Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Prompt Diagnosis of Heart Valve Disease is Key to Good Outcomes

  https://www.medscape.co.uk/viewarticle/prompt-diagnosis-heart-valve-disease-key-good-outcomes-2022a1001dow

  It is important that heart valve disease is recognised and diagnosed in a timely fashion, as modern valve intervention can offer an excellent prognosis despite the elderly demographic in which the disease most often presents. However, prognosis worsens sharply if there is a significant delay in diagnosis; untreated severe disease can lead to valvular heart failure. NICE Guideline 208 recommends that an echocardiogram should be considered in all adults with a murmur in whom heart valve disease is suspected, particularly those aged more than 75 years, those with a family history of valve disease, and those with a relevant medical history, such as a history of atrial fibrillation (AF). In adults with suspected valvular heart disease, if there are associated signs (for example, peripheral oedema) or symptoms (such as angina, breathlessness, or an abnormal electrocardiogram) in addition to a murmur, then an echocardiogram should be offered. In adults with a murmur and severe symptoms thought to be related to heart valve disease (such as angina or breathless on minimal exertion or at rest), an urgent assessment that includes an echocardiogram should be considered.

• #2 Prompt Diagnosis of Heart Valve Disease is Key to Good Outcomes

  https://www.medscape.co.uk/viewarticle/prompt-diagnosis-heart-valve-disease-key-good-outcomes-2022a1001dow

  When determining whether an individual would benefit from intervention, it is important to be aware of the different ways in which heart valve disease can present. New-onset or worsening symptoms are a strong indication for intervention in patients with valve disease, and should be routinely asked about. Timely valve intervention has an excellent prognosis, even in elderly individuals, but prognosis worsens sharply if there is a significant delay between symptom onset and intervention. NICE recommends that adults with symptomatic severe heart valve disease are offered an intervention. Interventions for valvular heart disease are carried out in secondary care by a specialist valve team. […] Patients with severe primary mitral valve regurgitation who are indicated for intervention should be offered surgical mitral valve repair, if surgery is appropriate. If the valve is not suitable for repair, surgical mitral valve replacement should be offered to this population. For patients with severe aortic valve stenosis, aortic regurgitation, or mixed aortic valve disease and an indication for surgery who are at low or intermediate surgical risk, NICE recommends that surgery should be offered as the first-line intervention.

• #3 Heart valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353732

  To diagnose heart valve disease, a health care professional examines you and asks questions about your symptoms and health history. A whooshing sound called a heart murmur may be heard when listening to your heart with a device called a stethoscope. […] Blood and imaging tests may be done to check your heart health. […] Tests to diagnose heart valve disease may include: […] Echocardiogram. This test uses sound waves to create pictures of the beating heart. It shows how blood flows through the heart and the health of the heart valves. […] Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This quick test records the electrical signals in the heart. It shows how the heart is beating. […] Chest X-ray. A chest X-ray shows the heart and lungs. The test can tell if the heart is larger than usual or if there is fluid around the lungs.

• #4 No.1 Best Diagnosis of Valvular Heart Disease

  https://medwayhospitals.com/diseases/valvular-heart-disease/

  In summary, the diagnosis of valvular heart disease is a vital step in managing this condition and preventing it from worsening. […] The diagnosis of valvular heart disease typically involves several steps, starting with a physical examination. […] If further investigation is needed, diagnostic tests may include: […] The primary diagnostic test for aortic valve disease is an echocardiogram, which offers clear images of the aortic valves structure and function.

• #5 Getting an Accurate Heart Valve Diagnosis | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/getting-an-accurate-heart-valve-diagnosis

  You’ll need a careful evaluation to decide on the best treatment. Several tests can provide information about your heart valves and your circulation. Those tests are described in this section as they relate to valve disease. Your health care team will use diagnostic criteria to assess your needs and determine the severity of problems you might be having. The first diagnostic measure is usually auscultation, which is listening to your heart and any unusual sounds or murmurs with a stethoscope. Sometimes, you may be asked to change your position or bear down with your abdominal muscles to see if the murmur changes. […] The remainder of this section covers what happens beyond listening to your heart in the office. Read more about echocardiography – the main diagnostic tool for valve problems. Sometimes, the echocardiogram (echo) will provide all the needed information to decide on a treatment plan or to rule out the need for further treatment. […] There are several methods for diagnosing heart valve disease. The most important is the echocardiogram. […] To fully understand your heart valve problem, your medical team may want to perform a series of tests to provide a complete picture of what needs repair and what may be best left alone.

• #6

  https://www.beaumont.org/treatments/valve-disease-diagnosis

  Heart valve disease may be suspected if the heart sounds heard through a stethoscope are abnormal. This is usually the first step in diagnosing a heart valve disease. A characteristic heart murmur (abnormal sounds in the heart due to turbulent blood flow across the valve) can often indicate valve regurgitation or stenosis. […] To further define the type of valve disease and extent of the valve damage, doctors may use any of the following diagnostic procedures: […] Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): A test that records the electrical activity of the heart, shows abnormal rhythms (arrhythmias or dysrhythmias), and can sometimes detect heart muscle damage. […] Transthoracic Echocardiogram (TTE echo): A noninvasive test that uses sound waves to evaluate the heart’s chambers and valves. The echo sound waves create an image on a monitor as an ultrasound transducer is passed over the heart.

• #7 Getting an Accurate Heart Valve Diagnosis | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/getting-an-accurate-heart-valve-diagnosis

  You’ll need a careful evaluation to decide on the best treatment. Several tests can provide information about your heart valves and your circulation. Those tests are described in this section as they relate to valve disease. Your health care team will use diagnostic criteria to assess your needs and determine the severity of problems you might be having. The first diagnostic measure is usually auscultation, which is listening to your heart and any unusual sounds or murmurs with a stethoscope. Sometimes, you may be asked to change your position or bear down with your abdominal muscles to see if the murmur changes. […] The remainder of this section covers what happens beyond listening to your heart in the office. Read more about echocardiography – the main diagnostic tool for valve problems. Sometimes, the echocardiogram (echo) will provide all the needed information to decide on a treatment plan or to rule out the need for further treatment. […] There are several methods for diagnosing heart valve disease. The most important is the echocardiogram. […] To fully understand your heart valve problem, your medical team may want to perform a series of tests to provide a complete picture of what needs repair and what may be best left alone.

• #8 Heart Valve Diseases – Diagnosis | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart-valve-diseases/diagnosis

  To diagnose a heart valve disease, your healthcare provider may review your medical history, do a physical exam, and order tests to check the shape of your heart and how well it works. […] The echocardiogram is the most common test to diagnose a problem with the heart valves. […] To diagnose heart valve disease, your doctor may do other tests in addition to echocardiography. […] Your doctor may suggest screening tests if you have known risk factors for a heart valve disease or as part of a routine visit. Finding heart valve diseases early can lead to treatments that may prevent or fix problems. Several screening tests can identify heart valve disease. […] NHLBI-supported researchers are developing algorithms that may help diagnose heart valve conditions much earlier and before major problems occur.

• #9 Heart Valve Diseases – Diagnosis | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart-valve-diseases/diagnosis

  To diagnose a heart valve disease, your healthcare provider may review your medical history, do a physical exam, and order tests to check the shape of your heart and how well it works. […] The echocardiogram is the most common test to diagnose a problem with the heart valves. […] To diagnose heart valve disease, your doctor may do other tests in addition to echocardiography. […] Your doctor may suggest screening tests if you have known risk factors for a heart valve disease or as part of a routine visit. Finding heart valve diseases early can lead to treatments that may prevent or fix problems. Several screening tests can identify heart valve disease. […] NHLBI-supported researchers are developing algorithms that may help diagnose heart valve conditions much earlier and before major problems occur.

• #10 Getting an Accurate Heart Valve Diagnosis | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/getting-an-accurate-heart-valve-diagnosis

  You’ll need a careful evaluation to decide on the best treatment. Several tests can provide information about your heart valves and your circulation. Those tests are described in this section as they relate to valve disease. Your health care team will use diagnostic criteria to assess your needs and determine the severity of problems you might be having. The first diagnostic measure is usually auscultation, which is listening to your heart and any unusual sounds or murmurs with a stethoscope. Sometimes, you may be asked to change your position or bear down with your abdominal muscles to see if the murmur changes. […] The remainder of this section covers what happens beyond listening to your heart in the office. Read more about echocardiography – the main diagnostic tool for valve problems. Sometimes, the echocardiogram (echo) will provide all the needed information to decide on a treatment plan or to rule out the need for further treatment. […] There are several methods for diagnosing heart valve disease. The most important is the echocardiogram. […] To fully understand your heart valve problem, your medical team may want to perform a series of tests to provide a complete picture of what needs repair and what may be best left alone.

