Choroba zastawek serca
Etiologia i przyczyny

Choroba zastawek serca obejmuje dysfunkcje jednej lub więcej z czterech zastawek (mitralna, trójdzielna, aortalna, płucna) manifestujące się stenozą, niedomykalnością lub ich kombinacją, prowadząc do zaburzeń hemodynamicznych. Etiologia jest wieloczynnikowa, obejmując wrodzone wady takie jak dwupłatkowa zastawka aortalna, anomalia Ebsteina czy stenoza zastawki płucnej, a także czynniki nabyte: procesy degeneracyjne związane z wiekiem (dotyczące 4-5% populacji, ze stenoza aortalną występującą u ≥6% osób >75 r.ż.), infekcje (gorączka reumatyczna, infekcyjne zapalenie wsierdzia), choroby autoimmunologiczne (toczeń rumieniowaty, zespół Marfana) oraz inne schorzenia kardiologiczne (zawał serca, niewydolność, nadciśnienie). Kalcyfikacja zastawki aortalnej i zwyrodnienie śluzakowate zastawki mitralnej są kluczowymi mechanizmami patofizjologicznymi prowadzącymi do stenozy i niedomykalności, odpowiednio.

  1. Etiologia, przyczyny i mechanizmy powstawania choroby zastawek serca
    1. Wady wrodzone zastawek serca
    2. Zmiany zwyrodnieniowe związane z wiekiem
    3. Infekcje i choroby zapalne
    4. Choroby autoimmunologiczne i tkanki łącznej
    5. Inne choroby serca i układu krążenia
    6. Czynniki ryzyka i styl życia
    7. Inne czynniki i stany medyczne
  2. Mechanizmy patofizjologiczne choroby zastawek serca
    1. Stenoza zastawki (zwężenie)
    2. Niedomykalność zastawki (regurgitacja)
    3. Procesy zapalne i immunologiczne
    4. Rola czynników genetycznych w nabytej chorobie zastawek serca
  3. Specyficzne przyczyny choroby poszczególnych zastawek
    1. Choroba zastawki aortalnej
    2. Choroba zastawki mitralnej
    3. Choroba zastawki trójdzielnej
    4. Choroba zastawki płucnej
  4. Podsumowanie etiologii choroby zastawek serca
    1. Kolejne rozdziały

Etiologia, przyczyny i mechanizmy powstawania choroby zastawek serca

Choroba zastawek serca (ang. heart valve disease) definiowana jest jako stan, w którym jedna lub więcej z czterech zastawek serca (mitralna, trójdzielna, aortalna i płucna) nie funkcjonuje prawidłowo. Nieprawidłowości te mogą polegać na zwężeniu ujścia zastawki (stenoza), niedomykalności (regurgitacja) lub kombinacji obu tych stanów, co prowadzi do zaburzeń przepływu krwi przez serce. Etiopatogeneza tej choroby jest złożona i może wynikać z różnych przyczyn, które można podzielić na kilka głównych kategorii.1234

Wady wrodzone zastawek serca

Wrodzone wady zastawek serca (congenital heart valve disease) występują przed urodzeniem i wynikają z nieprawidłowego rozwoju serca w okresie płodowym. Wady te mogą występować samodzielnie lub współistnieć z innymi wadami wrodzonymi serca. Do najczęstszych wrodzonych wad zastawek należą:123

  • Dwupłatkowa zastawka aortalna (bicuspid aortic valve) – najczęstsza wrodzona wada zastawki, w której zastawka aortalna ma tylko dwie płatki zamiast trzech, co może prowadzić do nieprawidłowego funkcjonowania zastawki i często wiąże się z rozwojem stenozy lub niedomykalności w późniejszym wieku123
  • Anomalia Ebsteina (Ebstein’s anomaly) – wada zastawki trójdzielnej12
  • Stenoza zastawki płucnej (pulmonary valve stenosis) – wrodzone zwężenie zastawki płucnej1
  • Atrezja zastawki (valve atresia) – stan, w którym zastawka nie ma otworu, ale jest zablokowana przez jednolitą tkankę1
  • Tetralogia Fallota (Tetralogy of Fallot) – złożona wada wrodzona obejmująca zastawkę płucną1
  • Atrezja zastawki trójdzielnej (tricuspid atresia)1

Genetyczne uwarunkowania odgrywają istotną rolę w rozwoju wrodzonych wad zastawek serca. Niektóre choroby zastawek są dziedziczone, co oznacza, że wada zastawki jest spowodowana przez specyficzne geny przekazywane dziecku przez rodziców. Wyniki badań nad genomem ludzkim i postępy w technologiach genetycznych przyczyniły się do odkrycia genów wywołujących chorobę zastawek serca.123

Zmiany zwyrodnieniowe związane z wiekiem

Proces starzenia się jest jedną z głównych przyczyn rozwoju choroby zastawek serca u osób starszych. Z wiekiem dochodzi do naturalnego zużycia i zmian degeneracyjnych zastawek serca:123

  • Degeneracyjna choroba zastawek (degenerative valve disease) – z wiekiem zastawki mogą ulegać powolnemu zwyrodnieniu, co jest najczęstszą przyczyną dysfunkcji zastawkowej, szczególnie w przypadku zastawki mitralnej. Dotyka to około 4-5% populacji ogólnej, a zmiany rozpoczynają się od nieprawidłowego ruchu płatków zastawki (wypadanie zastawki mitralnej). Z czasem przyczepy zastawki stają się cieńsze lub pękają, a płatki stają się wiotkie i nadmiernie ruchome, co prowadzi do przecieku przez zastawkę123
  • Kalcyfikacja zastawek (calcification) – z wiekiem może dochodzić do odkładania się złogów wapnia na zastawkach serca, co prowadzi do ich usztywnienia i zgrubienia. Jest to częsta przyczyna stenozy zastawki aortalnej u osób starszych. Złogi wapnia mogą sprawić, że zastawki stają się mniej elastyczne i nie zamykają się prawidłowo123

Według danych epidemiologicznych, częstość występowania choroby zastawek serca rośnie wraz z wiekiem i dotyczy ponad 10% osób powyżej 75. roku życia. Częstość występowania stenozy aortalnej wynosi 6% lub więcej w każdej grupie wiekowej powyżej 75 lat w Stanach Zjednoczonych.12

Infekcje i choroby zapalne

Gorączka reumatyczna (rheumatic fever) była historycznie najczęstszą przyczyną choroby zastawek serca przed powszechnym wprowadzeniem antybiotyków. Występuje jako późne powikłanie nieleczonego zakażenia paciorkowcowego gardła. Infekcja prowadzi do ogólnoustrojowej reakcji zapalnej, która może uszkodzić zastawki serca, powodując ich bliznowacenie i deformację. Zmiany te mogą pojawić się wiele lat po przebytej infekcji.123

Infekcyjne zapalenie wsierdzia (infective endocarditis) to zakażenie wewnętrznej wyściółki serca i zastawek sercowych, spowodowane ciężkim zakażeniem krwi. Bakterie mogą osadzać się na zastawkach serca, prowadząc do uszkodzenia płatków zastawek. Osoby z chorobą zastawek serca są bardziej narażone na rozwój infekcyjnego zapalenia wsierdzia. Zakażenie może pochodzić z innych części ciała, takich jak dziąsła, skóra i płuca.123

Inne infekcje i choroby zapalne, które mogą prowadzić do uszkodzenia zastawek serca, to:12

  • Kiła (syphilis) – nieleczona może prowadzić do zapalenia aorty (aortitis) i uszkodzenia zastawki aortalnej12
  • Choroba Behçeta (Behet’s disease) – może prowadzić do niedomykalności aortalnej1
  • Reaktywne zapalenie stawów (reactive arthritis) – może wpływać na zastawki serca1

Choroby autoimmunologiczne i tkanki łącznej

Choroby autoimmunologiczne i zaburzenia tkanki łącznej mogą wpływać na strukturę i funkcję zastawek serca:123

  • Toczeń rumieniowaty układowy (lupus) – choroba autoimmunologiczna, która może powodować zapalenie wpływające na płatki zastawek serca i uszkadzać zastawki123
  • Zespół Marfana (Marfan syndrome) – zaburzenie tkanki łącznej, które może wpływać na zastawki serca, szczególnie prowadząc do wypadania zastawki mitralnej i niedomykalności zastawki aortalnej123
  • Zwyrodnienie śluzakowate (myxomatous degeneration) – dziedziczne zaburzenie tkanki łącznej, które osłabia tkankę zastawek serca, prowadząc do wypadania zastawki mitralnej123
  • Zespół Ehlersa-Danlosa (Ehlers-Danlos syndrome) – może wpływać na strukturę i funkcję zastawek serca1
  • Reumatoidalne zapalenie stawów (rheumatoid arthritis) – może wpływać na zastawki serca12
  • Zesztywniające zapalenie stawów kręgosłupa (ankylosing spondylitis) – może prowadzić do niedomykalności aortalnej12

Inne choroby serca i układu krążenia

Inne choroby serca i układu krążenia mogą przyczyniać się do rozwoju choroby zastawek serca poprzez bezpośrednie uszkodzenie zastawek lub zmiany hemodynamiczne:123

  • Zawał serca (heart attack) – może uszkodzić mięśnie kontrolujące otwieranie i zamykanie zastawek, co prowadzi do ich dysfunkcji123
  • Niewydolność serca (heart failure) – gdy serce nie może pompować wystarczającej ilości krwi, może dojść do powiększenia serca i wpływu na funkcję zastawek123
  • Nadciśnienie tętnicze (high blood pressure) – długotrwałe nieleczone nadciśnienie może prowadzić do przeciążenia i powiększenia serca, co wpływa na funkcję zastawek123
  • Kardiomiopatia (cardiomyopathy) – choroby mięśnia sercowego mogą wpływać na funkcję zastawek serca123
  • Tętniak aorty piersiowej (thoracic aortic aneurysm) – rozszerzenie aorty może rozciągnąć płatki zastawki aortalnej i powodować przeciek12
  • Choroba wieńcowa (coronary artery disease) – może prowadzić do uszkodzenia zastawek serca123
  • Migotanie przedsionków (atrial fibrillation) – może wpływać na funkcję zastawek serca1

Czynniki ryzyka i styl życia

Na ryzyko rozwoju choroby zastawek serca wpływają także czynniki związane ze stylem życia i ogólnym stanem zdrowia:123

  • Brak aktywności fizycznej – siedzący tryb życia zwiększa ryzyko chorób serca, w tym chorób zastawek12
  • Niezdrowe nawyki żywieniowe – dieta bogata w nasycone tłuszcze i cholesterol może przyczyniać się do rozwoju chorób serca1
  • Palenie tytoniu – chemikalia zawarte w tytoniu mogą wpływać na pracę zastawek serca i naczyń krwionośnych12
  • Otyłość – zwiększa ryzyko rozwoju chorób serca123
  • Cukrzyca – zwiększa ryzyko chorób zastawek serca123
  • Hipercholesterolemia – wysokie stężenie cholesterolu we krwi może przyczyniać się do tworzenia się złogów wapnia na zastawkach serca123
  • Przewlekła choroba nerek – związana z wyższym ryzykiem choroby zastawek serca12

Inne czynniki i stany medyczne

Istnieją również inne czynniki i stany medyczne, które mogą przyczyniać się do rozwoju choroby zastawek serca:123

  • Radioterapia klatki piersiowej – pacjenci, którzy przeszli radioterapię w obszarze klatki piersiowej z powodu nowotworów, mają zwiększone ryzyko rozwoju choroby zastawek serca w późniejszym życiu. Wysokie dawki promieniowania mogą prowadzić do zwłóknienia i kalcyfikacji zastawek123
  • Urządzenia medyczne – defibrylatory i rozruszniki serca mogą ocierać się o zastawkę i tworzyć tkankę bliznowatą lub stymulować serce do bicia poza rytmem, co może rozciągać zastawkę serca12
  • Niektóre leki – pewne leki mogą wpływać na funkcję zastawek serca, np. fenfluramine i deksfenfluramina (fen-phen) stosowane w leczeniu otyłości, pergolid i kabergolina stosowane w większych dawkach w chorobie Parkinsona, czy metysergidem stosowanym w leczeniu migreny123
  • Zaburzenia metaboliczne – jak choroba Fabry’ego, hiperparatyreoidyzm, mogą wpływać na równowagę enzymów lub minerałów, które uszkadzają zastawki serca1
  • Choroba tarczycy – stan spowodowany przez nad- lub niedoczynność gruczołu tarczowego. Gruczoł tarczowy jest niezbędnym narządem do produkcji hormonów tarczycy, które utrzymują metabolizm organizmu1

