Atrofia korowej tylna
Patofizjologia i mechanizm

Atrofia korowa tylna (PCA) to rzadkie, postępujące schorzenie neurodegeneracyjne, które przede wszystkim dotyka kory potylicznej i ciemieniowej, prowadząc do zaburzeń funkcji wzrokowo-przestrzennych, praksji i umiejętności piśmienniczych, przy względnym zachowaniu pamięci i funkcji językowych. PCA jest najczęściej związana z patologią choroby Alzheimera (ponad 80% przypadków), jednak różni się od typowej AD lokalizacją i rozkładem zmian neurodegeneracyjnych – dominują zmiany w tylnej części mózgu, szczególnie w płatach potylicznym, ciemieniowym i skroniowym, co potwierdzają badania MRI i PET. Charakterystyczne dla PCA są obniżone poziomy amyloidu-β (Aβ42) oraz podwyższone poziomy całkowitego tau (T-tau) i fosforylowanego tau (P-tau181) w płynie mózgowo-rdzeniowym, a także zwiększona gęstość płytek amyloidowych i splątków neurofibrylarnych w obszarach potyliczno-ciemieniowych. Mutacje genetyczne, m.in. w PSEN1, PSEN2, PRNP, MAPT i GRN, mogą predysponować do rozwoju PCA, a nowo opisana mutacja I211M w PSEN1 wpływa na funkcję kompleksu γ-sekretazy, co może mieć znaczenie patogenetyczne.

Patofizjologia atrofii korowej tylnej

Atrofia korowa tylna (ang. posterior cortical atrophy, PCA), zwana również zespołem Bensona, jest rzadkim, heterogenicznym, postępującym schorzeniem neurodegeneracyjnym, które w pierwszej kolejności dotyka kory potylicznej i ciemieniowej, prowadząc do zaburzeń zdolności wizualno-przestrzennych, wizualno-percepcyjnych, praksji oraz umiejętności piśmienniczych.12 Choroba charakteryzuje się postępującym obumieraniem komórek mózgowych w tylnej części mózgu, która odpowiada za przetwarzanie informacji wzrokowych i rozumowanie przestrzenne.3

Chociaż PCA jest często uznawana za wizualny wariant choroby Alzheimera (AD), stanowi odrębny zespół kliniczny.4 W przeciwieństwie do typowej postaci AD, pacjenci z PCA mają zazwyczaj dobrze zachowaną pamięć, zdolności językowe, wgląd w chorobę oraz większy stopień zaniku tylnej części mózgu widoczny w badaniu MRI.5

Przyczyny i czynniki patogenetyczne

Dokładna etiologia atrofii korowej tylnej pozostaje nieznana, a jednoznacznie przyjęte kryteria diagnostyczne dla tej choroby nie zostały w pełni ustalone.67 W zdecydowanej większości przypadków (ponad 80%) podłożem patologicznym PCA jest choroba Alzheimera, dlatego też często określa się ją jako „wizualny wariant AD”.89 Niemniej jednak, inne schorzenia neurologiczne mogą również prowadzić do PCA, w tym:

Najnowsze badania wskazują, że PCA może być związana z mutacjami genetycznymi w kilku genach, w tym:

Niedawno opisano przypadek pacjenta z PCA posiadającego nową mutację I211M w genie preseniliny 1, która może wpływać na interakcję między presenilin 1 a białkiem wzmacniającym presenilin 1-2 (PEN-2) w kompleksie γ-sekretazy.2526

Patologia molekularna i komórkowa

Na poziomie molekularnym PCA charakteryzuje się podobnymi zmianami patologicznymi jak choroba Alzheimera, jednak z odmienną dystrybucją przestrzenną. Badania pośmiertne wykazały, że w PCA pierwotnie zajęte są korowe obszary wzrokowe i obszary asocjacyjne wzroku, w przeciwieństwie do typowej AD, gdzie zmiany początkowo lokalizują się w przyśrodkowej części płata skroniowego.27

Kluczowe zmiany patologiczne obejmują:

W przeciwieństwie do typowej AD, w PCA występuje większy zanik kory i utrata istoty szarej w regionach tylnych, szczególnie w płatach potylicznym, ciemieniowym i skroniowym, podczas gdy w chorobie Alzheimera typowo obserwuje się więcej uszkodzeń w korze przedczołowej i hipokampie.35

Różnice w dystrybucji zmian patologicznych między PCA a typową AD

Istnieje wyraźna różnica w rozkładzie płytek starczych i splątków neurofibrylarnych w atrofii korowej tylnej w porównaniu do typowej choroby Alzheimera.36 Wykazano, że w PCA występuje większa gęstość tych zmian patologicznych w regionie potyliczno-ciemieniowym niż w obszarach czołowych.37

W badaniach z wykorzystaniem zaawansowanych technik neuroobrazowania wykazano, że:

  • Pacjenci z PCA wykazują większy zanik w prawej korze skroniowo-potylicznej w porównaniu do pacjentów z tAD38
  • W PCA początkowo obszary hipometaboliczne znajdują się w pierwotnej korze wzrokowej i korze asocjacyjnej wzroku, podczas gdy w tAD najwcześniejsze obszary hipometaboliczne występują w korze zakrętu obręczy i strukturach przyśrodkowo-skroniowych39
  • Pacjenci z PCA wykazują większą objętość prawego hipokampa w porównaniu z pacjentami z tAD40
  • Objętość istoty szarej obustronnych płatów ciemieniowych i potylicznych jest mniejsza u pacjentów z PCA, a znaczący hipometabolizm obserwuje się w obustronnych płatach ciemieniowych i potylicznych, szczególnie w prawym połączeniu potyliczno-skroniowym41

Biomarkery i diagnostyka molekularna

Badania biomarkerów w PCA dostarczają istotnych informacji na temat patofizjologii schorzenia:

  • Poziomy biomarkerów w płynie mózgowo-rdzeniowym (Aβ42, T-tau i P-tau181) wykazują podobne zmiany w PCA jak w AD, potwierdzając, że PCA jest typowo związana z patologią Alzheimera4243
  • Typowo obserwuje się obniżony poziom CSF amyloidu-β (Aβ) oraz zwiększone poziomy zarówno całkowitego, jak i fosforylowanego tau44
  • Dystrybucja złogów amyloidu obserwowana w PET amyloidowym jest zazwyczaj rozległa i bardzo podobna do tej u pacjentów z typową chorobą Alzheimera45
  • Pacjenci z PCA mają więcej patologii tau w tylnych częściach mózgu zaangażowanych w przetwarzanie informacji wizualno-przestrzennych w porównaniu do pacjentów z innymi prezentacjami AD, co może czynić ich lepszymi kandydatami do terapii anty-tau46

Najnowsze badania z wykorzystaniem angiografii optycznej koherentnej tomografii (OCTA) wykazały, że pacjenci z PCA wykazują podobne wzorce zaburzeń w strukturze dna oka i sieci mikronaczyniowej jak pacjenci z AD, co sugeruje potencjalną wartość OCTA jako nieinwazyjnej metody wykrywania zarówno AD, jak i PCA.4748

Mechanizmy selektywnej wrażliwości obszarów tylnych mózgu

Jednym z najistotniejszych pytań dotyczących patofizjologii PCA jest to, dlaczego choroba selektywnie dotyka tylne obszary kory mózgowej, zwłaszcza te odpowiedzialne za przetwarzanie informacji wzrokowych.49 Zrozumienie tego mechanizmu jest kluczowe zarówno dla zapewnienia lepszej opieki nad pacjentami, jak i dla zrozumienia procesów leżących u podstaw choroby Alzheimera.50

Specyficzna lokalizacja zmian patologicznych

W PCA zmiany neurodegeneracyjne koncentrują się w obrębie:5152

  • Kory potylicznej – odpowiedzialnej za podstawowe przetwarzanie informacji wzrokowych
  • Kory ciemieniowej – zaangażowanej w integrację informacji przestrzennych i lokalizację obiektów
  • Połączeń potyliczno-skroniowych – istotnych dla rozpoznawania obiektów
  • Obszarów asocjacyjnych wzroku – ważnych dla złożonego przetwarzania informacji wizualnych

Badania neuroobrazowe wykazały, że u pacjentów z PCA występuje predominacja zaniku/hipometabolizmu/hipoperfuzji w regionach potyliczno-ciemieniowych lub potyliczno-skroniowych.53 Taki wzorzec zmian prowadzi do specyficznych objawów klinicznych, takich jak zaburzenia zdolności wizualno-przestrzennych i wizualno-percepcyjnych, przy względnym oszczędzeniu pamięci epizodycznej.54

Mechanizmy neurodegeneracji w PCA

Chociaż dokładne mechanizmy selektywnej wrażliwości tylnych obszarów kory mózgowej w PCA nie są w pełni poznane, kilka hipotez może wyjaśniać to zjawisko:

  1. Specyficzna dystrybucja patologii amyloidowej i tau – W PCA obserwuje się zwiększone stężenie płytek amyloidowych i splątków neurofibrylarnych w obszarach potyliczno-ciemieniowych w porównaniu z regionami czołowymi, co może wyjaśniać dominujące objawy wzrokowe i przestrzenne.55
  2. Zaburzenia w transmisji sygnałów elektrycznych – Utrata neuronów, splątki neurofibrylarne i zaburzenia syntezy białek przyczyniają się do zakłóceń w transmisji sygnałów elektrycznych, które wspierają przetwarzanie i integrację informacji wzrokowych.56
  3. Selektywna wrażliwość sieci neuronalnych – Badania sugerują, że w PCA dochodzi do selektywnego uszkodzenia sieci neuronalnych odpowiedzialnych za przetwarzanie informacji wzrokowych, co może być związane z różnicami w ekspresji genów, metabolizmie energetycznym lub wrażliwości na stres oksydacyjny w tych regionach.57
  4. Wczesne zmiany w korze wzrokowej – Przy zachowanych funkcjach pamięci, wczesne zmiany neurodegeneracyjne w pierwotnej korze wzrokowej i obszarach asocjacyjnych prowadzą do specyficznego fenotypu klinicznego PCA.58

Badania wykorzystujące zaawansowane techniki neuroobrazowania funkcjonalnego wykazały, że deficyty w postrzeganiu kształtów 3D z cieniowania w PCA są związane z ubytkiem objętości w prawej tylnej dolnej korze skroniowej.59 Wyniki te są zgodne z modelami neuropsychologicznymi funkcjonalnej anatomii przetwarzania kształtów 3D.60

Rola czynników genetycznych w selektywnej wrażliwości

Coraz więcej dowodów wskazuje na udział czynników genetycznych w patogenezie PCA:

  • Mutacje w genie preseniliny 1 (PSEN1) mogą wpływać na funkcję γ-sekretazy, co jest związane z rodzinną, wczesną postacią choroby Alzheimera.61
  • Opisano przypadek pacjenta z klinicznie zdiagnozowaną PCA posiadającego mutację I211M w PSEN1, która może zmieniać interakcję między presenilin 1 (PS1) a białkiem wzmacniającym PS1-2 (PEN-2), jego partnerem w kompleksie γ-sekretazy.62
  • Polimorfizm rs5848 w genie progranulin (GRN) może być związany z wariantem PCA w zespole korowo-podstawnym (CBS).63

Identyfikacja wspólnych i rozbieżnych genetycznych (i środowiskowych) czynników ryzyka dla atrofii korowej tylnej i typowej choroby Alzheimera, w połączeniu z neuroobrazowaniem, badaniem płynu mózgowo-rdzeniowego i innymi biomarkerami, może dostarczyć fundamentalnych informacji na temat patogenezy choroby Alzheimera.64

Wpływ czynników patofizjologicznych na obraz kliniczny

Obraz kliniczny PCA jest ściśle związany z patofizjologią choroby. Dominujące objawy wynikają bezpośrednio z lokalizacji zmian neurodegeneracyjnych:

  • Pacjenci mogą prezentować cechy zespołu Gerstmanna, takie jak akalkulia, agrafia, agnozja palców i dezorientacja prawo-lewo, które są wynikiem uszkodzenia obszarów ciemieniowych.65
  • Alternatywnie, może występować zespół Balinta charakteryzujący się apraksją oczną, ataksją optyczną i simultagnozją, które wynikają z uszkodzenia połączeń potyliczno-ciemieniowych.66
  • Zaburzenia percepcji wzrokowej, takie jak agnozja wzrokowa, są związane z uszkodzeniem drogi brzusznej przetwarzania informacji wzrokowych w płacie skroniowym.67

Wczesne rozpoznanie deficytów i postawienie szybkiej diagnozy są niezbędne w zapobieganiu upadkom i unikaniu wypadków drogowych.6869

Cechy kliniczne takie jak ataksja optyczna, parkinsonizm, mioklonie, halucynacje i dezorientacja w czasie i przestrzeni mogą sugerować podstawę patologiczną PCA i pomagać w ukierunkowaniu protokołu diagnostycznego.70