• #11 Heart valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353732

  To diagnose heart valve disease, a health care professional examines you and asks questions about your symptoms and health history. A whooshing sound called a heart murmur may be heard when listening to your heart with a device called a stethoscope. […] Blood and imaging tests may be done to check your heart health. […] Tests to diagnose heart valve disease may include: […] Echocardiogram. This test uses sound waves to create pictures of the beating heart. It shows how blood flows through the heart and the health of the heart valves. […] Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This quick test records the electrical signals in the heart. It shows how the heart is beating. […] Chest X-ray. A chest X-ray shows the heart and lungs. The test can tell if the heart is larger than usual or if there is fluid around the lungs.

• #12 Heart Valve Disease Diagnosis | National Jewish Health

  https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/heart-valve-disease/diagnosis

  Your doctors can listen for the distinct sounds or murmurs of valve disease with a stethoscope. […] Other tests are usually more specific and include: […] Echocardiography (a sonogram of your heart): This produces a picture of the thickness of your heart’s walls, your valves’ shape and action, and the size of your valve openings. Doppler echocardiography (ultrasound) can be used to determine the severity of the narrowing (stenosis) or backflow (regurgitation). […] Electrocardiography (EKG or ECG): This can be used to find out if your ventricles or atria are enlarged. This test can also determine if you have an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia). […] Chest X-ray: This can show if your heart is enlarged, which can happen if a valve is not working properly. […] Cardiac Catheterization: This is a minimally invasive way to determine the severity of valvular disease, most often used for stenotic valves. […] Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): This can give a 3-dimensional picture of your heart and valves and their function.

• #13 Diagnosing Heart Valve Problems

  https://healthlibrary.umcno.org/library/diseasesconditions/adult/3,83098

  To diagnose a heart valve problem, your healthcare provider will first ask you questions about your family and health history. Certain tests may be done such as ultrasound of your heart (echocardiogram) and other imaging tests. These help diagnose your heart valve problem and rule out any other disease you may have. […] A transthoracic, or surface, echocardiogram (echo) is an ultrasound of the heart. It’s called surface echocardiogram because the images are taken from the surface of the chest wall. A transthoracic echocardiogram is sometimes called by its abbreviation TTE. It’s a simple, painless test that bounces harmless sound waves off the heart. These sound waves become images on a video screen. Your provider can then see a moving picture of your heart. This test shows how the valves work. It can confirm whether a valve is narrowed or leaking. It can also show the size of the heart’s chambers and whether your heart muscle pumps normally. A special type of echo, called a transesophageal echo (TEE), may be done as well. This test can provide even more detailed information about your heart valves. But a TEE is somewhat more involved than a surface echo. It requires a probe to be passed into the tube leading from your mouth to your stomach (the esophagus). So a surface echo is often the first test done. Echo testing can help your provider watch changes in your heart over time.

• #14

  https://www.beaumont.org/treatments/valve-disease-diagnosis

  Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE echo): An ultrasound probe is inserted into the esophagus to obtain clearer and more detailed images of the heart. […] Chest X-ray: A diagnostic test that uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs onto film. An X-ray can show enlargement in any area of the heart. […] Cardiac catheterization: This diagnostic procedure involves the insertion of a tiny, hollow tube (catheter) through a large artery in the leg or arm leading to the heart in order to provide images of the heart and blood vessels. This procedure is helpful in determining the type and extent of certain valve disorders. […] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): A diagnostic procedure that uses a combination of large magnets, radiofrequencies, and a computer to produce detailed images of organs and structures within the body.

• #15 Heart Valve Disease: Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/heart-valves/treatment

  How is Heart Valve Disease Diagnosed? Diagnosis To find out if you have heart valve disease, your doctor will examine you and ask about your symptoms, medical history, and familys medical history. They will perform a physical examination of your body. Using a stethoscope, your doctor will listen to your heart. The sound of a heart murmur is a possible sign of a heart valve condition. […] Tests used to diagnose heart valve disease might include: […] Echocardiogram (echo). An echocardiogram creates an image of the chambers and valves in your heart and measures the blood flow through your heart to detect any problem. […] Transesophageal is a different type of echocardiogram that is inserted through the mouth to the stomach. This test allows for a closer look at the heart valves than is possible with a regular echocardiogram.

• #16 Heart valve disease: Diagnosis and treatment options

  https://www.swiss-heart-valve-center.com/en/diagnosis/

  In most cases, a 3D echocardiography from the outside (transthoracic echocardiography) is sufficient to make a diagnosis. […] Stress echocardiography (examination during and after physical exertion) can provide indications if symptoms only occur under stress. An ultrasound examination via the oesophagus (swallowing ultrasound or transoesophageal echocardiography) is often performed, particularly before operations or interventions, as this offers the best image resolution and provides a particularly realistic three-dimensional representation of heart valves. […] In aortic valve stenosis (narrowed aortic valve), 3D echocardiography shows, among other things, the valve structure (tri- or bicuspid), extent and localization of the valve calcification, the remaining valve opening area, the mean and maximum pressure gradient across the valve, and the size and function of the left ventricle.

• #17 Heart valve disease: Diagnosis and treatment options

  https://www.swiss-heart-valve-center.com/en/diagnosis/

  In the case of aortic valve insufficiency (leaking aortic valve), 3D echocardiography can be used to make statements about the nature of the valve (tri- or bicuspid valve, calcifications), about the severity of the leakage (insufficiency) and about the effect of the leakage on the pumping function and size of the left ventricle. […] In mitral valve stenosis (narrowed mitral valve), 3D echocardiography is used to determine the extent and nature of the changes (calcification, fibrosis, nature of the leaflets). The remaining valve opening area as well as the determination of the pressure gradient over the valve are of decisive importance for further therapy. […] In mitral valve regurgitation, 3D echocardiography allows not only an assessment of the severity of the regurgitation and the function of the left ventricle, but also an accurate assessment of the nature of the diseased valve.

• #18 Heart valve disease: Diagnosis and treatment options

  https://www.swiss-heart-valve-center.com/en/diagnosis/

  In most cases, a 3D echocardiography from the outside (transthoracic echocardiography) is sufficient to make a diagnosis. […] Stress echocardiography (examination during and after physical exertion) can provide indications if symptoms only occur under stress. An ultrasound examination via the oesophagus (swallowing ultrasound or transoesophageal echocardiography) is often performed, particularly before operations or interventions, as this offers the best image resolution and provides a particularly realistic three-dimensional representation of heart valves. […] In aortic valve stenosis (narrowed aortic valve), 3D echocardiography shows, among other things, the valve structure (tri- or bicuspid), extent and localization of the valve calcification, the remaining valve opening area, the mean and maximum pressure gradient across the valve, and the size and function of the left ventricle.

• #19 Testing for Heart Valve Problems | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/getting-an-accurate-heart-valve-diagnosis/testing-for-heart-valve-problems

  An echocardiogram looks at your heart’s structure and checks how well your heart functions. […] If the heart valves are working correctly. […] If blood is leaking backward through your heart valves (regurgitation). […] If the heart valves are too narrow (stenosis). […] A leaking or regurgitating valve can also affect the pressure in both the heart chambers as well as surrounding blood vessels. […] The valve gradient can be used to determine the severity of the valve disorder. […] The valve area is in square centimeters and can be used to determine the severity of the valve disorder. […] Exercise testing can provide valuable information in people with valvular heart disease, especially in those whose symptoms may be difficult to assess. […] A chest X-ray shows the location, size and shape of the heart, lungs and blood vessels. This can provide clues to a valve problem that include an enlarged or thickened heart and calcium deposits on the aorta or pericardium.

• #20 Testing for Heart Valve Problems | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/getting-an-accurate-heart-valve-diagnosis/testing-for-heart-valve-problems

  An echocardiogram looks at your heart’s structure and checks how well your heart functions. […] If the heart valves are working correctly. […] If blood is leaking backward through your heart valves (regurgitation). […] If the heart valves are too narrow (stenosis). […] A leaking or regurgitating valve can also affect the pressure in both the heart chambers as well as surrounding blood vessels. […] The valve gradient can be used to determine the severity of the valve disorder. […] The valve area is in square centimeters and can be used to determine the severity of the valve disorder. […] Exercise testing can provide valuable information in people with valvular heart disease, especially in those whose symptoms may be difficult to assess. […] A chest X-ray shows the location, size and shape of the heart, lungs and blood vessels. This can provide clues to a valve problem that include an enlarged or thickened heart and calcium deposits on the aorta or pericardium.

