situations like pregnancy and travel. Make sure you and your family are up-to-date on your vaccinations. […] Avoid Touching Wild Animals You and your pets should avoid touching wild animals which can carry germs that cause infectious diseases. If you are bitten, talk to your doctor. Make sure that your pet’s vaccinations are up-to-date. […] Stay Home When Sick When you are sick, stay home and rest. You will get well sooner, and will not spread germs.

• #54

  https://www.gvsu.edu/campushealth/communicable-disease-prevention-50.htm

  Communicable Disease Prevention […] Sick? Stay home. […] How to self-monitor for illness: […] Look for symptoms including fever, cough, and fatigue. […] If you develop symptoms, talk to a healthcare provider about getting tested for both the flu and COVID-19. […] If you are not feeling well, stay home. […] The best way to prevent flu is by getting vaccinated each year. […] It is recommended that everybody get vaccinated against influenza each Fall. […] There are many reasons why you should get your flu vaccine each year! […] It can prevent you from getting seriously ill and can be lifesaving […] its an important part of a disease prevention plan for people with chronic health conditions […] Not everyone can get vaccinated (due to age, chronic health issues, etc.), so those that can should get a flu vaccine to protect the people around them.

• #55 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/How-to-Prevent-the-Spread-of-Infectious-Diseases.aspx

  COVID-19 has a profound impact on lives across the globe. […] Part of this approach involves understanding how to prevent transmission. Additionally, emphasis has been put on communicating methods of preventing the spread of infectious disease in general, given that the COVID-19 virus is not the only pathogen capable of initiating a global pandemic. […] Here, we discuss the recommended methods of preventing the spread of infectious diseases. […] Hand washing is a key strategy for preventing the spread of infectious diseases. […] Getting vaccinated is another simple and effective strategy for preventing the spread of infectious diseases. […] The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to stay at home if you are feeling unwell. […] Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic has also emphasized the importance of disinfecting key areas to prevent the spread of pathogens.

• #56 Prevention and Treatment – What You Need to Know About Infectious Disease – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK209704/

  Use antibiotics only for infections caused by bacteria. Viral infections cannot be treated with antibiotics. […] Keeping our nation safe from disease outbreaks depends on effective and well-coordinated programs that monitor public health. […] Foodborne diseases are largely preventable—but the goal requires vigilance in every step from the farm to the table. […] National borders offer trivial impediment to infectious disease threats. […] Safe water supplies, sewage treatment and disposal, improved food safety, and vaccination programs are urgently needed in developing nations. […] Life-saving vaccines and medications are not distributed equitably around the world.

• #57 About the Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Prevention and Control (IDEPC) Division – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/about/org/idepc/index.html

  Infectious diseases, from flu to smallpox, affect all of us at one time or another. […] Through the Infectious Disease Division (IDEPC), we monitor the occurrence of infectious diseases, develop strategies for preventing and controlling disease, and work to put those strategies into action. […] Guidelines and information about preventing and controlling infectious disease transmission. […] MDH collects disease surveillance information on certain communicable diseases to determine disease impact, assess trends in disease occurrence, characterize affected populations, prioritize disease control efforts, and evaluate disease prevention strategies. […] Proper hand hygiene may eliminate nearly half of all cases of foodborne illness and significantly reduce the spread of the common cold and flu. […] Injection safety, or safe injection practices, refers to the measures taken to perform injections in the safest manner possible for patients, health care providers, and others.

• #58 Control and prevention of infectious diseases from a One Health perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7856630/

  Surveillance is one of the most effective strategies for the control of infectious disease outbreaks and containment of emerging pathogens. […] The promotion of safe sex is an essential initiative for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections and encompasses a series of joint actions, including campaigns focused on the prevention of these infections, the distribution of male and female condoms, promotion of sexual health through medical assistance, and school-based sexual education. […] Proper nutrition is a public health issue that also reverberates on the prevention of infectious diseases. […] Social inequality is one of the main drivers of poor population health. […] The multiple interactions between humans and pathogens can be facilitated or avoided depending on the presence or absence of actions for the control and prevention of infectious diseases.

• #59 Infectious Disease Prevention | GIDEON

  https://www.gideononline.com/blogs/infectious-disease-prevention/

  It is important to stay home if you are sick so that you don’t expose others to the illness. This is known as quarantining or isolation. […] Quarantine involves separating people exposed to disease from those who have not. […] Isolation is used for people who are already sick and often involves restricting movement and contact with other people. […] Disease surveillance can help prevent disease spread by providing early warning of potential outbreaks. […] Through disease surveillance, public health officials can track the spread of diseases, identify risk factors for disease transmission, and implement control measures to prevent further spread.