Mechanizmy progresji choroby

Atrofia korowa tylna jest schorzeniem neurodegeneracyjnym o postępującym charakterze. Z czasem choroba postępuje, prowadząc do pogorszenia istniejących objawów i pojawienia się nowych.7172

Progresja zmian patologicznych

Choroba rozpoczyna się od zmian neurodegeneracyjnych w tylnych obszarach kory mózgowej, jednak z czasem zmiany te mogą rozprzestrzeniać się na inne regiony:

  • W miarę postępu choroby, atrofia w PCA może rozprzestrzeniać się na regiony, które zazwyczaj są uszkodzone w AD, prowadząc do wspólnych objawów AD, takich jak deficyty pamięci, języka, uczenia się i funkcji poznawczych.73
  • Atrofia wywołana przez PCA może później rozprzestrzeniać się na regiony uszkodzone przez chorobę Alzheimera, powodując połączone objawy, takie jak deficyty poznawcze, pamięci, uczenia się i języka.74

Badania pośmiertne mózgu potwierdziły, że w PCA zmiany neurodegeneracyjne rozwijają się w specyficzny sposób, z początkowym zajęciem obszarów odpowiedzialnych za przetwarzanie informacji wzrokowych, a następnie postępującym rozprzestrzenianiem się na inne regiony mózgu.75

Ewolucja objawów klinicznych

Przebieg PCA jest zazwyczaj podstępny i początkowo wpływa głównie na centralne deficyty wzrokowe bez deficytów widzenia obwodowego.7677 W miarę postępu choroby:

  • Pacjenci mają postępujące pogorszenie zdolności wzrokowo-przestrzennych i wzrokowo-percepcyjnych.78
  • Objawy poznawcze nieuchronnie się pogarszają, a pacjenci stają się funkcjonalnie niewidomi, co prowadzi do znacznego stresu, szczególnie u tych, którzy zachowują wgląd w swoje deficyty i są świadomi rosnącej zależności w zakresie samoopieki i codziennych czynności.79
  • Z czasem, gdy choroba postępuje, u pacjentów z PCA pojawiają się bardziej typowe objawy choroby Alzheimera, takie jak utrata pamięci i dezorientacja.8081

Zmiany w widzeniu mogą stać się bardzo poważne. Świat może być postrzegany w zniekształcony sposób (np. jako kawałki układanki lub jakby przez rozbite lustro).82 Na tym etapie wielu pacjentów z PCA jest rejestrowanych jako niewidomi, co oznacza, że potrzebują pomocy przy większości czynności wymagających wzroku.83

Różnice w progresji choroby w zależności od patologii podstawowej

Chociaż większość przypadków PCA jest związana z patologią AD, różne podstawowe patologie mogą wpływać na tempo i wzorzec progresji:

  • Wczesne pojawienie się deficytów pamięci i przestrzenno-wzrokowych przy prezentacji sugeruje patologię AD.84
  • Natomiast obecność zaburzeń uwagi i dysfunkcji wykonawczych we wczesnych stadiach oraz długotrwałe oszczędzanie hipokampów sugerują patologię CBD.85
  • Gdy PCA jest związana z symetrycznym parkinsonizmem, jako podstawową etiologię rozważa się otępienie z ciałami Lewy’ego (DLB).86
  • Gdy występują asymetryczne mioklonie i dystonia, jako podstawową etiologię należy rozważyć zespół korowo-podstawny (CBS).87

Te złożone i mieszane choroby neurodegeneracyjne mogą prezentować objawy każdego z podstawowych schorzeń, które wykazują różne nasilenie i tempo progresji.88

Prognostyka i oczekiwana progresja

PCA jest schorzeniem degeneracyjnym, co oznacza, że objawy stają się silniejsze wraz z upływem czasu.89 Rokowanie dla atrofii korowej tylnej wskazuje na stopniowe pogorszenie funkcji poznawczych, wpływające głównie na widzenie i świadomość przestrzenną.90

Pacjenci z PCA zazwyczaj mają wcześniejszy wiek zachorowania niż w przypadku typowej choroby Alzheimera, z pierwszymi objawami pojawiającymi się często u osób w połowie piątej lub na początku szóstej dekady życia.9192

Typowo PCA dotyka osoby w wieku 50-65 lat.9394 Ten młodszy wiek zachorowania stanowi istotną różnicę w porównaniu do typowej choroby Alzheimera, gdzie objawy zazwyczaj pojawiają się po 65 roku życia.

Biomarkery i mechanizmy molekularne

Badanie biomarkerów odgrywa kluczową rolę w zrozumieniu patofizjologii atrofii korowej tylnej oraz w potwierdzeniu diagnozy tego schorzenia.95 Biomarkery mogą również pomóc w różnicowaniu PCA od innych zaburzeń neurodegeneracyjnych.

Biomarkery w płynie mózgowo-rdzeniowym

Badania płynu mózgowo-rdzeniowego (CSF) u pacjentów z PCA wykazują charakterystyczne zmiany w poziomach kluczowych biomarkerów:

  • Poziomy biomarkerów CSF Aβ42, T-tau i P-tau181 są podobne w PCA i AD, co potwierdza, że PCA jest najczęściej związana z podstawową patologią AD.9697
  • Typowo obserwuje się obniżony poziom amyloidu-β (Aβ) oraz zwiększone poziomy zarówno całkowitego tau (T-tau), jak i fosforylowanego tau (P-tau).98
  • Te zmiany w biomarkerach odzwierciedlają podstawową patofizjologię AD.99

Badania CSF są szczególnie wartościowe w diagnostyce PCA, gdy obraz kliniczny jest niejednoznaczny. Brak danych z analizy CSF, np. z powodu odmowy pacjenta poddania się nakłuciu lędźwiowemu, może ograniczać możliwość zebrania dodatkowych informacji o podstawowej patologii.100

Biomarkery neuroobrazowe

Zaawansowane techniki neuroobrazowania dostarczają cennych informacji o zmianach strukturalnych i funkcjonalnych w PCA:

  • MRI mózgu wykazuje obustronny zanik korowy w obszarze potyliczno-ciemieniowym bez zaniku przyśrodkowo-skroniowego. Te zmiany są charakterystyczne dla PCA i pomagają odróżnić ją od typowej AD.101
  • FDG-PET pokazuje charakterystyczny wzorzec hipometabolizmu w obszarach ciemieniowo-potylicznych z względnym oszczędzeniem zakrętu obręczy.102
  • PET amyloidowy zazwyczaj wykazuje rozległe złogi amyloidu, podobne do obserwowanych w typowej AD.103
  • Obrazowanie tau może wykazywać silniejszy związek z wariantami AD niż obrazowanie amyloidu.104

Zautomatyzowane badania wykorzystujące przekrojową morfometrię opartą na wokselach i grubość korową wykazały większy zanik w prawej korze ciemieniowej oraz mniejszy zanik w lewym przyśrodkowym płacie skroniowym i hipokampie u pacjentów z PCA w porównaniu do typowej AD.105

Molekularne mechanizmy neurodegeneracji

Na poziomie molekularnym, PCA charakteryzuje się złożonymi mechanizmami neurodegeneracji:

  • Podobnie jak w chorobie Alzheimera, PCA jest związana z nieprawidłowym gromadzeniem się białek w mózgu, takich jak płytki beta-amyloidowe i splątki tau.106
  • Utrata neuronów, splątki neurofibrylarne, zaburzenia syntezy białek i płytki amyloidowe przyczyniają się do zakłóceń w transmisji sygnałów elektrycznych, które wspierają przetwarzanie i integrację informacji wzrokowych.107
  • Dominacja objawów wzrokowych i przestrzennych przypisywana jest niezwykłej dystrybucji splątków neurofibrylarnych (NFT) i utracie neuronów w pierwotnych i drugorzędowych obszarach wzrokowych.108

Mutacja I211M w PSEN1 może zmieniać interakcję między presenilin 1 (PS1) i białkiem wzmacniającym preseniliny 1 (PEN-2), jego partnerem w kompleksie γ-sekretazy, co może prowadzić do zaburzeń w przetwarzaniu APP oraz innych zmienionych funkcji PS1.109

Markery upośledzeń zmysłowych

Poza klasycznymi biomarkerami, badane są również inne potencjalne markery PCA:

  • Upośledzenie węchu w PCA może działać jako wczesny sygnał podstawowej patologii AD w tych klinicznie nietypowych przypadkach.110
  • Deficyt identyfikacji zapachów był związany z regionalną objętością istoty szarej w sieci mózgowej skupionej na prawym przednio-przyśrodkowym płacie skroniowym. Najbardziej wyraźne anatomiczne powiązania występowały w zakręcie parahipokampalnym i korze śródwęchowej: obszarach związanych z identyfikacją zapachów u zdrowych osób.111

Nakładająca się sieć mózgowa została zaangażowana w patogenezę typowej AD i PCA. Dysfunkcja węchowa może mieć charakterystyczną sieciową sygnaturę, która przekracza konwencjonalne granice fenotypowe i potencjalnie może być wykorzystana do przewidywania patologii AD w obliczu zmienności fenotypowej.112

Najnowsze badania wskazują, że angiografia optycznej koherentnej tomografii (OCTA) może pomóc w nieinwazyjnym wykrywaniu AD i PCA poprzez ocenę zmian w strukturze dna oka i sieci mikronaczyniowej.113 Pacjenci z PCA mogą wykazywać podobnie niską perfuzję sieci mikronaczyniowej jak pacjenci z AD.114

Znaczenie PCA dla zrozumienia mechanizmów patogenetycznych choroby Alzheimera

Badanie atrofii korowej tylnej (PCA) dostarcza cennych informacji na temat patogenezy choroby Alzheimera, szczególnie w kontekście zrozumienia, dlaczego różne obszary mózgu wykazują odmienną podatność na zmiany neurodegeneracyjne.115116

PCA jako model do badania wariantów choroby Alzheimera

PCA jest obecnie uznawana w kryteriach diagnostycznych i badawczych AD za najczęstszy atypowy fenotyp AD.117 Jako taka, dostarcza unikalnego modelu do badania, dlaczego ta sama podstawowa patologia (amyloid i tau) może prowadzić do różnych prezentacji klinicznych.

Wcześniejsze badania wykazały, że osoby z PCA wykazują podobne wzorce biomarkerów w płynie mózgowo-rdzeniowym (CSF) i neuroobrazowaniu amyloidu (A) jak pacjenci z typową amnestyczną AD (tAD), co sugeruje podstawową patologię AD w PCA.118

Rozważane jest, czy PCA powinna być traktowana jako forma choroby Alzheimera, czy jako odrębna jednostka chorobowa.119 Ta dyskusja odzwierciedla szersze pytania o heterogeniczność choroby Alzheimera i jej wariantów.

Wpływ czynników ryzyka na różnice w prezentacji klinicznej

Zrozumienie, dlaczego u niektórych pacjentów choroba Alzheimera przejawia się jako PCA, podczas gdy u innych jako typowa AD z dominującymi zaburzeniami pamięci, może dostarczyć istotnych informacji o patogenezie AD.120121

Jest całkiem prawdopodobne, że różne czynniki ryzyka wpływają na:122

  • Tempo, czas i miejsce odkładania się amyloidu
  • To, czy i kiedy odkładanie się amyloidu prowadzi do neurodegeneracji
  • Które sieci neuronalne ponoszą główny ciężar choroby, co z kolei wpływa na to, jak patologia rozprzestrzenia się przez mózg i jakie objawy dominują

Identyfikacja wspólnych i rozbieżnych genetycznych (i środowiskowych) czynników ryzyka dla PCA i typowej AD, w połączeniu z neuroobrazowaniem, biomarkerami CSF i innymi biomarkerami, może dostarczyć fundamentalnych informacji o patogenezie choroby Alzheimera.123

Implikacje dla rozwoju nowych terapii

Wczesna identyfikacja PCA może mieć istotne implikacje dla leczenia choroby Alzheimera.124 Badania wykazały, że pacjenci z PCA mają więcej patologii tau w tylnych częściach mózgu zaangażowanych w przetwarzanie informacji wzrokowo-przestrzennych w porównaniu do osób z innymi prezentacjami AD.125

Ta różnica w dystrybucji patologii może sugerować, że pacjenci z PCA mogą być lepszymi kandydatami do terapii anty-tau.126 Innymi słowy, specyficzne cechy patofizjologiczne PCA mogą informować o strategiach terapeutycznych, które mogłyby być skuteczne nie tylko w PCA, ale potencjalnie również w innych wariantach AD.