Mechanizmy patofizjologiczne choroby zastawek serca

Mechanizmy patofizjologiczne leżące u podstaw choroby zastawek serca są złożone i zależą od typu uszkodzenia zastawki. Poniżej przedstawiono główne mechanizmy rozwoju choroby zastawek serca:12

Stenoza zastawki (zwężenie)

Stenoza zastawki (zwężenie) polega na zwężeniu otworu zastawki, co utrudnia przepływ krwi przez serce. Jest to zwykle spowodowane pogrubieniem i zwiększoną sztywnością płatków zastawki, często związaną z kalcyfikacją. Procesy prowadzące do stenozy zastawki to:123

  • Kalcyfikacja związana z wiekiem – złogi lipidowe, zapalenie, włóknienie i kalcyfikacja mogą prowadzić do pogrubienia zastawek serca, najczęściej dotykając zastawkę aortalną, prowadząc do stenozy aortalnej12
  • Bliznowacenie zastawek po przebytej gorączce reumatycznej – może prowadzić do zrośnięcia płatków zastawki1
  • Wrodzone nieprawidłowości zastawek – jak dwupłatkowa zastawka aortalna1

Stenoza aortalna jest typowo wynikiem kalcyfikacji zastawki, ale może być również skutkiem wrodzonej wady zastawki aortalnej. Wada ta charakteryzuje się obecnością tylko dwóch płatków zastawki. Może występować samodzielnie lub w połączeniu z innymi anomaliami serca.12

Niedomykalność zastawki (regurgitacja)

Niedomykalność zastawki (regurgitacja) charakteryzuje się niezdolnością płatków zastawki do odpowiedniego zamknięcia się na końcu skurczu, co pozwala na wsteczny przepływ krwi do komór serca. Przyczyny niedomykalności zastawki to:123

  • Rozszerzenie lub powiększenie serca – często konsekwencja niewydolności serca. W takich przypadkach lewa komora serca powiększa się i powoduje przemieszczenie przyczepionych mięśni brodawkowatych, które kontrolują zastawkę mitralną1
  • Wypadanie zastawki mitralnej – stan, w którym płatki zastawki mitralnej wybrzuszają się do przedsionka podczas skurczu komory1
  • Uszkodzenia zastawek spowodowane infekcjami, takimi jak infekcyjne zapalenie wsierdzia1
  • Zaburzenia tkanki łącznej – jak zespół Marfana1
  • Choroby aorty – mogą powodować przewlekłą niedomykalność aortalną1

Niedomykalność mitralna jest najczęstszą chorobą zastawek serca i wynika z niezdolności zastawki mitralnej do prawidłowego zamknięcia się, gdy serce pompuje krew z lewej komory do aorty.1

Procesy zapalne i immunologiczne

Procesy zapalne i immunologiczne odgrywają istotną rolę w patogenezie choroby zastawek serca:123

  • Kalcyfikacyjna choroba zastawki aortalnej (CAVD) jest związana z dysfunkcją śródbłonka, akumulacją lipidów i infiltracją komórek zapalnych1
  • Czynniki środowiskowe mogą zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju CAVD poprzez proces inicjowany przez dysfunkcję komórek śródbłonka, która prowadzi do aktywacji komórek śródmiąższowych zastawek (VIC), co z kolei prowadzi do ekspresji genów związanych z rozwojem kości, takich jak Runx2, Osteopontyna i Osteokalcyna, które są obecne w zwapniałych ludzkich zastawkach aortalnych1
  • Badania wykazały, że geny związane z rozwojem zastawek mogą potencjalnie odgrywać rolę w chorobie występującej w wieku dorosłym, a mechanizmy, za pomocą których utrata sygnalizacji Notch prowadzi do kalcyfikacji, są obecnie badane1

Rola czynników genetycznych w nabytej chorobie zastawek serca

Coraz więcej dowodów sugeruje, że geny krytyczne dla normalnego rozwoju zastawek mogą odgrywać rolę w rozwoju nabytej choroby zastawek serca:123

  • Chociaż mechanizmy wrodzonej i nabytej choroby zastawek nie są w pełni zrozumiałe, patogeneza jest uważana za wynik interakcji wpływów genetycznych i środowiskowych1
  • Co ciekawe, te same geny i szlaki molekularne zaangażowane w rozwój zastawek serca, okazały się być zmutowane u ludzi z wrodzoną chorobą zastawek serca i odkrywa się, że odgrywają one rolę w nabytej chorobie zastawek serca1
  • W ciągu ostatniej dekady nastąpił znaczący postęp w zrozumieniu rozwoju zastawek serca i, co nie jest zaskakujące, mutacje tych genów rozwojowych zostały zidentyfikowane u ludzi z wrodzonymi wadami zastawek1
  • Jednocześnie zwiększyło się zrozumienie, że nabyta choroba zastawek nie jest po prostu procesem zwyrodnieniowym. Badania molekularne nabytej choroby zastawek wykazały, że liczne szlaki sygnałowe kluczowe dla normalnego rozwoju zastawek są ponownie aktywowane w chorych zastawkach1

Zrozumienie etiologii i mechanizmów patofizjologicznych choroby zastawek serca jest kluczowe dla opracowania skutecznych strategii profilaktycznych i terapeutycznych. Badania nad genetyczną i molekularną podstawą choroby zastawek serca mogą przyczynić się do rozwoju nowych, nieinwazyjnych terapii celowanych na pierwotne przyczyny choroby.12

Specyficzne przyczyny choroby poszczególnych zastawek

Każda z czterech zastawek serca może być dotknięta chorobą z różnych przyczyn. Poniżej przedstawiono najczęstsze przyczyny choroby dla poszczególnych zastawek:123

Choroba zastawki aortalnej

Zastawka aortalna może być dotknięta dwiema głównymi chorobami: stenozą aortalną i niedomykalnością aortalną.1

Stenoza aortalna (zwężenie zastawki aortalnej) jest spowodowana:123

  • Wrodzoną wadą serca – niektóre dzieci rodzą się z zastawką aortalną, która ma tylko dwie płatki zamiast zwykłych trzech. Jest to tzw. dwupłatkowa zastawka aortalna. Rzadko zastawka aortalna może mieć jedną lub cztery płatki1
  • Złogami wapnia na zastawce (kalcyfikacja zastawki aortalnej) – wapń to minerał znajdujący się we krwi. Gdy krew przepływa przez zastawkę aortalną, wapń może się na niej gromadzić. Złogi wapnia mogą nigdy nie powodować problemów. Stenoza zastawki aortalnej związana z wiekiem i złogami wapnia zwykle nie powoduje objawów do 70. lub 80. roku życia. Ale u niektórych osób – szczególnie tych ze zmianami w zastawce aortalnej od urodzenia – złogi wapnia mogą powodować zwężenie zastawki w młodszym wieku1
  • Gorączką reumatyczną – to powikłanie nieleczonego paciorkowcowego zapalenia gardła, które może uszkodzić zastawki serca. Może powodować tworzenie się tkanki bliznowatej na zastawce aortalnej. Tkanka bliznowata może zwężać otwór zastawki aortalnej. Może również tworzyć szorstką powierzchnię, na której mogą zbierać się złogi wapnia1

Według danych epidemiologicznych, częstość występowania stenozy aortalnej wynosi 6% lub więcej w każdej grupie wiekowej powyżej 75 lat w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Jest ona postrzegana jako wynik aktywnego procesu zapalnego. Ma cechy mikroskopowe, które są w pewnym sensie podobne do miażdżycy.1

Niedomykalność aortalna (regurgitacja aortalna) jest najczęstsza u mężczyzn w wieku od 30 do 60 lat. U dorosłych najczęstszą przyczyną ciężkiej niedomykalności aortalnej jest gorączka reumatyczna. Łagodne przypadki są często spowodowane dwupłatkową zastawką aortalną i ciężkim nadciśnieniem tętniczym (ciśnienie rozkurczowe powyżej 110 mm Hg). Inne przyczyny to:12

  • Zespół Marfana – choroba tkanki łącznej, w której pacjenci mają długie kości i bardzo elastyczne stawy1
  • Infekcyjne zapalenie wsierdzia1
  • Zesztywniające zapalenie stawów kręgosłupa (zapalenie stawów kręgosłupa)1
  • Rozwarstwiony tętniak aorty1
  • Stenoza aortalna – zwężenie zastawki aortalnej, które często powoduje pewien stopień niedomykalności aortalnej1
  • Zaburzenia tkanki łącznej lub chorób autoimmunologicznych, takich jak toczeń rumieniowaty układowy1

Choroba zastawki mitralnej

Stenoza mitralna jest spowodowana głównie przez chorobę reumatyczną serca, choć rzadko może być wynikiem kalcyfikacji. W niektórych przypadkach na płatkach mitralnych tworzą się wegetacje w wyniku zapalenia wsierdzia.12

Przyczyny stenozy mitralnej to:1

  • Nagromadzenie wapnia: Z wiekiem wapń we krwi może gromadzić się wokół zastawki mitralnej i ją utwardzać. Nagromadzenie wapnia jest najczęstszą przyczyną stenozy mitralnej1
  • Choroba reumatyczna serca: Gorączka reumatyczna była kiedyś częstym i poważnym powikłaniem paciorkowcowego zapalenia gardła, ale jej częstość znacznie spadła wraz z stosowaniem antybiotyków. Powikłania zastawki mitralnej mogą wystąpić wiele lat po przebytej gorączce reumatycznej1

Niedomykalność mitralna (regurgitacja mitralna) może być spowodowana rozszerzeniem lewego serca, często będącym konsekwencją niewydolności serca. W takich przypadkach lewa komora serca powiększa się i powoduje przemieszczenie przyczepionych mięśni brodawkowatych, które kontrolują zastawkę mitralną.1

Przyczyny niedomykalności mitralnej oraz czynniki, które mogą zwiększać jej ryzyko, to:12

  • Wypadanie zastawki mitralnej: Wypadanie jest najczęstszą przyczyną niedomykalności mitralnej i charakteryzuje się nadmiarem tkanki w zastawce, która uniemożliwia jej zamknięcie. Pewne odziedziczone geny mogą zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju wypadania. Jest również nazywane zespołem kliku-szmeru, zespołem Barlowa i zespołem wiotkiej zastawki1
  • Zawał serca powodujący powiększenie serca1
  • Przewlekłe nadciśnienie tętnicze1
  • Zespół Marfana – dziedziczne zaburzenie tkanki łącznej1
  • Gorączka reumatyczna1
  • Kalcyfikacja pierścienia mitralnego1
  • Infekcja wpływająca na wyściółkę komór serca i zastawki serca (infekcyjne zapalenie wsierdzia)1
  • Przyczyny wrodzone (obecne przy urodzeniu)1
  • Osłabienie mięśnia sercowego spowodowane zawałem serca1
  • Choroba reumatyczna serca1
  • Infekcje zastawki serca1
  • Osłabienie mięśnia sercowego, który rozszerzył się z powodu pierwotnej choroby mięśnia sercowego1
  • Czynniki dziedziczne u pacjentów z wiotką zastawką mitralną w wieku poniżej 40 lat1

Przyczyny wypadania zastawki mitralnej mogą obejmować:1

  • Pogorszenie stanu tkanki łącznej, szczególnie zastawek serca (zwyrodnienie śluzakowate)1
  • Zespół Barlowa1
  • Zespół Marfana1
  • Choroba reumatyczna serca1
  • Czynniki dziedziczne u części pacjentów z rodzinną historią wypadania zastawki mitralnej1

Choroba zastawki trójdzielnej

Stenoza zastawki trójdzielnej bez współistniejącej niedomykalności jest bardzo rzadka i zazwyczaj wynikiem choroby reumatycznej. Może być również wynikiem wrodzonych nieprawidłowości, zespołu rakowiaka, guzów prawego przedsionka (zwykle tłuszczaki lub śluzaki) lub zespołów hipereozynofilowych.1

Niedomykalność trójdzielna jest zwykle wtórna do rozszerzenia prawej komory, które może być spowodowane niewydolnością lewej komory (najczęstsza przyczyna), zawałem prawej komory, zawałem dolnej ściany mięśnia sercowego lub sercem płucnym (cor pulmonale).12