• #21 Aortic Valve Disease | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/heart-and-vascular/conditions-and-treatments/aortic-valve-disease

  When you have a heart valve that leaks or is narrow, your doctor may hear it through a stethoscope. The sound is called a murmur. When your doctor hears a murmur, they will likely suggest you have an echocardiogram. This is a type of imaging that can help your doctor evaluate the valve and many other areas of heart function. […] With an echocardiogram, your doctor can tell how bad the leak or narrowing is. They report this with a grade. […] Aortic valve regurgitation is typically graded on a scale from 0 to 4: 0 is no leak or very minor, 1 is a mild leak, 2 is a moderate leak, 3 is a moderate to severe leak, 4 is a severe leak. […] Aortic valve stenosis is measured in a number of ways. You may see these terms on your echocardiogram report: Gradient is the pressure across the valve, Jet velocity is the speed of blood through the narrow valve, Valve area is the size of the opening.

• #22 Testing for Heart Valve Problems | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/getting-an-accurate-heart-valve-diagnosis/testing-for-heart-valve-problems

  An echocardiogram looks at your heart’s structure and checks how well your heart functions. […] If the heart valves are working correctly. […] If blood is leaking backward through your heart valves (regurgitation). […] If the heart valves are too narrow (stenosis). […] A leaking or regurgitating valve can also affect the pressure in both the heart chambers as well as surrounding blood vessels. […] The valve gradient can be used to determine the severity of the valve disorder. […] The valve area is in square centimeters and can be used to determine the severity of the valve disorder. […] Exercise testing can provide valuable information in people with valvular heart disease, especially in those whose symptoms may be difficult to assess. […] A chest X-ray shows the location, size and shape of the heart, lungs and blood vessels. This can provide clues to a valve problem that include an enlarged or thickened heart and calcium deposits on the aorta or pericardium.

• #23 Aortic Valve Disease | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/heart-and-vascular/conditions-and-treatments/aortic-valve-disease

  When you have a heart valve that leaks or is narrow, your doctor may hear it through a stethoscope. The sound is called a murmur. When your doctor hears a murmur, they will likely suggest you have an echocardiogram. This is a type of imaging that can help your doctor evaluate the valve and many other areas of heart function. […] With an echocardiogram, your doctor can tell how bad the leak or narrowing is. They report this with a grade. […] Aortic valve regurgitation is typically graded on a scale from 0 to 4: 0 is no leak or very minor, 1 is a mild leak, 2 is a moderate leak, 3 is a moderate to severe leak, 4 is a severe leak. […] Aortic valve stenosis is measured in a number of ways. You may see these terms on your echocardiogram report: Gradient is the pressure across the valve, Jet velocity is the speed of blood through the narrow valve, Valve area is the size of the opening.

• #24 Valvular Heart Disease: Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2861980/

  Doppler echocardiography is an excellent tool for both evaluating the severity of AS by measuring jet velocity and gradients and calculating the aortic valve area. […] Cardiac catheterization is primarily used to assess coronary anatomy before surgery in patients with the appropriate age and risk factor profile. […] Invasive assessment of LV function and AR severity is reserved for selected patients in whom noninvasive imaging is inconclusive. […] Echocardiography is the most widely used diagnostic tool to assess LV dimensions, volumes, and ejection fraction. […] Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging provides highly accurate assessment of LV volumes, mass, and ejection fraction; it can also provide excellent visualization of the aortic root and ascending aorta. […] The findings on physical examination in patients with chronic AR are primarily related to the increased stroke volume and widened pulse pressure.

• #25 Aortic Valve Disease | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/heart-and-vascular/conditions-and-treatments/aortic-valve-disease

  When you have a heart valve that leaks or is narrow, your doctor may hear it through a stethoscope. The sound is called a murmur. When your doctor hears a murmur, they will likely suggest you have an echocardiogram. This is a type of imaging that can help your doctor evaluate the valve and many other areas of heart function. […] With an echocardiogram, your doctor can tell how bad the leak or narrowing is. They report this with a grade. […] Aortic valve regurgitation is typically graded on a scale from 0 to 4: 0 is no leak or very minor, 1 is a mild leak, 2 is a moderate leak, 3 is a moderate to severe leak, 4 is a severe leak. […] Aortic valve stenosis is measured in a number of ways. You may see these terms on your echocardiogram report: Gradient is the pressure across the valve, Jet velocity is the speed of blood through the narrow valve, Valve area is the size of the opening.

• #26 Testing for Heart Valve Problems | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/getting-an-accurate-heart-valve-diagnosis/testing-for-heart-valve-problems

  An echocardiogram looks at your heart’s structure and checks how well your heart functions. […] If the heart valves are working correctly. […] If blood is leaking backward through your heart valves (regurgitation). […] If the heart valves are too narrow (stenosis). […] A leaking or regurgitating valve can also affect the pressure in both the heart chambers as well as surrounding blood vessels. […] The valve gradient can be used to determine the severity of the valve disorder. […] The valve area is in square centimeters and can be used to determine the severity of the valve disorder. […] Exercise testing can provide valuable information in people with valvular heart disease, especially in those whose symptoms may be difficult to assess. […] A chest X-ray shows the location, size and shape of the heart, lungs and blood vessels. This can provide clues to a valve problem that include an enlarged or thickened heart and calcium deposits on the aorta or pericardium.

• #27 Heart valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353732

  To diagnose heart valve disease, a health care professional examines you and asks questions about your symptoms and health history. A whooshing sound called a heart murmur may be heard when listening to your heart with a device called a stethoscope. […] Blood and imaging tests may be done to check your heart health. […] Tests to diagnose heart valve disease may include: […] Echocardiogram. This test uses sound waves to create pictures of the beating heart. It shows how blood flows through the heart and the health of the heart valves. […] Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This quick test records the electrical signals in the heart. It shows how the heart is beating. […] Chest X-ray. A chest X-ray shows the heart and lungs. The test can tell if the heart is larger than usual or if there is fluid around the lungs.

• #28 Heart Valve Disease: Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/heart-valves/treatment

  Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This test measures your hearts electrical activity, rate, and rhythm. An ECG can detect enlarged heart chambers and irregular heart rhythms. […] Chest X-rays show the heart and lungs condition and can help detect an enlarged heart, which may be related to heart valve disease. […] Cardiac MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of your heart and show how blood flows in your heart and coronary arteries. […] Exercise stress test. This type of test measures your heart performance during physical activity. Heart problems may show during an exercise stress test because your heart pumps harder than when you are resting.

• #29 Heart Valve Disease Diagnosis | National Jewish Health

  https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/heart-valve-disease/diagnosis

  Your doctors can listen for the distinct sounds or murmurs of valve disease with a stethoscope. […] Other tests are usually more specific and include: […] Echocardiography (a sonogram of your heart): This produces a picture of the thickness of your heart’s walls, your valves’ shape and action, and the size of your valve openings. Doppler echocardiography (ultrasound) can be used to determine the severity of the narrowing (stenosis) or backflow (regurgitation). […] Electrocardiography (EKG or ECG): This can be used to find out if your ventricles or atria are enlarged. This test can also determine if you have an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia). […] Chest X-ray: This can show if your heart is enlarged, which can happen if a valve is not working properly. […] Cardiac Catheterization: This is a minimally invasive way to determine the severity of valvular disease, most often used for stenotic valves. […] Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): This can give a 3-dimensional picture of your heart and valves and their function.

• #30 Heart valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353732

  To diagnose heart valve disease, a health care professional examines you and asks questions about your symptoms and health history. A whooshing sound called a heart murmur may be heard when listening to your heart with a device called a stethoscope. […] Blood and imaging tests may be done to check your heart health. […] Tests to diagnose heart valve disease may include: […] Echocardiogram. This test uses sound waves to create pictures of the beating heart. It shows how blood flows through the heart and the health of the heart valves. […] Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This quick test records the electrical signals in the heart. It shows how the heart is beating. […] Chest X-ray. A chest X-ray shows the heart and lungs. The test can tell if the heart is larger than usual or if there is fluid around the lungs.

• #31 Testing for Heart Valve Problems | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/getting-an-accurate-heart-valve-diagnosis/testing-for-heart-valve-problems

  An echocardiogram looks at your heart’s structure and checks how well your heart functions. […] If the heart valves are working correctly. […] If blood is leaking backward through your heart valves (regurgitation). […] If the heart valves are too narrow (stenosis). […] A leaking or regurgitating valve can also affect the pressure in both the heart chambers as well as surrounding blood vessels. […] The valve gradient can be used to determine the severity of the valve disorder. […] The valve area is in square centimeters and can be used to determine the severity of the valve disorder. […] Exercise testing can provide valuable information in people with valvular heart disease, especially in those whose symptoms may be difficult to assess. […] A chest X-ray shows the location, size and shape of the heart, lungs and blood vessels. This can provide clues to a valve problem that include an enlarged or thickened heart and calcium deposits on the aorta or pericardium.