Ograniczenia obecnych modeli patofizjologicznych

Pomimo postępu w zrozumieniu PCA, nadal istnieją znaczące wyzwania w identyfikacji czynników związanych zarówno z selektywną wrażliwością tylnych regionów kory, jak i młodym wiekiem zachorowania obserwowanym w PCA.127

Obecne kryteria diagnostyczne opierają się na objawach klinicznych, które nie dostarczają informacji o faktycznej podstawowej chorobie zwyrodnieniowej i wykazują słabe korelacje kliniczno-patologiczne.128

Dodatkowo, dokładna dystrybucja zmian patologicznych w VVAD (Visual Variant of Alzheimer’s Disease, inny termin dla PCA) w porównaniu do AD pozostaje niepewna. Niektórzy badacze znaleźli różnice w lokalizacji płytek między tymi dwoma jednostkami, podczas gdy inni zgłaszali podobną dystrybucję.129

Lepsze zrozumienie i świadomość zespołu wśród społeczności medycznej i osób świeckich są niezbędne dla poprawy diagnozy, leczenia i usług wsparcia świadczonych osobom z PCA i ich rodzinom.130 Rozdzielenie charakterystycznych wzorców zmian strukturalnych, funkcjonalnych, poznawczych i genetycznych w PCA może prowadzić do nowych spostrzeżeń dotyczących patogenezy typowej AD i bardziej ogólnych mechanizmów funkcjonowania i degeneracji sieci wzrokowej.131

