Autoimmunologiczne zapalenie trzustki
Epidemiologia

Autoimmunologiczne zapalenie trzustki (AZT) stanowi 2-6% przypadków przewlekłego zapalenia trzustki, z częstością występowania szacowaną na mniej niż 1 na 100 000 osób, choć dane epidemiologiczne różnią się regionalnie. W Japonii częstość występowania wynosi 4,6-10,1/100 000, z roczną zapadalnością 1,4-3,1/100 000, a AZT stanowi 5-11% przewlekłych zapaleń trzustki. Typ 1 dominuje w Azji (96,3%), natomiast w Europie i Ameryce Północnej obserwuje się wyższy odsetek typu 2 (12,9-13,7%). Choroba dotyka głównie mężczyzn (stosunek 2,94-3,7:1), z medianą wieku diagnozy 60-65 lat, podczas gdy typ 2 cechuje się niższym wiekiem zachorowania (34,4-48 lat) i brakiem predylekcji płciowej. Wzrasta liczba rozpoznań, co przypisuje się lepszej diagnostyce i świadomości klinicznej.

Epidemiologia autoimmunologicznego zapalenia trzustki

Autoimmunologiczne zapalenie trzustki (AZT) jest stosunkowo rzadką chorobą, stanowiącą około 2-6% wszystkich przypadków przewlekłego zapalenia trzustki. Całkowita częstość występowania AZT szacowana jest na poziomie poniżej 1 przypadku na 100 000 osób w populacji ogólnej, co klasyfikuje tę jednostkę chorobową jako rzadką12. Dane epidemiologiczne dotyczące występowania AZT są jednak niejednoznaczne i różnią się w zależności od regionu geograficznego oraz analizowanej populacji.

Rozbieżności w danych epidemiologicznych

Badania epidemiologiczne wykazują znaczne rozbieżności w ocenie częstości występowania AZT. Według danych z Japonii, gdzie przeprowadzono kompleksowe badania narodowe, częstość występowania AZT oszacowano na 4,6-10,1 przypadków na 100 000 mieszkańców, z roczną zapadalością wynoszącą 1,4-3,1 przypadków na 100 000 osób34. Z kolei inne dane sugerują, że częstość występowania AZT w Japonii może wynosić 0,82-0,3 przypadku na 100 000 mieszkańców56.

Co istotne, istnieją również doniesienia wskazujące na wyższą częstość występowania AZT – szacuje się, że stanowi ono 5-11% wszystkich przypadków przewlekłego zapalenia trzustki, co przy częstości występowania przewlekłego zapalenia trzustki na poziomie 25,4-98,7 przypadków na 100 000 osób, daje częstość występowania AZT na poziomie około 15 na 100 000 osób789.

Różnice regionalne w występowaniu AZT

Autoimmunologiczne zapalenie trzustki jest jednostką chorobową o zasięgu światowym, jednak wykazuje pewne różnice w występowaniu geograficznym. Początkowo większość doniesień pochodziła z krajów azjatyckich, szczególnie z Japonii, gdzie częstość występowania wydaje się być wyższa niż w innych regionach świata. W ostatnich latach coraz więcej przypadków AZT opisywano również w krajach zachodnich, co wskazuje na globalny charakter tej choroby1011.

Istotne różnice regionalne dotyczą także dystrybucji poszczególnych typów AZT. AZT typu 1 jest dominującą formą choroby w Azji, stanowiąc 96,3% wszystkich przypadków, podczas gdy typ 2 jest relatywnie rzadki (3,7%). Z kolei w Europie i Ameryce Północnej obserwuje się wyższy odsetek AZT typu 2 (12,9-13,7%), choć typ 1 nadal pozostaje dominujący1213.

Charakterystyka demograficzna pacjentów z AZT

Autoimmunologiczne zapalenie trzustki wykazuje wyraźne predylekcje demograficzne, które różnią się w zależności od typu choroby:

AZT typu 1
  • Występuje zdecydowanie częściej u mężczyzn niż u kobiet, ze stosunkiem płci męskiej do żeńskiej wynoszącym 2,94-3,7:11415
  • Średni wiek w momencie diagnozy wynosi 60-65 lat, z najwyższą częstością zachorowań w przedziale wiekowym 60-69 lat1617
  • W Japonii średnia wieku pacjentów z AZT wynosi 64,8 lat, przy czym mężczyźni są nieco starsi (63,6 lat) niż kobiety (60,3 lat)18
AZT typu 2

Dynamika rozpoznawalności AZT

Dane epidemiologiczne wskazują na rosnącą częstość diagnozowania AZT w ostatnich latach. W Japonii, gdzie przeprowadzono serię badań epidemiologicznych, zaobserwowano znaczący wzrost liczby rozpoznanych przypadków – w 2016 roku liczba nowo zdiagnozowanych pacjentów była ponad dwukrotnie wyższa niż w 2011 roku25.

Ten wzrost liczby rozpoznań może być związany z większą świadomością istnienia tej jednostki chorobowej, lepszym dostępem do metod diagnostycznych, a także rozwojem kryteriów diagnostycznych. Jednakże nadal uważa się, że AZT jest chorobą niedodiagnozowaną26.

Nadzór i monitorowanie pacjentów z AZT

Długoterminowe monitorowanie pacjentów z autoimmunologicznym zapaleniem trzustki jest niezbędne ze względu na ryzyko nawrotów choroby oraz możliwych powikłań długoterminowych.

Nawroty choroby

Nawroty AZT występują stosunkowo często, szczególnie w przypadku typu 1 choroby. Badania wskazują, że u około 31% pacjentów z AZT typu 1 dochodzi do nawrotu, w porównaniu do 9% pacjentów z typem 227.

Ryzyko nawrotu jest szczególnie wysokie u pacjentów z AZT typu 1 z towarzyszącym autoimmunologicznym zapaleniem dróg żółciowych (IgG4-zależne stwardniające zapalenie dróg żółciowych), gdzie odsetek nawrotów może sięgać nawet 56%, w porównaniu do 26% u pacjentów bez zajęcia dróg żółciowych28.

Nawroty najczęściej występują w ciągu pierwszych trzech lat od diagnozy i mogą dotyczyć zarówno trzustki, jak i innych narządów objętych procesem autoimmunologicznym2930.