Choroba zastawki płucnej

Stenoza zastawki płucnej jest często wynikiem wrodzonych wad i występuje izolowanie lub jako część większego patologicznego procesu, jak w Tetralogii Fallota, zespole Noonan i wrodzonym zespole różyczki.1

Choroba zastawki płucnej może być również spowodowana przez kardiomiopatię, zawał serca lub infekcyjne zapalenie wsierdzia.1

Podsumowanie etiologii choroby zastawek serca

Choroba zastawek serca może być spowodowana wieloma czynnikami, od wrodzonych wad po nabyte schorzenia. Kluczowe przyczyny można podsumować następująco:123

  • Wrodzone wady zastawek serca – nieprawidłowości obecne przy urodzeniu, takie jak dwupłatkowa zastawka aortalna, anomalia Ebsteina, stenoza zastawki płucnej1
  • Zmiany związane z wiekiem – zwyrodnienie zastawek, kalcyfikacja zastawek, które dotykają głównie zastawkę aortalną, prowadząc do stenozy aortalnej12
  • Infekcje – infekcyjne zapalenie wsierdzia, gorączka reumatyczna123
  • Choroby autoimmunologiczne i tkanki łącznej – toczeń rumieniowaty układowy, zespół Marfana, zwyrodnienie śluzakowate12
  • Inne choroby serca – zawał serca, niewydolność serca, nadciśnienie tętnicze, kardiomiopatia, tętniak aorty123
  • Radioterapia klatki piersiowej – leczenie nowotworów w obszarze klatki piersiowej123
  • Urządzenia medyczne – defibrylatory i rozruszniki serca12
  • Leki – niektóre leki mogą przyspieszyć uszkodzenie zastawek12
  • Czynniki stylu życia – brak aktywności fizycznej, niezdrowe nawyki żywieniowe, palenie tytoniu, otyłość12
  • Czynniki ryzyka metabolicznego – cukrzyca, hipercholesterolemia, zaburzenia metaboliczne123

Zrozumienie etiologii choroby zastawek serca ma kluczowe znaczenie dla opracowania skutecznych strategii zapobiegania, wczesnego wykrywania i leczenia. Z uwagi na złożoność przyczyn i mechanizmów tej choroby, podejście do pacjentów powinno być zindywidualizowane, uwzględniające specyficzne czynniki ryzyka i współistniejące schorzenia.123