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Posterior Cortical Atrophy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK580553/
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a rare heterogeneous, progressive neurodegenerative condition that primarily affects the occipital and parietal cortex, leading to visuoperceptual, visuospatial, praxis skills, and literacy impairment. […] Alzheimer disease (AD) is the commonest underlying pathology, and hence it is frequently labeled as a „visual variant” of AD. […] There is a clear difference in the distribution of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in posterior cortical atrophy as compared to Alzheimer’s disease. […] There is a greater density of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the occipitoparietal area than in the frontal regions. […] CSF biomarker levels of A, T-tau, and P-tau are similar to that of Alzheimer disease. […] The course of posterior cortical atrophy is usually insidious and primarily affects the central visual deficits without peripheral visual deficits.
  • #2 Posterior Cortical Atrophy | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/132241
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a rare heterogeneous, progressive neurodegenerative condition that primarily affects the occipital and parietal cortex, leading to visuoperceptual, visuospatial, praxis skills, and literacy impairment. […] Though considered a visual variant of Alzheimer disease, PCA is a distinct clinical syndrome. Patients with posterior cortical atrophy have a good memory, language, insight, and a greater degree of posterior atrophy on Brain MRI than Alzheimer’s disease controls. […] Alzheimer disease (AD) is the commonest underlying pathology, and hence it is frequently labeled as a „visual variant” of AD. […] A new consensus criterion for the diagnosis and classification of PCA was published in 2017. A classification framework has also been proposed that subtypes PCA into PCA-pure, PCA-plus, and other pathologic subtypes depending on the presentation and biomarker evidence of underlying pathology.
  • #3 Posterior cortical atrophy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/posterior-cortical-atrophy/symptoms-causes/syc-20376560
    Posterior cortical atrophy is a brain and nervous system syndrome that causes brain cells to die over time. […] Posterior cortical atrophy causes the loss of brain cells in back of the brain. This is the region responsible for visual processing and spatial reasoning. This changes a person’s ability to process visual and spatial information. […] In more than 80% of cases, posterior cortical atrophy is due to Alzheimer’s disease. However, it can be due to other neurological conditions such as Lewy body dementia or corticobasal degeneration. […] The most common cause of posterior cortical atrophy is a form of Alzheimer’s disease that’s not typical. It affects the back of the brain. Other less common causes include corticobasal degeneration, Lewy body dementia and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Researchers are looking at potential gene variations that may be related to the condition.
  • #4 Posterior Cortical Atrophy | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/132241
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a rare heterogeneous, progressive neurodegenerative condition that primarily affects the occipital and parietal cortex, leading to visuoperceptual, visuospatial, praxis skills, and literacy impairment. […] Though considered a visual variant of Alzheimer disease, PCA is a distinct clinical syndrome. Patients with posterior cortical atrophy have a good memory, language, insight, and a greater degree of posterior atrophy on Brain MRI than Alzheimer’s disease controls. […] Alzheimer disease (AD) is the commonest underlying pathology, and hence it is frequently labeled as a „visual variant” of AD. […] A new consensus criterion for the diagnosis and classification of PCA was published in 2017. A classification framework has also been proposed that subtypes PCA into PCA-pure, PCA-plus, and other pathologic subtypes depending on the presentation and biomarker evidence of underlying pathology.
  • #5 Posterior Cortical Atrophy | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/132241
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a rare heterogeneous, progressive neurodegenerative condition that primarily affects the occipital and parietal cortex, leading to visuoperceptual, visuospatial, praxis skills, and literacy impairment. […] Though considered a visual variant of Alzheimer disease, PCA is a distinct clinical syndrome. Patients with posterior cortical atrophy have a good memory, language, insight, and a greater degree of posterior atrophy on Brain MRI than Alzheimer’s disease controls. […] Alzheimer disease (AD) is the commonest underlying pathology, and hence it is frequently labeled as a „visual variant” of AD. […] A new consensus criterion for the diagnosis and classification of PCA was published in 2017. A classification framework has also been proposed that subtypes PCA into PCA-pure, PCA-plus, and other pathologic subtypes depending on the presentation and biomarker evidence of underlying pathology.
  • #6 Posterior cortical atrophy – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_cortical_atrophy
    In PCA there is more cortical damage and gray matter (cell body) loss in posterior regions, especially in the occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes, whereas in Alzheimer’s there is typically more damage in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. […] PCA tends to impair visuospatial working memory, while leaving episodic memory intact, whereas in AD there is typically impaired episodic memory, suggesting some differences still lie in the primary areas of cortical damage. […] Over time, however, atrophy in PCA may spread to regions that are commonly damaged in AD, leading to shared AD symptoms such as deficits in memory, language, learning, and cognition. […] PCA may also result in part from mutations in the presenilin 1 gene (PSEN1). […] The cause of PCA is unknown, and there are no fully accepted diagnostic criteria for the disease. […] Specific and accepted treatment for PCA has yet to be discovered; this may be due to the rarity and variations of the disease.
  • #7 SSA – POMS: DI 23022.643 – Posterior Cortical Atrophy – 08/10/2022
    https://secure.ssa.gov/apps10/poms.nsf/lnx/0423022643
    Posterior Cortical Atrophy (PCA) is a rare neurologic disease characterized by impairment of higher visual processing skills and other posterior cortical functions without any evidence of ocular abnormalities, relatively intact memory and language in the early stages. PCA causes atrophy of the posterior part of the cerebral cortex, resulting in the progressive disruption of complex visual processing. […] The cause of PCA is unknown, and there are no fully accepted diagnostic criteria for the disease. This is partially due to the gradual onset of PCA symptoms, their variety, the rare nature of the disease, and the younger age of onset. […] Specific and accepted treatment for PCA has yet to be discovered; this may be due to the rarity and variations of the disease.
  • #8 Posterior cortical atrophy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/posterior-cortical-atrophy/symptoms-causes/syc-20376560
    Posterior cortical atrophy is a brain and nervous system syndrome that causes brain cells to die over time. […] Posterior cortical atrophy causes the loss of brain cells in back of the brain. This is the region responsible for visual processing and spatial reasoning. This changes a person’s ability to process visual and spatial information. […] In more than 80% of cases, posterior cortical atrophy is due to Alzheimer’s disease. However, it can be due to other neurological conditions such as Lewy body dementia or corticobasal degeneration. […] The most common cause of posterior cortical atrophy is a form of Alzheimer’s disease that’s not typical. It affects the back of the brain. Other less common causes include corticobasal degeneration, Lewy body dementia and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Researchers are looking at potential gene variations that may be related to the condition.
  • #9 Posterior Cortical Atrophy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK580553/
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a rare heterogeneous, progressive neurodegenerative condition that primarily affects the occipital and parietal cortex, leading to visuoperceptual, visuospatial, praxis skills, and literacy impairment. […] Alzheimer disease (AD) is the commonest underlying pathology, and hence it is frequently labeled as a „visual variant” of AD. […] There is a clear difference in the distribution of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in posterior cortical atrophy as compared to Alzheimer’s disease. […] There is a greater density of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the occipitoparietal area than in the frontal regions. […] CSF biomarker levels of A, T-tau, and P-tau are similar to that of Alzheimer disease. […] The course of posterior cortical atrophy is usually insidious and primarily affects the central visual deficits without peripheral visual deficits.
  • #10 Posterior Cortical Atrophy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3740271/
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a neurodegenerative syndrome that is characterized by a progressive decline in visuospatial, visuoperceptual, literacy and praxic skills. The progressive neurodegeneration affecting parietal, occipital and occipito-temporal cortices which underlies PCA is attributable to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in the majority of patients. However, alternative underlying aetiologies including Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and prion disease have also been identified, and not all PCA patients have atrophy on clinical imaging. […] Significant challenges remain in identifying the factors associated with both the selective vulnerability of posterior cortical regions and the young age of onset seen in PCA. […] Pathological studies have all shown that AD is the most common underlying cause of PCA. However, a small number of cases are attributable to other aetiologies such as corticobasal degeneration (CBD), Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), prion disease (including CJD and familial fatal insomnia), and subcortical gliosis.
  • #11 Posterior cortical atrophy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/posterior-cortical-atrophy/symptoms-causes/syc-20376560
    Posterior cortical atrophy is a brain and nervous system syndrome that causes brain cells to die over time. […] Posterior cortical atrophy causes the loss of brain cells in back of the brain. This is the region responsible for visual processing and spatial reasoning. This changes a person’s ability to process visual and spatial information. […] In more than 80% of cases, posterior cortical atrophy is due to Alzheimer’s disease. However, it can be due to other neurological conditions such as Lewy body dementia or corticobasal degeneration. […] The most common cause of posterior cortical atrophy is a form of Alzheimer’s disease that’s not typical. It affects the back of the brain. Other less common causes include corticobasal degeneration, Lewy body dementia and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Researchers are looking at potential gene variations that may be related to the condition.
  • #12 Posterior Cortical Atrophy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3740271/
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a neurodegenerative syndrome that is characterized by a progressive decline in visuospatial, visuoperceptual, literacy and praxic skills. The progressive neurodegeneration affecting parietal, occipital and occipito-temporal cortices which underlies PCA is attributable to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in the majority of patients. However, alternative underlying aetiologies including Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and prion disease have also been identified, and not all PCA patients have atrophy on clinical imaging. […] Significant challenges remain in identifying the factors associated with both the selective vulnerability of posterior cortical regions and the young age of onset seen in PCA. […] Pathological studies have all shown that AD is the most common underlying cause of PCA. However, a small number of cases are attributable to other aetiologies such as corticobasal degeneration (CBD), Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), prion disease (including CJD and familial fatal insomnia), and subcortical gliosis.
  • #13 Posterior cortical atrophy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/posterior-cortical-atrophy/symptoms-causes/syc-20376560
    Posterior cortical atrophy is a brain and nervous system syndrome that causes brain cells to die over time. […] Posterior cortical atrophy causes the loss of brain cells in back of the brain. This is the region responsible for visual processing and spatial reasoning. This changes a person’s ability to process visual and spatial information. […] In more than 80% of cases, posterior cortical atrophy is due to Alzheimer’s disease. However, it can be due to other neurological conditions such as Lewy body dementia or corticobasal degeneration. […] The most common cause of posterior cortical atrophy is a form of Alzheimer’s disease that’s not typical. It affects the back of the brain. Other less common causes include corticobasal degeneration, Lewy body dementia and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Researchers are looking at potential gene variations that may be related to the condition.
  • #14 Posterior Cortical Atrophy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3740271/
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a neurodegenerative syndrome that is characterized by a progressive decline in visuospatial, visuoperceptual, literacy and praxic skills. The progressive neurodegeneration affecting parietal, occipital and occipito-temporal cortices which underlies PCA is attributable to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in the majority of patients. However, alternative underlying aetiologies including Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and prion disease have also been identified, and not all PCA patients have atrophy on clinical imaging. […] Significant challenges remain in identifying the factors associated with both the selective vulnerability of posterior cortical regions and the young age of onset seen in PCA. […] Pathological studies have all shown that AD is the most common underlying cause of PCA. However, a small number of cases are attributable to other aetiologies such as corticobasal degeneration (CBD), Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), prion disease (including CJD and familial fatal insomnia), and subcortical gliosis.
  • #15 Posterior cortical atrophy – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_cortical_atrophy
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), also called Benson’s syndrome, is a rare form of dementia which is considered a visual variant or an atypical variant of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The disease causes atrophy of the posterior part of the cerebral cortex, resulting in the progressive disruption of complex visual processing. […] In rare cases, PCA can be caused by dementia with Lewy bodies and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. […] Studies have shown that PCA may be a variant of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), with an emphasis on visual deficits. Although in primarily different, but sometimes overlapping, brain regions, both involve progressive neural degeneration, as shown by the loss of neurons and synapses, and the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in affected brain regions; this eventually leads to dementia in both diseases.
  • #16 Posterior Cortical Atrophy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3740271/
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a neurodegenerative syndrome that is characterized by a progressive decline in visuospatial, visuoperceptual, literacy and praxic skills. The progressive neurodegeneration affecting parietal, occipital and occipito-temporal cortices which underlies PCA is attributable to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in the majority of patients. However, alternative underlying aetiologies including Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and prion disease have also been identified, and not all PCA patients have atrophy on clinical imaging. […] Significant challenges remain in identifying the factors associated with both the selective vulnerability of posterior cortical regions and the young age of onset seen in PCA. […] Pathological studies have all shown that AD is the most common underlying cause of PCA. However, a small number of cases are attributable to other aetiologies such as corticobasal degeneration (CBD), Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), prion disease (including CJD and familial fatal insomnia), and subcortical gliosis.
  • #17 Posterior cortical atrophy – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_cortical_atrophy
    In PCA there is more cortical damage and gray matter (cell body) loss in posterior regions, especially in the occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes, whereas in Alzheimer’s there is typically more damage in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. […] PCA tends to impair visuospatial working memory, while leaving episodic memory intact, whereas in AD there is typically impaired episodic memory, suggesting some differences still lie in the primary areas of cortical damage. […] Over time, however, atrophy in PCA may spread to regions that are commonly damaged in AD, leading to shared AD symptoms such as deficits in memory, language, learning, and cognition. […] PCA may also result in part from mutations in the presenilin 1 gene (PSEN1). […] The cause of PCA is unknown, and there are no fully accepted diagnostic criteria for the disease. […] Specific and accepted treatment for PCA has yet to be discovered; this may be due to the rarity and variations of the disease.
  • #18 Visual Variant of Alzheimer’s Disease – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Visual_Variant_of_Alzheimer%E2%80%99s_Disease
    This classification has been disputed by some investigators, who suggest the subtypes could be better described as a continuum within PCA rather than distinct phenotypes. […] The exact genetic basis of VVAD remains elusive, and is likely heterogeneous. Mutations have been reported in the presenilin 1 and 2 genes (PSEN1 and PSEN 2), prion protein gene (PRNP), IT15, microtubule-associated protein tau gene (MAPT), and progranulin gene (GRN). […] Genetic studies are ongoing to further define the nosology of degenerative dementias. […] The clinical picture of VVAD is of complex visuoperceptual and visuospatial impairments, typically with normal ophthalmic findings. […] As the term suggests, PCA is associated with atrophy predominantly affecting the occipitoparietal and occipitotemporal cortices.
  • #19 Posterior cortical atrophy – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_cortical_atrophy