• #32 Diagnosis and Tests for Heart Valve Problems | American Geriatrics Society | HealthInAging.org

  https://www.healthinaging.org/a-z-topic/heart-valve-problems/tests

  Many heart valve problems are first discovered when a healthcare provider hears a heart murmur or notices something abnormal with a person’s pulse. […] The main test for diagnosing heart valve problems is an echocardiogram, called an echo for short. Other tests may be done to help plan treatment. […] A chest X-ray helps the healthcare professional learn the type of valve problem, how severe it is, and whether there are other heart problems. […] A stress test can help show: Signs or symptoms of heart valve disease, How severe the heart valve disease is. […] Cardiac catheterization usually tests for coronary artery disease i.e., if the arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle are narrowed or blocked. This test can also provide information about heart valves and how to treat disease. […] Cardiac MRI uses a strong magnet and radio waves to create images of the inside of the heart. This test can provide detailed information about how heart valves are working, which helps the professional plan treatment.

• #33 Heart valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353732

  Cardiac MRI. A cardiac MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the heart. It can help determine the severity of heart valve disease. […] Exercise tests or stress tests. These tests often involve walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while the heart is checked. […] Cardiac catheterization. This test isn’t often used to diagnose heart valve disease. But it may be done if other tests can’t diagnose a heart valve problem. […] After testing confirms a diagnosis of heart valve disease, your health care team may tell you the stage of disease. Staging helps determine the most appropriate treatment. […] The stage of heart valve disease depends on many things, including symptoms, disease severity, the structure of the valve or valves, and blood flow through the heart and lungs.

• #34 Aortic valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355122

  Cardiac computerized tomography (CT) scan. A cardiac CT scan uses a series of X-rays to create detailed images of the heart and heart valves. The test may be done to measure the size of the aorta and look at the aortic valve more closely. […] Exercise tests or stress tests. These tests often involve walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while an ECG or echocardiogram is done. […] Cardiac catheterization. This test isn’t often used to diagnose aortic valve disease. But it may be done to see how severe aortic valve disease is or to diagnose the condition if other tests can’t. […] After testing confirms a diagnosis of aortic or other heart valve disease, your health care team may tell you the stage of disease. Staging helps determine the most appropriate treatment. […] The stage of heart valve disease depends on many things, including symptoms, disease severity, the structure of the valve or valves, and blood flow through the heart and lungs.

• #35 Testing for Heart Valve Problems | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/getting-an-accurate-heart-valve-diagnosis/testing-for-heart-valve-problems

  An echocardiogram looks at your heart’s structure and checks how well your heart functions. […] If the heart valves are working correctly. […] If blood is leaking backward through your heart valves (regurgitation). […] If the heart valves are too narrow (stenosis). […] A leaking or regurgitating valve can also affect the pressure in both the heart chambers as well as surrounding blood vessels. […] The valve gradient can be used to determine the severity of the valve disorder. […] The valve area is in square centimeters and can be used to determine the severity of the valve disorder. […] Exercise testing can provide valuable information in people with valvular heart disease, especially in those whose symptoms may be difficult to assess. […] A chest X-ray shows the location, size and shape of the heart, lungs and blood vessels. This can provide clues to a valve problem that include an enlarged or thickened heart and calcium deposits on the aorta or pericardium.

• #36 Diagnosis and Tests for Heart Valve Problems | American Geriatrics Society | HealthInAging.org

  https://www.healthinaging.org/a-z-topic/heart-valve-problems/tests

  Many heart valve problems are first discovered when a healthcare provider hears a heart murmur or notices something abnormal with a person’s pulse. […] The main test for diagnosing heart valve problems is an echocardiogram, called an echo for short. Other tests may be done to help plan treatment. […] A chest X-ray helps the healthcare professional learn the type of valve problem, how severe it is, and whether there are other heart problems. […] A stress test can help show: Signs or symptoms of heart valve disease, How severe the heart valve disease is. […] Cardiac catheterization usually tests for coronary artery disease i.e., if the arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle are narrowed or blocked. This test can also provide information about heart valves and how to treat disease. […] Cardiac MRI uses a strong magnet and radio waves to create images of the inside of the heart. This test can provide detailed information about how heart valves are working, which helps the professional plan treatment.

• #37 Heart valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353732

  Cardiac MRI. A cardiac MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the heart. It can help determine the severity of heart valve disease. […] Exercise tests or stress tests. These tests often involve walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while the heart is checked. […] Cardiac catheterization. This test isn’t often used to diagnose heart valve disease. But it may be done if other tests can’t diagnose a heart valve problem. […] After testing confirms a diagnosis of heart valve disease, your health care team may tell you the stage of disease. Staging helps determine the most appropriate treatment. […] The stage of heart valve disease depends on many things, including symptoms, disease severity, the structure of the valve or valves, and blood flow through the heart and lungs.

• #38 Aortic valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355122

  To diagnose aortic valve disease, a health care professional examines you and asks questions about your symptoms and medical history. […] Tests to diagnose aortic valve disease include: […] Echocardiogram. An echocardiogram uses sound waves to create pictures of the beating heart. It shows how blood flows through the heart and heart valves. It can help determine the severity of aortic valve disease. […] Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This quick test records the electrical activity of the heart. It shows how the heart beats. […] Chest X-ray. A chest X-ray shows the condition of the heart and lungs. It can help determine if the heart is enlarged, which can be a sign of certain types of aortic valve disease or heart failure. […] Cardiac MRI. A cardiac MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed pictures of the heart. This test may be used to determine the severity of aortic valve disease and measure the size of the aorta.

• #39 Testing for Heart Valve Problems | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/getting-an-accurate-heart-valve-diagnosis/testing-for-heart-valve-problems

  A CT scan creates images of the valve anatomy and allows for evaluation of the severity of stenosis and regurgitation. […] Cardiac catheterization can provide important information about narrowed heart valves, leaky heart valves or blood that is not flowing through the heart as it should. […] Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) has become an optimal technique in assessing people with heart valve disease without the need for radiation. Its enhanced diagnostic power can determine the type and severity of valve disease.

• #40 Heart Valve Disease Diagnosis | National Jewish Health

  https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/heart-valve-disease/diagnosis

  Your doctors can listen for the distinct sounds or murmurs of valve disease with a stethoscope. […] Other tests are usually more specific and include: […] Echocardiography (a sonogram of your heart): This produces a picture of the thickness of your heart’s walls, your valves’ shape and action, and the size of your valve openings. Doppler echocardiography (ultrasound) can be used to determine the severity of the narrowing (stenosis) or backflow (regurgitation). […] Electrocardiography (EKG or ECG): This can be used to find out if your ventricles or atria are enlarged. This test can also determine if you have an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia). […] Chest X-ray: This can show if your heart is enlarged, which can happen if a valve is not working properly. […] Cardiac Catheterization: This is a minimally invasive way to determine the severity of valvular disease, most often used for stenotic valves. […] Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): This can give a 3-dimensional picture of your heart and valves and their function.

• #41 Aortic valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355122

  Cardiac computerized tomography (CT) scan. A cardiac CT scan uses a series of X-rays to create detailed images of the heart and heart valves. The test may be done to measure the size of the aorta and look at the aortic valve more closely. […] Exercise tests or stress tests. These tests often involve walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while an ECG or echocardiogram is done. […] Cardiac catheterization. This test isn’t often used to diagnose aortic valve disease. But it may be done to see how severe aortic valve disease is or to diagnose the condition if other tests can’t. […] After testing confirms a diagnosis of aortic or other heart valve disease, your health care team may tell you the stage of disease. Staging helps determine the most appropriate treatment. […] The stage of heart valve disease depends on many things, including symptoms, disease severity, the structure of the valve or valves, and blood flow through the heart and lungs.

• #42 Testing for Heart Valve Problems | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/getting-an-accurate-heart-valve-diagnosis/testing-for-heart-valve-problems

  A CT scan creates images of the valve anatomy and allows for evaluation of the severity of stenosis and regurgitation. […] Cardiac catheterization can provide important information about narrowed heart valves, leaky heart valves or blood that is not flowing through the heart as it should. […] Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) has become an optimal technique in assessing people with heart valve disease without the need for radiation. Its enhanced diagnostic power can determine the type and severity of valve disease.

• #43 Heart valve disease: Diagnosis and treatment options

  https://www.swiss-heart-valve-center.com/en/diagnosis/

  In tricuspid regurgitation (leaking tricuspid valve), 3D echocardiography identifies the cause of the disorder and the severity of the regurgitation. […] In all these combinations, 3D echocardiography – together with cardiac catheterization – represents the most important examination modality to understand not only the nature of the valves and the extent of valve dysfunction, but also the effects on the entire heart and body. […] Among the complementary examinations, cardiac catheterization is of special importance. […] In the case of severely calcified heart valves, computed tomography (CT) of the heart comes into play, as it can very accurately depict and measure calcifications. […] Among the various methods of analysis, 3D echocardiography is the most important to be able to diagnose a valvular defect.