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Heart Valve Diseases – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH
    https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart-valve-diseases/causes
    Your heart has four valves that open and close to allow blood to flow through. Heart valve diseases develop when these valves do not work properly. Problems with your heart valves can either be present at birth or be acquired over time. […] Congenital heart valve diseases develop before a baby is born, because of problems in the way the heart forms. These valve conditions can occur alone or along with other congenital heart defects. […] Some congenital heart valve diseases are inherited, which means the heart valve defect is caused by specific genes that are passed to a child from the parents. […] You may develop heart valve disease as you age, or because of medicine you take or a procedure you have. […] Risk factors include: Age: Older age can be a risk factor, especially if your lifestyle habits also raise your risk.
  • #1 Valvular heart disease | Heart and Stroke Foundation
    https://www.heartandstroke.ca/heart-disease/conditions/valvular-heart-disease
    Heart valve disease can develop before or at birth (congenital causes) or normal valves may become damaged during ones lifetime (acquired causes). The cause of valvular heart disease is not always known. Support for more research into the causes of valvular heart disease is needed. […] Congenital valvular heart disease is a birth defect that may involve a heart valve being the wrong size or the wrong shape, or its valve flaps (leaflets) not being properly attached to the heart. […] Bicuspid aortic valve disease is a congenital defect that affects the aortic valve. Instead of the normal three leaflets, the bicuspid aortic valve has only two leaflets. Without the third leaflet, the valve is unable to open or close properly, is more prone to aortic valve stenosis, and may lead to regurgitation.
  • #1 Heart Valve Problems and Causes | American Heart Association
    https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes
    Many heart valve problems are first identified by the presence of a murmur, or sound that can be heard by listening to the heartbeat with a stethoscope. […] The causes of valve problems can often be linked to birth defects, related to age or caused by another condition. […] Congenital defects (abnormalities present at birth): Aortic valve stenosis, Ebstein’s anomaly, Pulmonary valve stenosis, Bicuspid aortic valve. […] Aging and age-related valve disease include: Degenerative valve disease – Over time valves can slowly degenerate. […] Calcification due to aging – Lipid deposits, inflammation, fibrosis and calcification can lead to thickening of the heart valves, most commonly affecting the aortic valve, leading to aortic stenosis. […] Mediastinal radiation therapy (radiation to the chest) – Studies have shown childhood cancer survivors who had radiation therapy have an increased chance of valve disease later in life. […] Related illnesses and conditions that can cause valve problems: Infective endocarditis, Injury, Rheumatic fever. […] These conditions can cause one or more of the heart valves to leak blood backward into the heart chambers or fail to open fully.
  • #1 Valvular Heart Disease | Heart and Vascular
    https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/heart-vascular/valvular-heart-disease
    Heart valve disease can take on several forms. Valvular heart disease may stem from a valve that is so narrow it obstructs your normal blood flow. This is known as stenosis. […] A third category of valvular heart disease is known as atresia. This is an abnormal condition at birth, in which the valve does not have an opening but rather a solid piece of tissue. This tissue blocks your blood flow. […] You may have been born with an abnormal heart valve. You can also develop valvular heart disease due to aging and other factors. […] Contributors to heart valve disease include: […] As you age, your valves may develop calcium deposits or plaque. […] Some heart valve diseases run in families. A family history of coronary heart disease can increase your risk. […] Being sedentary, smoking or eating an unhealthy diet can all contribute to valvular heart disease.
  • #1 Causes of Valvular Heart Disease | Stanford Health Care
    https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/valvular-heart-disease/causes.html
    Valve disease has several potential causes: […] Changes related to aging, including tissue becoming weaker and substances from the blood collecting on the valve […] Damage from: […] Heart attack […] Infection (endocarditis) […] Rare diseases and conditions, such as rheumatic heart disease, untreated syphilis, myxomatous degeneration, and Marfan syndrome […] Congenital heart disease present at birth, including: […] Bicuspid aortic valve […] Ebstein’s anomaly […] Tetralogy of Fallot […] Tricuspid atresia.
  • #1 Valve Defects and Diagnosis | Edwards Lifesciences
    https://www.edwards.com/patients-care-partners/heart-valves-disease-information/valve-defects
    Causes of heart valve disease Heart valves can fail by becoming narrowed (stenotic) so that they block the flow of blood or leaky (regurgitant) so that blood flows backward in the heart. Sometimes a valve is both stenotic and regurgitant. A variety of conditions can cause these heart valve abnormalities. […] Degenerative valve disease is a common cause of valvular dysfunction. Most commonly affecting the mitral valve, it is a progressive process that represents slow degeneration from mitral valve prolapse (improper leaflet movement), a condition that affects 4-5 percent of the general population. Over time, the attachments of the valve thin out or rupture, and the leaflets become floppy and redundant. This leads to leakage through the valve. […] A chest X-ray can be important in the detection of calcium deposits in the heart, such as on heart valves.
  • #1 Aortic valve stenosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353139
    Calcium buildup on the valve, called aortic valve calcification. Calcium is a mineral found in the blood. As blood moves over the aortic valve, calcium can collect on the valve. The calcium deposits may never cause any problems. Aortic valve stenosis that’s related to increasing age and calcium deposit buildup usually doesn’t cause symptoms until age 70 or 80. But in some people particularly those with changes in the aortic valve at birth calcium deposits might cause the valve to narrow at a younger age. […] Rheumatic fever. This complication of untreated strep throat can damage the heart valves. It may cause scar tissue to form on the aortic valve. Scar tissue can narrow the aortic valve opening. It also may make a rough surface on which calcium deposits can collect.
  • #1 Aortic valve stenosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353139
    Aortic valve stenosis is a type of heart valve disease, also called valvular heart disease. […] The prevalence is felt to be 6% or greater in each grade, age 75 or older here in the United States. It’s felt a result from an active inflammatory process. It has microscopic features which are in some ways similar to atherosclerosis. […] Risk factors for the development of aortic stenosis include high blood pressure, abnormal lipids, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Some individuals are felt to be genetically predisposed aortic stenosis. […] Aortic valve stenosis causes include: Heart condition present at birth, called a congenital heart defect. Some children are born with an aortic valve that has only two cusps instead of the usual three. If there are only two cusps, it’s called a bicuspid aortic valve. Rarely, an aortic valve may have one or four cusps.
  • #1 About Heart Valve Disease | Heart Disease | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/heart-valve-disease.html
    Heart valve disease is when any valve in the heart has damage or is diseased. There are several causes of valve disease. […] There are several causes of heart valve disease, including congenital conditions (being born with it), infections, degenerative conditions (wearing out with age), and conditions linked to other types of heart disease. […] Rheumatic disease can happen after an infection from the bacteria that causes strep throat is not treated with antibiotics. The infection can cause scarring of the heart valve. This is the most common cause of valve disease worldwide, but it is much less common in the United States, where most strep infections are treated early with antibiotics. It is, however, more common in the United States among people born before 1943. […] Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart caused by a severe infection in the blood. The infection can damage the heart valve. Intravenous drug use can also lead to endocarditis and cause heart valve disease.
  • #1 Heart Valve Disease Causes, Symptoms, Treatments
    https://www.upmc.com/services/heart-vascular/conditions/heart-valve-disease
    Heart valve disease, also referred to as valvular heart disease, occurs when one or more of your heart valves don’t work properly. […] Causes of and risk factors heart valve disease may include: […] Birth defects, age-related changes, infections, or other conditions can damage one or more of your heart’s valves. […] Damage resulting from an infection. […] Damage resulting from a heart attack. […] Myxomatous degeneration, an inherited connective tissue disorder that weakens the heart valve tissue. […] Syphilis, if left untreated.
  • #1 Valvular heart disease – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease
    Rheumatic heart disease resulting from rheumatic fever is referred to as rheumatic heart disease. Acute rheumatic fever, which frequently manifests with carditis and valvulitis, is a late sequela of Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus infection in the throat, often lagging the initial infection by weeks to months. […] Diseases of the aortic root can cause chronic aortic regurgitation. These diseases include syphilitic aortitis, Behet’s disease, and reactive arthritis. […] Tricuspid regurgitation is usually secondary to right ventricular dilation which may be due to left ventricular failure (the most common cause), right ventricular infarction, inferior myocardial infarction, or cor pulmonale.
  • #1 Heart Valve Disease: Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17639-what-you-need-to-know-heart-valve-disease
    Heart valve disease refers to any of several conditions that prevent one or more of the valves in your heart from working right. […] Common heart valve disease causes include: Rheumatic fever from strep throat that wasnt treated, Heart attack that damages your heart, High blood pressure (advanced), A congenital (present at birth) issue, like a pulmonary or aortic valve that didnt develop right, Decline or calcification of the valve tissue, with loss of function over time, Thoracic aortic aneurysm (widening of your aorta, which stretches the aortic valve leaflets and can cause leakage), Heart failure, Infection in your heart (infective endocarditis), Lupus, Marfan syndrome.
  • #1
    https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/heart-valve-disease/
    Atherosclerosis: The buildup of plaque in the arteries can also affect the valves, particularly the aortic valve. […] High Blood Pressure: Chronic hypertension can cause the heart to work harder, potentially leading to valve damage. […] Cardiomyopathy: Diseases of the heart muscle can also affect the function of the heart valves. […] Connective Tissue Disorders: Conditions like Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome can affect the structure and function of heart valves. […] Autoimmune Diseases: Conditions like lupus can cause inflammation in the body, which may affect heart valves. […] Radiation Therapy: In some cases, radiation therapy for cancer treatment can inadvertently damage heart valves.
  • #1 Aortic Valve Disease > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
    https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/aortic-valve-disease
    Aortic heart valve disease can be congenital (meaning it is present from birth) or it can develop later in life. […] About 1 to 2% of babies are born with a bicuspid aortic valve (BAV). Normally, the aortic valve has three leaflets, or cusps, but newborns who are born with a bicuspid valve only have two cusps. In some cases, the BAV is unable to open fully, leading to aortic stenosis. In other cases, however, the BAV cannot close completely, resulting in aortic insufficiency. Often, a BAV does not cause symptoms until adulthood. Other congenital aortic valve defects can also cause aortic stenosis or insufficiency. […] A number of conditions can lead to aortic valve disease, including: Aging. Deterioration from wear and tear, and the buildup of calcium in the valves leaflets (making them stiff and consequently less able to open or close properly) can cause aortic stenosis or insufficiency. Aortic valve disease is most common among older people. […] Several diseases and infections can cause aortic valve disease, including rheumatic fever, endocarditis, Marfan syndrome, syphilis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, and high blood pressure.
  • #1 Diseases of the Aortic Valve | The Texas Heart Institute®
    https://www.texasheart.org/heart-health/heart-information-center/topics/diseases-of-the-aortic-valve/
    Diseases of the heart valves are grouped according to which valve or valves are involved and the amount of blood flow that is disrupted by the problem. The most common and serious valve problems happen in the mitral and aortic valves. […] Two diseases of the aortic valve are regurgitation and stenosis. […] Aortic regurgitation is most common in men between the ages of 30 and 60. In adults, the most common cause of severe aortic regurgitation is rheumatic fever. Mild cases are often caused by a bicuspid aortic valve (where the valve has 2 leaflets instead of 3) and severe high blood pressure (a diastolic pressure more than 110 mm Hg). Other causes, though rare, may include Marfan syndrome, a connective tissue condition where patients have long bones and very flexible joints. Endocarditis. Ankylosing spondylitis (arthritis of the spine) Dissecting aortic aneurysm. Aortic stenosis, a narrowing of the aortic valve that often causes some degree of aortic regurgitation.
  • #1 Heart valve disease – BHF
    https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/heart-valve-disease
    Heart valve disease is when one or more of your heart valves do not work like they should. […] The main causes of heart valve disease are: being born with an abnormal valve (congenital heart disease), such as bicuspid aortic valve […] if you’ve had rheumatic fever […] cardiomyopathy, a disease of the heart muscle […] damage to the heart muscle from a heart attack […] getting older […] infection to your heart (endocarditis).
  • #1 Heart Valve Disease: Treatment and Types | Froedtert & MCW
    https://www.froedtert.com/heart-valve-disease
    Heart valve disease can be caused by a number of factors, and each valve may be affected differently. […] Causes of heart valve disease can include: Infection, Heart muscle failure, Heart attack, Coronary artery disease, Chest radiation for cancer treatment, Calcification in the heart related to aging and other risk factors. […] Rheumatic fever is the most common cause of heart valve disease worldwide, but the availability of antibiotics makes this much less common in the U.S.
  • #1 Heart valve disease — symptoms, causes, treatment | healthdirect
    https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-valve-disease
    Heart valve disease can be caused by ageing, heart attacks, heart failure, genetics, or infection or scarring of your heart valves. […] There are many causes of heart valve disease, including: congenital heart valve disease, endocarditis, rheumatic fever an infection that scars your heart valves, heart attack, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, genetics family history of heart valve disease, ageing as you get older, calcium may collect on your heart valves causing aortic stenosis. Ageing may also cause degenerative valve disease, meaning over time a valve does not work well. […] Sometimes, it is not possible to know what caused your heart valve disease.
  • #1 Heart Valve Diseases – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH
    https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart-valve-diseases/causes
    Family history: Mitral valve prolapse and bicuspid aortic valve problems can run in families. A family history of early coronary heart disease can also raise your risk of developing a heart valve disease. […] Lifestyle habits: Risk factors for other types of heart disease may put you at risk for heart valve diseases, too. These include a lack of physical activity, unhealthy eating patterns, smoking, and obesity. […] Medical devices: Defibrillators and pacemakers can rub against a valve and create scar tissue or stimulate the heart to beat out of rhythm, which can stretch a heart valve. […] Other conditions: High blood pressure, diabetes, autoimmune disorders such as lupus, and other heart conditions can raise your risk of heart valve diseases. […] Radiation treatment for cancer can cause issues such as thickening and narrowing of heart valves. […] Your family history and the genes you inherit can increase your risk of developing a heart valve disease.
  • #1 Heart Valve Disease Causes | National Jewish Health
    https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/heart-valve-disease/causes