    In PCA there is more cortical damage and gray matter (cell body) loss in posterior regions, especially in the occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes, whereas in Alzheimer’s there is typically more damage in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. […] PCA tends to impair visuospatial working memory, while leaving episodic memory intact, whereas in AD there is typically impaired episodic memory, suggesting some differences still lie in the primary areas of cortical damage. […] Over time, however, atrophy in PCA may spread to regions that are commonly damaged in AD, leading to shared AD symptoms such as deficits in memory, language, learning, and cognition. […] PCA may also result in part from mutations in the presenilin 1 gene (PSEN1). […] The cause of PCA is unknown, and there are no fully accepted diagnostic criteria for the disease. […] Specific and accepted treatment for PCA has yet to be discovered; this may be due to the rarity and variations of the disease.
  • #20 Visual Variant of Alzheimer’s Disease – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Visual_Variant_of_Alzheimer%E2%80%99s_Disease
    This classification has been disputed by some investigators, who suggest the subtypes could be better described as a continuum within PCA rather than distinct phenotypes. […] The exact genetic basis of VVAD remains elusive, and is likely heterogeneous. Mutations have been reported in the presenilin 1 and 2 genes (PSEN1 and PSEN 2), prion protein gene (PRNP), IT15, microtubule-associated protein tau gene (MAPT), and progranulin gene (GRN). […] Genetic studies are ongoing to further define the nosology of degenerative dementias. […] The clinical picture of VVAD is of complex visuoperceptual and visuospatial impairments, typically with normal ophthalmic findings. […] As the term suggests, PCA is associated with atrophy predominantly affecting the occipitoparietal and occipitotemporal cortices.
  • #21 Visual Variant of Alzheimer’s Disease – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Visual_Variant_of_Alzheimer%E2%80%99s_Disease
    This classification has been disputed by some investigators, who suggest the subtypes could be better described as a continuum within PCA rather than distinct phenotypes. […] The exact genetic basis of VVAD remains elusive, and is likely heterogeneous. Mutations have been reported in the presenilin 1 and 2 genes (PSEN1 and PSEN 2), prion protein gene (PRNP), IT15, microtubule-associated protein tau gene (MAPT), and progranulin gene (GRN). […] Genetic studies are ongoing to further define the nosology of degenerative dementias. […] The clinical picture of VVAD is of complex visuoperceptual and visuospatial impairments, typically with normal ophthalmic findings. […] As the term suggests, PCA is associated with atrophy predominantly affecting the occipitoparietal and occipitotemporal cortices.
  • #22 Posterior cortical atrophy | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/posterior-cortical-atrophy?lang=us
    Posterior cortical atrophy, also known as Benson syndrome, is an uncommon neurodegenerative disease typically affecting individuals in the sixth and seventh decades of life. It is characterized by dysfunction of the parietal, posterior temporal, and occipital lobes which results in progressive apraxias, problems with visuospatial and visuoperceptual perception as well as literacy deficiencies. […] As such, posterior cortical atrophy should be considered to be a clinical syndrome with variable disease etiology. […] In most individuals with posterior cortical atrophy, histology demonstrates focal degeneration with the presence of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, especially in parieto-occipital and temporo-occipital areas, and less commonly in the primary visual cortex. […] It should be noted, that in some individuals who present with posterior cortical atrophy, other underlying etiologies are identified including dementia with Lewy bodies, corticobasal degeneration and even prion disease. […] Furthermore, a number of gene mutations have been identified in posterior cortical atrophy including presenilin 1 and 2 genes (PSEN1 and PSEN2), prion protein gene (PRNP), progranulin gene (GRN) and microtubule-associated protein tau gene (MAPT).
  • #23 Visual Variant of Alzheimer’s Disease – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Visual_Variant_of_Alzheimer%E2%80%99s_Disease
    This classification has been disputed by some investigators, who suggest the subtypes could be better described as a continuum within PCA rather than distinct phenotypes. […] The exact genetic basis of VVAD remains elusive, and is likely heterogeneous. Mutations have been reported in the presenilin 1 and 2 genes (PSEN1 and PSEN 2), prion protein gene (PRNP), IT15, microtubule-associated protein tau gene (MAPT), and progranulin gene (GRN). […] Genetic studies are ongoing to further define the nosology of degenerative dementias. […] The clinical picture of VVAD is of complex visuoperceptual and visuospatial impairments, typically with normal ophthalmic findings. […] As the term suggests, PCA is associated with atrophy predominantly affecting the occipitoparietal and occipitotemporal cortices.
  • #24 Posterior cortical atrophy | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/posterior-cortical-atrophy?lang=us
    Posterior cortical atrophy, also known as Benson syndrome, is an uncommon neurodegenerative disease typically affecting individuals in the sixth and seventh decades of life. It is characterized by dysfunction of the parietal, posterior temporal, and occipital lobes which results in progressive apraxias, problems with visuospatial and visuoperceptual perception as well as literacy deficiencies. […] As such, posterior cortical atrophy should be considered to be a clinical syndrome with variable disease etiology. […] In most individuals with posterior cortical atrophy, histology demonstrates focal degeneration with the presence of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, especially in parieto-occipital and temporo-occipital areas, and less commonly in the primary visual cortex. […] It should be noted, that in some individuals who present with posterior cortical atrophy, other underlying etiologies are identified including dementia with Lewy bodies, corticobasal degeneration and even prion disease. […] Furthermore, a number of gene mutations have been identified in posterior cortical atrophy including presenilin 1 and 2 genes (PSEN1 and PSEN2), prion protein gene (PRNP), progranulin gene (GRN) and microtubule-associated protein tau gene (MAPT).
  • #25 A Patient with Posterior Cortical Atrophy Possesses a Novel Mutation in the Presenilin 1 Gene | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0061074
    Posterior cortical atrophy is a dementia syndrome with symptoms of cortical visual dysfunction, associated with amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles predominantly affecting visual association cortex. […] However, there are a variety of neuropathological processes, which could lead towards a clinical presentation of posterior cortical atrophy. Mutations in the presenilin 1 gene, affecting the function of -secretase, are the most common genetic cause of familial, early-onset Alzheimer’s disease. […] Here we present a patient with a clinical diagnosis of posterior cortical atrophy who harbors a novel Presenilin 1 mutation (I211M). In silico analysis predicts that the mutation could influence the interaction between presenilin 1 and presenilin1 enhancer-2 protein, a protein partner within the -secretase complex.
  • #26 A Patient with Posterior Cortical Atrophy Possesses a Novel Mutation in the Presenilin 1 Gene | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0061074
    The genetic basis of PCA remains elusive, usually not showing autosomal dominant inheritance patterns and generally there is no family history of dementia. […] Here we present a patient with clinically diagnosed PCA harboring a I211M mutation in PSEN1. In silico analysis, indicates that the I211M mutation could change the interaction between presenilin 1 (PS1) and the PS1 enhancer-2 protein (PEN-2), its partner within the -secretase complex. […] The I211M mutation could be causative, as the mutation was absent in large groups of control subjects and early-onset AD cases from the Polish population. […] The obtained results strongly suggest that the mutated residue 211, as well residue 223, could affect the interaction with its protein partners within the -secretase complex. […] In summary, we report a novel PSEN1 I211M mutation, which could be causally connected with the PCA phenotype. It could further be speculated that the clinical phenotype could be a result of aberrant APP processing, as well as other altered functions of PS1.
  • #27 Posterior Cortical Atrophy | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/132241
    There is a clear difference in the distribution of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in posterior cortical atrophy as compared to Alzheimer’s disease. This can be seen in post-mortem findings where primary visual cortices and visual association areas are mainly involved compared to patients with typical Alzheimer disease. […] There is a greater density of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the occipitoparietal area than in the frontal regions. […] CSF biomarker levels of A, T-tau, and P-tau are similar to that of Alzheimer disease. […] The course of posterior cortical atrophy is usually insidious and primarily affects the central visual deficits without peripheral visual deficits. […] Patients can also report anxiety while going down the escalators, especially when going down and difficulty with revolving doors.
  • #28 Posterior Cortical Atrophy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK580553/
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a rare heterogeneous, progressive neurodegenerative condition that primarily affects the occipital and parietal cortex, leading to visuoperceptual, visuospatial, praxis skills, and literacy impairment. […] Alzheimer disease (AD) is the commonest underlying pathology, and hence it is frequently labeled as a „visual variant” of AD. […] There is a clear difference in the distribution of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in posterior cortical atrophy as compared to Alzheimer’s disease. […] There is a greater density of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the occipitoparietal area than in the frontal regions. […] CSF biomarker levels of A, T-tau, and P-tau are similar to that of Alzheimer disease. […] The course of posterior cortical atrophy is usually insidious and primarily affects the central visual deficits without peripheral visual deficits.
  • #29 Posterior Cortical Atrophy (PCA) | Symptoms & Treatments | alz.org
    https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia/types-of-dementia/posterior-cortical-atrophy
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) refers to gradual and progressive degeneration of the outer layer of the brain (the cortex) in the part of the brain located in the back of the head (posterior). […] It is not known whether posterior cortical atrophy is a unique disease or a possible variant form of Alzheimers disease. In many people with posterior cortical atrophy, the affected part of the brain shows amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, similar to the changes that occur in Alzheimers disease but in a different part of the brain. […] There is an ongoing discussion in the field whether posterior cortical atrophy should be considered a form of Alzheimers disease or a distinct disease entity. […] Similar to Alzheimers disease, the causes of posterior cortical atrophy are unknown, and no obvious genetic mutations have been shown to be linked to the condition. […] There are no treatments for posterior cortical atrophy known to slow or halt its progression.
  • #30 Posterior Cortical Atrophy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK580553/
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a rare heterogeneous, progressive neurodegenerative condition that primarily affects the occipital and parietal cortex, leading to visuoperceptual, visuospatial, praxis skills, and literacy impairment. […] Alzheimer disease (AD) is the commonest underlying pathology, and hence it is frequently labeled as a „visual variant” of AD. […] There is a clear difference in the distribution of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in posterior cortical atrophy as compared to Alzheimer’s disease. […] There is a greater density of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the occipitoparietal area than in the frontal regions. […] CSF biomarker levels of A, T-tau, and P-tau are similar to that of Alzheimer disease. […] The course of posterior cortical atrophy is usually insidious and primarily affects the central visual deficits without peripheral visual deficits.
  • #31 Posterior Cortical Atrophy | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/132241
    There is a clear difference in the distribution of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in posterior cortical atrophy as compared to Alzheimer’s disease. This can be seen in post-mortem findings where primary visual cortices and visual association areas are mainly involved compared to patients with typical Alzheimer disease. […] There is a greater density of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the occipitoparietal area than in the frontal regions. […] CSF biomarker levels of A, T-tau, and P-tau are similar to that of Alzheimer disease. […] The course of posterior cortical atrophy is usually insidious and primarily affects the central visual deficits without peripheral visual deficits. […] Patients can also report anxiety while going down the escalators, especially when going down and difficulty with revolving doors.
  • #32 Posterior cortical atrophy – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_cortical_atrophy
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), also called Benson’s syndrome, is a rare form of dementia which is considered a visual variant or an atypical variant of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The disease causes atrophy of the posterior part of the cerebral cortex, resulting in the progressive disruption of complex visual processing. […] In rare cases, PCA can be caused by dementia with Lewy bodies and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. […] Studies have shown that PCA may be a variant of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), with an emphasis on visual deficits. Although in primarily different, but sometimes overlapping, brain regions, both involve progressive neural degeneration, as shown by the loss of neurons and synapses, and the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in affected brain regions; this eventually leads to dementia in both diseases.
  • #33 Posterior Cortical Atrophy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK580553/
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a rare heterogeneous, progressive neurodegenerative condition that primarily affects the occipital and parietal cortex, leading to visuoperceptual, visuospatial, praxis skills, and literacy impairment. […] Alzheimer disease (AD) is the commonest underlying pathology, and hence it is frequently labeled as a „visual variant” of AD. […] There is a clear difference in the distribution of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in posterior cortical atrophy as compared to Alzheimer’s disease. […] There is a greater density of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the occipitoparietal area than in the frontal regions. […] CSF biomarker levels of A, T-tau, and P-tau are similar to that of Alzheimer disease. […] The course of posterior cortical atrophy is usually insidious and primarily affects the central visual deficits without peripheral visual deficits.
  • #34 Posterior Cortical Atrophy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3740271/
    Although the patterns of the distribution of pathology has been shown to be different in PCA compared with typical AD, the exact pattern of the pathological changes is inconsistent and based on very small numbers of cases. […] Studies assessing CSF biomarkers (A142, T-tau and P-tau181) have reported similar findings in PCA compared with AD, supporting previous reports that PCA is typically associated with underlying AD pathology. […] The proposed criteria in this review attempt to take both the clinical and histopathological features of PCA into account, and to introduce quantifiable behavioural inclusion criteria for research studies involving PCA. Better understanding and awareness of the syndrome among the medical and lay communities is necessary to improve diagnosis, treatment and support services provided to individuals with PCA and their families. Dissecting out the distinctive patterns of structural, functional, cognitive and genetic changes in PCA may lead to new insights into the pathogenesis and clinical features of typical AD, and to more general mechanisms of visual network function and degeneration.
  • #35 Posterior cortical atrophy – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_cortical_atrophy
    In PCA there is more cortical damage and gray matter (cell body) loss in posterior regions, especially in the occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes, whereas in Alzheimer’s there is typically more damage in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. […] PCA tends to impair visuospatial working memory, while leaving episodic memory intact, whereas in AD there is typically impaired episodic memory, suggesting some differences still lie in the primary areas of cortical damage. […] Over time, however, atrophy in PCA may spread to regions that are commonly damaged in AD, leading to shared AD symptoms such as deficits in memory, language, learning, and cognition. […] PCA may also result in part from mutations in the presenilin 1 gene (PSEN1). […] The cause of PCA is unknown, and there are no fully accepted diagnostic criteria for the disease. […] Specific and accepted treatment for PCA has yet to be discovered; this may be due to the rarity and variations of the disease.
  • #36 Posterior Cortical Atrophy | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/132241
    There is a clear difference in the distribution of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in posterior cortical atrophy as compared to Alzheimer’s disease. This can be seen in post-mortem findings where primary visual cortices and visual association areas are mainly involved compared to patients with typical Alzheimer disease. […] There is a greater density of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the occipitoparietal area than in the frontal regions. […] CSF biomarker levels of A, T-tau, and P-tau are similar to that of Alzheimer disease. […] The course of posterior cortical atrophy is usually insidious and primarily affects the central visual deficits without peripheral visual deficits. […] Patients can also report anxiety while going down the escalators, especially when going down and difficulty with revolving doors.
  • #37 Posterior Cortical Atrophy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK580553/