Powikłania długoterminowe

Długoterminowe monitorowanie pacjentów z AZT jest istotne również ze względu na możliwość rozwoju powikłań, takich jak:

  • Kamienie przewodów trzustkowych – występują u około 7% pacjentów z AZT, częściej u osób z nawrotami choroby31
  • Cukrzyca wtórna do AZT
  • Niewydolność zewnątrzwydzielnicza trzustki
  • Potencjalne ryzyko rozwoju raka trzustki – zagadnienie nadal kontrowersyjne, wymagające dalszych badań3233

Metody monitorowania

W monitorowaniu pacjentów z AZT stosuje się różne metody obrazowania, jednak brak jest jednolitych wytycznych dotyczących optymalnego protokołu nadzoru34. Najczęściej stosowane metody obejmują:

  • Tomografię komputerową (TK) – powszechnie stosowana, jednak związana z kumulacją dawki promieniowania przy wielokrotnych badaniach
  • Rezonans magnetyczny (MRI) – metoda alternatywna, bez narażenia na promieniowanie jonizujące
  • Endoskopową ultrasonografię (EUS) – przydatna w ocenie zmian trzustkowych
  • Monitorowanie markerów serologicznych (IgG4, enzymy trzustkowe)

Badania wskazują, że pacjenci z AZT monitorowani za pomocą TK są narażeni na znaczną kumulacyjną dawkę promieniowania – mediana dawki wynosi 37,5 mSv przy medianie okresu obserwacji 2,3 roku, a 11,3% pacjentów gromadzi dawkę przekraczającą 100 mSv35.

Czułość i swoistość TK w wykrywaniu nawrotów w narządach jamy brzusznej wynosi odpowiednio 64,1% i 99,6%, przy dokładności 97,0%36. Biorąc pod uwagę kumulację dawki promieniowania oraz niewystarczającą czułość TK w wykrywaniu nawrotów choroby, postuluje się poszukiwanie bezpieczniejszych i bardziej czułych strategii monitorowania obrazowego37.

Standardowe schematy nadzoru

Aktualne wytyczne nie określają jednoznacznie optymalnego schematu nadzoru w AZT, szczególnie w odniesieniu do wyboru między TK a MRI jako podstawowej metody obrazowania38. Większość ekspertów zaleca:

Wyzwania w diagnostyce epidemiologicznej AZT

Ocena rzeczywistej częstości występowania autoimmunologicznego zapalenia trzustki napotyka szereg wyzwań, które mogą wpływać na dokładność dostępnych danych epidemiologicznych.

Problemy diagnostyczne

Jednym z głównych wyzwań w ocenie epidemiologii AZT są trudności diagnostyczne, wynikające z:

  • Podobieństwa obrazu klinicznego i radiologicznego AZT do raka trzustki, co może prowadzić do błędnej diagnozy i niepotrzebnych zabiegów operacyjnych3940
  • Różnorodności kryteriów diagnostycznych stosowanych w różnych regionach świata41
  • Braku specyficznych markerów dla AZT typu 242
  • Ograniczonej dostępności badań histopatologicznych

Szacuje się, że AZT stanowi 1,6% wszystkich przypadków podejrzewanych o nowotwór trzustki, które zostały poddane resekcji trzustki, oraz około 25,9% wszystkich łagodnych schorzeń trzustki wykrytych po operacji wykonanej z powodu podejrzenia nowotworu43.

Regionalne różnice w rozpoznawalności

Znaczące różnice w rozpoznawalności AZT między różnymi krajami lub nawet ośrodkami w tym samym kraju mogą wpływać na ocenę epidemiologiczną. Przykładowo:

  • W Korei Południowej, gdzie wcześniej uważano, że AZT typu 2 jest skrajnie rzadkie, nowsze badania wykazały, że stanowi ono 11,1% wszystkich przypadków AZT44
  • W krajach zachodnich odsetek AZT typu 2 wśród wszystkich przypadków AZT waha się od 12,9% do 45%45
  • W Azji Wschodniej typ 2 AZT jest diagnozowany znacznie rzadziej46

Te różnice mogą wynikać z rzeczywistych różnic epidemiologicznych, ale również z odmiennych strategii diagnostycznych, dostępności metod diagnostycznych oraz świadomości istnienia tej jednostki chorobowej wśród klinicystów.

Zmiany w czasie

Dane epidemiologiczne wskazują na rosnącą częstość diagnozowania AZT w ostatnich latach. Na przykład w Japonii, gdzie przeprowadzono serię badań epidemiologicznych, zaobserwowano znaczący wzrost liczby rozpoznanych przypadków – w 2016 roku liczba nowo zdiagnozowanych pacjentów była ponad dwukrotnie wyższa niż w 2011 roku, a częstość występowania wzrosła z 4,6 do 10,1 przypadków na 100 000 osób47.

Ten wzrost może odzwierciedlać rzeczywisty wzrost zachorowalności, ale bardziej prawdopodobne jest, że wynika z poprawy rozpoznawalności choroby dzięki:

  • Większej świadomości istnienia AZT wśród lekarzy
  • Powszechnemu stosowaniu oznaczania IgG4 w diagnostyce
  • Rozwojowi i standaryzacji kryteriów diagnostycznych
  • Poprawie dostępności zaawansowanych metod obrazowych

Potrzeba dalszych badań

Ze względu na stosunkowo niedawne wyodrębnienie AZT jako oddzielnej jednostki chorobowej, istnieje potrzeba przeprowadzenia dalszych badań epidemiologicznych, które pozwolą na dokładniejszą ocenę częstości występowania tej choroby w różnych populacjach48.

Szczególnie istotne jest prowadzenie badań wieloośrodkowych i międzynarodowych, które umożliwią porównanie danych z różnych regionów geograficznych oraz ocenę długoterminowego przebiegu choroby i skuteczności różnych strategii terapeutycznych4950.

W przypadku populacji pediatrycznej dane dotyczące AZT są szczególnie ograniczone i opierają się głównie na opisach przypadków, co uniemożliwia ocenę rzeczywistej częstości występowania tej choroby u dzieci51.