• #44 Aortic valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355122

  Cardiac computerized tomography (CT) scan. A cardiac CT scan uses a series of X-rays to create detailed images of the heart and heart valves. The test may be done to measure the size of the aorta and look at the aortic valve more closely. […] Exercise tests or stress tests. These tests often involve walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while an ECG or echocardiogram is done. […] Cardiac catheterization. This test isn’t often used to diagnose aortic valve disease. But it may be done to see how severe aortic valve disease is or to diagnose the condition if other tests can’t. […] After testing confirms a diagnosis of aortic or other heart valve disease, your health care team may tell you the stage of disease. Staging helps determine the most appropriate treatment. […] The stage of heart valve disease depends on many things, including symptoms, disease severity, the structure of the valve or valves, and blood flow through the heart and lungs.

• #45 Valve Defects and Diagnosis | Edwards Lifesciences

  https://www.edwards.com/gb/patients-care-partners/heart-valves-disease-information/valve-defects

  Echocardiography is a special application of ultrasound that enables the cardiologist to observe the function of your heart valves and the contractions of your heart muscle. […] Cardiac catheterization (angiography) helps to determine the function of the coronary arteries and the heart valves. […] A chest X-ray can be important in the detection of calcium deposits in the heart, such as on heart valves.

• #46 Aortic valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355122

  Cardiac computerized tomography (CT) scan. A cardiac CT scan uses a series of X-rays to create detailed images of the heart and heart valves. The test may be done to measure the size of the aorta and look at the aortic valve more closely. […] Exercise tests or stress tests. These tests often involve walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while an ECG or echocardiogram is done. […] Cardiac catheterization. This test isn’t often used to diagnose aortic valve disease. But it may be done to see how severe aortic valve disease is or to diagnose the condition if other tests can’t. […] After testing confirms a diagnosis of aortic or other heart valve disease, your health care team may tell you the stage of disease. Staging helps determine the most appropriate treatment. […] The stage of heart valve disease depends on many things, including symptoms, disease severity, the structure of the valve or valves, and blood flow through the heart and lungs.

• #47 Valvular Heart Disease: Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2861980/

  Doppler echocardiography is an excellent tool for both evaluating the severity of AS by measuring jet velocity and gradients and calculating the aortic valve area. […] Cardiac catheterization is primarily used to assess coronary anatomy before surgery in patients with the appropriate age and risk factor profile. […] Invasive assessment of LV function and AR severity is reserved for selected patients in whom noninvasive imaging is inconclusive. […] Echocardiography is the most widely used diagnostic tool to assess LV dimensions, volumes, and ejection fraction. […] Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging provides highly accurate assessment of LV volumes, mass, and ejection fraction; it can also provide excellent visualization of the aortic root and ascending aorta. […] The findings on physical examination in patients with chronic AR are primarily related to the increased stroke volume and widened pulse pressure.

• #48 Heart valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353732

  Cardiac MRI. A cardiac MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the heart. It can help determine the severity of heart valve disease. […] Exercise tests or stress tests. These tests often involve walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while the heart is checked. […] Cardiac catheterization. This test isn’t often used to diagnose heart valve disease. But it may be done if other tests can’t diagnose a heart valve problem. […] After testing confirms a diagnosis of heart valve disease, your health care team may tell you the stage of disease. Staging helps determine the most appropriate treatment. […] The stage of heart valve disease depends on many things, including symptoms, disease severity, the structure of the valve or valves, and blood flow through the heart and lungs.

• #49 Aortic valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355122

  Heart valve disease is staged into four basic groups: […] Stage A: At risk. Risk factors for heart valve disease are present. […] Stage B: Progressive. Valve disease is mild or moderate. There are no heart valve symptoms. […] Stage C: Asymptomatic severe. There are no heart valve symptoms but the valve disease is severe. […] Stage D: Symptomatic severe. Heart valve disease is severe and is causing symptoms. […] Treatment for aortic valve disease depends on: […] The severity (stage) of aortic valve disease. […] Whether the disease is causing symptoms. […] Whether the condition is getting worse. […] Treatment may include regular health checkups, lifestyle changes, medicines, or surgery or other procedures. […] If you have aortic valve disease, consider being evaluated and treated at a medical center with a multidisciplinary team of heart doctors called cardiologists and other care professionals trained and experienced in evaluating and treating heart valve disease.

• #50 What Is Heart Valve Disease?

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/heart-valve-disease-8719743

  After this testing, your healthcare provider will diagnose you with one of the four stages of heart valve disease: Stage A: At risk. You are at a higher risk of developing heart valve disease but dont have it yet. Stage B: Progressive. Your valves arent working properly, and the disease is mild to moderate. Youre not experiencing symptoms. Stage C: Asymptomatic severe. Although you arent experiencing symptoms, your valve dysfunction is severe (meaning theres a significant impact on the flow of blood to your heart). Stage D: Symptomatic severe. Changes to blood flow are substantial, and youre experiencing symptoms. […] Sometimes, your healthcare provider might recommend waiting on treatment for heart valve disease. In this case, leaving the condition untreated is OK as long as youre under close monitoring. In the most serious cases, heart valve disease can lead to serious or fatal complications, including heart failure, stroke, cardiac arrest, and blood clots.

• #51 Aortic valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355122

  Heart valve disease is staged into four basic groups: […] Stage A: At risk. Risk factors for heart valve disease are present. […] Stage B: Progressive. Valve disease is mild or moderate. There are no heart valve symptoms. […] Stage C: Asymptomatic severe. There are no heart valve symptoms but the valve disease is severe. […] Stage D: Symptomatic severe. Heart valve disease is severe and is causing symptoms. […] Treatment for aortic valve disease depends on: […] The severity (stage) of aortic valve disease. […] Whether the disease is causing symptoms. […] Whether the condition is getting worse. […] Treatment may include regular health checkups, lifestyle changes, medicines, or surgery or other procedures. […] If you have aortic valve disease, consider being evaluated and treated at a medical center with a multidisciplinary team of heart doctors called cardiologists and other care professionals trained and experienced in evaluating and treating heart valve disease.

• #52 What Is Heart Valve Disease?

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/heart-valve-disease-8719743

  After this testing, your healthcare provider will diagnose you with one of the four stages of heart valve disease: Stage A: At risk. You are at a higher risk of developing heart valve disease but dont have it yet. Stage B: Progressive. Your valves arent working properly, and the disease is mild to moderate. Youre not experiencing symptoms. Stage C: Asymptomatic severe. Although you arent experiencing symptoms, your valve dysfunction is severe (meaning theres a significant impact on the flow of blood to your heart). Stage D: Symptomatic severe. Changes to blood flow are substantial, and youre experiencing symptoms. […] Sometimes, your healthcare provider might recommend waiting on treatment for heart valve disease. In this case, leaving the condition untreated is OK as long as youre under close monitoring. In the most serious cases, heart valve disease can lead to serious or fatal complications, including heart failure, stroke, cardiac arrest, and blood clots.

• #53 Aortic valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355122

  Heart valve disease is staged into four basic groups: […] Stage A: At risk. Risk factors for heart valve disease are present. […] Stage B: Progressive. Valve disease is mild or moderate. There are no heart valve symptoms. […] Stage C: Asymptomatic severe. There are no heart valve symptoms but the valve disease is severe. […] Stage D: Symptomatic severe. Heart valve disease is severe and is causing symptoms. […] Treatment for aortic valve disease depends on: […] The severity (stage) of aortic valve disease. […] Whether the disease is causing symptoms. […] Whether the condition is getting worse. […] Treatment may include regular health checkups, lifestyle changes, medicines, or surgery or other procedures. […] If you have aortic valve disease, consider being evaluated and treated at a medical center with a multidisciplinary team of heart doctors called cardiologists and other care professionals trained and experienced in evaluating and treating heart valve disease.

• #54 What Is Heart Valve Disease?

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/heart-valve-disease-8719743

  After this testing, your healthcare provider will diagnose you with one of the four stages of heart valve disease: Stage A: At risk. You are at a higher risk of developing heart valve disease but dont have it yet. Stage B: Progressive. Your valves arent working properly, and the disease is mild to moderate. Youre not experiencing symptoms. Stage C: Asymptomatic severe. Although you arent experiencing symptoms, your valve dysfunction is severe (meaning theres a significant impact on the flow of blood to your heart). Stage D: Symptomatic severe. Changes to blood flow are substantial, and youre experiencing symptoms. […] Sometimes, your healthcare provider might recommend waiting on treatment for heart valve disease. In this case, leaving the condition untreated is OK as long as youre under close monitoring. In the most serious cases, heart valve disease can lead to serious or fatal complications, including heart failure, stroke, cardiac arrest, and blood clots.

