Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9228968/

  Valvular heart disease is a rapidly growing cause of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality with diverse and evolving geographic distribution. […] The prevalence of rheumatic heart disease, the most common valvular heart disease (affecting approximately 41 million people), has been rising in developing nations, likely due to the expansion of the young adult population and the decrease in premature mortality that has resulted from improved access to antibiotics, microbiological testing, and echocardiography. […] Aortic valve stenotic disease is the most commonly occurring valvular pathology in developed nations (afflicting 9 million people worldwide) and its prevalence has been increasing with population aging and the increased prevalence of atherosclerosis. […] Understanding the geographical and temporal trends that are present in valve disease epidemiology is crucial for designing effective public health interventions for primary and secondary prevention.

• #2 The Global Burden of Valvular Heart Disease: From Clinical Epidemiology to Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/6/2178

  Valvular heart disease is a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and a major contributor of symptoms and functional disability. Knowledge of valvular heart disease epidemiology and a deep comprehension of the geographical and temporal trends are crucial for clinical advances and the formulation of effective health policy for primary and secondary prevention. […] The comprehension of the geographical and temporal trends and changes in VHD epidemiology are crucial for advances in clinical practice and the development of effective health policy for primary and secondary prevention. […] The specific causes of VHD can be misclassified, especially in areas where rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is endemic and the classification of VHD is easily prone to error. […] The increasing number of patients with VHD and the wide range of therapeutic options now available demand a dedicated management and a standardization of procedures in order to refer patients to a surgeon or interventional cardiologist at the appropriate timing before the development of changes in the LV or major adverse clinical events.

• #3 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9228968/

  Global epidemiological data can be unreliable, as post-mortem analysis has revealed the true prevalence of valvular heart disease to be significantly greater than that which is clinically coded and reported. […] The most prevalent valve pathologies, globally, are rheumatic heart disease, aortic valve stenotic disease, mitral regurgitation, and aortic regurgitation, while in the developed world, aortic valve stenotic disease is more prevalent. […] Diseases of the aortic valve account for 61% of all valvular heart disease deaths, while diseases of the mitral valve account for 15%. […] The global RHD prevalence continues to increase annually, although the age-standardized prevalence has increased much slower, reflecting the predomination of growing, young populations. […] RHD was estimated to affect 40.5 million people worldwide in 2019, with an annual incidence rate of 2.8 million.

• #4 Heart valve disease module 1: epidemiology – The British Journal of Cardiology

  https://bjcardio.co.uk/2016/03/heart-valve-disease-module-1-epidemiology-2/

  Heart valve disease is as common as heart failure. The population prevalence is 2.5% rising to over 10% in people aged more than 75. […] It has received disproportionately little exposure in terms of research, national treatment strategies and public awareness. This is beginning to change, partly with a rise in prevalence as our population ages and partly as a result of technological advances including transcatheter procedures. […] In industrially developed countries, the incidence of rheumatic disease declined after the second half of the 20th century. With increased longevity, valve conditions characteristic of old-age now predominate. The most common are calcific aortic stenosis and functional mitral regurgitation. […] There has also been a rise in new diseases induced by drugs or therapeutic irradiation, an increase in endocarditis related to intravenous drug use, device implantation and haemodialysis and a rise in the number of operations as a result of failing replacement heart valves.

• #5

  https://www.bsecho.org/Public/Public/Education/Posters-and-guides-subpages/PUA006-valve-disease-assessment-poster.aspx

  Valvular heart disease is common. Prevalence amongst adult populations is estimated at 2.5%, rising to over 10% in those aged older than 75. This equates to over 1.6 million people over the age of 65 currently living with heart valve disease; some estimates suggest that this will double by 2046 and increase further to 3.3 million by 2056. […] Consequently, echocardiography is the primary imaging modality for the assessment of disease severity, playing a fundamental role in the surveillance of heart valve disease and in determining the appropriate time for valvular intervention. […] When considered alongside the BSE posters for triaging echocardiography requests and appropriate monitoring intervals, this poster is an invaluable resource for the diagnosis, surveillance and management of patients with valve disease.

• #6 Epidemiology of Valvular Heart Disease — Radcliffe Department of Medicine

  https://www.rdm.ox.ac.uk/oxvalve/information-for-health-professionals/epidemiology-of-valvular-heart-disease

  Valvular heart Disease (VHD) is the source of significant morbidity and mortality with increasing prevalence but is poorly researched in comparison with other areas of cardiac disease. […] Although echocardiographic studies provide some indication of disease prevalence, accurate epidemiological data are lacking and there are no European or UK studies to date. […] The largest epidemiological study of VHD examined pooled data from three population-based studies in the U.S., as well as community-based data from a separate cohort. […] In total, this amounted to over 28,000 adults, and documented VHD of at least moderate severity. […] The prevalence of VHD increased with age in both the population- and community-based cohorts, rising from 0.7% in those aged 18-44 years to 13% in those over 75 in the population-based studies, and from 0.3% to 12% in the corresponding age groups in the community-based cohort.

• #7 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9228968/

  Global epidemiological data can be unreliable, as post-mortem analysis has revealed the true prevalence of valvular heart disease to be significantly greater than that which is clinically coded and reported. […] The most prevalent valve pathologies, globally, are rheumatic heart disease, aortic valve stenotic disease, mitral regurgitation, and aortic regurgitation, while in the developed world, aortic valve stenotic disease is more prevalent. […] Diseases of the aortic valve account for 61% of all valvular heart disease deaths, while diseases of the mitral valve account for 15%. […] The global RHD prevalence continues to increase annually, although the age-standardized prevalence has increased much slower, reflecting the predomination of growing, young populations. […] RHD was estimated to affect 40.5 million people worldwide in 2019, with an annual incidence rate of 2.8 million.

• #8 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/10/2/32

  Valvular heart disease is a rapidly growing cause of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality with diverse and evolving geographic distribution. […] The prevalence of rheumatic heart disease, the most common valvular heart disease (affecting approximately 41 million people), has been rising in developing nations, likely due to the expansion of the young adult population and the decrease in premature mortality that has resulted from improved access to antibiotics, microbiological testing, and echocardiography. […] Understanding the geographical and temporal trends that are present in valve disease epidemiology is crucial for designing effective public health interventions for primary and secondary prevention. […] The most prevalent valve pathologies, globally, are rheumatic heart disease, aortic valve stenotic disease, mitral regurgitation, and aortic regurgitation, while in the developed world, aortic valve stenotic disease is more prevalent.

• #9 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/10/2/32

  Valvular heart disease is a rapidly growing cause of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality with diverse and evolving geographic distribution. […] The prevalence of rheumatic heart disease, the most common valvular heart disease (affecting approximately 41 million people), has been rising in developing nations, likely due to the expansion of the young adult population and the decrease in premature mortality that has resulted from improved access to antibiotics, microbiological testing, and echocardiography. […] Understanding the geographical and temporal trends that are present in valve disease epidemiology is crucial for designing effective public health interventions for primary and secondary prevention. […] The most prevalent valve pathologies, globally, are rheumatic heart disease, aortic valve stenotic disease, mitral regurgitation, and aortic regurgitation, while in the developed world, aortic valve stenotic disease is more prevalent.

• #10 Epidemiology of aortic valve stenosis (AS) and of aortic valve incompetence (AI): is the prevalence of AS/AI similar in different parts of the world?