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a rare heterogeneous, progressive neurodegenerative condition that primarily affects the occipital and parietal cortex, leading to visuoperceptual, visuospatial, praxis skills, and literacy impairment. […] Alzheimer disease (AD) is the commonest underlying pathology, and hence it is frequently labeled as a „visual variant” of AD. […] There is a clear difference in the distribution of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in posterior cortical atrophy as compared to Alzheimer’s disease. […] There is a greater density of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the occipitoparietal area than in the frontal regions. […] CSF biomarker levels of A, T-tau, and P-tau are similar to that of Alzheimer disease. […] The course of posterior cortical atrophy is usually insidious and primarily affects the central visual deficits without peripheral visual deficits.
  • #38 Clinical and neuroimaging differences between posterior cortical atrophy and typical amnestic Alzheimer’s disease patients at an early disease stage | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/srep29372
    Compared with tAD patients, PCA patients show greater atrophy in the right occipitotemporal cortex. […] Moreover, voxel-based image analysis of 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose-PET (FDG-PET) in tAD patients suggests the earliest hypometabolic regions occurs in the posterior cingulate cortex and mesial temporal structures. In contrast, the initial hypometabolic region in PCA patients is located in the primary visual cortex and the visual associated cortices. […] The PCA group showed more impairment on visuospatial tasks but performed better in recognition and recall tests. […] PCA patients showed larger right hippocampal volume compared with tAD patients. […] Moreover, GM volume of bilateral parietal and occipital lobes was smaller in PCA patients and the significant hypometabolism was observed in bilateral parietal and occipital lobes, particularly the right occipitotemporal junction in PCA group.
  • #39 Clinical and neuroimaging differences between posterior cortical atrophy and typical amnestic Alzheimer’s disease patients at an early disease stage | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/srep29372
    Compared with tAD patients, PCA patients show greater atrophy in the right occipitotemporal cortex. […] Moreover, voxel-based image analysis of 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose-PET (FDG-PET) in tAD patients suggests the earliest hypometabolic regions occurs in the posterior cingulate cortex and mesial temporal structures. In contrast, the initial hypometabolic region in PCA patients is located in the primary visual cortex and the visual associated cortices. […] The PCA group showed more impairment on visuospatial tasks but performed better in recognition and recall tests. […] PCA patients showed larger right hippocampal volume compared with tAD patients. […] Moreover, GM volume of bilateral parietal and occipital lobes was smaller in PCA patients and the significant hypometabolism was observed in bilateral parietal and occipital lobes, particularly the right occipitotemporal junction in PCA group.
  • #40 Clinical and neuroimaging differences between posterior cortical atrophy and typical amnestic Alzheimer’s disease patients at an early disease stage | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/srep29372
    Compared with tAD patients, PCA patients show greater atrophy in the right occipitotemporal cortex. […] Moreover, voxel-based image analysis of 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose-PET (FDG-PET) in tAD patients suggests the earliest hypometabolic regions occurs in the posterior cingulate cortex and mesial temporal structures. In contrast, the initial hypometabolic region in PCA patients is located in the primary visual cortex and the visual associated cortices. […] The PCA group showed more impairment on visuospatial tasks but performed better in recognition and recall tests. […] PCA patients showed larger right hippocampal volume compared with tAD patients. […] Moreover, GM volume of bilateral parietal and occipital lobes was smaller in PCA patients and the significant hypometabolism was observed in bilateral parietal and occipital lobes, particularly the right occipitotemporal junction in PCA group.
  • #41 Clinical and neuroimaging differences between posterior cortical atrophy and typical amnestic Alzheimer’s disease patients at an early disease stage | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/srep29372
    Compared with tAD patients, PCA patients show greater atrophy in the right occipitotemporal cortex. […] Moreover, voxel-based image analysis of 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose-PET (FDG-PET) in tAD patients suggests the earliest hypometabolic regions occurs in the posterior cingulate cortex and mesial temporal structures. In contrast, the initial hypometabolic region in PCA patients is located in the primary visual cortex and the visual associated cortices. […] The PCA group showed more impairment on visuospatial tasks but performed better in recognition and recall tests. […] PCA patients showed larger right hippocampal volume compared with tAD patients. […] Moreover, GM volume of bilateral parietal and occipital lobes was smaller in PCA patients and the significant hypometabolism was observed in bilateral parietal and occipital lobes, particularly the right occipitotemporal junction in PCA group.
  • #42 Posterior Cortical Atrophy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3740271/
    Although the patterns of the distribution of pathology has been shown to be different in PCA compared with typical AD, the exact pattern of the pathological changes is inconsistent and based on very small numbers of cases. […] Studies assessing CSF biomarkers (A142, T-tau and P-tau181) have reported similar findings in PCA compared with AD, supporting previous reports that PCA is typically associated with underlying AD pathology. […] The proposed criteria in this review attempt to take both the clinical and histopathological features of PCA into account, and to introduce quantifiable behavioural inclusion criteria for research studies involving PCA. Better understanding and awareness of the syndrome among the medical and lay communities is necessary to improve diagnosis, treatment and support services provided to individuals with PCA and their families. Dissecting out the distinctive patterns of structural, functional, cognitive and genetic changes in PCA may lead to new insights into the pathogenesis and clinical features of typical AD, and to more general mechanisms of visual network function and degeneration.
  • #43 Posterior Cortical Atrophy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK580553/
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a rare heterogeneous, progressive neurodegenerative condition that primarily affects the occipital and parietal cortex, leading to visuoperceptual, visuospatial, praxis skills, and literacy impairment. […] Alzheimer disease (AD) is the commonest underlying pathology, and hence it is frequently labeled as a „visual variant” of AD. […] There is a clear difference in the distribution of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in posterior cortical atrophy as compared to Alzheimer’s disease. […] There is a greater density of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the occipitoparietal area than in the frontal regions. […] CSF biomarker levels of A, T-tau, and P-tau are similar to that of Alzheimer disease. […] The course of posterior cortical atrophy is usually insidious and primarily affects the central visual deficits without peripheral visual deficits.
  • #44 Posterior Cortical Atrophy | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/132241
    Neurological examination is typically unrevealing. […] The criteria emphasize the relative sparing of all of the following: anterograde memory, speech, and nonvisual language functions, executive functions, personality, and behavior. […] The PCA should always be considered among patients presenting with spatial disorientation, problem with Ishihara charts despite a normal color vision, homonymous visual field defects, and omission of letters on the acuity chart. […] The distribution of amyloid deposition as noted in amyloid PET is typically widespread and is very similar to that of patients with typical Alzheimer’s disease. […] CSF amyloid- (A) is typically decreased, and both total and phosphorylated tau increase. This is reflective of the underlying AD pathophysiology. […] Data on anticholinesterase inhibitors in PCA is lacking. However, since the majority of the cases of PCA are secondary to underlying AD pathology, targeting the underlying pathophysiology using anticholinesterase inhibitors and memantine is an appropriate choice.
  • #45 Posterior Cortical Atrophy | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/132241
    Neurological examination is typically unrevealing. […] The criteria emphasize the relative sparing of all of the following: anterograde memory, speech, and nonvisual language functions, executive functions, personality, and behavior. […] The PCA should always be considered among patients presenting with spatial disorientation, problem with Ishihara charts despite a normal color vision, homonymous visual field defects, and omission of letters on the acuity chart. […] The distribution of amyloid deposition as noted in amyloid PET is typically widespread and is very similar to that of patients with typical Alzheimer’s disease. […] CSF amyloid- (A) is typically decreased, and both total and phosphorylated tau increase. This is reflective of the underlying AD pathophysiology. […] Data on anticholinesterase inhibitors in PCA is lacking. However, since the majority of the cases of PCA are secondary to underlying AD pathology, targeting the underlying pathophysiology using anticholinesterase inhibitors and memantine is an appropriate choice.
  • #46 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240122/Posterior-cortical-atrophy-predicts-Alzheimers-study-finds.aspx
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) overwhelmingly predicts Alzheimer’s, the researchers found. Some 94% of the PCA patients had Alzheimer’s pathology and the remaining 6% had conditions like Lewy body disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. […] Early identification of PCA may have important implications for Alzheimer’s treatment, said co-first author Renaud La Joie, Ph.D., also of the UCSF Department of Neurology and the Memory and Aging Center. In the study, levels of amyloid and tau, identified in cerebrospinal fluid and imaging, as well as autopsy data, matched those found in typical Alzheimer’s cases. […] Patients with PCA have more tau pathology in the posterior parts of the brain, involved in the processing of visuospatial information, compared to those with other presentations of Alzheimer’s. This might make them better suited to anti-tau therapies.
  • #47 Potential ocular indicators to distinguish posterior cortical atrophy and typical Alzheimer’s disease: a cross-section study using optical coherence tomography angiography | Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy | Full Text
    https://alzres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13195-024-01431-w
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a form of dementia that frequently displays significant visual dysfunction and relatively preserved cognitive and executive functions, thus hindering early diagnosis and treatment. […] PCA patients exhibited similar impairment patterns to AD patients in the fundus structure and microvascular network. OCTA may aid in the non-invasive detection of AD and PCA, but still remains to be substantiated. […] Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a gradual and selective functional impairment and structural alternation of the parietal and occipital lobes, with an early onset between 50 and 65 years. […] Although PCA patients frequently share similar pathologic characteristic with Alzheimers disease (AD), they can exhibit different patterns of clinical manifestations and structural and/or functional neuroimaging.
  • #48 Potential ocular indicators to distinguish posterior cortical atrophy and typical Alzheimer’s disease: a cross-section study using optical coherence tomography angiography | Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy | Full Text
    https://alzres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13195-024-01431-w
    The results from earlier studies of optic fundus structure and blood flow in PCA patients were insufficient for the limited number of relative researches, and those in AD patients were not substantiated. […] In clinical practice, it is still difficult to distinguish PCA from classic AD purely from clinical manifestations and neuropsychological assessment, especially for patients in the middle or advanced stages of the both diseases. […] Therefore, we further investigated and compared the patterns of changes in fundus structure and perfusion in PCA and typical AD patients by the SS-OCT and OCTA techniques to find possible indicators that can screen out those patients with PCA or AD at an early point. […] The flow area and vessel density of the SCP and ICP in both the AD and PCA groups were significantly decreased in most of the ETDRS ring regions compared with the HC group, with more significant differences in the AD group than in the PCA group and more in the SCP than ICP, which is consistent with some previous reports. […] PCA patients could share a similar low perfusion of the microvascular network as AD patients. […] Overall, this study filled a gap in the data related to fundus structure and vascular perfusion in patients with PCA.
  • #49 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240122/Posterior-cortical-atrophy-predicts-Alzheimers-study-finds.aspx
    Better understanding of PCA is „crucial for advancing both patient care and for understanding the processes that drive Alzheimer’s disease,” said senior author Gil Rabinovici, M.D., director of the UCSF Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center. „It’s critical that doctors learn to recognize the syndrome so patients can receive the correct diagnosis, counseling and care.” […] „From a scientific point of view, we really need to understand why Alzheimer’s is specifically targeting visual rather than memory areas of the brain.”
  • #50 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240122/Posterior-cortical-atrophy-predicts-Alzheimers-study-finds.aspx
    Better understanding of PCA is „crucial for advancing both patient care and for understanding the processes that drive Alzheimer’s disease,” said senior author Gil Rabinovici, M.D., director of the UCSF Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center. „It’s critical that doctors learn to recognize the syndrome so patients can receive the correct diagnosis, counseling and care.” […] „From a scientific point of view, we really need to understand why Alzheimer’s is specifically targeting visual rather than memory areas of the brain.”
  • #51 Posterior Cortical Atrophy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK580553/
    Patients can present with features of acalculia, agraphia, finger agnosia, and left-right disorientation, which are features of Gerstmann syndrome, or with Balint syndrome characterized by ocular apraxia, optic ataxia, and simultagnosia. […] Neurological examination is typically unrevealing. […] The criteria emphasize the relative sparing of all of the following: anterograde memory, speech, and nonvisual language functions, executive functions, personality, and behavior. […] On neuroimaging (MRI/FDG-PET/SPECT), occipitoparietal or occipitotemporal atrophy/hypometabolism/hypoperfusion is predominant. […] Patients with posterior cortical atrophy have progressive deterioration of visuospatial and visuoperceptual abilities. […] Early recognition of the deficits and making a prompt diagnosis are essential in preventing falls and avoiding driving accidents.
  • #52 Posterior Cortical Atrophy | SpringerLink
    https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-65106-4_125
    Posterior cortical atrophy is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that predominantly affects the occipital cortex and is referred to as a visual variant of Alzheimers disease. […] PET/MR imaging demonstrates hypometabolism in the parieto-occipital areas with relative sparing of the cingulate gyrus as well as in the bilateral frontal eye field regions. […] Cortical volume loss is seen later in the disease course.
  • #53 Posterior Cortical Atrophy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK580553/
    Patients can present with features of acalculia, agraphia, finger agnosia, and left-right disorientation, which are features of Gerstmann syndrome, or with Balint syndrome characterized by ocular apraxia, optic ataxia, and simultagnosia. […] Neurological examination is typically unrevealing. […] The criteria emphasize the relative sparing of all of the following: anterograde memory, speech, and nonvisual language functions, executive functions, personality, and behavior. […] On neuroimaging (MRI/FDG-PET/SPECT), occipitoparietal or occipitotemporal atrophy/hypometabolism/hypoperfusion is predominant. […] Patients with posterior cortical atrophy have progressive deterioration of visuospatial and visuoperceptual abilities. […] Early recognition of the deficits and making a prompt diagnosis are essential in preventing falls and avoiding driving accidents.
  • #54 Posterior cortical atrophy – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_cortical_atrophy
    In PCA there is more cortical damage and gray matter (cell body) loss in posterior regions, especially in the occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes, whereas in Alzheimer’s there is typically more damage in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. […] PCA tends to impair visuospatial working memory, while leaving episodic memory intact, whereas in AD there is typically impaired episodic memory, suggesting some differences still lie in the primary areas of cortical damage. […] Over time, however, atrophy in PCA may spread to regions that are commonly damaged in AD, leading to shared AD symptoms such as deficits in memory, language, learning, and cognition. […] PCA may also result in part from mutations in the presenilin 1 gene (PSEN1). […] The cause of PCA is unknown, and there are no fully accepted diagnostic criteria for the disease. […] Specific and accepted treatment for PCA has yet to be discovered; this may be due to the rarity and variations of the disease.
  • #55 Posterior Cortical Atrophy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK580553/
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a rare heterogeneous, progressive neurodegenerative condition that primarily affects the occipital and parietal cortex, leading to visuoperceptual, visuospatial, praxis skills, and literacy impairment. […] Alzheimer disease (AD) is the commonest underlying pathology, and hence it is frequently labeled as a „visual variant” of AD. […] There is a clear difference in the distribution of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in posterior cortical atrophy as compared to Alzheimer’s disease. […] There is a greater density of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the occipitoparietal area than in the frontal regions. […] CSF biomarker levels of A, T-tau, and P-tau are similar to that of Alzheimer disease. […] The course of posterior cortical atrophy is usually insidious and primarily affects the central visual deficits without peripheral visual deficits.