• #55 Aortic valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355122

  Heart valve disease is staged into four basic groups: […] Stage A: At risk. Risk factors for heart valve disease are present. […] Stage B: Progressive. Valve disease is mild or moderate. There are no heart valve symptoms. […] Stage C: Asymptomatic severe. There are no heart valve symptoms but the valve disease is severe. […] Stage D: Symptomatic severe. Heart valve disease is severe and is causing symptoms. […] Treatment for aortic valve disease depends on: […] The severity (stage) of aortic valve disease. […] Whether the disease is causing symptoms. […] Whether the condition is getting worse. […] Treatment may include regular health checkups, lifestyle changes, medicines, or surgery or other procedures. […] If you have aortic valve disease, consider being evaluated and treated at a medical center with a multidisciplinary team of heart doctors called cardiologists and other care professionals trained and experienced in evaluating and treating heart valve disease.

• #56 What Is Heart Valve Disease?

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/heart-valve-disease-8719743

  After this testing, your healthcare provider will diagnose you with one of the four stages of heart valve disease: Stage A: At risk. You are at a higher risk of developing heart valve disease but dont have it yet. Stage B: Progressive. Your valves arent working properly, and the disease is mild to moderate. Youre not experiencing symptoms. Stage C: Asymptomatic severe. Although you arent experiencing symptoms, your valve dysfunction is severe (meaning theres a significant impact on the flow of blood to your heart). Stage D: Symptomatic severe. Changes to blood flow are substantial, and youre experiencing symptoms. […] Sometimes, your healthcare provider might recommend waiting on treatment for heart valve disease. In this case, leaving the condition untreated is OK as long as youre under close monitoring. In the most serious cases, heart valve disease can lead to serious or fatal complications, including heart failure, stroke, cardiac arrest, and blood clots.

• #57 Heart valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353732

  Cardiac MRI. A cardiac MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the heart. It can help determine the severity of heart valve disease. […] Exercise tests or stress tests. These tests often involve walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while the heart is checked. […] Cardiac catheterization. This test isn’t often used to diagnose heart valve disease. But it may be done if other tests can’t diagnose a heart valve problem. […] After testing confirms a diagnosis of heart valve disease, your health care team may tell you the stage of disease. Staging helps determine the most appropriate treatment. […] The stage of heart valve disease depends on many things, including symptoms, disease severity, the structure of the valve or valves, and blood flow through the heart and lungs.

• #58 Aortic valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355122

  Cardiac computerized tomography (CT) scan. A cardiac CT scan uses a series of X-rays to create detailed images of the heart and heart valves. The test may be done to measure the size of the aorta and look at the aortic valve more closely. […] Exercise tests or stress tests. These tests often involve walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while an ECG or echocardiogram is done. […] Cardiac catheterization. This test isn’t often used to diagnose aortic valve disease. But it may be done to see how severe aortic valve disease is or to diagnose the condition if other tests can’t. […] After testing confirms a diagnosis of aortic or other heart valve disease, your health care team may tell you the stage of disease. Staging helps determine the most appropriate treatment. […] The stage of heart valve disease depends on many things, including symptoms, disease severity, the structure of the valve or valves, and blood flow through the heart and lungs.

• #59 Aortic Valve Disease | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/heart-and-vascular/conditions-and-treatments/aortic-valve-disease

  When you have a heart valve that leaks or is narrow, your doctor may hear it through a stethoscope. The sound is called a murmur. When your doctor hears a murmur, they will likely suggest you have an echocardiogram. This is a type of imaging that can help your doctor evaluate the valve and many other areas of heart function. […] With an echocardiogram, your doctor can tell how bad the leak or narrowing is. They report this with a grade. […] Aortic valve regurgitation is typically graded on a scale from 0 to 4: 0 is no leak or very minor, 1 is a mild leak, 2 is a moderate leak, 3 is a moderate to severe leak, 4 is a severe leak. […] Aortic valve stenosis is measured in a number of ways. You may see these terms on your echocardiogram report: Gradient is the pressure across the valve, Jet velocity is the speed of blood through the narrow valve, Valve area is the size of the opening.

• #60 Aortic Stenosis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/0915/p717.html

  Aortic stenosis is the most important cardiac valve disease in developed countries, affecting 3 percent of persons older than 65 years. […] Aortic valve replacement should be recommended in most patients with any of these symptoms accompanied by evidence of significant aortic stenosis on echocardiography. […] Serial Doppler echocardiography is recommended annually for severe aortic stenosis, every one to two years for moderate disease, and every three to five years for mild disease. […] Doppler echocardiography is the recommended initial test for patients with classic symptoms of aortic stenosis. […] Echocardiography also provides useful information about LV function, left ventricular filling pressure, and coexisting abnormalities of other valves. […] Isolated aortic stenosis rarely becomes symptomatic until the aortic valve area is less than 1 cm2, the mean gradient is greater than 40 mm Hg, or the aortic jet velocity is greater than 4 m per second.

• #61 Aortic Valve Disease | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/heart-and-vascular/conditions-and-treatments/aortic-valve-disease

  When you have a heart valve that leaks or is narrow, your doctor may hear it through a stethoscope. The sound is called a murmur. When your doctor hears a murmur, they will likely suggest you have an echocardiogram. This is a type of imaging that can help your doctor evaluate the valve and many other areas of heart function. […] With an echocardiogram, your doctor can tell how bad the leak or narrowing is. They report this with a grade. […] Aortic valve regurgitation is typically graded on a scale from 0 to 4: 0 is no leak or very minor, 1 is a mild leak, 2 is a moderate leak, 3 is a moderate to severe leak, 4 is a severe leak. […] Aortic valve stenosis is measured in a number of ways. You may see these terms on your echocardiogram report: Gradient is the pressure across the valve, Jet velocity is the speed of blood through the narrow valve, Valve area is the size of the opening.

• #62 Challenges in the diagnosis and management of valve disease: the case for the specialist valve clinic | Echo Research & Practice | Full Text

  https://echo.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1530/ERP-19-0041

  Valvular heart disease (VHD) is responsible for a major societal and economic burden. […] Epidemiological studies have shown that VHD is commonly underdiagnosed, leading to patients presenting late in their disease course, to an excess risk of mortality and morbidity and to a missed opportunity for intervention. […] Once diagnosed, VHD is often undertreated with patients unduly denied intervention, the only available curative treatment. […] Development of a valvular heart team involving multidisciplinary valve specialists including clinicians, imaging specialists, interventional cardiologists and surgeons is expected to fill these gaps and to offer an integrated care addressing all issues of patient management from evaluation, risk-assessment, decision-making and performance of state-of-the-art surgical and transcatheter interventions. […] The valvular heart team will select the right treatment for the right patient, improving cost-effectiveness and ultimately patients outcomes.

• #63 Prompt Diagnosis of Heart Valve Disease is Key to Good Outcomes

  https://www.medscape.co.uk/viewarticle/prompt-diagnosis-heart-valve-disease-key-good-outcomes-2022a1001dow

  Heart valve disease is a chronic condition in which the function of one or more of the four valves of the heart is impaired. The condition can lead to stenosis (narrowing or stiffening of the valve, which restricts its opening, obstructing the flow of blood forwards) or regurgitation (failure of the valve to close completely, allowing blood to flow backwards). Valvular heart disease can be congenital or acquired. Acquired valve degeneration is currently the predominant form of the condition, and commonly presents as calcific disease of the aortic valve leading to stenosis or calcific degeneration of the mitral valve leading to regurgitation. Heart valve disease is underdiagnosed and is often found incidentally during the investigation of other conditions (for example, during echocardiography of a patient with suspected heart failure). The prevalence of the condition increases with age; around 13% of people aged over 75 years have moderate or severe valvular heart disease, and more than 1.5 million people in the UK are currently living with the disease. However, more than 50% of people aged 65 years or over may have asymptomatic heart valve disease; therefore, given the ageing population of the UK, the prevalence of valvular heart disease is likely to explode over the next few decades.