    Rheumatic fever was the single biggest cause of valve disease before widespread availability of good antibiotics. […] Most valvular disease in the United States at the current time is due to: […] Myxomatous degeneration: Age-related degeneration – It happens most often in elderly patients and commonly affects the mitral valve. […] Calcific degeneration: A buildup of calcium on the aortic or mitral valves due to age or other reasons causes thickened valves which prevents them from closing well. […] Congenital (genetic) disease: Irregularly-shaped valves that people are born with. […] Weight loss medicines such as fen-phen and Redux: These can accelerate valvular damage. […] Endocarditis: An infection in the lining of the heart’s walls and valves. Sometimes infections can destroy the valves. […] Coronary artery disease: This can cause functional limitations in the parts of the heart muscle which support the heart valves. […] Hypertension: Can lead to degeneration (wear and tear injuries).
  • #1 Causes | SCAI – Seconds Count
    https://www.secondscount.org/condition/heart-valve-disease/causes
    Congenital disorders, such as bicuspid aortic valve disease and Marfans syndrome, affect connective tissues like cartilage, which can affect the shape and function of heart valves. […] Some diet medications have been linked to heart valve problems. […] A heart attack can damage or scar the heart muscle that supports the valve structure, causing the valve to leak. […] Cardiomyopathy is a condition that affects the heart muscle (also called congestive heart failure), causing the heart to enlarge. […] Infections can travel from other parts of your body, such as your gums, skin, and lungs, to your bloodstream and eventually find a spot on the heart valves, causing damage. […] Recurrent and untreated strep throat can result in rheumatic fever, which leads to heart valve infection and damage. […] Certain metabolic disorders like Fabrys disease, high blood cholesterol, or parathyroid conditions may be associated with enzyme or mineral imbalances that damage heart valves.
  • #1 Heart Valve Disease
    https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/diseases-conditions/heart-valve-disease/
    Heart valve disease can be linked to congenital heart defects. However, other conditions, traits or habits may also play a role in raising your risk for this disease. These are known as risk factors. […] As you age the shape or flexibility of your valve can change. […] Family history/genetics […] Diabetes: When your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high […] High cholesterol […] High blood pressure […] Obesity or having a body mass index BMI of 30 or greater […] Little to no physical activity […] Long history of cigarette smoking and/or drug abuse […] Malignancy cancerous spread […] Endocarditis […] Autoimmune disease: a condition in which your immune system mistakenly attacks your body (e.g., lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma) […] Radiation therapy […] Some diet medicines […] Cardiomyopathy […] Thyroid disease: a condition that is caused by the over or under function of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is an essential organ for producing thyroid hormones, which maintains the bodys metabolism.
  • #1 Heart Valve Disease and Heart Failure
    https://www.heartfailurematters.org/heart-failure-causes-and-other-common-medical-conditions/valvular-heart-disease-and-heart-failure/
    Valvular Heart Disease (VHD) can be defined as a disease process involving one or more of the four valves of the heart. […] Valves can become damaged as a natural consequence of ageing, or due to rheumatic heart disease, or a bacterial infection affecting the valves or as a consequence of a congenital abnormality. […] Irrespective of the cause leading to VHD, alterations to the valve can result in one or both of the following conditions: 1. valve insufficiency (often referred to as valve regurgitation) whereby the valve in unable to prevent the backflow of blood due to the leaflets of the valve not correctly connecting; 2. valve stenosis which is a narrowing of the valvular opening, therefore blocking an adequate outflow of blood, which is particularly noticeable on exercise, as the heart cannot increase the flow of blood required. […] Aortic regurgitation is caused by a leakage of blood through of the aortic valve back into the left ventricle. […] Mitral insufficiency is the most common VHD and is due to an inability of the mitral valve to close properly when the heart pumps blood out from the left ventricle into the aorta.
  • #1
    https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/heart-valve-disease
    Heart valve disease occurs if one of more of your heart valves doesn’t work properly. […] The two most common forms of heart valve disease are: […] Stenosis (or narrowing of the valve): The valve(s) opening becomes narrowed, limiting the flow of blood out of the ventricles or atria. […] Regurgitation (or leakage of the valve): The valve(s) does not close completely, causing the blood to flow backward through the valve. […] Heart valves can develop both malfunctions at the same time (regurgitation and stenosis). […] Aortic valve stenosis […] This type of valve disease occurs primarily in the elderly and is characterized by a narrowing of the aortic valve opening, increasing resistance to blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta. […] Aortic regurgitation results in blood leaking from the aortic valve into the left ventricle.
  • #1 Valvular heart disease – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease
    Valvular heart disease is any cardiovascular disease process involving one or more of the four valves of the heart (the aortic and mitral valves on the left side of heart and the pulmonic and tricuspid valves on the right side of heart). These conditions occur largely as a consequence of aging, but may also be the result of congenital (inborn) abnormalities or specific disease or physiologic processes including rheumatic heart disease and pregnancy. […] Aortic stenosis is typically the result of valvular calcification but may be the result of a congenitally malformed bicuspid aortic valve. This defect is characterized by the presence of only two valve leaflets. It may occur in isolation or in concert with other cardiac anomalies. […] Aortic insufficiency, or regurgitation, is characterized by an inability of the valve leaflets to appropriately close at the end systole, thus allowing blood to flow inappropriately backward into the left ventricle. Causes of aortic insufficiency in the majority of cases are unknown, or idiopathic. It may be the result of connective tissue or immune disorders, such as Marfan syndrome or systemic lupus erythematosus, respectively.
  • #1 Valvular heart disease – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease
    Mitral stenosis is caused largely by rheumatic heart disease, though is rarely the result of calcification. In some cases, vegetations form on the mitral leaflets as a result of endocarditis, an inflammation of the heart tissue. […] Mitral insufficiency can be caused by dilation of the left heart, often a consequence of heart failure. In these cases, the left ventricle of the heart becomes enlarged and causes displacement of the attached papillary muscles, which control the mitral. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis is often the result of congenital malformations and is observed in isolation or as part of a larger pathologic process, as in Tetralogy of Fallot, Noonan syndrome, and congenital rubella syndrome. […] Tricuspid valve stenosis without co-occurrent regurgitation is highly uncommon and typically the result of rheumatic disease. It may also be the result of congenital abnormalities, carcinoid syndrome, obstructive right atrial tumors (typically lipomas or myxomas), or hypereosinophilic syndromes.
  • #1 Mitral Valve Disease Causes & Diagnosis | Northwestern Medicine
    https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/heart-and-vascular/conditions-and-treatments/mitral-valve-disease/causes-and-diagnoses
    Causes of mitral valve insufficiency/regurgitation may include: Rheumatic fever, Mitral valve prolapse, Mitral annulus calcification, An infection that affects the lining of the hearts chambers and the heart valves (infective endocarditis), Congenital causes (present at birth), Weakened heart muscle caused by a heart attack, Rheumatic heart disease, Infections of the heart valve, Weakness of the heart muscle that has dilated due to primary heart muscle disease, Hereditary factors in patients with floppy mitral valve under the age of 40 years. […] Causes of mitral valve prolapse may include: Deterioration of connective tissue, particularly the hearts valves (Myxomatous degeneration), Barlow syndrome, Marfan syndrome, Rheumatic heart disease, Hereditary factors in a portion of patients with a family history of mitral valve prolapse. […] The most common cause of mitral stenosis is rheumatic fever (an inflammatory disease that may develop after an infection with streptococcus bacteria, such as strep throat or scarlet fever).
  • #1 Etiology of Valvular Heart Disease
    https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/circj/78/8/78_CJ-14-0510/_html/-char/en
    Valvular heart disease occurs as either a congenital or acquired condition and advances in medical care have resulted in valve disease becoming increasingly prevalent. […] Unfortunately, treatments remain inadequate because of our limited understanding of the genetic and molecular etiology of diseases affecting the heart valves. […] Essential to developing new non-invasive therapies for VHD is the elucidation of the primary etiologic contributors to disease development and progression. Congenital valve malformations are primarily the result of perturbation of the genes that regulate normal heart valve development. For acquired valve disease, exposure to non-genetic risk factors, such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, tobacco use, and rheumatic heart disease, are proposed as primary disease contributors.
  • #1 Etiology of Valvular Heart Disease
    https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/circj/78/8/78_CJ-14-0510/_html/-char/en
    CAVD is associated with endothelial dysfunction, lipid accumulation and inflammatory cell infiltration. […] Environmental factors are thought to increase the risk for development of CAVD by a process initiated by endothelial cell dysfunction that results in activation of VICs leading to the expression of bone development genes, including Runx2, Osteopontin and Osteocalcin, as found in calcified human aortic valves. […] Those studies demonstrated that valve development genes may potentially play a role in this adult-onset disease and the mechanisms by which loss of Notch signaling leads to calcification are being investigated.
  • #1 Etiology of Valvular Heart Disease
    https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/circj/78/8/78_CJ-14-0510/_html/-char/en
    Although the mechanisms of congenital and acquired valve disease are not fully understood, the pathogenesis is thought to stem from the interplay of genetic and environmental influences. However, there is increasing evidence to suggest that genes critical for normal valve development may play roles in the development of acquired VHD. […] The sequencing of the human genome and advances in genetic technologies have contributed to the discovery of VHD-causing genes. Congenital anomalies of each of the 4 heart valves have been described, and these malformations disrupt normal valvular function. […] Not surprisingly, the same genes and molecular pathways implicated in heart valve development have been found to be mutated in humans with congenital VHD and are being found to play a role in acquired VHD.
  • #1 Etiology of Valvular Heart Disease
    https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/circj/78/8/78_CJ-14-0510/_article
    Valvular heart disease occurs as either a congenital or acquired condition and advances in medical care have resulted in valve disease becoming increasingly prevalent. […] Unfortunately, treatments remain inadequate because of our limited understanding of the genetic and molecular etiology of diseases affecting the heart valves. […] Over the past decade, there have been significant advances in our understanding of cardiac valve development and, not surprisingly, mutations in these developmental genes have been identified in humans with congenital valve malformations. […] Concurrently, there has been a greater realization that acquired valve disease is not simply a degenerative process. […] Molecular investigation of acquired valve disease has identified that numerous signaling pathways critical for normal valve development are re-expressed in diseased valves. […] This review will discuss recent advances in our understanding of the development of the heart valves, as well as the implications of these findings on the genetics of congenital and acquired valvular heart disease.
  • #1 Causes of Mitral Valve Stenosis/Regurgitation | Stanford Health Care
    https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/mitral-valve-stenosis-regurgitation/causes.html
    Mitral valve stenosis and regurgitation each have their own set of possible causes. […] Potential stenosis causes include: Calcium buildup: As we age, calcium in the blood can collect around the mitral valve and harden it. Calcium buildup is the most common cause of mitral stenosis. […] Rheumatic heart disease: Rheumatic fever was once a common and serious complication of strep throat, but the frequency has significantly declined with the use of antibiotics. Mitral valve complications can occur years after you have rheumatic fever. […] Potential regurgitation causes, as well as factors that can increase your risk, include: Mitral valve prolapse: Prolapse is the most common cause of mitral regurgitation, and features extra tissue in the valve that keeps it from closing. Certain inherited genes can increase your risk of developing prolapse. It is also called click-murmur syndrome, Barlows syndrome, and floppy valve syndrome. […] Heart attack causing the heart to enlarge. […] Chronic hypertension, or high blood pressure. […] Marfan syndrome, an inherited connective tissue disorder.
  • #1 Heart Valve Diseases – What Are Heart Valve Diseases? | NHLBI, NIH
    https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart-valve-diseases
    Heart valve diseases are problems affecting one or more of the four valves in the heart. […] The causes of heart valve diseases vary from person to person. You may be born with a heart valve problem, or it may happen because of age or an infection. […] If not diagnosed and treated promptly, heart valve problems can lead to arrhythmia, infection, high blood pressure in the lungs, heart failure, or cardiac arrest.
  • #2 Heart valve disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-valve-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353727
    Heart valve disease may include a narrowed valve, called valve stenosis. […] Sometimes, blood moves backward through a valve. This is called valve regurgitation. […] Some people are born with heart valve disease. This is called congenital heart valve disease. But adults can get heart valve disease too. Causes of heart valve disease in adults may include infections, age-related changes and other heart conditions.
  • #2 About Heart Valve Disease | Heart Disease | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/heart-valve-disease.html
    Congenital heart valve disease is malformations of the heart valves. The most commonly affected valve with a congenital defect is a bicuspid aortic valve. […] Other types of heart disease: Heart failure. Heart failure happens when the heart cannot pump enough blood and oxygen to support other organs in your body. […] A heart attack (also known as myocardial infarction or MI), which can damage the muscles that control the opening and closing of the valve. […] Other causes for heart valve disease: Autoimmune disease, such as lupus. […] The aging process, which can cause calcium deposits to develop on the heart valves, making them stiff or thickened and less efficient with age.
  • #2 Causes of Valvular Heart Disease | Stanford Health Care
    https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/valvular-heart-disease/causes.html
    Valve disease has several potential causes: […] Changes related to aging, including tissue becoming weaker and substances from the blood collecting on the valve […] Damage from: […] Heart attack […] Infection (endocarditis) […] Rare diseases and conditions, such as rheumatic heart disease, untreated syphilis, myxomatous degeneration, and Marfan syndrome […] Congenital heart disease present at birth, including: […] Bicuspid aortic valve […] Ebstein’s anomaly […] Tetralogy of Fallot […] Tricuspid atresia.
  • #2 Etiology of Valvular Heart Disease
    https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/circj/78/8/78_CJ-14-0510/_html/-char/en
    Although the mechanisms of congenital and acquired valve disease are not fully understood, the pathogenesis is thought to stem from the interplay of genetic and environmental influences. However, there is increasing evidence to suggest that genes critical for normal valve development may play roles in the development of acquired VHD. […] The sequencing of the human genome and advances in genetic technologies have contributed to the discovery of VHD-causing genes. Congenital anomalies of each of the 4 heart valves have been described, and these malformations disrupt normal valvular function. […] Not surprisingly, the same genes and molecular pathways implicated in heart valve development have been found to be mutated in humans with congenital VHD and are being found to play a role in acquired VHD.
  • #2 Heart Valve Problems and Causes | American Heart Association
    https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes
    Many heart valve problems are first identified by the presence of a murmur, or sound that can be heard by listening to the heartbeat with a stethoscope. […] The causes of valve problems can often be linked to birth defects, related to age or caused by another condition. […] Congenital defects (abnormalities present at birth): Aortic valve stenosis, Ebstein’s anomaly, Pulmonary valve stenosis, Bicuspid aortic valve. […] Aging and age-related valve disease include: Degenerative valve disease – Over time valves can slowly degenerate. […] Calcification due to aging – Lipid deposits, inflammation, fibrosis and calcification can lead to thickening of the heart valves, most commonly affecting the aortic valve, leading to aortic stenosis. […] Mediastinal radiation therapy (radiation to the chest) – Studies have shown childhood cancer survivors who had radiation therapy have an increased chance of valve disease later in life. […] Related illnesses and conditions that can cause valve problems: Infective endocarditis, Injury, Rheumatic fever. […] These conditions can cause one or more of the heart valves to leak blood backward into the heart chambers or fail to open fully.