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/epidemiology-of-aortic-valve-stenosis-as-and-of-aortic-valve-incompetence-ai

  There are large differences in the epidemiology of aortic valve disease between high-income and low-income countries. […] The prevalence is between 46 per 100,000 in northern India and 2,400 per 100,000 in the Solomon Islands. […] The prevalence of severe aortic stenosis in those aged 75 years is 3.4% in Europe and the USA. […] The epidemiology of aortic valve disease varies enormously between high-income and low-income countries. […] The number of cases of aortic valvular disease will increase because of the strong association between valvular disease and age, combined with the rapid ageing of populations worldwide. […] The burden of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) falls disproportionately on low-income countries and in low-income groups in high-income countries. […] The incidence of acute rheumatic fever has been difficult to establish globally.

• #11 Heart valve disease module 1: epidemiology – The British Journal of Cardiology

  https://bjcardio.co.uk/2016/03/heart-valve-disease-module-1-epidemiology-2/5/

  Rheumatic disease is the overwhelming aetiology world-wide and causes isolated mitral stenosis in 40% of cases. However the population prevalence of mitral stenosis in the USA is only 0.1% and accounts for only 10% of cases in European hospital-based series. […] In industrially developed regions diseases of old age predominate, particularly calcific aortic stenosis and functional mitral regurgitation. […] In the USA, valve disease is most common in the elderly with a prevalence of 13% in those aged over 75. […] Valve disease is correctly regarded as an epidemic waiting to happen. Degenerative aortic stenosis has become the most common valve disease in Europe, and the United States, due to prolonged life-expectancy and the associated degenerative effects on cardiac structures. […] Rheumatic disease is the most common cause of valve disease in the young worldwide with an estimated prevalence of 15.6 million.

• #12 Epidemiology of valvular heart disease in the adult | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrcardio.2010.202

  Valvular heart disease remains common in industrialized countries, because the decrease in prevalence of rheumatic heart diseases has been accompanied by an increase in that of degenerative valve diseases. […] The prevalence of valvular heart disease is estimated at 2.5% in the US population and sharply increases after the age of 65 years owing to the predominance of degenerative etiologies. […] Rheumatic heart disease remains common in developing countries, where its prevalence is underestimated by clinical examination and is estimated at 23% when using systematic echocardiographic screening. […] The burden of heart valve disease in the elderly has an important impact on patient management, given the high frequency of comorbidity and the increased risk associated with intervention in this age group.

• #13 The modern epidemiology of heart valve disease | Heart

  https://heart.bmj.com/content/102/1/75

  To become familiar with the contemporary epidemiology of heart valve disease, including endocarditis; […] To recognise the relationship between heart valve disease epidemiology, the ageing population and current treatment options; […] To be aware of the probable future trends in heart valve disease epidemiology. […] In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge of heart valve disease (HVD) epidemiology, how it has changed over time and possible future trends. […] The majority of morbidity and mortality attributable to HVD worldwide is due to rheumatic heart disease (RHD), which is most commonly seen in low-income countries. […] In high-income countries, the greatest burden of HVD referred to hospital is due to calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). […] The strong association between HVD and age, combined with the rapid ageing of populations worldwide, means that HVD has been described as the next cardiac epidemic.

• #14 About Heart Valve Disease | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/heart-valve-disease.html

  Heart valve disease is underdiagnosed and undertreated, especially in African American, Hispanic, and Asian populations. […] More than 5 million people in the U.S. are diagnosed with heart valve disease each year. […] More than 25,000 deaths in the U.S. each year are due to heart valve disease. […] Even those at the highest risk, people 65 years and older, are poorly informed about heart valve disease. […] 75% of U.S. adults know little to nothing about heart valve disease. […] Early diagnosis, treatment, and routine monitoring of heart valve disease are critical to helping patients live healthy lives. […] Screenings such as stethoscope checks, echocardiograms, and timely referrals to cardiologists can help ensure that heart valve disease does not go unmanaged.

• #15

  https://baker.edu.au/impact/advocacy/valve-disease

  Our hidden ageing: time to listen to the heart shows more than half a million Australians have heart valve disease, and more than a quarter of a million Australians have undiagnosed heart valve disease. […] These figures are set to rise significantly in the coming decades and this is concerning because heart valve disease can cause many serious complications, including heart failure, stroke, blood clots, heart rhythm abnormalities, and even death. […] Key findings […] There are 500,000-600,000 Australians living with heart valve disease in 2021. […] An estimated 254,000 Australians are living with undiagnosed heart valve disease. This number will grow substantially to 336,000 in 2031, and to 435,000 in 2051. […] The findings in this whitepaper demonstrate that early detection and intervention are critical in addressing the rising rates of undiagnosed heart valve disease.

• #16 Global epidemiology of valvular heart disease | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-021-00570-z

  Valvular heart disease (VHD) is a major contributor to loss of physical function, quality of life and longevity. The epidemiology of VHD varies substantially around the world, with a predominance of functional and degenerative disease in high-income countries, and a predominance of rheumatic heart disease in low-income and middle-income countries. […] Rheumatic heart disease remains by far the most common manifestation of VHD worldwide and affects approximately 41 million people. By contrast, the prevalence of calcific aortic stenosis and degenerative mitral valve disease is 9 and 24 million people, respectively. […] Despite a reduction in global mortality related to rheumatic heart disease since 1900, the death rate has remained fairly static since 2000. Meanwhile, deaths from calcific aortic stenosis have continued to rise in the past 20 years. Epidemiological data on other important acquired and congenital forms of VHD are limited. An ageing population and advances in therapies make an examination of the changing global epidemiology of VHD crucial for advances in clinical practice and formulation of health policy.

• #17 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology – ProQuest

  https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/valvular-heart-disease-epidemiology/docview/2679763250/se-2

  Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains the most common cause of valvular disease worldwide. […] RHD was estimated to affect 40.5 million people worldwide in 2019, with an annual incidence rate of 2.8 million. […] The highest mortality rates for RHD are observed in Oceania, South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. […] Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the third most common form of valvular heart disease, affecting approximately 24.2 million people around the world. […] Aortic regurgitation (AR) is the fourth most common valvular disease in the world. […] There were an estimated 1.1 million global cases of infective endocarditis (IE) in 2019, claiming approximately 66,000 lives and resulting in the loss of 1.7 million DALYs. […] Valvular heart disease is a growing cause of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality with a very disparate geographic distribution.

• #18 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology – ProQuest

  https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/valvular-heart-disease-epidemiology/docview/2679763250/se-2

  Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains the most common cause of valvular disease worldwide. […] RHD was estimated to affect 40.5 million people worldwide in 2019, with an annual incidence rate of 2.8 million. […] The highest mortality rates for RHD are observed in Oceania, South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. […] Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the third most common form of valvular heart disease, affecting approximately 24.2 million people around the world. […] Aortic regurgitation (AR) is the fourth most common valvular disease in the world. […] There were an estimated 1.1 million global cases of infective endocarditis (IE) in 2019, claiming approximately 66,000 lives and resulting in the loss of 1.7 million DALYs. […] Valvular heart disease is a growing cause of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality with a very disparate geographic distribution.

• #19 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology – ProQuest

  https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/valvular-heart-disease-epidemiology/docview/2679763250/se-2

  Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains the most common cause of valvular disease worldwide. […] RHD was estimated to affect 40.5 million people worldwide in 2019, with an annual incidence rate of 2.8 million. […] The highest mortality rates for RHD are observed in Oceania, South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. […] Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the third most common form of valvular heart disease, affecting approximately 24.2 million people around the world. […] Aortic regurgitation (AR) is the fourth most common valvular disease in the world. […] There were an estimated 1.1 million global cases of infective endocarditis (IE) in 2019, claiming approximately 66,000 lives and resulting in the loss of 1.7 million DALYs. […] Valvular heart disease is a growing cause of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality with a very disparate geographic distribution.