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Autoimmune Pancreatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560769/
    Autoimmune pancreatitis is an uncommon cause of chronic and recurrent pancreatitis and is likely an underdiagnosed condition. It is reported to account for up to 2% of all cases of chronic pancreatitis, with a prevalence of less than 1 per 100,000 population. Most of the initial reports in the literature are from Asian countries, including Japan, where the prevalence is speculated to be higher; however, this may partly have been because of increased recognition. In recent years, it has increasingly been reported in Western countries, making it a worldwide entity. […] Most of the epidemiological data about AIP has been based on estimates from small case series and study groups. It has been seen more in males with a ratio of 3:1, and the age of onset is reported to be greater than 45 years.
  • #2 Autoimmune pancreatitis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_pancreatitis
    AIP is relatively uncommon, with an overall global prevalence less than 1 per 100,000. […] Type 1 AIP is more common in East Asia, whereas type 2 is relatively more common in the US and Europe. The prevalence of AIP may be increasing in Japan. […] Type 1 AIP occurs three times more often in men than women.
  • #3 Autoimmune pancreatitis: What we know so far
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8762623/
    Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a rare, often missed disease that involves inflammation of the pancreas and strictures of the pancreatic duct. Its prevalence and incidence in the United States remain scarce. The overall prevalence and incidence of AIP are largely unknown. Japanese data have reported the prevalence as 4.6 per 100000 population and the incidence as 1.4 per 100000. AIP comprises 56% of all cases of chronic pancreatitis. There is an association of AIP with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) serotypes DRB1*0405 and DQB1*0401. AIP has increasingly been reported in Western countries and is thus a worldwide entity. […] The disease has a varied presentation and often mimics pancreatic malignancy, which can make the diagnosis challenging.
  • #4 Autoimmune Pancreatitis: From Pathogenesis to Treatment
    https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/20/12667
    Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a rare disease. The overall prevalence and incidence of AIPs are unknown. Thanks to the widespread recognition of AIP and IgG4-RD and the development of diagnostic criteria, the number of total and newly diagnosed AIP patients in Japan has increased rapidly, with the fourth nationwide epidemiological survey conducted in 2016. Compared with 2011, the number of newly diagnosed patients has more than doubled. According to this study, the prevalence of AIP increased significantly compared with a previous study (4.6 vs. 10.1 per 100,000 patients). The annual incidence was 3.1 per 100,000 people. The sex ratio of males to females was 2.94. The mean age at diagnosis was 64.8 years. […] A retrospective review by the AIP, examining 15 different institutions from 8 countries, found that the LPSP variant was detected much more frequently than the IDCP variant. The mean age of all patients with LPSP was higher than that of IDCP patients (61.6 and 44.8 years, respectively), and the two groups did not differ in terms of gender.
  • #5 Autoimmune pancreatitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Autoimmune_pancreatitis_epidemiology_and_demographics
    Autoimmune pancreatitis is a world wide entitiy but it’s incidence has been found to be recently increased in Japan. […] In North America, 2.5% of pancreatoduodenectomies are done because of AIP being misdiagnosed as pancreatic cancer. […] The mean age of patients with AIP is 59 yr (range, 4575 yr). […] In autoimmune pancreatitis, the male-to-female ratio was found to be 15:2. […] Autoimmune pancreatitis usually involves elderly male population. […] In Japan, the prevalence of autoimmune pancreatitis is estimated to be 0.82 per 100 000 inhabitants.
  • #6
    https://journals.lww.com/jpancreatology/fulltext/2022/12000/recent_advances_in_diagnosis,_treatment,_and.9.aspx
    The prevalence of IgG4-RD in Japan is estimated at around 0.28 to 1.08 per 100,000 people. The involvement of the pancreas in IgG4-RD is among 16.3~71%, which means the estimated prevalence of type 1 AIP is around 0.3 per 100,000 people. Another pair of data shows that AIP represents 5% of chronic pancreatitis cases with a prevalence of chronic pancreatitis around 25.498.7 per 100,000 people, which means the estimated prevalence is approximately 15/100,000 people. Since IgG4-RD is a relatively rare disease, the estimated prevalence of type 1 AIP can be not authentic enough. […] AIP usually affects male patients with a mean age of diagnosis around 60 years old. AIP can also affect pediatric patients, where both types are observed. According to the literature, type 1 AIP is more frequent in Asian patients, while type 2 AIP is more common in Western patients.
  • #7 Autoimmune Pancreatitis: A Succinct Overview
    https://www.primescholars.com/articles/autoimmune-pancreatitis-a-succinct-overview-98782.html
    Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a rare entity with a prevalence of 5-11% of all patients with chronic pancreatitis. It occurs predominantly in men who are older than 50 years of age. The disease is classified into 2 subgroups, type 1 and type 2 AIP, based on its histological characteristics. Type 1 AIP is the most common type of AIP in the United States and Japan, while type 2 AIP is more frequently seen in Europe. […] The clinical manifestations of AIP are similar to those of pancreatic cancer. The most common presenting symptom is painless jaundice, reported in 70% patients, secondary to the entrapment of intrapancreatic bile duct by the inflamed pancreatic parenchyma. Other frequent symptoms include weight loss and mild abdominal pain, while episodes of acute pancreatitis are unusual.
  • #8
    https://journals.lww.com/jpancreatology/fulltext/2022/12000/recent_advances_in_diagnosis,_treatment,_and.9.aspx
    The prevalence of IgG4-RD in Japan is estimated at around 0.28 to 1.08 per 100,000 people. The involvement of the pancreas in IgG4-RD is among 16.3~71%, which means the estimated prevalence of type 1 AIP is around 0.3 per 100,000 people. Another pair of data shows that AIP represents 5% of chronic pancreatitis cases with a prevalence of chronic pancreatitis around 25.498.7 per 100,000 people, which means the estimated prevalence is approximately 15/100,000 people. Since IgG4-RD is a relatively rare disease, the estimated prevalence of type 1 AIP can be not authentic enough. […] AIP usually affects male patients with a mean age of diagnosis around 60 years old. AIP can also affect pediatric patients, where both types are observed. According to the literature, type 1 AIP is more frequent in Asian patients, while type 2 AIP is more common in Western patients.
  • #9 Chronic pancreatitis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_pancreatitis
    The annual incidence of chronic pancreatitis is 5 to 12 per 100,000 persons. The prevalence of chronic pancreatitis in the U.S. is 90-100 per 100,000 adults. Chronic pancreatitis affects people in countries around the world.
  • #10 Autoimmune Pancreatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560769/
    Autoimmune pancreatitis is an uncommon cause of chronic and recurrent pancreatitis and is likely an underdiagnosed condition. It is reported to account for up to 2% of all cases of chronic pancreatitis, with a prevalence of less than 1 per 100,000 population. Most of the initial reports in the literature are from Asian countries, including Japan, where the prevalence is speculated to be higher; however, this may partly have been because of increased recognition. In recent years, it has increasingly been reported in Western countries, making it a worldwide entity. […] Most of the epidemiological data about AIP has been based on estimates from small case series and study groups. It has been seen more in males with a ratio of 3:1, and the age of onset is reported to be greater than 45 years.