  • #2 Heart Valve Disease: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
    https://patient.info/heart-health/heart-valves-and-valve-disease
    Heart valve disease can be caused by degenerative changes, rheumatic heart disease, and other factors. […] Degenerative changes are the most common cause of leaky heart valves (heart valve regurgitation). The structures supporting the heart valves weaken and stretch over time and this prevents the valves from closing properly. […] Rheumatic heart disease refers to any heart problem which develops after having an episode of rheumatic fever. […] Other causes of heart valve disease include deposits of calcium (calcification) in parts of the valve, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, congenital heart problems, infection of the valve (infective endocarditis), and complications following heart valve surgery.
  • #2 Heart valve disease module 1: epidemiology – The British Journal of Cardiology
    https://bjcardio.co.uk/2016/03/heart-valve-disease-module-1-epidemiology-2/
    Heart valve disease is as common as heart failure. The population prevalence is 2.5% rising to over 10% in people aged more than 75. Rheumatic fever is the most common cause of valve disease in the young but predominates in industrially underdeveloped regions. In industrially developed countries, the incidence of rheumatic disease declined after the second half of the 20th century. With increased longevity, valve conditions characteristic of old-age now predominate. The most common are calcific aortic stenosis and functional mitral regurgitation. There has also been a rise in new diseases induced by drugs or therapeutic irradiation, an increase in endocarditis related to intravenous drug use, device implantation and haemodialysis and a rise in the number of operations as a result of failing replacement heart valves. The valve lesions caused by drugs resemble those from carcinoid tumours. The drugs known to cause valve disease are either themselves or have metabolites that are agonists at 5HT2B receptors. Drug-induced lesions are similar to those found in carcinoid disease. Pergolide and cabergoline cause valve disease when used in the relatively large doses necessary for Parkinsons disease. […] The carcinoid syndrome develops in about one half as a result of hepatic spread and carcinoid heart disease develops in 40% of these. The cardiac lesions are caused by the paraneoplastic effects of vasoactive substances, notably 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HT).
  • #2 Valvular heart disease | Heart and Stroke Foundation
    https://www.heartandstroke.ca/heart-disease/conditions/valvular-heart-disease
    Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that can affect the heart valves if it isnt treated properly. Rheumatic fever usually starts as strep throat or an infection involving strep (streptococcal bacteria). Heart valves may be damaged or scarred as the body fights the strep infection. […] Infective (bacterial) endocarditis occurs when common germs travel through the bloodstream to the heart and infect the surface of the heart, including the heart valves. People with valvular heart disease are at a higher risk of developing infective endocarditis. […] Age can also be a factor, as heart valve problems may result from degenerative changes, or normal wear and tear of aging.
  • #2 Causes | SCAI – Seconds Count
    https://www.secondscount.org/condition/heart-valve-disease/causes
    Congenital disorders, such as bicuspid aortic valve disease and Marfans syndrome, affect connective tissues like cartilage, which can affect the shape and function of heart valves. […] Some diet medications have been linked to heart valve problems. […] A heart attack can damage or scar the heart muscle that supports the valve structure, causing the valve to leak. […] Cardiomyopathy is a condition that affects the heart muscle (also called congestive heart failure), causing the heart to enlarge. […] Infections can travel from other parts of your body, such as your gums, skin, and lungs, to your bloodstream and eventually find a spot on the heart valves, causing damage. […] Recurrent and untreated strep throat can result in rheumatic fever, which leads to heart valve infection and damage. […] Certain metabolic disorders like Fabrys disease, high blood cholesterol, or parathyroid conditions may be associated with enzyme or mineral imbalances that damage heart valves.
  • #2 Valvular heart disease – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease
    Rheumatic heart disease resulting from rheumatic fever is referred to as rheumatic heart disease. Acute rheumatic fever, which frequently manifests with carditis and valvulitis, is a late sequela of Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus infection in the throat, often lagging the initial infection by weeks to months. […] Diseases of the aortic root can cause chronic aortic regurgitation. These diseases include syphilitic aortitis, Behet’s disease, and reactive arthritis. […] Tricuspid regurgitation is usually secondary to right ventricular dilation which may be due to left ventricular failure (the most common cause), right ventricular infarction, inferior myocardial infarction, or cor pulmonale.
  • #2 Heart Valve Disease: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian
    https://www.nyp.org/heart/heart-valves/symptoms
    Heart valve disease may be caused by congenital conditions (being born with it), infection, degenerative conditions progressing with age, and conditions related to other types of heart disease. Heart valve disease causes include: […] Congenital valve heart disease can prevent the heart valves from developing correctly or prevent valve flaps (leaflets) from properly attaching to the heart. […] Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the body’s connective tissue. People with Marfan syndrome may develop mitral valve prolapse and aortic valve regurgitation. […] Rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can affect the heart valves if it is not treated properly […] Endocarditis, an infection of the inner lining of the heart and heart valves that is caused by a blood infection […] Heart attack […] Heart failure […] Degeneration or calcification of the valve tissue that occurs over time […] Certain medications.
  • #2 Mitral Valve Disease Causes & Diagnosis | Northwestern Medicine
    https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/heart-and-vascular/conditions-and-treatments/mitral-valve-disease/causes-and-diagnoses
    Causes of mitral valve insufficiency/regurgitation may include: Rheumatic fever, Mitral valve prolapse, Mitral annulus calcification, An infection that affects the lining of the hearts chambers and the heart valves (infective endocarditis), Congenital causes (present at birth), Weakened heart muscle caused by a heart attack, Rheumatic heart disease, Infections of the heart valve, Weakness of the heart muscle that has dilated due to primary heart muscle disease, Hereditary factors in patients with floppy mitral valve under the age of 40 years. […] Causes of mitral valve prolapse may include: Deterioration of connective tissue, particularly the hearts valves (Myxomatous degeneration), Barlow syndrome, Marfan syndrome, Rheumatic heart disease, Hereditary factors in a portion of patients with a family history of mitral valve prolapse. […] The most common cause of mitral stenosis is rheumatic fever (an inflammatory disease that may develop after an infection with streptococcus bacteria, such as strep throat or scarlet fever).
  • #2 Causes of Valve Disease | Adventist Heart Institute
    https://www.adventistheart.org/valve-disease/causes-of-valve-disease/index.html
    While the causes of congenital valve defects, those present from birth, are unknown, there are a number of known causes of acquired heart valve problems. Aging is often the main culprit, as simple wear and tear may take its toll on a healthy heart over a long life, or cause minor existing valve problems to worsen. Heart valve disease is more common than previously simply because people are living longer. Lifestyle choices can also have an effect, as resulting high blood pressure or heart disease can also damage the valves in the heart. Some valves are more susceptible than others to damage from certain sources. […] Some causes of valve disorders: Congenital malformations, Degenerative changes due to aging, Damage to the valves from high blood pressure or atherosclerosis, Damage to the muscles controlling the valves due to heart attack, Certain infections, primarily rheumatic fever (a rare childhood illness), bacterial endocarditis (infection of the hearts inner lining and valves), or syphilis, Disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), or certain cancers in distant parts of the body, Certain medications, such as the diet drug Fen-Phen, or methysergide, used to treat migraines, Radiation therapy to the chest for cancer treatment. […] People with any of these conditions are at greater risk of developing heart valve disease, and should work with their physician to minimize their risk.
  • #2 Aortic Valve Disease > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
    https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/aortic-valve-disease
    Aortic heart valve disease can be congenital (meaning it is present from birth) or it can develop later in life. […] About 1 to 2% of babies are born with a bicuspid aortic valve (BAV). Normally, the aortic valve has three leaflets, or cusps, but newborns who are born with a bicuspid valve only have two cusps. In some cases, the BAV is unable to open fully, leading to aortic stenosis. In other cases, however, the BAV cannot close completely, resulting in aortic insufficiency. Often, a BAV does not cause symptoms until adulthood. Other congenital aortic valve defects can also cause aortic stenosis or insufficiency. […] A number of conditions can lead to aortic valve disease, including: Aging. Deterioration from wear and tear, and the buildup of calcium in the valves leaflets (making them stiff and consequently less able to open or close properly) can cause aortic stenosis or insufficiency. Aortic valve disease is most common among older people. […] Several diseases and infections can cause aortic valve disease, including rheumatic fever, endocarditis, Marfan syndrome, syphilis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, and high blood pressure.
  • #2 Causes | SCAI – Seconds Count
    https://www.secondscount.org/condition/heart-valve-disease/causes
    Your risk of developing heart valve disease is influenced by a variety of factors, including age and gender, family history, and your overall health history, including certain health conditions. […] Men* (assigned male at birth) over 65 and women (assigned female at birth) over 75 are at greater risk for acquired valve disease. […] Some valve problems may run in families. […] Certain infections (such as rheumatic fever at a young age), heart failure, kidney disease, hypertension, or metabolic disorders can increase your risk of heart valve disease. […] Persistent high blood pressure can overwork and enlarge your heart. […] Autoimmune diseases like lupus can cause inflammation that affects the heart valve leaflets and damages the valves. […] Cancer drugs or radiation therapy can compromise heart valve function.
  • #2 Heart Valve Diseases: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Options
    https://asianheartinstitute.org/blog/heart-valve-diseases-symptoms-causes-and-treatment/
    Heart valve diseases can impact any one of the heart’s valves structure and functioning. The underlying problem may be a narrowing of the valve opening (stenosis), regurgitation (blood seeping), or a combination of both the reasons. […] Following are the common causes of heart valve disease: […] Strep throat: Rheumatic fever may occur if strep throat is left untreated […] Heart attack: This may damage your heart valve structure. […] Advanced stage of high blood pressure […] Birth defects: Such defects which may impair the heart valve functioning […] Degeneration or calcification of the valve tissue: This results in loss of valve function over the time […] Thoracic aortic aneurysm: This causes dilation of the aorta, resulting in over-stretching of the aortic valve leaflets, resulting in leakage […] Heart failure: It may increase the load on heart valves, causing their malfunctioning […] Heart valve infection: Infection in your heart valves may result in infective endocarditis.
  • #2 Heart Valve Disease Causes | National Jewish Health
    https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/heart-valve-disease/causes
    Rheumatic fever was the single biggest cause of valve disease before widespread availability of good antibiotics. […] Most valvular disease in the United States at the current time is due to: […] Myxomatous degeneration: Age-related degeneration – It happens most often in elderly patients and commonly affects the mitral valve. […] Calcific degeneration: A buildup of calcium on the aortic or mitral valves due to age or other reasons causes thickened valves which prevents them from closing well. […] Congenital (genetic) disease: Irregularly-shaped valves that people are born with. […] Weight loss medicines such as fen-phen and Redux: These can accelerate valvular damage. […] Endocarditis: An infection in the lining of the heart’s walls and valves. Sometimes infections can destroy the valves. […] Coronary artery disease: This can cause functional limitations in the parts of the heart muscle which support the heart valves. […] Hypertension: Can lead to degeneration (wear and tear injuries).
  • #2 Valvular Heart Disease | Heart and Vascular
    https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/heart-vascular/valvular-heart-disease
    Heart valve disease can take on several forms. Valvular heart disease may stem from a valve that is so narrow it obstructs your normal blood flow. This is known as stenosis. […] A third category of valvular heart disease is known as atresia. This is an abnormal condition at birth, in which the valve does not have an opening but rather a solid piece of tissue. This tissue blocks your blood flow. […] You may have been born with an abnormal heart valve. You can also develop valvular heart disease due to aging and other factors. […] Contributors to heart valve disease include: […] As you age, your valves may develop calcium deposits or plaque. […] Some heart valve diseases run in families. A family history of coronary heart disease can increase your risk. […] Being sedentary, smoking or eating an unhealthy diet can all contribute to valvular heart disease.
  • #2 Heart Valve Disease | Cardiology | Mercy Health
    https://www.mercy.com/health-care-services/heart-vascular/conditions/heart-valve-disease
    Co-existing heart conditions. If you have had a previous heart attack or have heart failure, it can affect how your valves function. […] Endocarditis (infection of the endocardium). Endocarditis can be effectively treated with antibiotics but can affect your heart valve later in life. […] Rheumatic fever can permanently damage your heart muscle and heart valves. […] High blood pressure. Uncontrolled high blood pressure can cause your heart or main arteries to enlarge, which affects the heart valves. […] Radiation therapy. People who have radiation therapy in the chest area are more likely to develop heart valve disease later in life. […] Smoking. Chemicals from tobacco can affect how your heart valves and blood vessels work.
  • #2 Heart Valve Disease
    https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/diseases-conditions/heart-valve-disease/
    Heart valve disease can be linked to congenital heart defects. However, other conditions, traits or habits may also play a role in raising your risk for this disease. These are known as risk factors. […] As you age the shape or flexibility of your valve can change. […] Family history/genetics […] Diabetes: When your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high […] High cholesterol […] High blood pressure […] Obesity or having a body mass index BMI of 30 or greater […] Little to no physical activity […] Long history of cigarette smoking and/or drug abuse […] Malignancy cancerous spread […] Endocarditis […] Autoimmune disease: a condition in which your immune system mistakenly attacks your body (e.g., lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma) […] Radiation therapy […] Some diet medicines […] Cardiomyopathy […] Thyroid disease: a condition that is caused by the over or under function of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is an essential organ for producing thyroid hormones, which maintains the bodys metabolism.
  • #2 Heart Valve Disease Symptoms & Causes | Spire Healthcare
    https://www.spirehealthcare.com/conditions/heart-valve-disease/
    Heart valve disease is more common in older people, but can affect younger people too. […] Causes include: […] Previous infections with bacterial endocarditis or rheumatic fever, which can damage the mitral valve. […] Congenital heart conditions. […] Coronary heart disease or heart attack. […] Certain conditions such as kidney disease.
  • #2 Valvular Heart Disease | Heart and Vascular
    https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/heart-vascular/valvular-heart-disease
    If you have an implanted pacemaker or defibrillator, it can cause scar tissue that may raise your risk of heart valve disease. […] Other medical conditions, including high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity and certain autoimmune disorders can increase your risks. […] Having radiation treatments for cancer can cause you to have thickened and narrow heart valves. […] Conditions like rheumatic heart disease or endocarditis increase inflammation and your risk of valvular heart disease.