• #20 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9228968/

  The highest mortality rates for RHD are observed in Oceania, South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. […] The burden of disease is likely to rise as diagnostic tools become more available in developing nations and as transitioning economies, such as China, adopt a more sedentary lifestyle and Western diet, thus increasing the global prevalence of cardiovascular disease.

• #21 Epidemiology of aortic valve stenosis (AS) and of aortic valve incompetence (AI): is the prevalence of AS/AI similar in different parts of the world?

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/epidemiology-of-aortic-valve-stenosis-as-and-of-aortic-valve-incompetence-ai

  A review of recent studies predominantly using echocardiography for the diagnosis of chronic RHD shows wide global variations in prevalence, between 46 per 100,000 in northern India and 2,400 per 100,000 in the Solomon Islands. […] Projections in high-income countries uniformly predict an increase in the burden of disease. […] The high prevalence of risk factors for CAVD such as hypertension and increasing life expectancy, mean that there is likely to be a substantial future burden of CAVD in low-income countries. […] The magnitude of cardiovascular disease is vastly different in different countries (Africa, Asia, Europe or North America) and it shows differences according to sex.

• #22 Global epidemiology of valvular heart disease | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-021-00570-z

  Valvular heart disease (VHD) is a major contributor to loss of physical function, quality of life and longevity. The epidemiology of VHD varies substantially around the world, with a predominance of functional and degenerative disease in high-income countries, and a predominance of rheumatic heart disease in low-income and middle-income countries. […] Rheumatic heart disease remains by far the most common manifestation of VHD worldwide and affects approximately 41 million people. By contrast, the prevalence of calcific aortic stenosis and degenerative mitral valve disease is 9 and 24 million people, respectively. […] Despite a reduction in global mortality related to rheumatic heart disease since 1900, the death rate has remained fairly static since 2000. Meanwhile, deaths from calcific aortic stenosis have continued to rise in the past 20 years. Epidemiological data on other important acquired and congenital forms of VHD are limited. An ageing population and advances in therapies make an examination of the changing global epidemiology of VHD crucial for advances in clinical practice and formulation of health policy.

• #23 Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-rheumatic-heart-disease

  RHD is a disease affecting predominantly those living in poverty with inadequate access to health care and unchecked exposure to group A streptococcus. […] The importance of socioeconomic factors is further underscored by the virtual disappearance of RHD in industrialized countries since the mid-20th century, which started well before the introduction of penicillin. By contrast, RHD is still endemic in Africa, Asia, South America, and resource-limited communities of Australasia.

• #24 Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-rheumatic-heart-disease

  RHD is by far the most important form of acquired heart disease in children and young adults living in resource-limited countries (which are inhabited by 80 percent of the world’s population); RHD accounts for approximately 15 percent of all patients with heart failure (HF) in endemic countries. […] The prevalence of RHD has been rising steadily since 1990, reaching 40.5 million (95 percent uncertainty interval [UI] 32.0 to 50.0 million) currently affected in 2019. […] RHD continues to show substantial global heterogeneity. The lowest age-standardized DALY rates are seen in the highest income regions (eg, high-income Asia-Pacific, North America, and Western Europe all <25 per 100,000), reflecting the combined benefit of lower prevalence and higher access to diagnosis and treatment, including cardiac surgery; however, high numbers of age-standardized DALYs occur in Oceania (627 per 100,000), which, along with central sub-Saharan Africa, are two regions that have not experienced a significant decrease in DALYs since 1990.

• #25 Global epidemiology of valvular heart disease | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-021-00570-z

  Valvular heart disease (VHD) is a major contributor to loss of physical function, quality of life and longevity. The epidemiology of VHD varies substantially around the world, with a predominance of functional and degenerative disease in high-income countries, and a predominance of rheumatic heart disease in low-income and middle-income countries. […] Rheumatic heart disease remains by far the most common manifestation of VHD worldwide and affects approximately 41 million people. By contrast, the prevalence of calcific aortic stenosis and degenerative mitral valve disease is 9 and 24 million people, respectively. […] Despite a reduction in global mortality related to rheumatic heart disease since 1900, the death rate has remained fairly static since 2000. Meanwhile, deaths from calcific aortic stenosis have continued to rise in the past 20 years. Epidemiological data on other important acquired and congenital forms of VHD are limited. An ageing population and advances in therapies make an examination of the changing global epidemiology of VHD crucial for advances in clinical practice and formulation of health policy.

• #26 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9228968/

  Valvular heart disease is a rapidly growing cause of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality with diverse and evolving geographic distribution. […] The prevalence of rheumatic heart disease, the most common valvular heart disease (affecting approximately 41 million people), has been rising in developing nations, likely due to the expansion of the young adult population and the decrease in premature mortality that has resulted from improved access to antibiotics, microbiological testing, and echocardiography. […] Aortic valve stenotic disease is the most commonly occurring valvular pathology in developed nations (afflicting 9 million people worldwide) and its prevalence has been increasing with population aging and the increased prevalence of atherosclerosis. […] Understanding the geographical and temporal trends that are present in valve disease epidemiology is crucial for designing effective public health interventions for primary and secondary prevention.

• #27 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9228968/

  Valvular heart disease is a rapidly growing cause of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality with diverse and evolving geographic distribution. […] The prevalence of rheumatic heart disease, the most common valvular heart disease (affecting approximately 41 million people), has been rising in developing nations, likely due to the expansion of the young adult population and the decrease in premature mortality that has resulted from improved access to antibiotics, microbiological testing, and echocardiography. […] Aortic valve stenotic disease is the most commonly occurring valvular pathology in developed nations (afflicting 9 million people worldwide) and its prevalence has been increasing with population aging and the increased prevalence of atherosclerosis. […] Understanding the geographical and temporal trends that are present in valve disease epidemiology is crucial for designing effective public health interventions for primary and secondary prevention.

• #28 Epidemiology of aortic valve stenosis (AS) and of aortic valve incompetence (AI): is the prevalence of AS/AI similar in different parts of the world?

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/epidemiology-of-aortic-valve-stenosis-as-and-of-aortic-valve-incompetence-ai

  There are large differences in the epidemiology of aortic valve disease between high-income and low-income countries. […] The prevalence is between 46 per 100,000 in northern India and 2,400 per 100,000 in the Solomon Islands. […] The prevalence of severe aortic stenosis in those aged 75 years is 3.4% in Europe and the USA. […] The epidemiology of aortic valve disease varies enormously between high-income and low-income countries. […] The number of cases of aortic valvular disease will increase because of the strong association between valvular disease and age, combined with the rapid ageing of populations worldwide. […] The burden of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) falls disproportionately on low-income countries and in low-income groups in high-income countries. […] The incidence of acute rheumatic fever has been difficult to establish globally.

• #29 Changing epidemiology of calcific aortic valve disease: 30-year trends of incidence, prevalence, and deaths across 204 countries and territories | Aging

  https://www.aging-us.com/article/202942/text

  The global number of newly diagnosed cases of CAVD increased 3.51-fold from 1990, with 589,638 in 2019, including 313,805 male and 275,833 female patients. […] The disease burden of CAVD globally, and in five SDI quintiles from 1990 to 2019. (A) Incident cases; (B) ASIR; (C) prevalent cases; (D) ASPR; (E) deaths; (F) ASDR. […] The incidence of CAVD varied significantly from nation to nation. In 2019, the highest number of incident cases (117,080) was recorded in the United States, followed by Japan (71,837), China (54,965), and the Russian Federation (54,152). […] The most CAVD deaths in 2019 were recorded in the United States, followed by Germany and Japan (248,256, 13,154, and 12,868, respectively). Cyprus, Slovenia, and Norway presented the largest ASDR with 8.20/100,000 persons, 6.77/100,000 persons, and 5.72/100,000 persons, respectively.