  • #11 Autoimmune pancreatitis: Clinical manifestations and diagnosis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/autoimmune-pancreatitis-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis
    Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) has been reported worldwide, but the overall prevalence is higher in Asia than in the Americas, Europe, or Africa. Type 1 AIP is the more common form and represents the vast majority of cases in Asia. Type 2 AIP is more common in Europe and the United States than in Asia but remains a minor subtype. […] AIP is a syndrome defined by clinical, laboratory, and pathologic criteria.
  • #12 Long-term outcomes of autoimmune pancreatitis: a multicentre, international analysis | Gut
    https://gut.bmj.com/content/62/12/1771
    The proportion of patients diagnosed with type 2 AIP was lower in Asian countries (3.7%) compared with European (12.9%, p0.001) and North American (13.7%, p0.001) countries. […] Disease relapses are common after steroid discontinuation, and typically occur in the pancreas and/or biliary tract. […] The occurrence of incident cancers following AIP diagnosis appears to be uncommon. […] Since disease relapses are common, additional studies are needed to compare different treatment strategies for maintaining disease remission. […] Pancreatic duct stones were uncommonly seen occurring in 46/659 (7%) subjects with follow-up imaging permitting evaluation for stone disease. […] Importantly, pancreatic cancer was diagnosed in five male patients at a median age of 77years (range 6580) at the time of cancer diagnosis.
  • #13 Autoimmune pancreatitis: Clinical manifestations and diagnosis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/autoimmune-pancreatitis-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis
    Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) has been reported worldwide, but the overall prevalence is higher in Asia than in the Americas, Europe, or Africa. Type 1 AIP is the more common form and represents the vast majority of cases in Asia. Type 2 AIP is more common in Europe and the United States than in Asia but remains a minor subtype. […] AIP is a syndrome defined by clinical, laboratory, and pathologic criteria.
  • #14 Autoimmune Pancreatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560769/
    Autoimmune pancreatitis is an uncommon cause of chronic and recurrent pancreatitis and is likely an underdiagnosed condition. It is reported to account for up to 2% of all cases of chronic pancreatitis, with a prevalence of less than 1 per 100,000 population. Most of the initial reports in the literature are from Asian countries, including Japan, where the prevalence is speculated to be higher; however, this may partly have been because of increased recognition. In recent years, it has increasingly been reported in Western countries, making it a worldwide entity. […] Most of the epidemiological data about AIP has been based on estimates from small case series and study groups. It has been seen more in males with a ratio of 3:1, and the age of onset is reported to be greater than 45 years.
  • #15 Epidemiology of Autoimmune Pancreatitis | Basicmedical Key
    https://basicmedicalkey.com/epidemiology-of-autoimmune-pancreatitis/
    Epidemiology of Autoimmune Pancreatitis […] In response to the questionnaire in the second-stage survey, we collected detailed clinicoepidemiological information on 546 patients (51.0 %; 418 males, 114 females, and 14 patients of unknown sex) who had been identified by the first questionnaire. One hundred seventy-two patients were newly diagnosed in 2007, and 374 patients had been already diagnosed before 2007. All patients were Japanese. The male to female ratio of the AIP patients was 3.7. The mean age was 63.011.4 years (male/female=63.610.8/60.312.4), and patients aged 6069 years formed a peak in the age distribution curve. […] The serum IgG4 level was increased (135 mg/dl) in 87.6 % of the patients. The IgG level was increased in 56.9 %, but the positive rates for -globulin, antinuclear antibody, rheumatoid factor, and eosinophilia were less than half.
  • #16 Autoimmune Pancreatitis: From Pathogenesis to Treatment
    https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/20/12667
    Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a rare disease. The overall prevalence and incidence of AIPs are unknown. Thanks to the widespread recognition of AIP and IgG4-RD and the development of diagnostic criteria, the number of total and newly diagnosed AIP patients in Japan has increased rapidly, with the fourth nationwide epidemiological survey conducted in 2016. Compared with 2011, the number of newly diagnosed patients has more than doubled. According to this study, the prevalence of AIP increased significantly compared with a previous study (4.6 vs. 10.1 per 100,000 patients). The annual incidence was 3.1 per 100,000 people. The sex ratio of males to females was 2.94. The mean age at diagnosis was 64.8 years. […] A retrospective review by the AIP, examining 15 different institutions from 8 countries, found that the LPSP variant was detected much more frequently than the IDCP variant. The mean age of all patients with LPSP was higher than that of IDCP patients (61.6 and 44.8 years, respectively), and the two groups did not differ in terms of gender.
  • #17 Epidemiology of Autoimmune Pancreatitis | Basicmedical Key
    https://basicmedicalkey.com/epidemiology-of-autoimmune-pancreatitis/
    Epidemiology of Autoimmune Pancreatitis […] In response to the questionnaire in the second-stage survey, we collected detailed clinicoepidemiological information on 546 patients (51.0 %; 418 males, 114 females, and 14 patients of unknown sex) who had been identified by the first questionnaire. One hundred seventy-two patients were newly diagnosed in 2007, and 374 patients had been already diagnosed before 2007. All patients were Japanese. The male to female ratio of the AIP patients was 3.7. The mean age was 63.011.4 years (male/female=63.610.8/60.312.4), and patients aged 6069 years formed a peak in the age distribution curve. […] The serum IgG4 level was increased (135 mg/dl) in 87.6 % of the patients. The IgG level was increased in 56.9 %, but the positive rates for -globulin, antinuclear antibody, rheumatoid factor, and eosinophilia were less than half.
  • #18 Epidemiology of Autoimmune Pancreatitis | Basicmedical Key
    https://basicmedicalkey.com/epidemiology-of-autoimmune-pancreatitis/
    Epidemiology of Autoimmune Pancreatitis […] In response to the questionnaire in the second-stage survey, we collected detailed clinicoepidemiological information on 546 patients (51.0 %; 418 males, 114 females, and 14 patients of unknown sex) who had been identified by the first questionnaire. One hundred seventy-two patients were newly diagnosed in 2007, and 374 patients had been already diagnosed before 2007. All patients were Japanese. The male to female ratio of the AIP patients was 3.7. The mean age was 63.011.4 years (male/female=63.610.8/60.312.4), and patients aged 6069 years formed a peak in the age distribution curve. […] The serum IgG4 level was increased (135 mg/dl) in 87.6 % of the patients. The IgG level was increased in 56.9 %, but the positive rates for -globulin, antinuclear antibody, rheumatoid factor, and eosinophilia were less than half.
  • #19 Autoimmune Pancreatitis: From Pathogenesis to Treatment
    https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/20/12667
    An international multicenter survey of AIP involving ten different countries found regional and ethnic differences between the two types of AIP. Accordingly, the proportion of patients diagnosed with AIP-2 was lower in Asia than in Europe and North America. […] In Italy, the prevalence of AIP types is similar to the rest of the world: 61% of patients were classified as AIP-1, 28% as AIP-2, and 11% as AIP-NOS. The proportion of men was 66.9% in patients with AIP-1 and 54.2% in AIP-2. The median age at diagnosis was significantly lower in AIP-2 (48 versus 62.5 years).
  • #20 Autoimmune pancreatitis – Omiyale – Gland Surgery
    https://gs.amegroups.org/article/view/9094/html