• #60 Statutes of the Republic of Korea

  https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_mobile/ganadaDetail.do?hseq=37239&type=abc&key=INFECTIOUS-20DISEASE-20CONTROL-20AND-20PREVENTION-20ACT&param=I

  The purpose of this Act is to contribute to the improvement and maintenance of citizens’ health by preventing the occurrence and prevalence of infectious diseases hazardous to citizens’ health, and prescribing necessary matters for the prevention and control thereof. […] The State and local governments shall perform the following projects for preventing and controlling infectious diseases: 1. Preventive and quarantine measures against infectious diseases; 2. Medical treatment and protection of patients, etc. with an infectious disease; 3. Formulation and implementation of plans for vaccination for the prevention of infectious diseases; 4. Education and publicity concerning infectious diseases; 5. Collection, analysis, and provision of information on infectious diseases; 6. Investigation and research on infectious diseases; 7. Tests, preservation, and control of pathogens of infectious diseases and the surveillance of drug resistance thereof; 8. Nurturing specialists for the prevention of infectious diseases; 9. International cooperation for the exchange, etc. of infectious disease control information; 10. Stockpiling of medicines, etc. for the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases; 11. Evaluation of infectious disease control projects; 12. Investigation and research on the occurrence of infectious diseases caused by factors affecting demographic changes, such as climate change, low birth rate, and aging population, and formulation of preventive measures; 13. Support for corporations or associations which perform duties for prevention and treatment of Hansen’s disease; 14. Establishment and operation of an information system for the prevention and control of infectious diseases; 15. Formulation of a plan, education, and training for preparing against the transmission of new overseas infectious diseases into the Republic of Korea; 16. Continuous monitoring of the trends of outbreaks of new overseas infectious diseases, and the risk evaluation thereof, and the designation of new overseas infectious diseases subject to control; 17. Preparation of a system for prevention from and countermeasures against new overseas infectious diseases subject to control, and the publication of reports and the public announcement of the relevant guidelines (including manuals) on such new overseas infectious diseases, through the collection of information on pathogens, etc. thereof, the analysis of characteristics thereof, and research thereon.

• #61 School Infectious Disease Prevention and Response

  https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/sdc/hhsa/programs/phs/immunization_branch/school-infectious-disease-prevention-response.html

  The School Infectious Disease Prevention and Response Program (SIDPRP) serves providers, parents, and students of San Diego County K-12 schools, preschools, early childcare centers, and institutes of higher education. The purpose of this Program is to promote disease prevention and awareness of child and adolescent diseases through education, outreach, and support services. […] The School Infectious Disease Prevention Response Program is made up of three components. These include the School Compliance Program (SCP), School Immunization Program (SIP), and Epidemiology School Response Team (ESRT). Explore these Program components below for more details about school services. […] SCP provides education and training to school and childcare partners on required childhood immunizations and annual immunization assessment reporting to help school and childcare facilities stay in compliance with California immunization law requirements and to support the overall goal of achieving safe and successful vaccination coverage and continued attendance in all school settings.

• #62 Prevention and Treatment – What You Need to Know About Infectious Disease – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK209704/

  Use antibiotics only for infections caused by bacteria. Viral infections cannot be treated with antibiotics. […] Keeping our nation safe from disease outbreaks depends on effective and well-coordinated programs that monitor public health. […] Foodborne diseases are largely preventable—but the goal requires vigilance in every step from the farm to the table. […] National borders offer trivial impediment to infectious disease threats. […] Safe water supplies, sewage treatment and disposal, improved food safety, and vaccination programs are urgently needed in developing nations. […] Life-saving vaccines and medications are not distributed equitably around the world.

• #63

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/infection-prevention-and-control

  Infection prevention and control (IPC) is a practical, evidence-based approach preventing patients and health workers from being harmed by avoidable infections. Effective IPC requires constant action at all levels of the health system, including policymakers, facility managers, health workers and those who access health services. […] Programmes to support IPC are particularly important in low- and middle-income countries, where health care delivery and medical hygiene standards may be negatively affected by secondary infections. […] To help in this fight, WHO has created a number of programmes and campaigns that set standards for evidence-based recommendations and operating procedures and promote behaviours to limit avoidable infections. […] WHO provides technical assistance for developing local IPC policies and guidelines, performs in-country assessments, convenes meetings focused on guideline development and provides ongoing support for health care providers.