  • #2
    https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/heart-valve-disease
    Heart valve disease occurs if one of more of your heart valves doesn’t work properly. […] The two most common forms of heart valve disease are: […] Stenosis (or narrowing of the valve): The valve(s) opening becomes narrowed, limiting the flow of blood out of the ventricles or atria. […] Regurgitation (or leakage of the valve): The valve(s) does not close completely, causing the blood to flow backward through the valve. […] Heart valves can develop both malfunctions at the same time (regurgitation and stenosis). […] Aortic valve stenosis […] This type of valve disease occurs primarily in the elderly and is characterized by a narrowing of the aortic valve opening, increasing resistance to blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta. […] Aortic regurgitation results in blood leaking from the aortic valve into the left ventricle.
  • #2 CV Physiology | Cardiac Valve Disease
    https://cvphysiology.com/heart-disease/hd003
    Valvular stenosis results from a narrowing of the valve orifice (reduced cross-sectional area of the opened valve) that is usually caused by a thickening and increased rigidity of the valve leaflets, often accompanied by calcification. […] A chronic disease process is responsible for defective valves in older individuals. Sometimes, the disease results from an event many years earlier, such as rheumatic fever. Bacterial infection, viral infection and inflammation of valves (infective endocarditis) can produce changes in valve structure and function. […] Valve dysfunction can occur secondarily to other cardiac diseases, such as coronary artery disease, cardiac hypertrophy, and cardiac dilation. If coronary artery disease progresses to where papillary muscles become hypoxic or infarcted, then the impaired contractile function of these muscles can lead to a leaky tricuspid or mitral valve. […] Valve disease found in younger individuals is usually because of a congenital defect in the embryological development of the heart.
  • #2 Aortic valve stenosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353139
    Calcium buildup on the valve, called aortic valve calcification. Calcium is a mineral found in the blood. As blood moves over the aortic valve, calcium can collect on the valve. The calcium deposits may never cause any problems. Aortic valve stenosis that’s related to increasing age and calcium deposit buildup usually doesn’t cause symptoms until age 70 or 80. But in some people particularly those with changes in the aortic valve at birth calcium deposits might cause the valve to narrow at a younger age. […] Rheumatic fever. This complication of untreated strep throat can damage the heart valves. It may cause scar tissue to form on the aortic valve. Scar tissue can narrow the aortic valve opening. It also may make a rough surface on which calcium deposits can collect.
  • #2 Aortic valve stenosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353139
    Aortic valve stenosis is a type of heart valve disease, also called valvular heart disease. […] The prevalence is felt to be 6% or greater in each grade, age 75 or older here in the United States. It’s felt a result from an active inflammatory process. It has microscopic features which are in some ways similar to atherosclerosis. […] Risk factors for the development of aortic stenosis include high blood pressure, abnormal lipids, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Some individuals are felt to be genetically predisposed aortic stenosis. […] Aortic valve stenosis causes include: Heart condition present at birth, called a congenital heart defect. Some children are born with an aortic valve that has only two cusps instead of the usual three. If there are only two cusps, it’s called a bicuspid aortic valve. Rarely, an aortic valve may have one or four cusps.
  • #2 Heart Valve Disease and Heart Failure
    https://www.heartfailurematters.org/heart-failure-causes-and-other-common-medical-conditions/valvular-heart-disease-and-heart-failure/
    Valvular Heart Disease (VHD) can be defined as a disease process involving one or more of the four valves of the heart. […] Valves can become damaged as a natural consequence of ageing, or due to rheumatic heart disease, or a bacterial infection affecting the valves or as a consequence of a congenital abnormality. […] Irrespective of the cause leading to VHD, alterations to the valve can result in one or both of the following conditions: 1. valve insufficiency (often referred to as valve regurgitation) whereby the valve in unable to prevent the backflow of blood due to the leaflets of the valve not correctly connecting; 2. valve stenosis which is a narrowing of the valvular opening, therefore blocking an adequate outflow of blood, which is particularly noticeable on exercise, as the heart cannot increase the flow of blood required. […] Aortic regurgitation is caused by a leakage of blood through of the aortic valve back into the left ventricle. […] Mitral insufficiency is the most common VHD and is due to an inability of the mitral valve to close properly when the heart pumps blood out from the left ventricle into the aorta.
  • #2 Etiology of Valvular Heart Disease
    https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/circj/78/8/78_CJ-14-0510/_html/-char/en
    Valvular heart disease occurs as either a congenital or acquired condition and advances in medical care have resulted in valve disease becoming increasingly prevalent. […] Unfortunately, treatments remain inadequate because of our limited understanding of the genetic and molecular etiology of diseases affecting the heart valves. […] Essential to developing new non-invasive therapies for VHD is the elucidation of the primary etiologic contributors to disease development and progression. Congenital valve malformations are primarily the result of perturbation of the genes that regulate normal heart valve development. For acquired valve disease, exposure to non-genetic risk factors, such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, tobacco use, and rheumatic heart disease, are proposed as primary disease contributors.
  • #2
    https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/heart-valve-disease
    Mitral valve stenosis is often caused by a past history of rheumatic fever, this condition is characterized by a narrowing of the mitral valve opening, increasing resistance to blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. […] Tricuspid regurgitation is when the tricuspid valve does not close properly leading to leakage of blood. The most common cause is pulmonary hypertension or left side congestive heart failure. […] Bicuspid Aortic Valve is a congenital birth defect characterized by an aortic valve that has only two flaps (a normal aortic valve has three flaps). This can lead to aortic valve stenosis or regurgitation.
  • #2 Valvular heart disease – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease
    Valvular heart disease is any cardiovascular disease process involving one or more of the four valves of the heart (the aortic and mitral valves on the left side of heart and the pulmonic and tricuspid valves on the right side of heart). These conditions occur largely as a consequence of aging, but may also be the result of congenital (inborn) abnormalities or specific disease or physiologic processes including rheumatic heart disease and pregnancy. […] Aortic stenosis is typically the result of valvular calcification but may be the result of a congenitally malformed bicuspid aortic valve. This defect is characterized by the presence of only two valve leaflets. It may occur in isolation or in concert with other cardiac anomalies. […] Aortic insufficiency, or regurgitation, is characterized by an inability of the valve leaflets to appropriately close at the end systole, thus allowing blood to flow inappropriately backward into the left ventricle. Causes of aortic insufficiency in the majority of cases are unknown, or idiopathic. It may be the result of connective tissue or immune disorders, such as Marfan syndrome or systemic lupus erythematosus, respectively.
  • #2 Causes of Mitral Valve Stenosis/Regurgitation | Stanford Health Care
    https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/mitral-valve-stenosis-regurgitation/causes.html
    Mitral valve stenosis and regurgitation each have their own set of possible causes. […] Potential stenosis causes include: Calcium buildup: As we age, calcium in the blood can collect around the mitral valve and harden it. Calcium buildup is the most common cause of mitral stenosis. […] Rheumatic heart disease: Rheumatic fever was once a common and serious complication of strep throat, but the frequency has significantly declined with the use of antibiotics. Mitral valve complications can occur years after you have rheumatic fever. […] Potential regurgitation causes, as well as factors that can increase your risk, include: Mitral valve prolapse: Prolapse is the most common cause of mitral regurgitation, and features extra tissue in the valve that keeps it from closing. Certain inherited genes can increase your risk of developing prolapse. It is also called click-murmur syndrome, Barlows syndrome, and floppy valve syndrome. […] Heart attack causing the heart to enlarge. […] Chronic hypertension, or high blood pressure. […] Marfan syndrome, an inherited connective tissue disorder.
  • #2 About Heart Valve Disease | Heart Disease | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/heart-valve-disease.html
    Heart valve disease is when any valve in the heart has damage or is diseased. There are several causes of valve disease. […] There are several causes of heart valve disease, including congenital conditions (being born with it), infections, degenerative conditions (wearing out with age), and conditions linked to other types of heart disease. […] Rheumatic disease can happen after an infection from the bacteria that causes strep throat is not treated with antibiotics. The infection can cause scarring of the heart valve. This is the most common cause of valve disease worldwide, but it is much less common in the United States, where most strep infections are treated early with antibiotics. It is, however, more common in the United States among people born before 1943. […] Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart caused by a severe infection in the blood. The infection can damage the heart valve. Intravenous drug use can also lead to endocarditis and cause heart valve disease.
  • #3 Heart Valve Disease: Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17639-what-you-need-to-know-heart-valve-disease
    Heart valve disease refers to any of several conditions that prevent one or more of the valves in your heart from working right. […] Common heart valve disease causes include: Rheumatic fever from strep throat that wasnt treated, Heart attack that damages your heart, High blood pressure (advanced), A congenital (present at birth) issue, like a pulmonary or aortic valve that didnt develop right, Decline or calcification of the valve tissue, with loss of function over time, Thoracic aortic aneurysm (widening of your aorta, which stretches the aortic valve leaflets and can cause leakage), Heart failure, Infection in your heart (infective endocarditis), Lupus, Marfan syndrome.
  • #3 Valvular Heart Disease | Heart Valve Disease | MedlinePlus
    https://medlineplus.gov/heartvalvediseases.html
    Heart valve disease happens when one or more of your heart valves don’t work well. […] What causes heart valve diseases? Some people are born with heart valve disease. This is called congenital heart valve disease. It can happen alone or along with other congenital heart defects. Heart valve disease can also develop over time as you get older or have certain conditions that affect the heart. […] Your chance of having heart valve disease is higher if: You have or have had other conditions that affect your heart and blood vessels. These include: Rheumatic fever. An untreated strep throat can become rheumatic fever, which can harm the heart valves. The damage may not show up for years. […] You were born with an aortic valve that wasn’t formed right. Sometimes this will cause problems right away. Other times, the valve may work well enough for years before causing problems.
  • #3
    https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/heart-valve-disease
    Mitral valve stenosis is often caused by a past history of rheumatic fever, this condition is characterized by a narrowing of the mitral valve opening, increasing resistance to blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. […] Tricuspid regurgitation is when the tricuspid valve does not close properly leading to leakage of blood. The most common cause is pulmonary hypertension or left side congestive heart failure. […] Bicuspid Aortic Valve is a congenital birth defect characterized by an aortic valve that has only two flaps (a normal aortic valve has three flaps). This can lead to aortic valve stenosis or regurgitation.
  • #3 Etiology of Valvular Heart Disease
    https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/circj/78/8/78_CJ-14-0510/_article
    Valvular heart disease occurs as either a congenital or acquired condition and advances in medical care have resulted in valve disease becoming increasingly prevalent. […] Unfortunately, treatments remain inadequate because of our limited understanding of the genetic and molecular etiology of diseases affecting the heart valves. […] Over the past decade, there have been significant advances in our understanding of cardiac valve development and, not surprisingly, mutations in these developmental genes have been identified in humans with congenital valve malformations. […] Concurrently, there has been a greater realization that acquired valve disease is not simply a degenerative process. […] Molecular investigation of acquired valve disease has identified that numerous signaling pathways critical for normal valve development are re-expressed in diseased valves. […] This review will discuss recent advances in our understanding of the development of the heart valves, as well as the implications of these findings on the genetics of congenital and acquired valvular heart disease.
  • #3
    https://www.beaumont.org/services/heart-vascular/common-diseases-of-the-heart-valves
    Heart valve disease may be present at birth (congenital). It can also occur in adults due to many causes and conditions, such as infections and other heart conditions. […] There are several causes of heart valve disease including congenital, age-related conditions, infection or injury. […] Congenital valve defects can involve valves that are either the wrong size, have leaflets that arent properly formed, have leaflets that didnt attach properly, or have the wrong number of leaflets like bicuspid aortic valve disease. […] Age-related valve conditions include: Degenerative valve disease, such as mitral valve prolapse and mitral valve regurgitation; Calcification of the valves, which can lead to aortic or mitral valve stenosis. […] Illness and injury that can cause valve disease: Rheumatic fever; Infective endocarditis.
  • #3 Heart Valve Disease Causes | National Jewish Health
    https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/heart-valve-disease/causes
    Rheumatic fever was the single biggest cause of valve disease before widespread availability of good antibiotics. […] Most valvular disease in the United States at the current time is due to: […] Myxomatous degeneration: Age-related degeneration – It happens most often in elderly patients and commonly affects the mitral valve. […] Calcific degeneration: A buildup of calcium on the aortic or mitral valves due to age or other reasons causes thickened valves which prevents them from closing well. […] Congenital (genetic) disease: Irregularly-shaped valves that people are born with. […] Weight loss medicines such as fen-phen and Redux: These can accelerate valvular damage. […] Endocarditis: An infection in the lining of the heart’s walls and valves. Sometimes infections can destroy the valves. […] Coronary artery disease: This can cause functional limitations in the parts of the heart muscle which support the heart valves. […] Hypertension: Can lead to degeneration (wear and tear injuries).
  • #3 Heart Valve Disease: Symptoms and Causes – Stony Brook Medicine Health News
    https://health.stonybrookmedicine.edu/heart-valve-disease-symptoms-and-causes/
    Heart valve disease can be caused by factors including congenital conditions, infections and age-related degeneration. […] Common causes of heart valve disease include: […] Congenital heart defects: Some people are born with abnormally shaped or missing heart valves, leading to early valve problems. […] Aging and calcium buildup: Over time, valves can become stiff and thickened due to calcium deposits, leading to stenosis. […] Rheumatic fever: A complication of untreated strep throat, rheumatic heart disease can cause scarring and damage to heart valves. […] Endocarditis: Endocarditis is a bacterial infection that inflames the hearts inner lining, potentially damaging valves. […] High blood pressure and heart disease: These issues can increase stress on the heart and contribute to valve deterioration. […] Radiation therapy: Previous radiation treatment to the chest can lead to long-term valve damage.
  • #3 Heart valve disease — symptoms, causes, treatment | healthdirect
    https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-valve-disease
    Heart valve disease can be caused by ageing, heart attacks, heart failure, genetics, or infection or scarring of your heart valves. […] There are many causes of heart valve disease, including: congenital heart valve disease, endocarditis, rheumatic fever an infection that scars your heart valves, heart attack, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, genetics family history of heart valve disease, ageing as you get older, calcium may collect on your heart valves causing aortic stenosis. Ageing may also cause degenerative valve disease, meaning over time a valve does not work well. […] Sometimes, it is not possible to know what caused your heart valve disease.