• #30 Global epidemiology of valvular heart disease | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-021-00570-z

  Valvular heart disease (VHD) is a major contributor to loss of physical function, quality of life and longevity. The epidemiology of VHD varies substantially around the world, with a predominance of functional and degenerative disease in high-income countries, and a predominance of rheumatic heart disease in low-income and middle-income countries. […] Rheumatic heart disease remains by far the most common manifestation of VHD worldwide and affects approximately 41 million people. By contrast, the prevalence of calcific aortic stenosis and degenerative mitral valve disease is 9 and 24 million people, respectively. […] Despite a reduction in global mortality related to rheumatic heart disease since 1900, the death rate has remained fairly static since 2000. Meanwhile, deaths from calcific aortic stenosis have continued to rise in the past 20 years. Epidemiological data on other important acquired and congenital forms of VHD are limited. An ageing population and advances in therapies make an examination of the changing global epidemiology of VHD crucial for advances in clinical practice and formulation of health policy.

• #31 Changing epidemiology of calcific aortic valve disease: 30-year trends of incidence, prevalence, and deaths across 204 countries and territories | Aging

  https://www.aging-us.com/article/202942/text

  Since 1990, no SDI or GBD regions have shown a decreasing trend in CAVD deaths or ASDR. […] Globally, a total of 126,827 patients (male 54,175 and female 72,652) died from CAVD in 2019, a 1.38-fold rise from 1990. […] Our study used the most up-to-date information to demonstrate that (i) the spatial and temporal patterns of incidence, prevalence, and deaths owing to CAVD varied considerably across 204 nation-level units from 1990 to 2019, according to GBD 2019 findings; (ii) population aging contributed more to the CAVD incidence than population growth, according to decomposition analysis; (iii) the sex-age patterns of prevalence suggested that more men had CAVD and reached the highest prevalence at younger ages than women; (iv) CAVD deaths were mainly attributable to high SBP, diet high in sodium, and lead exposure, based on GBD 2019; and (v) the ASIR EAPC had an important correlation with the ASPR EAPC and ASDR EAPC whereas the ASIR and ASPR EAPC was significantly associated with ASR and SDI in 2019 throughout the 204 countries and territories. […] A high SBP, a diet high in sodium, and exposure to lead were the main risk factors of CAVD deaths.

• #32 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology – ProQuest

  https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/valvular-heart-disease-epidemiology/docview/2679763250/se-2

  Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains the most common cause of valvular disease worldwide. […] RHD was estimated to affect 40.5 million people worldwide in 2019, with an annual incidence rate of 2.8 million. […] The highest mortality rates for RHD are observed in Oceania, South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. […] Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the third most common form of valvular heart disease, affecting approximately 24.2 million people around the world. […] Aortic regurgitation (AR) is the fourth most common valvular disease in the world. […] There were an estimated 1.1 million global cases of infective endocarditis (IE) in 2019, claiming approximately 66,000 lives and resulting in the loss of 1.7 million DALYs. […] Valvular heart disease is a growing cause of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality with a very disparate geographic distribution.

• #33 Global epidemiology of valvular heart disease | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-021-00570-z

  Valvular heart disease (VHD) is a major contributor to loss of physical function, quality of life and longevity. The epidemiology of VHD varies substantially around the world, with a predominance of functional and degenerative disease in high-income countries, and a predominance of rheumatic heart disease in low-income and middle-income countries. […] Rheumatic heart disease remains by far the most common manifestation of VHD worldwide and affects approximately 41 million people. By contrast, the prevalence of calcific aortic stenosis and degenerative mitral valve disease is 9 and 24 million people, respectively. […] Despite a reduction in global mortality related to rheumatic heart disease since 1900, the death rate has remained fairly static since 2000. Meanwhile, deaths from calcific aortic stenosis have continued to rise in the past 20 years. Epidemiological data on other important acquired and congenital forms of VHD are limited. An ageing population and advances in therapies make an examination of the changing global epidemiology of VHD crucial for advances in clinical practice and formulation of health policy.

• #34 Epidemiology of Valvular Heart Disease

  https://hsrc.himmelfarb.gwu.edu/gwhpubs/1232/

  Acquired diseases of the aortic and mitral valves are the most common cause of morbidity and mortality among Valvular heart diseases. Aortic stenosis (AS) is increasing in incidence in the United States (4,43 US), driven largely by an aging demographic. […] Mitral valve regurgitation (MR) is the most common form of valvular heart disease (VHD) in the US, whereby MR is most often the result of mitral valve prolapse; rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a more common etiology of MR in underdeveloped countries. Interventions for MR in the US are increasing.

• #35 Epidemiology of Valvular Heart Disease – EM consulte

  https://www.em-consulte.com/article/1522035/epidemiology-of-valvular-heart-disease

  Epidemiology of Valvular Heart Disease – 04/06/22 […] Acquired diseases of the aortic and mitral valves are the most common cause of morbidity and mortality among Valvular heart diseases. Aortic stenosis (AS) is increasing in incidence in the United States, driven largely by an aging demographic. […] Mitral valve regurgitation (MR) is the most common form of valvular heart disease (VHD) in the US, whereby MR is most often the result of mitral valve prolapse; rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a more common etiology of MR in underdeveloped countries. Interventions for MR in the US are increasing.

• #36 Mitral valve incompetence: epidemiology and causes

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Mitral-valve-incompetence-epidemiology-and-causes

  Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the second most frequent indication for valve surgery. […] Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the second most frequent indication for valve surgery in Europe. […] Rheumatic heart disease remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children and young adults in the developing world with a peak age group of 25 to 35 years. […] It is less prevalent in developed countries (0.05/1,000 in the USA) due to improved living conditions, better health care, and availability of antibiotics, but an increasing incidence has been reported in the last two decades in developed countries. […] Mitral incompetence may occur as congenital malformations of the mitral valve. […] In an echocardiographic study, congenital malformations of the mitral valve were detected in almost 0.5% of the 13,400 subjects.

• #37 Frontiers | Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management of Native Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation in Heart Failure Patients

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2021.713658/full

  Atrioventricular regurgitation is frequent in the setting of heart failure. […] Current statistics indicate that HF affects around 23 million people worldwide. […] Data from the prospective European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Long-Term (ESC-HF-LT) Registry estimate that moderate-to-severe secondary MR is present in 36% of patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), 28% with HF with mid-range ejection fraction, and 20% with HF with preserved ejection fraction. […] The presence of secondary MR in patients with HFrEF is associated with HF symptoms, increased hospitalisation rates, and worse prognosis. […] Severe secondary MR is a major mortality predictor, independent of clinical and echocardiographic confounders, with an increase in mortality rate by 76 % compared to the absence of MR.

• #38 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology – ProQuest

  https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/valvular-heart-disease-epidemiology/docview/2679763250/se-2

  Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains the most common cause of valvular disease worldwide. […] RHD was estimated to affect 40.5 million people worldwide in 2019, with an annual incidence rate of 2.8 million. […] The highest mortality rates for RHD are observed in Oceania, South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. […] Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the third most common form of valvular heart disease, affecting approximately 24.2 million people around the world. […] Aortic regurgitation (AR) is the fourth most common valvular disease in the world. […] There were an estimated 1.1 million global cases of infective endocarditis (IE) in 2019, claiming approximately 66,000 lives and resulting in the loss of 1.7 million DALYs. […] Valvular heart disease is a growing cause of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality with a very disparate geographic distribution.