• #64 Statutes of the Republic of Korea

  https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_mobile/ganadaDetail.do?hseq=37239&type=abc&key=INFECTIOUS-20DISEASE-20CONTROL-20AND-20PREVENTION-20ACT&param=I

  The purpose of this Act is to contribute to the improvement and maintenance of citizens’ health by preventing the occurrence and prevalence of infectious diseases hazardous to citizens’ health, and prescribing necessary matters for the prevention and control thereof. […] The State and local governments shall perform the following projects for preventing and controlling infectious diseases: 1. Preventive and quarantine measures against infectious diseases; 2. Medical treatment and protection of patients, etc. with an infectious disease; 3. Formulation and implementation of plans for vaccination for the prevention of infectious diseases; 4. Education and publicity concerning infectious diseases; 5. Collection, analysis, and provision of information on infectious diseases; 6. Investigation and research on infectious diseases; 7. Tests, preservation, and control of pathogens of infectious diseases and the surveillance of drug resistance thereof; 8. Nurturing specialists for the prevention of infectious diseases; 9. International cooperation for the exchange, etc. of infectious disease control information; 10. Stockpiling of medicines, etc. for the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases; 11. Evaluation of infectious disease control projects; 12. Investigation and research on the occurrence of infectious diseases caused by factors affecting demographic changes, such as climate change, low birth rate, and aging population, and formulation of preventive measures; 13. Support for corporations or associations which perform duties for prevention and treatment of Hansen’s disease; 14. Establishment and operation of an information system for the prevention and control of infectious diseases; 15. Formulation of a plan, education, and training for preparing against the transmission of new overseas infectious diseases into the Republic of Korea; 16. Continuous monitoring of the trends of outbreaks of new overseas infectious diseases, and the risk evaluation thereof, and the designation of new overseas infectious diseases subject to control; 17. Preparation of a system for prevention from and countermeasures against new overseas infectious diseases subject to control, and the publication of reports and the public announcement of the relevant guidelines (including manuals) on such new overseas infectious diseases, through the collection of information on pathogens, etc. thereof, the analysis of characteristics thereof, and research thereon.

• #65 Managing Infectious Diseases in Schools

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/school-health/managing-infectious-diseases-in-schools/?srsltid=AfmBOoo2TENwZRlTKgNx7i_rggYxqLwBj55ElkSMobz87uHoMotz6Tvd

  Keeping children and the adults who care for them healthy is a goal of educators, families, public health officials, and health professionals. […] Many preventive strategies are simple, safe, and effective, allowing you to guard against a variety of potentially serious illnesses. […] Use the following strategies within your school to help prevent the spread of infectious diseases: […] Encourage all children and their families to get sufficient sleep, eat nutritious meals, practice good oral hygiene, and get enough physical activity to keep their bodies healthy. […] Utilize infection prevention and control methods. […] Encourage frequent hand washing to prevent the spread of germs and viruses. […] Clean, sanitize, and disinfect surfaces. […] Teach children to cough and sneeze in their elbows or in to a tissue. […] Make sure rooms are well-ventilated. […] Handle food safely. […] Create a school environment where mask wearing is normal and welcome. Consider making masks available to students and school professionals who wish to wear one.

• #66 Managing Infectious Diseases in Schools

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/school-health/managing-infectious-diseases-in-schools/?srsltid=AfmBOoo2TENwZRlTKgNx7i_rggYxqLwBj55ElkSMobz87uHoMotz6Tvd

  Be an advocate and remind parents about getting their children vaccinated and themselves. […] Send out reminders and provide educational resources about vaccines. […] Encourage families to see their pediatrician for well visits and to discuss any questions they might have about vaccines. […] Recommend vaccinations to all staff. […] Improve access to vaccinations for staff with on-site immunizations or scheduled time off. […] Make annual vaccinations such as those for influenza and COVID-19 part of the school staffs routine. […] Excuse a child from class if the child has a fever, vomiting, or other symptoms like cough, sore throat, sneezing, or runny nose that prevent them from participating in activities and require extra care. […] Have an emergency plan in place for seasonal viruses and pandemics to help prepare your school community and minimize disruptions to learning. […] Prepare ahead to protect your school in an emergency and ensure alternative plans are in place in case of supply shortages, staff shortages, and possible school closures.