    AIP is a rare disease with an overall prevalence rate of 2.2 per 100,000 populations and a reported annual incidence rate of 0.9 per 100,000 populations in Japan. […] Type 1 AIP as earlier alluded to, is the most prevalent subtype worldwide. In the US, it accounts for more than 80% of the cases. Type 2 AIP however, is relatively more common in Europe although type 1 AIP still remains the more prevalent subtype. […] A Japanese national survey reported a mean age of 63 years for patients with AIP. […] In contrast to the observed male predilection in type 1 AIP; there is no gender predilection in type 2 AIP. […] A systematic review of AIP in China reported a male to female ratio of 4.5:1 and type 2 AIP accounted for 4.7% of the patients in the review.
  • #21 Autoimmune Pancreatitis: From Pathogenesis to Treatment
    https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/20/12667
    An international multicenter survey of AIP involving ten different countries found regional and ethnic differences between the two types of AIP. Accordingly, the proportion of patients diagnosed with AIP-2 was lower in Asia than in Europe and North America. […] In Italy, the prevalence of AIP types is similar to the rest of the world: 61% of patients were classified as AIP-1, 28% as AIP-2, and 11% as AIP-NOS. The proportion of men was 66.9% in patients with AIP-1 and 54.2% in AIP-2. The median age at diagnosis was significantly lower in AIP-2 (48 versus 62.5 years).
  • #22 Type 2 Autoimmune Pancreatitis | Pancreapedia
    https://pancreapedia.org/reviews/type-2-autoimmune-pancreatitis
    Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) encompasses at least two entities, one related to a systemic disease referred to as IgG4-related disease (type 1 AIP) and the other is an isolated pancreatic disorder (type 2 AIP). Importantly, histology can generally separate these two diseases. […] Type 2 AIP is associated with an equal gender distribution and a mean age (45 48 years) that is considerably lower than that seen in type 1 AIP, which peaks between 60 and 65 years. It is interesting to note that the relative frequency of the two AIP types in Europe and the US seems to differ from that in East Asia. While in Europe each subtype can be expected in about 40-60% of the cases (in biopsy series they amount to 38% and 45%, respectively), type 2 AIP seems to be rare in East Asia.
  • #23 Challenges for clinicians treating autoimmune pancreatitis: Current perspectives
    https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v11/i1/30.htm
    Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a rare disease clinically characterized by obstructive jaundice, unintentional weight loss, acute pancreatitis, focal pancreatic mass, and diabetes. AIP is classified into two subtypes – type 1 and type 2 – according to pathological findings, clinical features, and serology test results, but some cases may be defined as type not otherwise in the absence of pathological findings and inflammatory bowel disease. […] The incidence and prevalence of AIP are not well established owing to a lack of epidemiological data. AIP accounts for 5%-6% of chronic pancreatitis cases. Type 1 AIP is reported more frequently in Asia, whereas type 2 AIP is more common in Europe and the Americas. According to a 2016 nationwide survey in Japan, the overall prevalence rate of AIP was 100.6 per 100000 persons, and the annual incidence rate was 31.4 per 100000 persons, which was twice as high as in the 2011 survey. The male-to-female ratio was 2.94:1, and the mean age was 68.1 years. In a multicenter study in Korea, the mean age of patients with AIP was 56 years, the male-to-female ratio was 2.5:1, and less than 10% of the patients had type 2 AIP. An Italian study reported that the male-to-female ratio for type 2 AIP was 1:1.1, and the average age at onset was 34.4 years. In a study reported in Germany in 2017, the incidence of AIP was less than 1 per 100000 persons.
  • #24 Type 2 Autoimmune Pancreatitis: Consensus and Controversies
    https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5009/gnl210241
    The assessment of extrapancreatic diseases is useful for the typing of AIP. […] In a French and Belgian multicenter study on IBD patients, 91 were found to have AIP; 89 (98%) had type 2 AIP and only two (2%) had type 1 AIP. […] Based on a nationwide study in Japan, the overall prevalence of AIP is 4.6/100,000 population, suggesting that the prevalence of type 2 AIP is approximately 0.5/100,000. […] Since type 2 AIP is a condition discovered by microscopic examination, it is defined by histological features. […] Type 2 AIP is a steroid-responsive disorder, and rapid improvements in symptoms and imaging abnormalities are expected within 2 or 3 weeks of the commencement of corticosteroids. […] Type 2 AIP is considered to have a benign clinical course with a low risk of relapse.
  • #25 Autoimmune Pancreatitis: From Pathogenesis to Treatment
    https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/20/12667
    Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a rare disease. The overall prevalence and incidence of AIPs are unknown. Thanks to the widespread recognition of AIP and IgG4-RD and the development of diagnostic criteria, the number of total and newly diagnosed AIP patients in Japan has increased rapidly, with the fourth nationwide epidemiological survey conducted in 2016. Compared with 2011, the number of newly diagnosed patients has more than doubled. According to this study, the prevalence of AIP increased significantly compared with a previous study (4.6 vs. 10.1 per 100,000 patients). The annual incidence was 3.1 per 100,000 people. The sex ratio of males to females was 2.94. The mean age at diagnosis was 64.8 years. […] A retrospective review by the AIP, examining 15 different institutions from 8 countries, found that the LPSP variant was detected much more frequently than the IDCP variant. The mean age of all patients with LPSP was higher than that of IDCP patients (61.6 and 44.8 years, respectively), and the two groups did not differ in terms of gender.
  • #26 Autoimmune Pancreatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560769/
    Autoimmune pancreatitis is an uncommon cause of chronic and recurrent pancreatitis and is likely an underdiagnosed condition. It is reported to account for up to 2% of all cases of chronic pancreatitis, with a prevalence of less than 1 per 100,000 population. Most of the initial reports in the literature are from Asian countries, including Japan, where the prevalence is speculated to be higher; however, this may partly have been because of increased recognition. In recent years, it has increasingly been reported in Western countries, making it a worldwide entity. […] Most of the epidemiological data about AIP has been based on estimates from small case series and study groups. It has been seen more in males with a ratio of 3:1, and the age of onset is reported to be greater than 45 years.
  • #27 Long-term outcomes of autoimmune pancreatitis: a multicentre, international analysis | Gut
    https://gut.bmj.com/content/62/12/1771
    Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a treatable form of chronic pancreatitis that has been increasingly recognised over the last decade. […] A total of 1064 patients meeting the International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria for type 1 (n=978) or type 2 (n=86) AIP were included. […] The majority of patients with type 1 (99%) and type 2 (92%) AIP who were treated with steroids went into clinical remission. […] Relapses were more common in patients with type 1 (31%) versus type 2 AIP (9%, p0.001), especially those with IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis (56% vs 26%, p0.001). […] AIP is a global disease which uniformly displays a high response to steroid treatment and tendency to relapse in the pancreas and biliary tree. […] Additional studies investigating prevention and treatment of disease relapses are needed.
  • #28 Long-term outcomes of autoimmune pancreatitis: a multicentre, international analysis | Gut
    https://gut.bmj.com/content/62/12/1771
    Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a treatable form of chronic pancreatitis that has been increasingly recognised over the last decade. […] A total of 1064 patients meeting the International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria for type 1 (n=978) or type 2 (n=86) AIP were included. […] The majority of patients with type 1 (99%) and type 2 (92%) AIP who were treated with steroids went into clinical remission. […] Relapses were more common in patients with type 1 (31%) versus type 2 AIP (9%, p0.001), especially those with IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis (56% vs 26%, p0.001). […] AIP is a global disease which uniformly displays a high response to steroid treatment and tendency to relapse in the pancreas and biliary tree. […] Additional studies investigating prevention and treatment of disease relapses are needed.
  • #29 Long-term outcomes of autoimmune pancreatitis: a multicentre, international analysis | Gut
    https://gut.bmj.com/content/62/12/1771
    The proportion of patients diagnosed with type 2 AIP was lower in Asian countries (3.7%) compared with European (12.9%, p0.001) and North American (13.7%, p0.001) countries. […] Disease relapses are common after steroid discontinuation, and typically occur in the pancreas and/or biliary tract. […] The occurrence of incident cancers following AIP diagnosis appears to be uncommon. […] Since disease relapses are common, additional studies are needed to compare different treatment strategies for maintaining disease remission. […] Pancreatic duct stones were uncommonly seen occurring in 46/659 (7%) subjects with follow-up imaging permitting evaluation for stone disease. […] Importantly, pancreatic cancer was diagnosed in five male patients at a median age of 77years (range 6580) at the time of cancer diagnosis.
  • #30 Autoimmune Pancreatitis: Symptoms, Risk Factors and Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17936-autoimmune-pancreatitis
    A bout of autoimmune pancreatitis doesn’t affect your life expectancy. Autoimmune pancreatitis often comes back (relapses). This is more common in people with Type 1. Relapses are likely in the first three years after diagnosis. […] With successful management, people with relapsing autoimmune pancreatitis can live active, healthy lives.
  • #31 Long-term outcomes of autoimmune pancreatitis: a multicentre, international analysis | Gut
    https://gut.bmj.com/content/62/12/1771
    The proportion of patients diagnosed with type 2 AIP was lower in Asian countries (3.7%) compared with European (12.9%, p0.001) and North American (13.7%, p0.001) countries. […] Disease relapses are common after steroid discontinuation, and typically occur in the pancreas and/or biliary tract. […] The occurrence of incident cancers following AIP diagnosis appears to be uncommon. […] Since disease relapses are common, additional studies are needed to compare different treatment strategies for maintaining disease remission. […] Pancreatic duct stones were uncommonly seen occurring in 46/659 (7%) subjects with follow-up imaging permitting evaluation for stone disease. […] Importantly, pancreatic cancer was diagnosed in five male patients at a median age of 77years (range 6580) at the time of cancer diagnosis.
  • #32 Autoimmune pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer: Epidemiological aspects and immunological considerations
    https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v27/i25/3825.htm
    Even though one may conclude that most of the available studies do not support this association, there are some clinical and pathological observations coming from studies more focused on pancreatic cancer which should keep high the attention on this issue before making final conclusions; however, this will require larger, prospective, and longer (in terms of follow-up period) studies. […] Nonetheless, it is established that chronic inflammatory processes represent a risk factor for pancreatic cancer and, as such, type 1 AIP, especially if relapsing and/or persistent, should be considered in the same way in principle.
  • #33 Long-term outcomes of autoimmune pancreatitis: a multicentre, international analysis | Gut
    https://gut.bmj.com/content/62/12/1771
    No subjects with type 2 AIP developed an incident cancer or pancreatic duct stone during the study period. […] This study represents the largest, multinational analysis of patients with type 1 and type 2 AIP diagnosed according to ICDC and provides insights into treatment strategies and potential long-term sequelae. […] The occurrence of pancreatic duct stones in this study is low with higher prevalence in those with at least one relapse. […] Additional studies with longer follow-up will help refine our understanding of these long-term sequelae.
  • #34
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00330-024-11161-0
    Long-term follow-up is essential for type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) patients due to high relapse rates. […] The cumulative radiation dose from repeated CT scans during follow-up should not be ignored. […] We aim to investigate the cumulative radiation dose in AIP patients undergoing CT surveillance and the diagnostic performance of CT in detecting disease relapse. […] With a median 2.3-year follow-up period, AIP patients followed up with CT exhibited a median cumulative radiation dose of 37.5mSv. […] 11.3% of patients have accumulated doses exceeding 100mSv. […] The sensitivity/specificity/accuracy of CT for detecting abdominal organ relapse was 64.1%/99.6%/97.0%. […] Considering the accumulation of radiation dose in AIP patients and the insufficient sensitivity in detecting disease relapse with CT, safer and more sensitive imaging follow-up strategies should be explored. […] CT in AIP follow-up causes significant cumulative radiation exposure and exhibits insufficient sensitivity in relapse detection. […] Type 1 AIP necessitates long-term imaging follow-up, yet current guidelines lack consensus regarding the prioritization of CT or MRI for such follow-up.
  • #35
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00330-024-11161-0
    Long-term follow-up is essential for type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) patients due to high relapse rates. […] The cumulative radiation dose from repeated CT scans during follow-up should not be ignored. […] We aim to investigate the cumulative radiation dose in AIP patients undergoing CT surveillance and the diagnostic performance of CT in detecting disease relapse. […] With a median 2.3-year follow-up period, AIP patients followed up with CT exhibited a median cumulative radiation dose of 37.5mSv. […] 11.3% of patients have accumulated doses exceeding 100mSv. […] The sensitivity/specificity/accuracy of CT for detecting abdominal organ relapse was 64.1%/99.6%/97.0%. […] Considering the accumulation of radiation dose in AIP patients and the insufficient sensitivity in detecting disease relapse with CT, safer and more sensitive imaging follow-up strategies should be explored. […] CT in AIP follow-up causes significant cumulative radiation exposure and exhibits insufficient sensitivity in relapse detection. […] Type 1 AIP necessitates long-term imaging follow-up, yet current guidelines lack consensus regarding the prioritization of CT or MRI for such follow-up.
  • #36
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00330-024-11161-0
    Long-term follow-up is essential for type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) patients due to high relapse rates. […] The cumulative radiation dose from repeated CT scans during follow-up should not be ignored. […] We aim to investigate the cumulative radiation dose in AIP patients undergoing CT surveillance and the diagnostic performance of CT in detecting disease relapse. […] With a median 2.3-year follow-up period, AIP patients followed up with CT exhibited a median cumulative radiation dose of 37.5mSv. […] 11.3% of patients have accumulated doses exceeding 100mSv. […] The sensitivity/specificity/accuracy of CT for detecting abdominal organ relapse was 64.1%/99.6%/97.0%. […] Considering the accumulation of radiation dose in AIP patients and the insufficient sensitivity in detecting disease relapse with CT, safer and more sensitive imaging follow-up strategies should be explored. […] CT in AIP follow-up causes significant cumulative radiation exposure and exhibits insufficient sensitivity in relapse detection. […] Type 1 AIP necessitates long-term imaging follow-up, yet current guidelines lack consensus regarding the prioritization of CT or MRI for such follow-up.