• #39 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35736352/

  Valvular heart disease is a rapidly growing cause of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality with diverse and evolving geographic distribution. […] The prevalence of rheumatic heart disease, the most common valvular heart disease (affecting approximately 41 million people), has been rising in developing nations, likely due to the expansion of the young adult population and the decrease in premature mortality that has resulted from improved access to antibiotics, microbiological testing, and echocardiography. […] Aortic valve stenotic disease is the most commonly occurring valvular pathology in developed nations (afflicting 9 million people worldwide) and its prevalence has been increasing with population aging and the increased prevalence of atherosclerosis. […] Aortic regurgitation is associated with diastolic, but not systolic, hypertension and it has likewise seen a rise in the developed world.

• #40 Epidemiology of valvular heart disease in a Swedish nationwide hospital-based register study | Heart

  https://heart.bmj.com/content/103/21/1696

  Epidemiology of valvular heart disease in a Swedish nationwide hospital-based register study […] In the Swedish population (n=10 164 211), the incidence of VHD was 63.9 per 100 000 person-years, with aortic stenosis (AS; 47.2%), mitral regurgitation (MR; 24.2%) and aortic regurgitation (AR; 18.0%) contributing most of the VHD diagnoses. […] Clinically diagnosed VHD was primarily a disease of the elderly. […] Contemporary epidemiological information on VHD is important to better understand this changing disease spectrum and allocate healthcare resources accordingly. […] The overall incidence of VHD was estimated to 63.9 per 100 000 person-years, and the three most common diseases were aortic stenosis (47.2%), mitral regurgitation (24.2%) and aortic regurgitation (18.0%). Specific VHDs showed different sex patterns and comorbidity profiles, indicating a range of potential aetiologies in the current era that merit further study.

• #41 Epidemiology of valvular heart disease in a Swedish nationwide hospital-based register study. | Broad Institute

  https://www.broadinstitute.org/publications/broad35741

  Epidemiology of valvular heart disease in a Swedish nationwide hospital-based register study. […] We used nationwide registers to identify all patients with a first diagnosis of VHD at Swedish hospitals between 2003 and 2010. […] In the Swedish population (n=10 164 211), the incidence of VHD was 63.9 per 100 000 person-years, with aortic stenosis (AS; 47.2%), mitral regurgitation (MR; 24.2%) and aortic regurgitation (AR; 18.0%) contributing most of the VHD diagnoses. […] The majority of VHDs were diagnosed in the elderly (68.9% in subjects aged 65 years), but pulmonary valve disease incidence peaked in newborns. […] Clinically diagnosed VHD was primarily a disease of the elderly. […] Rheumatic fever was rare in Sweden, but specific VHDs showed a range of different comorbidity profiles. […] Pronounced sex-specific patterns were observed for AR and MS, for which the mechanisms remain incompletely understood.

• #42 Epidemiology of valvular heart disease in a Swedish nationwide hospital-based register study | Lund University

  https://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/lup/publication/f4aa10ae-46b0-4144-a44f-5ca0c7b3622f

  Objective: Transitions in the spectrum of valvular heart diseases (VHDs) in developed countries over the 20th century have been reported from clinical case series, but large, contemporary population-based studies are lacking. […] In the Swedish population (n=10 164 211), the incidence of VHD was 63.9 per 100 000 person-years, with aortic stenosis (AS; 47.2%), mitral regurgitation (MR; 24.2%) and aortic regurgitation (AR; 18.0%) contributing most of the VHD diagnoses. […] The majority of VHDs were diagnosed in the elderly (68.9% in subjects aged 65 years), but pulmonary valve disease incidence peaked in newborns. […] Clinically diagnosed VHD was primarily a disease of the elderly. […] Rheumatic fever was rare in Sweden, but specific VHDs showed a range of different comorbidity profiles. […] Pronounced sex-specific patterns were observed for AR and MS, for which the mechanisms remain incompletely understood.

• #43 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35736352/

  Mitral regurgitation affects 24 million people worldwide, with great variability between and among nations. […] Tricuspid regurgitation has become more prevalent in developed nations due to the increased usage of intracardiac pacemakers. […] Infective endocarditis prevalence has also grown in developed nations, likely due to population aging and the increased utilization of transcatheter valve replacement and prosthetic valves as interventions against the previously discussed valvular pathologies.

• #44 Frontiers | Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management of Native Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation in Heart Failure Patients

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2021.713658/full

  Similarly, tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is recognised as a common valve disease, observed in more than 1.6 million individuals in the United States. […] In the ESC-HF-LT Registry moderate to severe TR was equally prevalent among HF subtypes, affecting approximately 20 % of the patients with HF. […] In a large cohort of patients with HFrEF, increasing TR severity was independently associated with considerably worse prognosis. […] The mechanism of secondary TR in HF patients is complex and often multifactorial, frequently combining the effects of both right ventricular (RV) and right atrial dilatation. […] Medical treatment options for TR are very limited. […] While the benefit of optimal medical treatment including CRT in the management of HFrEF is well-established, data show that 50% of patients respond favourably in terms of MR severity reduction.

• #45 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35736352/

  Mitral regurgitation affects 24 million people worldwide, with great variability between and among nations. […] Tricuspid regurgitation has become more prevalent in developed nations due to the increased usage of intracardiac pacemakers. […] Infective endocarditis prevalence has also grown in developed nations, likely due to population aging and the increased utilization of transcatheter valve replacement and prosthetic valves as interventions against the previously discussed valvular pathologies.

• #46 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology – ProQuest

  https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/valvular-heart-disease-epidemiology/docview/2679763250/se-2

  Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains the most common cause of valvular disease worldwide. […] RHD was estimated to affect 40.5 million people worldwide in 2019, with an annual incidence rate of 2.8 million. […] The highest mortality rates for RHD are observed in Oceania, South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. […] Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the third most common form of valvular heart disease, affecting approximately 24.2 million people around the world. […] Aortic regurgitation (AR) is the fourth most common valvular disease in the world. […] There were an estimated 1.1 million global cases of infective endocarditis (IE) in 2019, claiming approximately 66,000 lives and resulting in the loss of 1.7 million DALYs. […] Valvular heart disease is a growing cause of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality with a very disparate geographic distribution.

• #47 Epidemiology of valvular heart disease in a Swedish nationwide hospital-based register study | Lund University

  https://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/lup/publication/f4aa10ae-46b0-4144-a44f-5ca0c7b3622f

  Objective: Transitions in the spectrum of valvular heart diseases (VHDs) in developed countries over the 20th century have been reported from clinical case series, but large, contemporary population-based studies are lacking. […] In the Swedish population (n=10 164 211), the incidence of VHD was 63.9 per 100 000 person-years, with aortic stenosis (AS; 47.2%), mitral regurgitation (MR; 24.2%) and aortic regurgitation (AR; 18.0%) contributing most of the VHD diagnoses. […] The majority of VHDs were diagnosed in the elderly (68.9% in subjects aged 65 years), but pulmonary valve disease incidence peaked in newborns. […] Clinically diagnosed VHD was primarily a disease of the elderly. […] Rheumatic fever was rare in Sweden, but specific VHDs showed a range of different comorbidity profiles. […] Pronounced sex-specific patterns were observed for AR and MS, for which the mechanisms remain incompletely understood.

• #48 Epidemiology of valvular heart disease in a Swedish nationwide hospital-based register study. | Broad Institute

  https://www.broadinstitute.org/publications/broad35741

  Epidemiology of valvular heart disease in a Swedish nationwide hospital-based register study. […] We used nationwide registers to identify all patients with a first diagnosis of VHD at Swedish hospitals between 2003 and 2010. […] In the Swedish population (n=10 164 211), the incidence of VHD was 63.9 per 100 000 person-years, with aortic stenosis (AS; 47.2%), mitral regurgitation (MR; 24.2%) and aortic regurgitation (AR; 18.0%) contributing most of the VHD diagnoses. […] The majority of VHDs were diagnosed in the elderly (68.9% in subjects aged 65 years), but pulmonary valve disease incidence peaked in newborns. […] Clinically diagnosed VHD was primarily a disease of the elderly. […] Rheumatic fever was rare in Sweden, but specific VHDs showed a range of different comorbidity profiles. […] Pronounced sex-specific patterns were observed for AR and MS, for which the mechanisms remain incompletely understood.