• #67 Infection Prevention and Control in the School Setting – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/people/childrenyouth/schoolhealth/hoo/infectionctrl.html

  In schools, a variety of actions can be used every day to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. […] Knowing how communicable diseases are spread is key to implementing proper infection prevention and control practices. […] Standard Precautions are common sense practices to prevent the spread of infection between people. […] These are all effective methods for preventing the spread of most infectious diseases and should be implemented and practiced consistently in schools. […] The number one way to prevent the spread of communicable diseases is frequent and thorough hand washing using soap and water or hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol. […] Everyone should perform hand hygiene regularly and especially before eating, after recess, after using the restroom, and after coughing or sneezing into a tissue.

• #68 Infection Prevention and Control in the School Setting – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/people/childrenyouth/schoolhealth/hoo/infectionctrl.html

  In schools, a variety of actions can be used every day to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. […] Knowing how communicable diseases are spread is key to implementing proper infection prevention and control practices. […] Standard Precautions are common sense practices to prevent the spread of infection between people. […] These are all effective methods for preventing the spread of most infectious diseases and should be implemented and practiced consistently in schools. […] The number one way to prevent the spread of communicable diseases is frequent and thorough hand washing using soap and water or hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol. […] Everyone should perform hand hygiene regularly and especially before eating, after recess, after using the restroom, and after coughing or sneezing into a tissue.

• #69 Infection Prevention and Control in the School Setting – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/people/childrenyouth/schoolhealth/hoo/infectionctrl.html

  Schools should clean frequently touched surfaces at least once a day to reduce the risk of spreading germs by touching surfaces. […] Disinfecting using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)’s List N disinfectants kills any remaining germs on surfaces, which further reduces any risk of spreading infection. […] Ventilation is a key component impacting the environment within the school health office to help reduce transmission of infectious disease. […] Standard precautions should always be used. […] These practices are to be used in addition to Standard Precautions for persons who may be infected or colonized with certain infectious agents requiring additional precautions to prevent infection transmission. […] Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) refers to wearable equipment that is intended to protect school health personnel from exposure to or contact with infectious agents.

• #70 Traveler’s guide to avoiding infectious diseases: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001925.htm

  You can stay healthy during travel by taking the right steps to protect yourself before you go. You can also do things to help prevent disease while you are traveling. Most infections you catch while traveling are minor. In rare cases, however, they can be severe, or even deadly. […] Talk to your health care provider or visit a travel clinic 4 to 6 weeks before you leave for your trip. You may need several vaccinations. Some of these need time to work. […] You also may need to update your vaccinations. For example, you may need „booster” vaccines for: COVID-19, Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (Tdap), Influenza (flu), Measles – mumps – rubella (MMR), Polio. […] You also may need vaccines for diseases that are not commonly found in North America. Examples of recommended vaccines include: Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Meningococcal, Typhoid.

• #71 Traveler’s guide to avoiding infectious diseases: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001925.htm

  You can stay healthy during travel by taking the right steps to protect yourself before you go. You can also do things to help prevent disease while you are traveling. Most infections you catch while traveling are minor. In rare cases, however, they can be severe, or even deadly. […] Talk to your health care provider or visit a travel clinic 4 to 6 weeks before you leave for your trip. You may need several vaccinations. Some of these need time to work. […] You also may need to update your vaccinations. For example, you may need „booster” vaccines for: COVID-19, Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (Tdap), Influenza (flu), Measles – mumps – rubella (MMR), Polio. […] You also may need vaccines for diseases that are not commonly found in North America. Examples of recommended vaccines include: Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Meningococcal, Typhoid.

• #72 Traveler’s guide to avoiding infectious diseases: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001925.htm

  Certain countries have required vaccinations. You may need proof that you have had this vaccine in order to enter the country. […] If you are traveling to an area where malaria is common, you may need to take medicines that prevent the disease. These medicines are taken before you leave, during your travel, and for a short period after you return. […] To prevent getting the Zika virus, take steps to avoid mosquito bites. Sexual transmission of the virus can be prevented by using condoms or not having sex with a person who is possibly infected. […] To prevent against bites from mosquitoes and other insects: Wear insect repellent when you are outdoors, but use it safely. […] You can get some types of infections by eating or drinking contaminated food or water. There is a high risk of infection from eating undercooked or raw foods. […] Clean your hands often. Use soap and water or an alcohol-based cleanser to help prevent infection. […] Get medical care right away if: Diarrhea does not go away, You develop a high fever or become dehydrated.