  • #37
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00330-024-11161-0
    Long-term follow-up is essential for type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) patients due to high relapse rates. […] The cumulative radiation dose from repeated CT scans during follow-up should not be ignored. […] We aim to investigate the cumulative radiation dose in AIP patients undergoing CT surveillance and the diagnostic performance of CT in detecting disease relapse. […] With a median 2.3-year follow-up period, AIP patients followed up with CT exhibited a median cumulative radiation dose of 37.5mSv. […] 11.3% of patients have accumulated doses exceeding 100mSv. […] The sensitivity/specificity/accuracy of CT for detecting abdominal organ relapse was 64.1%/99.6%/97.0%. […] Considering the accumulation of radiation dose in AIP patients and the insufficient sensitivity in detecting disease relapse with CT, safer and more sensitive imaging follow-up strategies should be explored. […] CT in AIP follow-up causes significant cumulative radiation exposure and exhibits insufficient sensitivity in relapse detection. […] Type 1 AIP necessitates long-term imaging follow-up, yet current guidelines lack consensus regarding the prioritization of CT or MRI for such follow-up.
  • #38
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00330-024-11161-0
    Long-term follow-up is essential for type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) patients due to high relapse rates. […] The cumulative radiation dose from repeated CT scans during follow-up should not be ignored. […] We aim to investigate the cumulative radiation dose in AIP patients undergoing CT surveillance and the diagnostic performance of CT in detecting disease relapse. […] With a median 2.3-year follow-up period, AIP patients followed up with CT exhibited a median cumulative radiation dose of 37.5mSv. […] 11.3% of patients have accumulated doses exceeding 100mSv. […] The sensitivity/specificity/accuracy of CT for detecting abdominal organ relapse was 64.1%/99.6%/97.0%. […] Considering the accumulation of radiation dose in AIP patients and the insufficient sensitivity in detecting disease relapse with CT, safer and more sensitive imaging follow-up strategies should be explored. […] CT in AIP follow-up causes significant cumulative radiation exposure and exhibits insufficient sensitivity in relapse detection. […] Type 1 AIP necessitates long-term imaging follow-up, yet current guidelines lack consensus regarding the prioritization of CT or MRI for such follow-up.
  • #39 Autoimmune pancreatitis: What we know so far
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8762623/
    Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a rare, often missed disease that involves inflammation of the pancreas and strictures of the pancreatic duct. Its prevalence and incidence in the United States remain scarce. The overall prevalence and incidence of AIP are largely unknown. Japanese data have reported the prevalence as 4.6 per 100000 population and the incidence as 1.4 per 100000. AIP comprises 56% of all cases of chronic pancreatitis. There is an association of AIP with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) serotypes DRB1*0405 and DQB1*0401. AIP has increasingly been reported in Western countries and is thus a worldwide entity. […] The disease has a varied presentation and often mimics pancreatic malignancy, which can make the diagnosis challenging.
  • #40 Prevalence of autoimmune pancreatitis in pancreatic resection for suspected malignancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text
    https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-024-03367-9
    Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a diagnosis-challenging disease that often mimics pancreatic malignancy. This meta-analysis aims to study the incidence of AIP in patients who have undergone pancreatic resection for clinical manifestation of cancer. AIP accounted for 140 cases (1.6%). Type 1 AIP comprised the majority of cases, representing 94% (132 cases), while type 2 AIP made up the remaining 6% (eight cases) after further classification. AIP accounted for almost 26% of all cases of benign diseases involving unnecessary surgery and was overrepresented in males in 70% of cases compared to 30% in females. The mean age for AIP patients was 59 years. […] Even with modern diagnostic methods, distinguishing between AIP and PDAC can still be challenging, thus potentially resulting in unnecessary surgical procedures in some cases. Serum CA 199 levels are not useful in distinguishing between AIP and PDAC. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the frequency of AIP in pancreatic resections performed for a clinical suspicion of pancreatic malignancy.
  • #41 Autoimmune Pancreatitis: A Succinct Overview
    https://www.primescholars.com/articles/autoimmune-pancreatitis-a-succinct-overview-98782.html
    In the last decade, many AIP criteria have been established, with distinct diagnostic criteria in different regions of the world. Most Asian criteria require pancreatic duct imaging via endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) or magnetic resonance pancreatography (MRP). However, the Mayo Clinic criteria does not require ERP/MRP evaluation, since the current practice in the United States does not include routine ERP/MRP for evaluation of obstructive jaundice. International consensus diagnostic criteria (ICDC) for AIP was established in 2011 by the International Association of Pancreatology to unify these diagnostic criteria while accommodating regional differences in practice and strategy. […] According to ICDC for AIP, EUS-FNA is not recommended for the histologic diagnosis of AIP because of the difficulty in collecting an adequate amount of tissue samples. However, tissue samples obtained using EUS-tru-cut biopsy and EUS-FNA using a large gauge needle have been considered useful for the diagnosis of AIP.
  • #42 Type 2 Autoimmune Pancreatitis: Consensus and Controversies
    https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5009/gnl210241
    Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) has attracted much attention in the last two decades, and due to the diagnostic value of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4), the number of cases diagnosed in clinical practice has markedly increased. […] Type 2 AIP is unrelated to IgG4 and is a completely distinct entity from type 1 AIP. […] Since there are currently no established serum markers, the diagnosis of type 2 AIP is highly challenging and requires the tissue confirmation of neutrophilic injury to the pancreatic ducts, a finding designated as a granulocytic epithelial lesion. […] Approximately one-third of cases are associated with inflammatory bowel disease, particularly ulcerative colitis; however, the pathological relationship between these two conditions has not yet been clarified. […] Although the incidence of type 2 AIP is expected to be similar among different ethnicities, the incidence of its diagnosis in real clinical practice significantly varies among countries or even centers in the same country, indicating the challenges associated with establishing a diagnosis.
  • #43 Prevalence of autoimmune pancreatitis in pancreatic resection for suspected malignancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text
    https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-024-03367-9
    AIP accounted for 1.6% of all suspected cases involving a surgical procedure and was responsible for the most significant subset (25.9%) of benign disease. The Honolulu Consensus Document divides AIP into two subclasses, which differ in their histological patterns and clinical presentations. Our study showed a dominant prevalence of type 1 (94%) compared with type 2 (6%). […] The male/female ratio showed that AIP has a higher prevalence in males at 70%, compared to 30% in females. The mean age for AIP patients was 59 years. The use of serological biomarkers can be essential in differentiating AIP from PDAC. There is therefore a pressing need to identify reliable biomarkers to differentiate between PDAC and AIP. […] In conclusion, our findings underscore the intricacies in diagnosing benign pancreatic lesions and differentiating these conditions from pancreatic malignancies. Despite modern diagnostic methods, unnecessary surgery cannot be avoided in some benign patients, among whom a diagnosis of AIP was responsible for almost one third. Serum CA 199 or IgG4 is unable to differentiate AIP from PDAC. Further research and the development of more precise diagnostic tools are imperative to prevent unnecessary surgeries and improve patient outcomes in the context of pancreatic diseases.