• #49 Changing epidemiology of calcific aortic valve disease: 30-year trends of incidence, prevalence, and deaths across 204 countries and territories | Aging

  https://www.aging-us.com/article/202942/text

  Since 1990, no SDI or GBD regions have shown a decreasing trend in CAVD deaths or ASDR. […] Globally, a total of 126,827 patients (male 54,175 and female 72,652) died from CAVD in 2019, a 1.38-fold rise from 1990. […] Our study used the most up-to-date information to demonstrate that (i) the spatial and temporal patterns of incidence, prevalence, and deaths owing to CAVD varied considerably across 204 nation-level units from 1990 to 2019, according to GBD 2019 findings; (ii) population aging contributed more to the CAVD incidence than population growth, according to decomposition analysis; (iii) the sex-age patterns of prevalence suggested that more men had CAVD and reached the highest prevalence at younger ages than women; (iv) CAVD deaths were mainly attributable to high SBP, diet high in sodium, and lead exposure, based on GBD 2019; and (v) the ASIR EAPC had an important correlation with the ASPR EAPC and ASDR EAPC whereas the ASIR and ASPR EAPC was significantly associated with ASR and SDI in 2019 throughout the 204 countries and territories. […] A high SBP, a diet high in sodium, and exposure to lead were the main risk factors of CAVD deaths.

• #50 Disparities in Mitral Valve Disease Associated with Heart Failure

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/25/4/10.31083/j.rcm2504129/htm

  Socioeconomic status (SES) was also found to play a role, with low SES being a risk factor for developing rheumatic heart disease. […] Despite general knowledge of these disparities, few studies analyze HF and MVD for specific groups. […] MVD prevalence also varies widely among different populations. […] MVD prevalence also varies amongst racial and ethnic groups. […] Disparities exist in the treatment of MR and MS, though the guidelines for treating MR and MS are different. […] While medicine has made great strides in advancing treatment for MVD and associated HF, the benefits of this progression have not reached all communities equally. […] Treatment disparities based on race and ethnicity are also prolific, with under-prescription of GDMT, the primary treatment option for secondary MR and HF, in Black patients.

• #51 About Heart Valve Disease | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/heart-valve-disease.html

  Heart valve disease is underdiagnosed and undertreated, especially in African American, Hispanic, and Asian populations. […] More than 5 million people in the U.S. are diagnosed with heart valve disease each year. […] More than 25,000 deaths in the U.S. each year are due to heart valve disease. […] Even those at the highest risk, people 65 years and older, are poorly informed about heart valve disease. […] 75% of U.S. adults know little to nothing about heart valve disease. […] Early diagnosis, treatment, and routine monitoring of heart valve disease are critical to helping patients live healthy lives. […] Screenings such as stethoscope checks, echocardiograms, and timely referrals to cardiologists can help ensure that heart valve disease does not go unmanaged.

• #52 Heart Valve Disease Toolkits | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/php/data-research/heart-valve-disease-toolkit/index.html

  Heart valve disease affects more than 5 million people in the U.S. and leads to 25,000 deaths each year. […] Aortic stenosis, the most common form of heart valve disease, affects 5% of people 65 and older. […] There are notable disparities in heart valve disease diagnosis and treatment among African American, Hispanic, and Asian populations. Women are also more likely to be underdiagnosed with heart valve disease compared to men.

• #53 Changing epidemiology of calcific aortic valve disease: 30-year trends of incidence, prevalence, and deaths across 204 countries and territories | Aging

  https://www.aging-us.com/article/202942/text

  Since 1990, no SDI or GBD regions have shown a decreasing trend in CAVD deaths or ASDR. […] Globally, a total of 126,827 patients (male 54,175 and female 72,652) died from CAVD in 2019, a 1.38-fold rise from 1990. […] Our study used the most up-to-date information to demonstrate that (i) the spatial and temporal patterns of incidence, prevalence, and deaths owing to CAVD varied considerably across 204 nation-level units from 1990 to 2019, according to GBD 2019 findings; (ii) population aging contributed more to the CAVD incidence than population growth, according to decomposition analysis; (iii) the sex-age patterns of prevalence suggested that more men had CAVD and reached the highest prevalence at younger ages than women; (iv) CAVD deaths were mainly attributable to high SBP, diet high in sodium, and lead exposure, based on GBD 2019; and (v) the ASIR EAPC had an important correlation with the ASPR EAPC and ASDR EAPC whereas the ASIR and ASPR EAPC was significantly associated with ASR and SDI in 2019 throughout the 204 countries and territories. […] A high SBP, a diet high in sodium, and exposure to lead were the main risk factors of CAVD deaths.

• #54 Surveillance in heart valve disease – British Heart Valve Society

  https://bhvs.org/surveillance-in-heart-valve-disease/surveillance-in-heart-valve-disease/

  Heart valve disease is a condition that you will carry with you for your whole life. You are therefore likely to remain under the care of a valve surveillance programme, undergoing regular clinical review and sometimes echocardiograms, depending on the type of valve operation you had. […] Most people with valve disease have no symptoms, and while doctors may wish for a crystal ball to tell when surgery may be necessary, there is no sure-fire way to predict this, although medical science is working on it. […] The main reasons for surgery are symptoms, or reaching a threshold on the echocardiogram. Watchful waiting involves seeing a health professional and having an echocardiogram. […] For people with moderate or severe valve disease follow-up is typically every 6 months to 2 years depending on the severity, but might be more frequent if close to agreed thresholds for surgery. […] Because slowing down can disguise the development of symptoms and may be hard to detect, exercise testing is recommended in most patients with severe valve disease who are symptom-free. Between a third and a half of people with severe aortic stenosis have symptoms revealed by an exercise test.

• #55 About Heart Valve Disease | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/heart-valve-disease.html

  Heart valve disease is underdiagnosed and undertreated, especially in African American, Hispanic, and Asian populations. […] More than 5 million people in the U.S. are diagnosed with heart valve disease each year. […] More than 25,000 deaths in the U.S. each year are due to heart valve disease. […] Even those at the highest risk, people 65 years and older, are poorly informed about heart valve disease. […] 75% of U.S. adults know little to nothing about heart valve disease. […] Early diagnosis, treatment, and routine monitoring of heart valve disease are critical to helping patients live healthy lives. […] Screenings such as stethoscope checks, echocardiograms, and timely referrals to cardiologists can help ensure that heart valve disease does not go unmanaged.

• #56 About Heart Valve Disease | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/heart-valve-disease.html

  Heart valve disease is underdiagnosed and undertreated, especially in African American, Hispanic, and Asian populations. […] More than 5 million people in the U.S. are diagnosed with heart valve disease each year. […] More than 25,000 deaths in the U.S. each year are due to heart valve disease. […] Even those at the highest risk, people 65 years and older, are poorly informed about heart valve disease. […] 75% of U.S. adults know little to nothing about heart valve disease. […] Early diagnosis, treatment, and routine monitoring of heart valve disease are critical to helping patients live healthy lives. […] Screenings such as stethoscope checks, echocardiograms, and timely referrals to cardiologists can help ensure that heart valve disease does not go unmanaged.