• #73 Traveler’s guide to avoiding infectious diseases: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001925.htm

  Certain countries have required vaccinations. You may need proof that you have had this vaccine in order to enter the country. […] If you are traveling to an area where malaria is common, you may need to take medicines that prevent the disease. These medicines are taken before you leave, during your travel, and for a short period after you return. […] To prevent getting the Zika virus, take steps to avoid mosquito bites. Sexual transmission of the virus can be prevented by using condoms or not having sex with a person who is possibly infected. […] To prevent against bites from mosquitoes and other insects: Wear insect repellent when you are outdoors, but use it safely. […] You can get some types of infections by eating or drinking contaminated food or water. There is a high risk of infection from eating undercooked or raw foods. […] Clean your hands often. Use soap and water or an alcohol-based cleanser to help prevent infection. […] Get medical care right away if: Diarrhea does not go away, You develop a high fever or become dehydrated.

• #74 Infectious diseases – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infectious-diseases/symptoms-causes/syc-20351173

  Have safe sex. Use a condom each time you have sex if you or your partner has a history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). It’s also important to use condoms if either of you has more than one sex partner. Be sure to get tested for STDs, and share the results with each other. […] Don’t share personal items. Use your own toothbrush, comb and razor. Don’t share drinking glasses or dining utensils, especially if someone seems sick. […] Travel wisely. If you’re traveling out of the country, talk to your healthcare professional about any special vaccinations you may need. Examples include vaccines for yellow fever, cholera, hepatitis A or B, or typhoid fever.

• #75 Healthcare – Infectious Diseases | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  https://www.osha.gov/healthcare/infectious-diseases

  Healthcare workers (HCWs) are occupationally exposed to a variety of infectious diseases during the performance of their duties. […] The primary routes of infectious disease transmission in U.S. healthcare settings are contact, droplet, and airborne. […] Several OSHA standards and directives are directly applicable to protecting workers against transmission of infectious agents. […] Below is an abbreviated list of CDC resources available to assist HCWs in assessing and reducing their risks for occupational exposure to infectious diseases. […] These guidelines address infection control procedures to protect workers from occupational exposure to infectious agents. […] Cal-OSHA’s ATD standard protects laboratory workers, as well as, healthcare workers, emergency responders, and many others from exposure to droplet and airborne transmissible diseases when engaged in the performance of their duties.

• #76 Healthcare – Infectious Diseases | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  https://www.osha.gov/healthcare/infectious-diseases

  Healthcare workers (HCWs) are occupationally exposed to a variety of infectious diseases during the performance of their duties. […] The primary routes of infectious disease transmission in U.S. healthcare settings are contact, droplet, and airborne. […] Several OSHA standards and directives are directly applicable to protecting workers against transmission of infectious agents. […] Below is an abbreviated list of CDC resources available to assist HCWs in assessing and reducing their risks for occupational exposure to infectious diseases. […] These guidelines address infection control procedures to protect workers from occupational exposure to infectious agents. […] Cal-OSHA’s ATD standard protects laboratory workers, as well as, healthcare workers, emergency responders, and many others from exposure to droplet and airborne transmissible diseases when engaged in the performance of their duties.

• #77 Airborne Infectious Disease Exposure Prevention Plan | Department of Labor

  https://dol.ny.gov/aidepp

  On March 17, 2022, the designation of COVID-19 as an airborne infectious disease that presents a serious risk of harm to the public health ended. Private sector employers are still required to develop Airborne Infectious Disease Exposure Prevention Plans for future designated disease outbreaks. However, employers in NYS are currently no longer required to implement their Airborne Infectious Disease Exposure Prevention Plans. […] The requirements for the Plan are as follows but, are not limited to: Employee health screenings. Face coverings. Required personal protective equipment (PPE) applicable to each industry, which shall be provided, used, and maintained in a sanitary and reliable condition at the expense of the employer. Accessible workplace hand hygiene stations and maintaining healthy hand hygiene and that employers provide adequate break times for employees to use handwashing facilities as needed. Regular cleaning and disinfecting of shared equipment and frequently touched surfaces, as well as all surfaces and washable items in other high-risk areas. Effective social distancing for employees and consumers or customers, as the risk of illness may warrant. Compliance with mandatory or precautionary orders of isolation or quarantine that have been issued to employees. Compliance with applicable engineering controls. Designation of one or more supervisory employees to enforce compliance with the Airborne Infectious Disease Exposure Prevention Plans and any other federal, state, or local guidance related to avoidance of spreading an airborne infectious disease. Compliance with any applicable laws, rules, regulations, standards, or guidance on notification to employees and relevant state and local agencies of potential exposure to airborne infectious disease at the work site. Verbal review of infectious disease standard, employer policies and employee rights under this section.