• #64 Prompt Diagnosis of Heart Valve Disease is Key to Good Outcomes

  https://www.medscape.co.uk/viewarticle/prompt-diagnosis-heart-valve-disease-key-good-outcomes-2022a1001dow

  It is important that heart valve disease is recognised and diagnosed in a timely fashion, as modern valve intervention can offer an excellent prognosis despite the elderly demographic in which the disease most often presents. However, prognosis worsens sharply if there is a significant delay in diagnosis; untreated severe disease can lead to valvular heart failure. NICE Guideline 208 recommends that an echocardiogram should be considered in all adults with a murmur in whom heart valve disease is suspected, particularly those aged more than 75 years, those with a family history of valve disease, and those with a relevant medical history, such as a history of atrial fibrillation (AF). In adults with suspected valvular heart disease, if there are associated signs (for example, peripheral oedema) or symptoms (such as angina, breathlessness, or an abnormal electrocardiogram) in addition to a murmur, then an echocardiogram should be offered. In adults with a murmur and severe symptoms thought to be related to heart valve disease (such as angina or breathless on minimal exertion or at rest), an urgent assessment that includes an echocardiogram should be considered.

• #65 Prompt Diagnosis of Heart Valve Disease is Key to Good Outcomes

  https://www.medscape.co.uk/viewarticle/prompt-diagnosis-heart-valve-disease-key-good-outcomes-2022a1001dow

  It is important that heart valve disease is recognised and diagnosed in a timely fashion, as modern valve intervention can offer an excellent prognosis despite the elderly demographic in which the disease most often presents. However, prognosis worsens sharply if there is a significant delay in diagnosis; untreated severe disease can lead to valvular heart failure. NICE Guideline 208 recommends that an echocardiogram should be considered in all adults with a murmur in whom heart valve disease is suspected, particularly those aged more than 75 years, those with a family history of valve disease, and those with a relevant medical history, such as a history of atrial fibrillation (AF). In adults with suspected valvular heart disease, if there are associated signs (for example, peripheral oedema) or symptoms (such as angina, breathlessness, or an abnormal electrocardiogram) in addition to a murmur, then an echocardiogram should be offered. In adults with a murmur and severe symptoms thought to be related to heart valve disease (such as angina or breathless on minimal exertion or at rest), an urgent assessment that includes an echocardiogram should be considered.

• #66 Heart Valve Disease Screening | Heart Valve Disease Patient

  https://screenheartvalvedisease.com/heart-valve-screening/heart-valve-disease-screening

  Heart murmurs are distinct whooshing sounds and can be the first sign of heart valve disease. […] And, if you are told that you do have a heart murmur, ask for an ultrasound of the heart, called an echocardiogram. Theyre a crucial next step in diagnosing heart valve disease. […] If you are 65 or older, ask for an echocardiogram to screen for heart valve disease. An echocardiogram, or echo, uses sound waves to take pictures of the heart. Its a simple way to detect heart valve disease before it gets worse.

• #67

  https://baker.edu.au/health-hub/heart-valve-disease

  Heart valve disease can cause many serious complications including heart failure, stroke, blood clots and heart rhythm abnormalities. […] A heart murmur diagnosed by a doctor is often the first symptom of heart valve disease. […] If youre over 65, ask your doctor to listen to your heart with a stethoscope. […] We are also advocating for interventions that improve access and equity to treatment. […] Developing artificial intelligence-based echocardiography to improve access to this vital tool in heart valve disease diagnosis, and significantly increase diagnosis rates is critical. It is crucial to diagnose people before they present to their GP or hospital emergency department in crisis.

• #68 Prompt Diagnosis of Heart Valve Disease is Key to Good Outcomes

  https://www.medscape.co.uk/viewarticle/prompt-diagnosis-heart-valve-disease-key-good-outcomes-2022a1001dow

  It is important that heart valve disease is recognised and diagnosed in a timely fashion, as modern valve intervention can offer an excellent prognosis despite the elderly demographic in which the disease most often presents. However, prognosis worsens sharply if there is a significant delay in diagnosis; untreated severe disease can lead to valvular heart failure. NICE Guideline 208 recommends that an echocardiogram should be considered in all adults with a murmur in whom heart valve disease is suspected, particularly those aged more than 75 years, those with a family history of valve disease, and those with a relevant medical history, such as a history of atrial fibrillation (AF). In adults with suspected valvular heart disease, if there are associated signs (for example, peripheral oedema) or symptoms (such as angina, breathlessness, or an abnormal electrocardiogram) in addition to a murmur, then an echocardiogram should be offered. In adults with a murmur and severe symptoms thought to be related to heart valve disease (such as angina or breathless on minimal exertion or at rest), an urgent assessment that includes an echocardiogram should be considered.

• #69 Prompt Diagnosis of Heart Valve Disease is Key to Good Outcomes

  https://www.medscape.co.uk/viewarticle/prompt-diagnosis-heart-valve-disease-key-good-outcomes-2022a1001dow

  It is important that heart valve disease is recognised and diagnosed in a timely fashion, as modern valve intervention can offer an excellent prognosis despite the elderly demographic in which the disease most often presents. However, prognosis worsens sharply if there is a significant delay in diagnosis; untreated severe disease can lead to valvular heart failure. NICE Guideline 208 recommends that an echocardiogram should be considered in all adults with a murmur in whom heart valve disease is suspected, particularly those aged more than 75 years, those with a family history of valve disease, and those with a relevant medical history, such as a history of atrial fibrillation (AF). In adults with suspected valvular heart disease, if there are associated signs (for example, peripheral oedema) or symptoms (such as angina, breathlessness, or an abnormal electrocardiogram) in addition to a murmur, then an echocardiogram should be offered. In adults with a murmur and severe symptoms thought to be related to heart valve disease (such as angina or breathless on minimal exertion or at rest), an urgent assessment that includes an echocardiogram should be considered.

• #70 Prompt Diagnosis of Heart Valve Disease is Key to Good Outcomes

  https://www.medscape.co.uk/viewarticle/prompt-diagnosis-heart-valve-disease-key-good-outcomes-2022a1001dow

  Infective endocarditis (IE) is a rare but potentially devastating complication of heart valve disease, and is the cause of significant morbidity and mortality. Prompt diagnosis is therefore important, but can be problematic as the presentation of IE is often nonspecific. People with prosthetic valves, and those who have previously had endocarditis, are at particularly high risk of IE. NICE recommends that people with valvular heart disease should be encouraged to seek advice if they feel that their condition has deteriorated; it is important to note that there is a higher risk of IE in people with replacement valves. […] Heart valve disease is a common and often-missed condition, and comorbidity is the norm. Understanding the different ways in which valvular heart disease can present is critical to enable timely referral, which is the key to optimising outcomes.

• #71 Challenges in the diagnosis and management of valve disease: the case for the specialist valve clinic | Echo Research & Practice | Full Text

  https://echo.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1530/ERP-19-0041

  Valvular heart disease (VHD) is responsible for a major societal and economic burden. […] Epidemiological studies have shown that VHD is commonly underdiagnosed, leading to patients presenting late in their disease course, to an excess risk of mortality and morbidity and to a missed opportunity for intervention. […] Once diagnosed, VHD is often undertreated with patients unduly denied intervention, the only available curative treatment. […] Development of a valvular heart team involving multidisciplinary valve specialists including clinicians, imaging specialists, interventional cardiologists and surgeons is expected to fill these gaps and to offer an integrated care addressing all issues of patient management from evaluation, risk-assessment, decision-making and performance of state-of-the-art surgical and transcatheter interventions. […] The valvular heart team will select the right treatment for the right patient, improving cost-effectiveness and ultimately patients outcomes.

• #72 Aortic valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355122

  Heart valve disease is staged into four basic groups: […] Stage A: At risk. Risk factors for heart valve disease are present. […] Stage B: Progressive. Valve disease is mild or moderate. There are no heart valve symptoms. […] Stage C: Asymptomatic severe. There are no heart valve symptoms but the valve disease is severe. […] Stage D: Symptomatic severe. Heart valve disease is severe and is causing symptoms. […] Treatment for aortic valve disease depends on: […] The severity (stage) of aortic valve disease. […] Whether the disease is causing symptoms. […] Whether the condition is getting worse. […] Treatment may include regular health checkups, lifestyle changes, medicines, or surgery or other procedures. […] If you have aortic valve disease, consider being evaluated and treated at a medical center with a multidisciplinary team of heart doctors called cardiologists and other care professionals trained and experienced in evaluating and treating heart valve disease.

• #73 Challenges in the diagnosis and management of valve disease: the case for the specialist valve clinic | Echo Research & Practice | Full Text

  https://echo.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1530/ERP-19-0041

  Valvular heart disease (VHD) is responsible for a major societal and economic burden. […] Epidemiological studies have shown that VHD is commonly underdiagnosed, leading to patients presenting late in their disease course, to an excess risk of mortality and morbidity and to a missed opportunity for intervention. […] Once diagnosed, VHD is often undertreated with patients unduly denied intervention, the only available curative treatment. […] Development of a valvular heart team involving multidisciplinary valve specialists including clinicians, imaging specialists, interventional cardiologists and surgeons is expected to fill these gaps and to offer an integrated care addressing all issues of patient management from evaluation, risk-assessment, decision-making and performance of state-of-the-art surgical and transcatheter interventions. […] The valvular heart team will select the right treatment for the right patient, improving cost-effectiveness and ultimately patients outcomes.