• #57 Diet Drug-Related Cardiac Valve Disease: Surveillance Methods for Obesity Clinical Research

  https://www.worldwide.com/blog/2017/01/diet-drug-related-cardiac-valve-disease-surveillance-methods-obesity-clinical-research/

  Echocardiography (echo) provides a simple, easy to perform, and accurate method of documenting and quantifying cardiac valvular disease and thus is the method of choice for valvulopathy surveillance. […] This full echo examination should be performed at baseline for all patients that will be administered these agents. Repeat echo examinations should be performed within 6 months and again within 9-12 months for patients that are on the drugs for longer than 3 months. […] Data has established that diet drug use for less than 6 months is associated with a much lower prevalence of valvular lesions than diet drug use of 6 months or greater. […] If this surveillance will be part of an observational or randomized controlled study, which will be reviewed by health authorities, then echo readings should be performed by an echo core reading lab facility rather than a central reader. […] In the vast majority of these cases, valvular lesions stabilized or regressed when the diet drug is discontinued and therefore, it is enough to continue to monitor the valvular lesion similar to monitoring non-diet drug valvular lesions, as long as the lesion is not severe.

• #58

  https://www.bsecho.org/Public/Public/Education/Posters-and-guides-subpages/PUA006-valve-disease-assessment-poster.aspx

  Valvular heart disease is common. Prevalence amongst adult populations is estimated at 2.5%, rising to over 10% in those aged older than 75. This equates to over 1.6 million people over the age of 65 currently living with heart valve disease; some estimates suggest that this will double by 2046 and increase further to 3.3 million by 2056. […] Consequently, echocardiography is the primary imaging modality for the assessment of disease severity, playing a fundamental role in the surveillance of heart valve disease and in determining the appropriate time for valvular intervention. […] When considered alongside the BSE posters for triaging echocardiography requests and appropriate monitoring intervals, this poster is an invaluable resource for the diagnosis, surveillance and management of patients with valve disease.

• #59 Surveillance in heart valve disease – British Heart Valve Society

  https://bhvs.org/surveillance-in-heart-valve-disease/surveillance-in-heart-valve-disease/

  Heart valve disease is a condition that you will carry with you for your whole life. You are therefore likely to remain under the care of a valve surveillance programme, undergoing regular clinical review and sometimes echocardiograms, depending on the type of valve operation you had. […] Most people with valve disease have no symptoms, and while doctors may wish for a crystal ball to tell when surgery may be necessary, there is no sure-fire way to predict this, although medical science is working on it. […] The main reasons for surgery are symptoms, or reaching a threshold on the echocardiogram. Watchful waiting involves seeing a health professional and having an echocardiogram. […] For people with moderate or severe valve disease follow-up is typically every 6 months to 2 years depending on the severity, but might be more frequent if close to agreed thresholds for surgery. […] Because slowing down can disguise the development of symptoms and may be hard to detect, exercise testing is recommended in most patients with severe valve disease who are symptom-free. Between a third and a half of people with severe aortic stenosis have symptoms revealed by an exercise test.

• #60 Surveillance in heart valve disease – British Heart Valve Society

  https://bhvs.org/surveillance-in-heart-valve-disease/surveillance-in-heart-valve-disease/

  Heart valve disease is a condition that you will carry with you for your whole life. You are therefore likely to remain under the care of a valve surveillance programme, undergoing regular clinical review and sometimes echocardiograms, depending on the type of valve operation you had. […] Most people with valve disease have no symptoms, and while doctors may wish for a crystal ball to tell when surgery may be necessary, there is no sure-fire way to predict this, although medical science is working on it. […] The main reasons for surgery are symptoms, or reaching a threshold on the echocardiogram. Watchful waiting involves seeing a health professional and having an echocardiogram. […] For people with moderate or severe valve disease follow-up is typically every 6 months to 2 years depending on the severity, but might be more frequent if close to agreed thresholds for surgery. […] Because slowing down can disguise the development of symptoms and may be hard to detect, exercise testing is recommended in most patients with severe valve disease who are symptom-free. Between a third and a half of people with severe aortic stenosis have symptoms revealed by an exercise test.

• #61 2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease | EuroIntervention

  https://eurointervention.pcronline.com/article/2021-esc-eacts-guidelines-for-the-management-of-valvular-heart-disease

  Epidemiology: the incidence of the degenerative aetiology has increased in industrialized countries while, unfortunately, rheumatic heart disease is still too frequently observed in many parts of the world. […] The ESC carries out the EURObservational Research Programme of international registries of cardiovascular diseases and interventions which are essential to assess diagnostic/therapeutic processes, use of resources and adherence to guidelines. […] Implementation programmes are needed because it has been shown that the outcome of disease may be favourably influenced by the thorough application of clinical recommendations. […] The task of developing ESC/EACTS Guidelines also includes the creation of educational tools and implementation programmes for the recommendations including condensed pocket guideline versions, summary slides, summary cards for non-specialists and an electronic version for digital applications (smartphones, etc.). […] The new evidence described above made a revision of the recommendations necessary.

• #62 Heart valve service provision in the United Kingdom and the effect of the COVID 19 pandemic; improved but must do better. A British Heart Valve Society national survey | Echo Research & Practice | Full Text

  https://echo.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s44156-024-00047-y

  Outpatient care for patients with heart valve disease (HVD) is best provided by valve clinics delivered by specialists. Modern day practice in the United Kingdom (UK) is currently poorly understood and has not been evaluated for nearly a decade. Furthermore, the COVID 19 pandemic changed the management of many chronic diseases, and how this has impacted patients with heart valve disease is unclear. […] COVID-19 had a major impact on valve services in 54 (95%) hospitals. […] There has been an increase in the number of valve clinics since 2015 from 21 to 68% but the penetration is still well short of the expected 100%, meaning that valve clinics only serve a small proportion of patients requiring surveillance for HVD. COVID-19 had a major impact on the care of patients with HVD in the majority of UK centres surveyed.

• #63 Heart valve service provision in the United Kingdom and the effect of the COVID 19 pandemic; improved but must do better. A British Heart Valve Society national survey | Echo Research & Practice | Full Text

  https://echo.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s44156-024-00047-y

  Outpatient care for patients with heart valve disease (HVD) is best provided by valve clinics delivered by specialists. Modern day practice in the United Kingdom (UK) is currently poorly understood and has not been evaluated for nearly a decade. Furthermore, the COVID 19 pandemic changed the management of many chronic diseases, and how this has impacted patients with heart valve disease is unclear. […] COVID-19 had a major impact on valve services in 54 (95%) hospitals. […] There has been an increase in the number of valve clinics since 2015 from 21 to 68% but the penetration is still well short of the expected 100%, meaning that valve clinics only serve a small proportion of patients requiring surveillance for HVD. COVID-19 had a major impact on the care of patients with HVD in the majority of UK centres surveyed.

• #64 NHS England » Guide to implementing patient initiated follow-up and regular surveillance imaging for patients with mild to moderate heart valve disease

  https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/guide-to-implementing-pifu-imaging-mild-to-moderate-heart-valve-disease/

  Patient initiated follow-up (PIFU) is key to personalising outpatient care and, by giving patients more control over when they receive care, can reduce unnecessary routine follow-up appointments and free up clinician time for more complex patients. […] This guide outlines a PIFU model of care for patients with mild to moderate heart valve disease (HVD) or following valve intervention who require ongoing surveillance imaging but not necessarily frequent clinician review. […] Patients with HVD are commonly asymptomatic and often require surveillance imaging as part of their routine management. This ensures that any asymptomatic changes to the patients condition are identified and acted on in a timely manner by the heart valve team. […] The number of patients with HVD is predicted to double by 2046, and given the chronic nature of HVD, ageing population, improved access to diagnostics/screening and increasing percutaneous valve implantations, valve surveillance services risk being significantly impacted.