• #78 From Concept to Practice: Infectious Diseases Prevention in the Health System – ISID

  https://isid.org/from-concept-to-practice-infectious-diseases-prevention-in-the-health-system/

  To prevent infectious diseases in the future, there will be an increased need for coordination between the healthcare industry and other sectors in charge of delivering and/or overseeing critical services, including the local governments, the environment, and the food supply chain. Vaccination, environmental sanitation, vector control, urbanization control, safe sex stimulation, testing, treatment of STDs and other infections, promotion of good personal hygiene, food safety, and nutrition, fewer human-wildlife and livestock interactions, social inequality reduction, infectious disease surveillance, and preserving biodiversity are some of the most effective interventions. […] The organizational complexity of the current healthcare models and governmental structure makes integrating prevention into the healthcare system difficult. Preventive health, in general, has entered a recession despite cost-effectiveness studies and recognition of its economic effects due to the complexity that has arisen along the route.

• #79 From Concept to Practice: Infectious Diseases Prevention in the Health System – ISID

  https://isid.org/from-concept-to-practice-infectious-diseases-prevention-in-the-health-system/

  To prevent infectious diseases in the future, there will be an increased need for coordination between the healthcare industry and other sectors in charge of delivering and/or overseeing critical services, including the local governments, the environment, and the food supply chain. Vaccination, environmental sanitation, vector control, urbanization control, safe sex stimulation, testing, treatment of STDs and other infections, promotion of good personal hygiene, food safety, and nutrition, fewer human-wildlife and livestock interactions, social inequality reduction, infectious disease surveillance, and preserving biodiversity are some of the most effective interventions. […] The organizational complexity of the current healthcare models and governmental structure makes integrating prevention into the healthcare system difficult. Preventive health, in general, has entered a recession despite cost-effectiveness studies and recognition of its economic effects due to the complexity that has arisen along the route.

• #80 From Concept to Practice: Infectious Diseases Prevention in the Health System – ISID

  https://isid.org/from-concept-to-practice-infectious-diseases-prevention-in-the-health-system/

  Providing worldwide direction, oversight, and assessment to local authorities will support and reinforce the need to create an all-encompassing, holistic OH system for preventive health. Ultimately, there is a pressing need to incorporate preventive health and its components into the organization of national, international, and local health systems using an OH approach. […] As an ISID Emerging Leader, we are eager to see this advocacy take root and our scientific efforts to prevent novel and/or re-emerging infections put into perspective in line with the regulatory and organizational structure of the OH approach to prevent another devastating global spread of infectious hazards.

• #81 Mitigating Chronic Disease Depends on Infection Prevention

  https://asm.org/articles/2025/march/mitigating-chronic-disease-depends-on-infection-pr

  What causes chronic disease? At a time when studying the root causes of diseases like cancer is presumably a priority, with an emphasis on factors like diet and environmental toxins, there is another piece of the puzzle that requires attention: infectious disease. […] If infection is a possible steppingstone toward chronic disease, it stands to reason that efforts toward understanding and preventing the former can, and do, apply to the latter. […] HPV vaccines are more than 90% effective at preventing cancer. […] The point is that harnessing and advancing knowledge of the infectious process leads to tactics that simultaneously minimize the risk of both acute and chronic health problems. […] Such insights lead to advancements that go beyond vaccines, too. […] By, again, looking ahead, those methods have the potential to not only influence short-term health, but also long-term health.

• #82 Mitigating Chronic Disease Depends on Infection Prevention

  https://asm.org/articles/2025/march/mitigating-chronic-disease-depends-on-infection-pr

  What causes chronic disease? At a time when studying the root causes of diseases like cancer is presumably a priority, with an emphasis on factors like diet and environmental toxins, there is another piece of the puzzle that requires attention: infectious disease. […] If infection is a possible steppingstone toward chronic disease, it stands to reason that efforts toward understanding and preventing the former can, and do, apply to the latter. […] HPV vaccines are more than 90% effective at preventing cancer. […] The point is that harnessing and advancing knowledge of the infectious process leads to tactics that simultaneously minimize the risk of both acute and chronic health problems. […] Such insights lead to advancements that go beyond vaccines, too. […] By, again, looking ahead, those methods have the potential to not only influence short-term health, but also long-term health.

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