  • #44 Type 2 Autoimmune Pancreatitis (Idiopathic Duct-Centric Pancreatitis) Highlighting Patients Presenting as Clinical Acute Pancreatitis: A Single-Center Experience
    https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5009/gnl18429
    Type 2 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) has been considered extremely rare in East Asia. This study aimed to clarify the prevalence, clinical characteristics and radiological findings of type 2 AIP highlighting patients presenting as acute pancreatitis in a single center. […] Among 244 patients with AIP, 27 (11.1%) had type 2 AIP (definite, 15 [55.5%] and probable 12 [44.5%]). The median age of patients with type 2 AIP was 29 years (interquartile range, 20 to 39 years). Acute pancreatitis was the most common initial presentation (n=17, 63%) while obstructive jaundice was present in only one patient. Ulcerative colitis (UC) was associated with type 2 AIP in 44.4% (12/27) of patients. […] In South Korea, type 2 AIP is not as rare as previously thought. Overall, the clinical profile of type 2 AIP was similar to that of Western countries. Type 2 AIP should be considered in young UC patients with acute pancreatitis of uncertain etiology.
  • #45 Type 2 Autoimmune Pancreatitis (Idiopathic Duct-Centric Pancreatitis) Highlighting Patients Presenting as Clinical Acute Pancreatitis: A Single-Center Experience
    https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5009/gnl18429
    The relative proportion of type 2 AIP among total AIP is generally known to be higher in the West when compared to the East. In the literature, prevalence rates of type 2 AIP in the West vary widely (12.9% to 45%). In our study, the relative proportion of type 2 AIP in South Korea (11.1%) was not as rare as previously thought. […] In our study, the most common clinical presentation of type 2 AIP was clinical acute pancreatitis (17/27, 63%). Like ours, a European study showed that the most common clinical presentation was acute pancreatitis (80%), followed by abdominal pain (11%), and obstructive jaundice (7%).
  • #46 Type 2 Autoimmune Pancreatitis | Pancreapedia
    https://pancreapedia.org/reviews/type-2-autoimmune-pancreatitis
    Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) encompasses at least two entities, one related to a systemic disease referred to as IgG4-related disease (type 1 AIP) and the other is an isolated pancreatic disorder (type 2 AIP). Importantly, histology can generally separate these two diseases. […] Type 2 AIP is associated with an equal gender distribution and a mean age (45 48 years) that is considerably lower than that seen in type 1 AIP, which peaks between 60 and 65 years. It is interesting to note that the relative frequency of the two AIP types in Europe and the US seems to differ from that in East Asia. While in Europe each subtype can be expected in about 40-60% of the cases (in biopsy series they amount to 38% and 45%, respectively), type 2 AIP seems to be rare in East Asia.
  • #47 Autoimmune Pancreatitis: From Pathogenesis to Treatment
    https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/20/12667
    Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a rare disease. The overall prevalence and incidence of AIPs are unknown. Thanks to the widespread recognition of AIP and IgG4-RD and the development of diagnostic criteria, the number of total and newly diagnosed AIP patients in Japan has increased rapidly, with the fourth nationwide epidemiological survey conducted in 2016. Compared with 2011, the number of newly diagnosed patients has more than doubled. According to this study, the prevalence of AIP increased significantly compared with a previous study (4.6 vs. 10.1 per 100,000 patients). The annual incidence was 3.1 per 100,000 people. The sex ratio of males to females was 2.94. The mean age at diagnosis was 64.8 years. […] A retrospective review by the AIP, examining 15 different institutions from 8 countries, found that the LPSP variant was detected much more frequently than the IDCP variant. The mean age of all patients with LPSP was higher than that of IDCP patients (61.6 and 44.8 years, respectively), and the two groups did not differ in terms of gender.
  • #48 Epidemiology of Autoimmune Pancreatitis | SpringerLink
    https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-55086-7_2
    Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a rare disease that has recently emerged as a unique type of pancreatitis with a presumed autoimmune etiology. […] Because AIP is a relatively new clinical entity and the diagnostic criteria are being established, the epidemiology of AIP is not fully known. […] In Japan, the Research Committee of Intractable Pancreatic Disease provided by the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare of Japan (RCIPD) has conducted three nationwide epidemiological surveys of AIP according to the diagnostic criteria used at that time. We here describe the epidemiology of AIP, mainly focusing on the results of nationwide surveys in Japan.
  • #49 Long-term outcomes of autoimmune pancreatitis: a multicentre, international analysis | Gut
    https://gut.bmj.com/content/62/12/1771
    Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a treatable form of chronic pancreatitis that has been increasingly recognised over the last decade. […] A total of 1064 patients meeting the International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria for type 1 (n=978) or type 2 (n=86) AIP were included. […] The majority of patients with type 1 (99%) and type 2 (92%) AIP who were treated with steroids went into clinical remission. […] Relapses were more common in patients with type 1 (31%) versus type 2 AIP (9%, p0.001), especially those with IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis (56% vs 26%, p0.001). […] AIP is a global disease which uniformly displays a high response to steroid treatment and tendency to relapse in the pancreas and biliary tree. […] Additional studies investigating prevention and treatment of disease relapses are needed.
  • #50 Long-term outcomes of autoimmune pancreatitis: a multicentre, international analysis | Gut
    https://gut.bmj.com/content/62/12/1771
    No subjects with type 2 AIP developed an incident cancer or pancreatic duct stone during the study period. […] This study represents the largest, multinational analysis of patients with type 1 and type 2 AIP diagnosed according to ICDC and provides insights into treatment strategies and potential long-term sequelae. […] The occurrence of pancreatic duct stones in this study is low with higher prevalence in those with at least one relapse. […] Additional studies with longer follow-up will help refine our understanding of these long-term sequelae.
  • #51 Autoimmune pancreatitis in pediatrics, a rare disease | Revista de Gastroenterología de México
    https://www.revistagastroenterologiamexico.org/en-autoimmune-pancreatitis-in-pediatrics-rare-articulo-S2255534X22000858
    Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a systemic fibroinflammatory disease that affects the pancreas and other organs. Prevalence in the pediatric population is low and the most frequent clinical presentation is abdominal pain, obstructive jaundice, and weight loss. […] Even though AIP is rare in the pediatric population, it should be considered an etiologic possibility. […] In pediatrics, the study of AIP is limited to case series, and so its prevalence is unknown. […] Even though the frequency of the disease in the pediatric population is low, multicenter studies are needed to characterize the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and progression of AIP in children.