  • #3 Causes | SCAI – Seconds Count
    https://www.secondscount.org/condition/heart-valve-disease/causes
    Your risk of developing heart valve disease is influenced by a variety of factors, including age and gender, family history, and your overall health history, including certain health conditions. […] Men* (assigned male at birth) over 65 and women (assigned female at birth) over 75 are at greater risk for acquired valve disease. […] Some valve problems may run in families. […] Certain infections (such as rheumatic fever at a young age), heart failure, kidney disease, hypertension, or metabolic disorders can increase your risk of heart valve disease. […] Persistent high blood pressure can overwork and enlarge your heart. […] Autoimmune diseases like lupus can cause inflammation that affects the heart valve leaflets and damages the valves. […] Cancer drugs or radiation therapy can compromise heart valve function.
  • #3 Heart Valve Disease: Treatment and Types | Froedtert & MCW
    https://www.froedtert.com/heart-valve-disease
    Heart valve disease can be caused by a number of factors, and each valve may be affected differently. […] Causes of heart valve disease can include: Infection, Heart muscle failure, Heart attack, Coronary artery disease, Chest radiation for cancer treatment, Calcification in the heart related to aging and other risk factors. […] Rheumatic fever is the most common cause of heart valve disease worldwide, but the availability of antibiotics makes this much less common in the U.S.
  • #3 Valvular heart disease: Symptoms, causes, and risk factors
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/valvular-heart-disease
    If any of the hearts valves are damaged or diseased, it is referred to as valvular heart disease. […] Common causes of valvular heart disease include: […] Rheumatic disease: This occurs due to an infection from the bacteria that cause strep throat. If a person does not treat this infection with antibiotics, it can cause scarring of the heart valves. […] Endocarditis: Endocarditis occurs when a severe blood infection causes inflammation of the inner heart lining. This infection may settle on the hearts valves and damage them. […] Congenital heart valve diseases: These are malformations of the heart valves that are present at birth. A bicuspid aortic valve is the most common form of congenital heart valve disease. […] Heart disease: Other types of heart disease can lead to damaged valves. These include heart failure, atherosclerosis, thoracic aortic aneurysm, high blood pressure, and heart attack.
  • #3 5 Common Causes of Valvular Heart disease
    https://www.vejthani.com/2021/11/5-common-causes-of-valvular-heart-disease/
    Age-Related Changes: Degenerative Valve Disease is often found in elderly, causes by the degeneration of valve tissues. […] Rheumatic Fever: Rheumatic Heart Disease is caused by group A Streptococcus infection that results in rheumatic fever, which damages the valves in long term. […] Infective Endocarditis: An inflammation of the heart tissue is caused by an infection in the bloodstream and bacteria that enters and settle in the valves, resulting in patients to develop acute illness and severe heart failure. […] Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction): This may cause Mitral valve leakage. […] Birth Defects: Congenital Valve Disease often occurs before birth, lead to an abnormal growth of the heart valves.
  • #3 Heart Valve Disease and Heart Failure
    https://www.heartfailurematters.org/heart-failure-causes-and-other-common-medical-conditions/valvular-heart-disease-and-heart-failure/
    Valvular Heart Disease (VHD) can be defined as a disease process involving one or more of the four valves of the heart. […] Valves can become damaged as a natural consequence of ageing, or due to rheumatic heart disease, or a bacterial infection affecting the valves or as a consequence of a congenital abnormality. […] Irrespective of the cause leading to VHD, alterations to the valve can result in one or both of the following conditions: 1. valve insufficiency (often referred to as valve regurgitation) whereby the valve in unable to prevent the backflow of blood due to the leaflets of the valve not correctly connecting; 2. valve stenosis which is a narrowing of the valvular opening, therefore blocking an adequate outflow of blood, which is particularly noticeable on exercise, as the heart cannot increase the flow of blood required. […] Aortic regurgitation is caused by a leakage of blood through of the aortic valve back into the left ventricle. […] Mitral insufficiency is the most common VHD and is due to an inability of the mitral valve to close properly when the heart pumps blood out from the left ventricle into the aorta.
  • #3
    https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/heart-valve-disease/
    Atherosclerosis: The buildup of plaque in the arteries can also affect the valves, particularly the aortic valve. […] High Blood Pressure: Chronic hypertension can cause the heart to work harder, potentially leading to valve damage. […] Cardiomyopathy: Diseases of the heart muscle can also affect the function of the heart valves. […] Connective Tissue Disorders: Conditions like Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome can affect the structure and function of heart valves. […] Autoimmune Diseases: Conditions like lupus can cause inflammation in the body, which may affect heart valves. […] Radiation Therapy: In some cases, radiation therapy for cancer treatment can inadvertently damage heart valves.
  • #3 Aortic Valve Disease > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
    https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/aortic-valve-disease
    Aortic heart valve disease can be congenital (meaning it is present from birth) or it can develop later in life. […] About 1 to 2% of babies are born with a bicuspid aortic valve (BAV). Normally, the aortic valve has three leaflets, or cusps, but newborns who are born with a bicuspid valve only have two cusps. In some cases, the BAV is unable to open fully, leading to aortic stenosis. In other cases, however, the BAV cannot close completely, resulting in aortic insufficiency. Often, a BAV does not cause symptoms until adulthood. Other congenital aortic valve defects can also cause aortic stenosis or insufficiency. […] A number of conditions can lead to aortic valve disease, including: Aging. Deterioration from wear and tear, and the buildup of calcium in the valves leaflets (making them stiff and consequently less able to open or close properly) can cause aortic stenosis or insufficiency. Aortic valve disease is most common among older people. […] Several diseases and infections can cause aortic valve disease, including rheumatic fever, endocarditis, Marfan syndrome, syphilis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, and high blood pressure.
  • #3 Aortic valve stenosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353139
    Aortic valve stenosis is a type of heart valve disease, also called valvular heart disease. […] The prevalence is felt to be 6% or greater in each grade, age 75 or older here in the United States. It’s felt a result from an active inflammatory process. It has microscopic features which are in some ways similar to atherosclerosis. […] Risk factors for the development of aortic stenosis include high blood pressure, abnormal lipids, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Some individuals are felt to be genetically predisposed aortic stenosis. […] Aortic valve stenosis causes include: Heart condition present at birth, called a congenital heart defect. Some children are born with an aortic valve that has only two cusps instead of the usual three. If there are only two cusps, it’s called a bicuspid aortic valve. Rarely, an aortic valve may have one or four cusps.
  • #3 Heart Valve Disease | Conditions | UCSF Health
    https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/heart-valve-disease
    Heart attack. Valves may be damaged by a heart attack. […] Heart failure. Valves may be impaired as a result of heart failure. […] High blood pressure. When blood pressure is elevated for long periods, it can put too much pressure on the heart valves. […] High bloodstream cholesterol. When the blood has too much of certain kinds of cholesterol, plaque can build up in the arteries and affect valvular function. […] Excess weight or obesity. Being overweight can increase your risk of developing a heart condition that affects the valves. […] Radiation therapy. High doses of radiation can lead to calcium deposits on heart valves. […] Rheumatic fever. This condition can develop following certain bacterial infections and may scar the heart valves.
  • #3 Valvular Heart Disease | Heart and Vascular
    https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/heart-vascular/valvular-heart-disease
    If you have an implanted pacemaker or defibrillator, it can cause scar tissue that may raise your risk of heart valve disease. […] Other medical conditions, including high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity and certain autoimmune disorders can increase your risks. […] Having radiation treatments for cancer can cause you to have thickened and narrow heart valves. […] Conditions like rheumatic heart disease or endocarditis increase inflammation and your risk of valvular heart disease.
  • #3 Heart valve disease module 1: epidemiology – The British Journal of Cardiology
    https://bjcardio.co.uk/2016/03/heart-valve-disease-module-1-epidemiology-2/
    Heart valve disease is as common as heart failure. The population prevalence is 2.5% rising to over 10% in people aged more than 75. Rheumatic fever is the most common cause of valve disease in the young but predominates in industrially underdeveloped regions. In industrially developed countries, the incidence of rheumatic disease declined after the second half of the 20th century. With increased longevity, valve conditions characteristic of old-age now predominate. The most common are calcific aortic stenosis and functional mitral regurgitation. There has also been a rise in new diseases induced by drugs or therapeutic irradiation, an increase in endocarditis related to intravenous drug use, device implantation and haemodialysis and a rise in the number of operations as a result of failing replacement heart valves. The valve lesions caused by drugs resemble those from carcinoid tumours. The drugs known to cause valve disease are either themselves or have metabolites that are agonists at 5HT2B receptors. Drug-induced lesions are similar to those found in carcinoid disease. Pergolide and cabergoline cause valve disease when used in the relatively large doses necessary for Parkinsons disease. […] The carcinoid syndrome develops in about one half as a result of hepatic spread and carcinoid heart disease develops in 40% of these. The cardiac lesions are caused by the paraneoplastic effects of vasoactive substances, notably 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HT).
  • #3 Aortic valve stenosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353139
    Calcium buildup on the valve, called aortic valve calcification. Calcium is a mineral found in the blood. As blood moves over the aortic valve, calcium can collect on the valve. The calcium deposits may never cause any problems. Aortic valve stenosis that’s related to increasing age and calcium deposit buildup usually doesn’t cause symptoms until age 70 or 80. But in some people particularly those with changes in the aortic valve at birth calcium deposits might cause the valve to narrow at a younger age. […] Rheumatic fever. This complication of untreated strep throat can damage the heart valves. It may cause scar tissue to form on the aortic valve. Scar tissue can narrow the aortic valve opening. It also may make a rough surface on which calcium deposits can collect.
  • #3 Valvular heart disease – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease
    Valvular heart disease is any cardiovascular disease process involving one or more of the four valves of the heart (the aortic and mitral valves on the left side of heart and the pulmonic and tricuspid valves on the right side of heart). These conditions occur largely as a consequence of aging, but may also be the result of congenital (inborn) abnormalities or specific disease or physiologic processes including rheumatic heart disease and pregnancy. […] Aortic stenosis is typically the result of valvular calcification but may be the result of a congenitally malformed bicuspid aortic valve. This defect is characterized by the presence of only two valve leaflets. It may occur in isolation or in concert with other cardiac anomalies. […] Aortic insufficiency, or regurgitation, is characterized by an inability of the valve leaflets to appropriately close at the end systole, thus allowing blood to flow inappropriately backward into the left ventricle. Causes of aortic insufficiency in the majority of cases are unknown, or idiopathic. It may be the result of connective tissue or immune disorders, such as Marfan syndrome or systemic lupus erythematosus, respectively.
  • #3 Etiology of Valvular Heart Disease
    https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/circj/78/8/78_CJ-14-0510/_html/-char/en
    CAVD is associated with endothelial dysfunction, lipid accumulation and inflammatory cell infiltration. […] Environmental factors are thought to increase the risk for development of CAVD by a process initiated by endothelial cell dysfunction that results in activation of VICs leading to the expression of bone development genes, including Runx2, Osteopontin and Osteocalcin, as found in calcified human aortic valves. […] Those studies demonstrated that valve development genes may potentially play a role in this adult-onset disease and the mechanisms by which loss of Notch signaling leads to calcification are being investigated.
  • #3 Diseases of the Aortic Valve | The Texas Heart Institute®
    https://www.texasheart.org/heart-health/heart-information-center/topics/diseases-of-the-aortic-valve/
    Aortic stenosis is more common among men. Congenital defects (those you are born with) and rheumatic fever are the main causes of aortic stenosis in people under 50. In some cases, people are born with a bicuspid aortic valve, meaning the valve has 2 leaflets instead of 3. This may also cause aortic stenosis. In elderly patients, calcium deposits and the growth of fibrous tissue on the aortic valve can stiffen (sclerosis) and distort the leaflets or cause them to fuse together. This is called calcification, and it can make the different leaflets almost look like a single leaflet. Other causes include a history of other valve diseases, coronary artery disease, or a heart murmur.
  • #3 Valvular heart disease | Heart and Stroke Foundation
    https://www.heartandstroke.ca/heart-disease/conditions/valvular-heart-disease
    Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that can affect the heart valves if it isnt treated properly. Rheumatic fever usually starts as strep throat or an infection involving strep (streptococcal bacteria). Heart valves may be damaged or scarred as the body fights the strep infection. […] Infective (bacterial) endocarditis occurs when common germs travel through the bloodstream to the heart and infect the surface of the heart, including the heart valves. People with valvular heart disease are at a higher risk of developing infective endocarditis. […] Age can also be a factor, as heart valve problems may result from degenerative changes, or normal wear and tear of aging.
  • #3 Causes | SCAI – Seconds Count
    https://www.secondscount.org/condition/heart-valve-disease/causes
    Congenital disorders, such as bicuspid aortic valve disease and Marfans syndrome, affect connective tissues like cartilage, which can affect the shape and function of heart valves. […] Some diet medications have been linked to heart valve problems. […] A heart attack can damage or scar the heart muscle that supports the valve structure, causing the valve to leak. […] Cardiomyopathy is a condition that affects the heart muscle (also called congestive heart failure), causing the heart to enlarge. […] Infections can travel from other parts of your body, such as your gums, skin, and lungs, to your bloodstream and eventually find a spot on the heart valves, causing damage. […] Recurrent and untreated strep throat can result in rheumatic fever, which leads to heart valve infection and damage. […] Certain metabolic disorders like Fabrys disease, high blood cholesterol, or parathyroid conditions may be associated with enzyme or mineral imbalances that damage heart valves.
  • #3 Heart Valve Disease in Women – Alliance for Aging Research
    https://www.agingresearch.org/video/heart-valve-disease-in-women/
    An estimated 11 million Americans in the U.S. have heart valve disease which involves damage to one or more of the hearts valves, and while some types are not serious, others can lead to major complications including death. […] The Heart Valve Disease Awareness Day campaign was started to increase recognition of the specific heart valve disease risks and symptoms, improve detection and treatment, and ultimately save lives.
  • #4 Heart Valve Diseases – What Are Heart Valve Diseases? | NHLBI, NIH
    https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart-valve-diseases
    Heart valve diseases are problems affecting one or more of the four valves in the heart. […] The causes of heart valve diseases vary from person to person. You may be born with a heart valve problem, or it may happen because of age or an infection. […] If not diagnosed and treated promptly, heart valve problems can lead to arrhythmia, infection, high blood pressure in the lungs, heart failure, or cardiac arrest.

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