  • #56 Occupational Therapy for Posterior Cortical Atrophy
    https://occupationaltherapybrisbane.com.au/occupational-therapy-for-posterior-cortical-atrophy/
    Neuronal loss, neurofibrillary tangles, protein synthesis and amyloid plaques appear to contribute to the disruption in the transmission of electrical signals that helps support visual information, processing and integration. […] These changes impact the interpretation and integration of visual stimuli, leading to the aforementioned visual symptoms. […] PCA leads to distinct visuospatial symptoms like apraxia (inability to perform tasks), alexia (reading difficulties), and spatial neglect (ignoring one side of space). […] Cognitive rehabilitation programs have shown success in partially remediating cognitive impairments and enhancing functionality in patients with posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), while psycho-educative interventions have had moderate impact. […] Research indicates that cognitive rehabilitation can aid individuals with early to moderate dementia, and this approach has been beneficial in clinical case studies of PCA, helping patients understand their condition and develop compensatory strategies. […] Through rehabilitation, patients with PCA have learned to recognize and use their preserved abilities, leading to fewer daily errors and improved autonomy, which enhances their quality of life.
  • #57 3D Shape Perception in Posterior Cortical Atrophy: A Visual Neuroscience Perspective | Journal of Neuroscience
    https://www.jneurosci.org/content/35/37/12673
    Although deficits in 3D perception have been mentioned in the context of PCA, to the best of our knowledge, 3D shape-processing deficits in PCA have not been analyzed in a systematic and neuroscientifically grounded manner. […] The anatomical correlations may provide a better understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms leading to visual dysfunction in PCA and shed light on the contribution of cortical regions to 3D shape processing in the intact brain. […] The correlation between 3D-from-shading and right inferior temporal volume loss was also present when we excluded the monocularly blind Case 6. […] Performance on 3D shape-from-disparity correlated with volume loss, not only in right posterior inferior temporal, but also in right premotor cortex. […] The atrophy pattern in extrastriate cortex was specific for PCA patients. […] The association between posterior inferior temporal volume loss and 3D shape-from-shading and shape-from-disparity deficits was also relatively specific for PCA.
  • #58 SciELO Brazil – A patient with posterior cortical atrophy due to Alzheimer’s disease A patient with posterior cortical atrophy due to Alzheimer’s disease
    https://www.scielo.br/j/dn/a/3GXBpkn4p4fz5znwXsPH5pM/
    Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed bilateral posterior cortical atrophy. […] Although a clinical diagnosis of posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) variant Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was established, the family requested a brain biopsy to confirm this hypothesis. The biopsy findings confirmed the AD diagnosis. […] The term PCA was coined by Benson et al. to describe a series of cases with early visual dysfunction including atrophy of posterior cortical regions. PCA is a relatively rare dementia syndrome with slow and insidious evolution. The age at onset of PCA is typically 50-60 years. […] PCA is clinically characterized by visuospatial and visuoperceptual impairments with features of Blint’s syndrome (simultanagnosia, oculomotor apraxia, optic ataxia) and Gerstmann’s syndrome (acalculia, agraphia, finger agnosia, left-right disorientation).
  • #59 3D Shape Perception in Posterior Cortical Atrophy: A Visual Neuroscience Perspective | Journal of Neuroscience
    https://www.jneurosci.org/content/35/37/12673
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a rare focal neurodegenerative syndrome characterized by progressive visuoperceptual and visuospatial deficits, most often due to atypical Alzheimer’s disease (AD). […] In PCA, deficient 3D shape-from-shading was associated with volume loss in the right posterior inferior temporal cortex. […] The findings in right posterior inferior temporal cortex and right premotor cortex are consistent with neurophysiologically based models of the functional anatomy of 3D shape processing. […] However, in DLBD, 3D shape deficits rely on mechanisms distinct from inferior temporal structural integrity. […] The predominance of visual complaints and symptoms is attributable to the unusual distribution of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and neuronal loss in primary and secondary visual areas.
  • #60 3D Shape Perception in Posterior Cortical Atrophy: A Visual Neuroscience Perspective | Journal of Neuroscience
    https://www.jneurosci.org/content/35/37/12673
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a rare focal neurodegenerative syndrome characterized by progressive visuoperceptual and visuospatial deficits, most often due to atypical Alzheimer’s disease (AD). […] In PCA, deficient 3D shape-from-shading was associated with volume loss in the right posterior inferior temporal cortex. […] The findings in right posterior inferior temporal cortex and right premotor cortex are consistent with neurophysiologically based models of the functional anatomy of 3D shape processing. […] However, in DLBD, 3D shape deficits rely on mechanisms distinct from inferior temporal structural integrity. […] The predominance of visual complaints and symptoms is attributable to the unusual distribution of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and neuronal loss in primary and secondary visual areas.
  • #61 A Patient with Posterior Cortical Atrophy Possesses a Novel Mutation in the Presenilin 1 Gene | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0061074
    Posterior cortical atrophy is a dementia syndrome with symptoms of cortical visual dysfunction, associated with amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles predominantly affecting visual association cortex. […] However, there are a variety of neuropathological processes, which could lead towards a clinical presentation of posterior cortical atrophy. Mutations in the presenilin 1 gene, affecting the function of -secretase, are the most common genetic cause of familial, early-onset Alzheimer’s disease. […] Here we present a patient with a clinical diagnosis of posterior cortical atrophy who harbors a novel Presenilin 1 mutation (I211M). In silico analysis predicts that the mutation could influence the interaction between presenilin 1 and presenilin1 enhancer-2 protein, a protein partner within the -secretase complex.
  • #62 A Patient with Posterior Cortical Atrophy Possesses a Novel Mutation in the Presenilin 1 Gene | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0061074
    The genetic basis of PCA remains elusive, usually not showing autosomal dominant inheritance patterns and generally there is no family history of dementia. […] Here we present a patient with clinically diagnosed PCA harboring a I211M mutation in PSEN1. In silico analysis, indicates that the I211M mutation could change the interaction between presenilin 1 (PS1) and the PS1 enhancer-2 protein (PEN-2), its partner within the -secretase complex. […] The I211M mutation could be causative, as the mutation was absent in large groups of control subjects and early-onset AD cases from the Polish population. […] The obtained results strongly suggest that the mutated residue 211, as well residue 223, could affect the interaction with its protein partners within the -secretase complex. […] In summary, we report a novel PSEN1 I211M mutation, which could be causally connected with the PCA phenotype. It could further be speculated that the clinical phenotype could be a result of aberrant APP processing, as well as other altered functions of PS1.
  • #63 Posterior cortical atrophy as a primary clinical phenotype of corticobasal syndrome with a progranulin gene rs5848 TT genotype | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text
    https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-016-0396-0
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) represents a special clinicoradiologic syndrome characterized by progressive visuospatial and visuoperceptual deficits. PCA and corticobasal syndrome (CBS) may share similar pathogenetic mechanisms. […] The exact genetic basis of PCA remains unclear, however, mutations have been reported in the prion protein gene (PRNP), presenilin 1 and 2 genes (PSEN1 and PSEN2), microtubule-associated protein tau gene (MAPT), and progranulin gene (GRN), suggesting heterogeneity of its genetic mechanism. […] This study provides evidence for CBS belonging to the GRN genetic variant (rs5848) clinical spectrum, and demonstrates that in rare cases, CBS may initially present with symptoms of PCA. Longitudinal follow-up is required to ascertain the most likely etiology and determine the clinical-genetic-pathological mechanism of the T allele of the rs5848 polymorphism in CBS diagnosis.
  • #64 Phenotypical variation in Alzheimer’s disease: insights from posterior cortical atrophy | Practical Neurology
    https://pn.bmj.com/content/15/1/2
    Neurology, perhaps more than any other field of medicine, relies on a close association between clinical phenotype and underlying pathology. […] Identifying common and discordant genetic (and environmental) risk factors for posterior cortical atrophy and typical Alzheimer’s disease, combined with neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid and other biomarkers, may provide fundamental insights into Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. […] It is entirely plausible that different risk factors influence the rate, timing and site of amyloid deposition; whether or when amyloid deposition leads to neurodegeneration; and which neuronal networks bear the brunt of the disease, in turn influencing how pathology spreads through the brain, and what symptoms predominate.
  • #65 Posterior Cortical Atrophy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK580553/
    Patients can present with features of acalculia, agraphia, finger agnosia, and left-right disorientation, which are features of Gerstmann syndrome, or with Balint syndrome characterized by ocular apraxia, optic ataxia, and simultagnosia. […] Neurological examination is typically unrevealing. […] The criteria emphasize the relative sparing of all of the following: anterograde memory, speech, and nonvisual language functions, executive functions, personality, and behavior. […] On neuroimaging (MRI/FDG-PET/SPECT), occipitoparietal or occipitotemporal atrophy/hypometabolism/hypoperfusion is predominant. […] Patients with posterior cortical atrophy have progressive deterioration of visuospatial and visuoperceptual abilities. […] Early recognition of the deficits and making a prompt diagnosis are essential in preventing falls and avoiding driving accidents.
  • #66 Posterior Cortical Atrophy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK580553/
    Patients can present with features of acalculia, agraphia, finger agnosia, and left-right disorientation, which are features of Gerstmann syndrome, or with Balint syndrome characterized by ocular apraxia, optic ataxia, and simultagnosia. […] Neurological examination is typically unrevealing. […] The criteria emphasize the relative sparing of all of the following: anterograde memory, speech, and nonvisual language functions, executive functions, personality, and behavior. […] On neuroimaging (MRI/FDG-PET/SPECT), occipitoparietal or occipitotemporal atrophy/hypometabolism/hypoperfusion is predominant. […] Patients with posterior cortical atrophy have progressive deterioration of visuospatial and visuoperceptual abilities. […] Early recognition of the deficits and making a prompt diagnosis are essential in preventing falls and avoiding driving accidents.
  • #67
    https://www.iomcworld.org/open-access/lewy-body-dementia-as-an-underlying-etiology-for-posterior-cortical-atrophyinitially-presented-with-visual-agnosia-and-a-46319.html
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a neurodegenerative disorder with cerebral atrophy in the parietal, occipital, or occipitotemporal cortices, and is characterized by visuospatial and visuoperceptual impairments. The majority of the disorder is compatible pathologically with Alzheimers disease (AD). However, many patients show no memory loss until late stages of the disease. […] Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) was diagnosed in conjunction with the symptoms, including alexia and visual impairment. He developed symmetric parkinsonism one year later. Lewy body dementia (DLB) was thus considered as the underlying etiology for the PCA. […] Our patient had PCA findings: a clinical course that matched PCA (slow progression and onset of visual impairment), symptoms (visual agnosia and constructional apraxia present without optic ataxia or motor paralysis or sensory disturbance), and by exam (predominant posterior atrophy on MRI) as proposed by Benson et al in 1988. Therefore, PCA was diagnosed. Our patient developed parkinsonism in the course of the disease.
  • #68 Posterior Cortical Atrophy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK580553/
    Patients can present with features of acalculia, agraphia, finger agnosia, and left-right disorientation, which are features of Gerstmann syndrome, or with Balint syndrome characterized by ocular apraxia, optic ataxia, and simultagnosia. […] Neurological examination is typically unrevealing. […] The criteria emphasize the relative sparing of all of the following: anterograde memory, speech, and nonvisual language functions, executive functions, personality, and behavior. […] On neuroimaging (MRI/FDG-PET/SPECT), occipitoparietal or occipitotemporal atrophy/hypometabolism/hypoperfusion is predominant. […] Patients with posterior cortical atrophy have progressive deterioration of visuospatial and visuoperceptual abilities. […] Early recognition of the deficits and making a prompt diagnosis are essential in preventing falls and avoiding driving accidents.
  • #69 Posterior Cortical Atrophy – MD Searchlight
    https://mdsearchlight.com/neurology/posterior-cortical-atrophy/
    Crutch et al. describe this condition as a gradual-onset syndrome with visual disturbances being significant early symptoms. […] Brain imaging tests (such as MRI, FDG-PET, SPECT) often reveal abnormal levels of activity or damage in the parts of the brain called occipitoparietal or occipitotemporal. […] While we dont have a lot of information about the use of certain medications known as anticholinesterase inhibitors in patients with Posterior Cortical Atrophy (PCA), they might be beneficial for treating PCA because it often results from an underlying condition called Alzheimers disease. […] Its crucial to quickly identify any problems and diagnose them to prevent issues such as falls or driving accidents. […] The prognosis for Posterior Cortical Atrophy is that it leads to a gradual decline in cognitive skills, primarily affecting vision and spatial awareness.
  • #70 Is the pathology of posterior cortical atrophy clinically predictable?
    https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/revneuro-2022-0003/html?srsltid=AfmBOoqxnY0d6cezN5mWW8B8kIg8cyQiDHfuj9i59LjkJpP6FX_JMj4b
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an early prominent deficit of visual functions associated with signs and symptoms that are the expression of dysfunction of posterior brain regions. […] Although PCA is commonly associated with Alzheimers disease (AD), in recent years new pathological substrates have emerged. Among them, frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is the most commonly reported but, to date, little is known about the clinical features of PCA due to FTLD. […] Clinical features such as optic ataxia, Parkinsonism, myoclonus, hallucinations and disorientation in time and space suggest the underlying pathological basis of PCA and help in leading the diagnostic protocol consequently.
  • #71 Posterior Cortical Atrophy: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/posterior-cortical-atrophy
    Posterior cortical atrophy is a rare, progressive neurodegenerative disorder. In posterior cortical atrophy, you lose neurons (brain cells) in the part of your brain that manages what you see. […] Neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimers disease and Lewy body dementia may cause posterior cortical atrophy. […] Healthcare providers treat posterior cortical atrophy by diagnosing and treating the underlying causes Alzheimers disease or Lewy body dementia. […] Posterior cortical atrophy is a progressive disease, which means early symptoms get worse and you develop new symptoms. […] It usually happens because people have an underlying neurodegenerative disease. Most people with posterior cortical atrophy also have Alzheimers disease or Lewy body dementia. […] Yes, it is. Even though we typically think of Alzheimers disease as having early memory problems, early-stage Alzheimers disease can affect parts of your brain that dont manage memory. […] In posterior cortical atrophy, theres a disconnect in how your brain makes sense of what you see.
  • #72 Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) | Dementia Australia
    https://www.dementia.org.au/about-dementia/posterior-cortical-atrophy-pca
    If you have posterior cortical atrophy, tissue in your brain atrophies (shrinks) as cells are lost. […] Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) involves the loss and dysfunction of brain cells, particularly at the posterior (back) of the brain. […] If you have PCA, the tissue in the outer layer of your brain will shrink as you lose cells. […] In most cases, the underlying cause of posterior cortical atrophy is Alzheimers disease. […] Many experts believe posterior cortical atrophy is a form of Alzheimers disease. […] In posterior cortical atrophy, changes tend to be at the back of the brain, affecting only the skills which that part of the brain supports. […] PCA is a degenerative condition, which means your symptoms will become stronger over time. […] There is no medication to treat posterior cortical atrophy specifically, and theres no known cure yet.
  • #73 Posterior cortical atrophy – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_cortical_atrophy
    In PCA there is more cortical damage and gray matter (cell body) loss in posterior regions, especially in the occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes, whereas in Alzheimer’s there is typically more damage in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. […] PCA tends to impair visuospatial working memory, while leaving episodic memory intact, whereas in AD there is typically impaired episodic memory, suggesting some differences still lie in the primary areas of cortical damage. […] Over time, however, atrophy in PCA may spread to regions that are commonly damaged in AD, leading to shared AD symptoms such as deficits in memory, language, learning, and cognition. […] PCA may also result in part from mutations in the presenilin 1 gene (PSEN1). […] The cause of PCA is unknown, and there are no fully accepted diagnostic criteria for the disease. […] Specific and accepted treatment for PCA has yet to be discovered; this may be due to the rarity and variations of the disease.
  • #74 What Is Posterior Cortical Atrophy?