• #65 NHS England » Guide to implementing patient initiated follow-up and regular surveillance imaging for patients with mild to moderate heart valve disease

  https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/guide-to-implementing-pifu-imaging-mild-to-moderate-heart-valve-disease/

  Shared decision-making conversations should be recorded in the medical records and communicated to the GP and other healthcare professionals involved in the patients care. […] A dedicated clinician or clinical team with competency in managing patients with HVD should have overall responsibility for the development of clinical guidance, risk stratification protocols and a standard operating procedure (SOP) for the implementation and delivery of PIFU within their service. […] Heart valve services should take a standardised cardiac network-based approach to ensure equality of services. […] The surveillance imaging pathway ensures that a patient is imaged (predominantly echocardiography) at predetermined time points, under the overarching care of the dedicated heart valve service. […] Local SOPs need to define the imaging follow-up interval for specific valve conditions included in the surveillance imaging pathway.

• #66 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9228968/

  The highest mortality rates for RHD are observed in Oceania, South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. […] The burden of disease is likely to rise as diagnostic tools become more available in developing nations and as transitioning economies, such as China, adopt a more sedentary lifestyle and Western diet, thus increasing the global prevalence of cardiovascular disease.

• #67 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/10/2/32

  Global deaths have increased by 138% between 1990 and 2019 likely due to global population aging and the “Westernization” of lifestyle, with the greatest increases having been observed in transitioning economies like China. […] The burden of disease is likely to rise as diagnostic tools become more available in developing nations and as transitioning economies, such as China, adopt a more sedentary lifestyle and “Western” diet, thus increasing the global prevalence of cardiovascular disease.

• #68 Epidemiology of aortic valve stenosis (AS) and of aortic valve incompetence (AI): is the prevalence of AS/AI similar in different parts of the world?

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/epidemiology-of-aortic-valve-stenosis-as-and-of-aortic-valve-incompetence-ai

  There are large differences in the epidemiology of aortic valve disease between high-income and low-income countries. […] The prevalence is between 46 per 100,000 in northern India and 2,400 per 100,000 in the Solomon Islands. […] The prevalence of severe aortic stenosis in those aged 75 years is 3.4% in Europe and the USA. […] The epidemiology of aortic valve disease varies enormously between high-income and low-income countries. […] The number of cases of aortic valvular disease will increase because of the strong association between valvular disease and age, combined with the rapid ageing of populations worldwide. […] The burden of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) falls disproportionately on low-income countries and in low-income groups in high-income countries. […] The incidence of acute rheumatic fever has been difficult to establish globally.

• #69

  https://www.bsecho.org/Public/Public/Education/Posters-and-guides-subpages/PUA006-valve-disease-assessment-poster.aspx

  Valvular heart disease is common. Prevalence amongst adult populations is estimated at 2.5%, rising to over 10% in those aged older than 75. This equates to over 1.6 million people over the age of 65 currently living with heart valve disease; some estimates suggest that this will double by 2046 and increase further to 3.3 million by 2056. […] Consequently, echocardiography is the primary imaging modality for the assessment of disease severity, playing a fundamental role in the surveillance of heart valve disease and in determining the appropriate time for valvular intervention. […] When considered alongside the BSE posters for triaging echocardiography requests and appropriate monitoring intervals, this poster is an invaluable resource for the diagnosis, surveillance and management of patients with valve disease.

• #70 Heart Valve Disease Clinical Trials | NYU Langone Health

  https://med.nyu.edu/departments-institutes/cardiothoracic-surgery/division-adult-cardiac-surgery/heart-valve-disease-clinical-trials

  Physicians and researchers in NYU Langones Division of Adult Cardiac Surgery conduct clinical trials to explore new, more effective treatments for people who have heart valve conditions requiring surgical intervention. […] We are currently seeking participants for the following studies. […] The purpose of this study is to assess the safety and performance of transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) for the treatment of severe symptomatic mitral regurgitation (MR). […] The purpose of this study is to establish the safety and effectiveness of the Edwards SAPIEN 3 transcatheter heart valve in patients with severe, calcific aortic stenosis who are at low operative risk for standard aortic valve replacement (AVR). […] The purpose of this study is to assess the safety and effectiveness of the SAPIEN 3 transcatheter heart valve in patients with a failing mitral bioprosthetic valve.

• #71 Long COVID May Cause Long-Term Changes in the Heart and Lungs and May Lead to Cardiac and Pulmonary Diseases | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/about/newsroom/2025/long-covid-may-cause-long-term-changes-in-the-heart-and-lungs-and-may-lead-to-cardiac-and-pulmonary-diseases

  Patients suffering from long COVID may exhibit persistent inflammation in the heart and lungs for up to a year following SARS-CoV-2 infection—even when standard medical tests return normal results—potentially placing them at elevated risk for future cardiac and pulmonary conditions. […] These abnormalities could serve as early warning signs of diseases such as heart failure, valvular heart disease, and pulmonary hypertension. […] This study brings us closer to understanding how SARS-CoV-2 affects the heart and lungs over time. […] We believe long COVID results in an inflammatory response that may predispose patients to premature coronary artery disease, pulmonary hypertension, and valvular damage such as stenosis or regurgitation. […] This paper provides more data to highlight that SARS-CoV-2 is a virus that profoundly affects vascular health and that every new infection can do damage.

• #72 NHS England » Guide to implementing patient initiated follow-up and regular surveillance imaging for patients with mild to moderate heart valve disease

  https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/guide-to-implementing-pifu-imaging-mild-to-moderate-heart-valve-disease/

  Procedures and policies should be in place to ensure that surveillance imaging occurs at regular intervals, and if it does not (due to cancellations or Did Not Attends, for example) there are protocols to ensure the patient is not lost in the system. […] A heart valve PIFU service is likely to be a new concept of care in many centres, and like any new service, it should be evaluated on a regular basis to ensure that it is safe, effective, and equitable. […] New technologies that allow remote monitoring, assist rapid diagnosis and support electronic communication may also support a PIFU pathway.

• #73 NHS England » Guide to implementing patient initiated follow-up and regular surveillance imaging for patients with mild to moderate heart valve disease

  https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/guide-to-implementing-pifu-imaging-mild-to-moderate-heart-valve-disease/

  Procedures and policies should be in place to ensure that surveillance imaging occurs at regular intervals, and if it does not (due to cancellations or Did Not Attends, for example) there are protocols to ensure the patient is not lost in the system. […] A heart valve PIFU service is likely to be a new concept of care in many centres, and like any new service, it should be evaluated on a regular basis to ensure that it is safe, effective, and equitable. […] New technologies that allow remote monitoring, assist rapid diagnosis and support electronic communication may also support a PIFU pathway.

• #74 Heart valve service provision in the United Kingdom and the effect of the COVID 19 pandemic; improved but must do better. A British Heart Valve Society national survey | Echo Research & Practice | Full Text

  https://echo.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s44156-024-00047-y

  The COVID-19 pandemic had a serious impact on the care of patients with HVD. It reduced the frequency of follow up, and access to diagnostics and introduced delays to intervention in the majority of hospitals. Given that severe symptomatic aortic stenosis has a prognosis worse than most metastatic cancers, this is likely to have had an adverse effect on patient survival and morbidity.

• #75 Heart valve service provision in the United Kingdom and the effect of the COVID 19 pandemic; improved but must do better. A British Heart Valve Society national survey | Echo Research & Practice | Full Text

  https://echo.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s44156-024-00047-y

  The COVID-19 pandemic had a serious impact on the care of patients with HVD. It reduced the frequency of follow up, and access to diagnostics and introduced delays to intervention in the majority of hospitals. Given that severe symptomatic aortic stenosis has a prognosis worse than most metastatic cancers, this is likely to have had an adverse effect on patient survival and morbidity.

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