• #74 Heart Valve Diseases – Diagnosis | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart-valve-diseases/diagnosis

  To diagnose a heart valve disease, your healthcare provider may review your medical history, do a physical exam, and order tests to check the shape of your heart and how well it works. […] The echocardiogram is the most common test to diagnose a problem with the heart valves. […] To diagnose heart valve disease, your doctor may do other tests in addition to echocardiography. […] Your doctor may suggest screening tests if you have known risk factors for a heart valve disease or as part of a routine visit. Finding heart valve diseases early can lead to treatments that may prevent or fix problems. Several screening tests can identify heart valve disease. […] NHLBI-supported researchers are developing algorithms that may help diagnose heart valve conditions much earlier and before major problems occur.

• #75

  https://baker.edu.au/health-hub/heart-valve-disease

  Heart valve disease can cause many serious complications including heart failure, stroke, blood clots and heart rhythm abnormalities. […] A heart murmur diagnosed by a doctor is often the first symptom of heart valve disease. […] If youre over 65, ask your doctor to listen to your heart with a stethoscope. […] We are also advocating for interventions that improve access and equity to treatment. […] Developing artificial intelligence-based echocardiography to improve access to this vital tool in heart valve disease diagnosis, and significantly increase diagnosis rates is critical. It is crucial to diagnose people before they present to their GP or hospital emergency department in crisis.

• #76 Heart valve disease: Diagnosis and treatment options

  https://www.swiss-heart-valve-center.com/en/diagnosis/

  In most cases, a 3D echocardiography from the outside (transthoracic echocardiography) is sufficient to make a diagnosis. […] Stress echocardiography (examination during and after physical exertion) can provide indications if symptoms only occur under stress. An ultrasound examination via the oesophagus (swallowing ultrasound or transoesophageal echocardiography) is often performed, particularly before operations or interventions, as this offers the best image resolution and provides a particularly realistic three-dimensional representation of heart valves. […] In aortic valve stenosis (narrowed aortic valve), 3D echocardiography shows, among other things, the valve structure (tri- or bicuspid), extent and localization of the valve calcification, the remaining valve opening area, the mean and maximum pressure gradient across the valve, and the size and function of the left ventricle.

• #77 Valvular Heart Disease | Cardiology | Weill Cornell Medicine

  https://cardiology.weillcornell.org/clinical-services/valvular-heart-disease

  Heart valve (valvular) disease occurs when any of the hearts four valves do not work correctly making it harder for the heart to pump blood throughout the body. […] According to the American Heart Association, about 5 million Americans are diagnosed with heart valve disease each year. With early diagnosis and specialized treatment, valvular heart disease patients can experience fewer and less severe complications. […] Weill Cornell Medicine cardiologists use advanced imaging modalities, including new technology in 3D Echocardiography, MRI, and CT Angiography, to evaluate patients with valvular heart disease. […] Our general cardiologists collaborate with interventional cardiologists, arrhythmia specialists, radiologists, and cardiac surgeons to provide the best care and achieve optimal results for our patients. […] Physicians at Weill Cornell are well-known for their expertise in mitral valve prolapse and aortic stenosis and have published authoritative articles and book chapters on these subjects.

• #78 Prompt Diagnosis of Heart Valve Disease is Key to Good Outcomes

  https://www.medscape.co.uk/viewarticle/prompt-diagnosis-heart-valve-disease-key-good-outcomes-2022a1001dow

  When determining whether an individual would benefit from intervention, it is important to be aware of the different ways in which heart valve disease can present. New-onset or worsening symptoms are a strong indication for intervention in patients with valve disease, and should be routinely asked about. Timely valve intervention has an excellent prognosis, even in elderly individuals, but prognosis worsens sharply if there is a significant delay between symptom onset and intervention. NICE recommends that adults with symptomatic severe heart valve disease are offered an intervention. Interventions for valvular heart disease are carried out in secondary care by a specialist valve team. […] Patients with severe primary mitral valve regurgitation who are indicated for intervention should be offered surgical mitral valve repair, if surgery is appropriate. If the valve is not suitable for repair, surgical mitral valve replacement should be offered to this population. For patients with severe aortic valve stenosis, aortic regurgitation, or mixed aortic valve disease and an indication for surgery who are at low or intermediate surgical risk, NICE recommends that surgery should be offered as the first-line intervention.

• #79 Challenges in the diagnosis and management of valve disease: the case for the specialist valve clinic | Echo Research & Practice | Full Text

  https://echo.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1530/ERP-19-0041

  Valvular heart disease (VHD) is responsible for a major societal and economic burden. […] Epidemiological studies have shown that VHD is commonly underdiagnosed, leading to patients presenting late in their disease course, to an excess risk of mortality and morbidity and to a missed opportunity for intervention. […] Once diagnosed, VHD is often undertreated with patients unduly denied intervention, the only available curative treatment. […] Development of a valvular heart team involving multidisciplinary valve specialists including clinicians, imaging specialists, interventional cardiologists and surgeons is expected to fill these gaps and to offer an integrated care addressing all issues of patient management from evaluation, risk-assessment, decision-making and performance of state-of-the-art surgical and transcatheter interventions. […] The valvular heart team will select the right treatment for the right patient, improving cost-effectiveness and ultimately patients outcomes.

• #80 Valvular Heart Disease | Cardiology | Weill Cornell Medicine

  https://cardiology.weillcornell.org/clinical-services/valvular-heart-disease

  Heart valve (valvular) disease occurs when any of the hearts four valves do not work correctly making it harder for the heart to pump blood throughout the body. […] According to the American Heart Association, about 5 million Americans are diagnosed with heart valve disease each year. With early diagnosis and specialized treatment, valvular heart disease patients can experience fewer and less severe complications. […] Weill Cornell Medicine cardiologists use advanced imaging modalities, including new technology in 3D Echocardiography, MRI, and CT Angiography, to evaluate patients with valvular heart disease. […] Our general cardiologists collaborate with interventional cardiologists, arrhythmia specialists, radiologists, and cardiac surgeons to provide the best care and achieve optimal results for our patients. […] Physicians at Weill Cornell are well-known for their expertise in mitral valve prolapse and aortic stenosis and have published authoritative articles and book chapters on these subjects.

• #81 Heart Valve Disease | Protective Heart Valve Disease Treatment near Cleveland, OH | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/services/heart-and-vascular-services/conditions-and-treatments/heart-valve-disease

  University Hospitals Harrington Heart Vascular Institute specialists are nationally recognized for excellence in heart valve disease diagnosis and treatment. We use a team approach to ensure heart valve disease is identified as early as possible and deliver the latest therapies for the best patient outcomes. […] If you experience any symptoms or have a heart murmur, our heart specialists may use one or a few diagnostic tests to determine whether heart valve disease is present. […] Our team has the expertise to diagnose and treat even the most complex heart valve condition. […] The main goals of treating heart valve disease include protecting the valves from further damage, reducing symptoms and repairing or replacing valves for long-term heart health.

• #82 Valvular Heart Disease: Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2861980/

  The classic murmur of AR is a high-frequency, blowing, and decrescendo diastolic murmur, usually heard in the aortic area but also audible in the left third and fourth intercostal spaces along the sternal border. […] Patients with chronic MR can remain asymptomatic for years. However, serial clinical evaluations and noninvasive tests are necessary because LV dysfunction can develop in the absence of symptoms. […] Patients with mild MR and an otherwise normal heart may be followed up with annual clinical examinations, undergoing echocardiography only if their clinical status changes (eg, the intensity of the murmur changes). […] The timing of surgical correction is in part related to whether the patient is a candidate for MV repair or will require MV replacement.

• #83 Aortic valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355122

  Heart valve disease is staged into four basic groups: […] Stage A: At risk. Risk factors for heart valve disease are present. […] Stage B: Progressive. Valve disease is mild or moderate. There are no heart valve symptoms. […] Stage C: Asymptomatic severe. There are no heart valve symptoms but the valve disease is severe. […] Stage D: Symptomatic severe. Heart valve disease is severe and is causing symptoms. […] Treatment for aortic valve disease depends on: […] The severity (stage) of aortic valve disease. […] Whether the disease is causing symptoms. […] Whether the condition is getting worse. […] Treatment may include regular health checkups, lifestyle changes, medicines, or surgery or other procedures. […] If you have aortic valve disease, consider being evaluated and treated at a medical center with a multidisciplinary team of heart doctors called cardiologists and other care professionals trained and experienced in evaluating and treating heart valve disease.

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