    https://www.icliniq.com/articles/neurological-health/posterior-cortical-atrophy
    The atrophy caused by posterior cortical atrophy can later spread to the regions damaged by Alzheimer’s disease and thus produce combined symptoms such as defects in cognition, memory, learning, and language. […] Posterior cortical atrophy is an under-recognized and deliberating degenerative syndrome characterized by visual deficits and occurs due to various underlying pathologies. […] The condition is not confirmed to be a variant of Alzheimers or any other unique form of the disease, and research is still going on to confirm its etiology.
  • #75 SciELO Brazil – A patient with posterior cortical atrophy due to Alzheimer’s disease A patient with posterior cortical atrophy due to Alzheimer’s disease
    https://www.scielo.br/j/dn/a/3GXBpkn4p4fz5znwXsPH5pM/
    The MRI revealed bilateral occipito-parietal atrophy without mesial-temporal atrophy. These findings are found in PCA and help to differentiate from typical AD. […] Histopathologic findings in PCA are often consistent with the pathology of AD, and these agreed with our findings. AD is the most frequent cause of PCA, accounting for about 80% of cases.
  • #76 Posterior Cortical Atrophy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK580553/
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a rare heterogeneous, progressive neurodegenerative condition that primarily affects the occipital and parietal cortex, leading to visuoperceptual, visuospatial, praxis skills, and literacy impairment. […] Alzheimer disease (AD) is the commonest underlying pathology, and hence it is frequently labeled as a „visual variant” of AD. […] There is a clear difference in the distribution of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in posterior cortical atrophy as compared to Alzheimer’s disease. […] There is a greater density of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the occipitoparietal area than in the frontal regions. […] CSF biomarker levels of A, T-tau, and P-tau are similar to that of Alzheimer disease. […] The course of posterior cortical atrophy is usually insidious and primarily affects the central visual deficits without peripheral visual deficits.
  • #77 Posterior Cortical Atrophy | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/132241
    There is a clear difference in the distribution of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in posterior cortical atrophy as compared to Alzheimer’s disease. This can be seen in post-mortem findings where primary visual cortices and visual association areas are mainly involved compared to patients with typical Alzheimer disease. […] There is a greater density of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the occipitoparietal area than in the frontal regions. […] CSF biomarker levels of A, T-tau, and P-tau are similar to that of Alzheimer disease. […] The course of posterior cortical atrophy is usually insidious and primarily affects the central visual deficits without peripheral visual deficits. […] Patients can also report anxiety while going down the escalators, especially when going down and difficulty with revolving doors.
  • #78 Posterior Cortical Atrophy | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/132241
    Posterior cortical atrophy needs to be differentiated from the typical Alzheimer disease. Patients with posterior cortical atrophy tend to be younger with early and marked involvement of visuospatial tasks, reading, and writing with relative preservation of memory. […] Patients with posterior cortical atrophy have progressive deterioration of visuospatial and visuoperceptual abilities. The cognitive symptoms invariably and inevitably worsen with patients becoming functionally blind, leading to considerable distress, especially in those who retain insight into the deficits and are aware of the increasing dependency for self-care and day-to-day activities.
  • #79 Posterior Cortical Atrophy | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/132241
    Posterior cortical atrophy needs to be differentiated from the typical Alzheimer disease. Patients with posterior cortical atrophy tend to be younger with early and marked involvement of visuospatial tasks, reading, and writing with relative preservation of memory. […] Patients with posterior cortical atrophy have progressive deterioration of visuospatial and visuoperceptual abilities. The cognitive symptoms invariably and inevitably worsen with patients becoming functionally blind, leading to considerable distress, especially in those who retain insight into the deficits and are aware of the increasing dependency for self-care and day-to-day activities.
  • #80 Posterior cortical atrophy | Alzheimer’s Society
    https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/types-dementia/Posterior-cortical-atrophy
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), also known as Benson’s syndrome, is a rare degenerative condition in which damage occurs at the back (posterior region) of the brain. In the vast majority of people, the cause of PCA is Alzheimer’s disease. […] Initially, people with PCA tend to have a relatively well-preserved memory but experience problems with their vision, such as difficulty recognising faces and objects in pictures. […] These tasks are controlled by the back part of the brain, where the initial damage in PCA occurs. […] As damage in the brain spreads and the disease progresses, people develop the more typical symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease, such as memory loss and confusion. […] Read about Sir Terry Pratchett’s dementia diagnosis of posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), a rare type of Alzheimer’s disease.
  • #81 Noticing the signs and stages of Posterior Cortical Atrophy (PCA) | Alzheimer’s Society
    https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/blog/noticing-signs-posterior-cortical-atrophy
    Posterior Cortical Atrophy (PCA) is a rare neurodegenerative condition that resembles Alzheimers disease but targets different areas of the brain, particularly at the early stages of the condition. […] Typically people living with PCA have a relatively well-preserved memory but as the condition progresses more typical symptoms of Alzheimers emerge such as memory loss and confusion. […] The first challenge was getting a diagnosis as John could still articulate himself well and had no awareness that anything untoward was going on. […] When he was diagnosed we were shocked. I didn’t even know the difference between Alzheimers and dementia, let alone know what PCA was. […] Our biggest challenge was to not be defeated when we learned that the future we had planned had disappeared. […] Seeking and accepting advice and support along the way has been vital.
  • #82 Posterior Cortical Atrophy – Rare Dementia Support Canada
    https://raredementiasupport.ca/rare-or-young-onset-dementia/posterior-cortical-atrophy/
    In PCA, the problem is that the affected part of the brain is unable to interpret the information sent to it by healthy eyes. […] Over time, as the disease progresses, there will be an increase in the number or impact of symptoms. […] The pattern of symptoms that someone has depends on how and where the brain is affected. […] As PCA progresses, vision can become severely impaired. The world may be viewed in a distorted way (e.g., as pieces of a puzzle or as if through a fractured mirror). […] At this stage, many people with PCA are registered as blind, which means that they need help with most visually-guided activities.
  • #83 Posterior Cortical Atrophy – Rare Dementia Support Canada
    https://raredementiasupport.ca/rare-or-young-onset-dementia/posterior-cortical-atrophy/
    In PCA, the problem is that the affected part of the brain is unable to interpret the information sent to it by healthy eyes. […] Over time, as the disease progresses, there will be an increase in the number or impact of symptoms. […] The pattern of symptoms that someone has depends on how and where the brain is affected. […] As PCA progresses, vision can become severely impaired. The world may be viewed in a distorted way (e.g., as pieces of a puzzle or as if through a fractured mirror). […] At this stage, many people with PCA are registered as blind, which means that they need help with most visually-guided activities.
  • #84 The Progression of Posterior Cortical Atrophy to Corticobasal Syndrome: Lumping or Splitting Neurodegenerative Diseases? | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements
    https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.207
    The early appearance of memory and visuospatial deficits at presentation is suggestive of AD pathology. In contrast, the presence of inattention and executive dysfunction in the very early stages and the long-term sparing of the hippocampi are suggestive of CBD pathology. […] The lack of data from CSF analyses due to the patient’s refusal to submit to lumbar puncture did not allow the collection of further information about the underlying pathology. […] These diagnostic criteria are based on clinical signs and symptoms that are not informative about the actual underlying degenerative condition, and show poor clinic-pathological correlations. […] Complex and mixed neurodegenerative diseases might present with symptoms of each of the underlying conditions that exhibit different burdens and speeds of progression.
  • #85 The Progression of Posterior Cortical Atrophy to Corticobasal Syndrome: Lumping or Splitting Neurodegenerative Diseases? | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements
    https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.207
    The early appearance of memory and visuospatial deficits at presentation is suggestive of AD pathology. In contrast, the presence of inattention and executive dysfunction in the very early stages and the long-term sparing of the hippocampi are suggestive of CBD pathology. […] The lack of data from CSF analyses due to the patient’s refusal to submit to lumbar puncture did not allow the collection of further information about the underlying pathology. […] These diagnostic criteria are based on clinical signs and symptoms that are not informative about the actual underlying degenerative condition, and show poor clinic-pathological correlations. […] Complex and mixed neurodegenerative diseases might present with symptoms of each of the underlying conditions that exhibit different burdens and speeds of progression.
  • #86
    https://www.iomcworld.org/open-access/lewy-body-dementia-as-an-underlying-etiology-for-posterior-cortical-atrophyinitially-presented-with-visual-agnosia-and-a-46319.html
    When PCA is associated with symmetric parkinsonism, DLB is considered as the underlying etiology. […] In addition, when PCA is associated with symmetric parkinsonism, DLB is considered as the underlying etiology. When there is asymmetric myoclonus and dystonia, corticobasal syndrome (CBS) should be considered as the underlying etiology. […] In our case, the patient had alexia characterized by an inability to read Kanji. Japanese is a unique language system, which is composed of phonograms like Kana and logograms like Kanji. Each Kana has one character and one corresponding phonation without exception. Each Kanji, however, may have several phonations. […] The location of cerebral atrophy in our patient is consistent with these areas.
  • #87
    https://www.iomcworld.org/open-access/lewy-body-dementia-as-an-underlying-etiology-for-posterior-cortical-atrophyinitially-presented-with-visual-agnosia-and-a-46319.html
    When PCA is associated with symmetric parkinsonism, DLB is considered as the underlying etiology. […] In addition, when PCA is associated with symmetric parkinsonism, DLB is considered as the underlying etiology. When there is asymmetric myoclonus and dystonia, corticobasal syndrome (CBS) should be considered as the underlying etiology. […] In our case, the patient had alexia characterized by an inability to read Kanji. Japanese is a unique language system, which is composed of phonograms like Kana and logograms like Kanji. Each Kana has one character and one corresponding phonation without exception. Each Kanji, however, may have several phonations. […] The location of cerebral atrophy in our patient is consistent with these areas.
  • #88 The Progression of Posterior Cortical Atrophy to Corticobasal Syndrome: Lumping or Splitting Neurodegenerative Diseases? | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements
    https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.207
    The early appearance of memory and visuospatial deficits at presentation is suggestive of AD pathology. In contrast, the presence of inattention and executive dysfunction in the very early stages and the long-term sparing of the hippocampi are suggestive of CBD pathology. […] The lack of data from CSF analyses due to the patient’s refusal to submit to lumbar puncture did not allow the collection of further information about the underlying pathology. […] These diagnostic criteria are based on clinical signs and symptoms that are not informative about the actual underlying degenerative condition, and show poor clinic-pathological correlations. […] Complex and mixed neurodegenerative diseases might present with symptoms of each of the underlying conditions that exhibit different burdens and speeds of progression.
  • #89 Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) | Dementia Australia
    https://www.dementia.org.au/about-dementia/posterior-cortical-atrophy-pca
    If you have posterior cortical atrophy, tissue in your brain atrophies (shrinks) as cells are lost. […] Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) involves the loss and dysfunction of brain cells, particularly at the posterior (back) of the brain. […] If you have PCA, the tissue in the outer layer of your brain will shrink as you lose cells. […] In most cases, the underlying cause of posterior cortical atrophy is Alzheimers disease. […] Many experts believe posterior cortical atrophy is a form of Alzheimers disease. […] In posterior cortical atrophy, changes tend to be at the back of the brain, affecting only the skills which that part of the brain supports. […] PCA is a degenerative condition, which means your symptoms will become stronger over time. […] There is no medication to treat posterior cortical atrophy specifically, and theres no known cure yet.
  • #90 Posterior Cortical Atrophy – MD Searchlight
    https://mdsearchlight.com/neurology/posterior-cortical-atrophy/
    Crutch et al. describe this condition as a gradual-onset syndrome with visual disturbances being significant early symptoms. […] Brain imaging tests (such as MRI, FDG-PET, SPECT) often reveal abnormal levels of activity or damage in the parts of the brain called occipitoparietal or occipitotemporal. […] While we dont have a lot of information about the use of certain medications known as anticholinesterase inhibitors in patients with Posterior Cortical Atrophy (PCA), they might be beneficial for treating PCA because it often results from an underlying condition called Alzheimers disease. […] Its crucial to quickly identify any problems and diagnose them to prevent issues such as falls or driving accidents. […] The prognosis for Posterior Cortical Atrophy is that it leads to a gradual decline in cognitive skills, primarily affecting vision and spatial awareness.
  • #91 Posterior Cortical Atrophy | Memory and Aging Center
    https://memory.ucsf.edu/dementia/posterior-cortical-atrophy
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), also called Bensons syndrome, is a rare, visual variant of Alzheimers disease. […] In the vast majority of PCA cases, the underlying cause is Alzheimers disease, and the brain tissue at autopsy shows an abnormal accumulation of the proteins amyloid and tau that form the plaques and tangles seen in Alzheimers disease. […] Although PCA is almost always caused by Alzheimers disease, it can result from other diseases including dementia with Lewy bodies and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. […] PCA tends to affect people at an earlier age than typical Alzheimers disease, with individuals often being in their mid-fifties or early sixties when they experience the initial symptoms. […] Cholinesterase inhibitors approved for Alzheimers disease, like donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), can help the symptoms of PCA by boosting the function of brain cells to compensate for damage caused by Alzheimers disease.
  • #92 Posterior Cortical Atrophy | Memory and Aging Center
    https://memory.ucsf.edu/tl/node/7601
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), also called Bensons syndrome, is a rare, visual variant of Alzheimers disease. […] In the vast majority of PCA cases, the underlying cause is Alzheimers disease, and the brain tissue at autopsy shows an abnormal accumulation of the proteins amyloid and tau that form the plaques and tangles seen in Alzheimers disease. […] PCA tends to affect people at an earlier age than typical Alzheimers disease, with individuals often being in their mid-fifties or early sixties when they experience the initial symptoms. […] Cholinesterase inhibitors approved for Alzheimers disease, like donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), can help the symptoms of PCA by boosting the function of brain cells to compensate for damage caused by Alzheimers disease.
  • #93 What is posterior cortical atrophy (PCA)? – Dementia UK
    https://www.dementiauk.org/information-and-support/types-of-dementia/posterior-cortical-atrophy-pca/
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), also known as Benson’s Syndrome, is the degeneration of the cells at the back or posterior of the brain. The changes in the brain resemble those in someone with Alzheimer’s disease but the effects are very different. […] PCA is a rare form of dementia that people often develop between the ages of 50 and 65.
  • #94 Posterior Cortical Atrophy | Stellar Care
    https://stellarcaresd.com/posterior-cortical-atrophy/
    Posterior Cortical Atrophy (PCA) is a rare neurodegenerative form of Dementia affecting the posterior cortex of the brain which is responsible for processing visual information. […] The exact cause of Posterior Cortical Atrophy (PCA) is not well understood, and it remains a subject of ongoing research. […] Like Alzheimers disease, PCA is associated with the abnormal accumulation of proteins in the brain, such as beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles. […] Some cases of PCA are believed to have a genetic component. […] In some cases, PCA may co-occur with other neurodegenerative conditions, like Alzheimers disease or Lewy body dementia. […] The specific brain regions affected by PCA, primarily the posterior cortex responsible for visual processing, are an important part of this condition.
  • #95 Posterior Cortical Atrophy (PCA)
    https://ftdboston.org/diagnosis/posterior-cortical-atrophy/
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition that affects areas in the brain responsible for visual processing and spatial perception. Over time, other thinking skills such as memory, executive functions, and word retrieval may become affected. […] In the majority of PCA cases, the underlying cause is Alzheimers disease. Lumbar punctures conducted in the clinic as well as specialized positron emission tomography (PET) scans can show abnormal accumulation of amyloid and tau proteins that form the plaques and tangles seen in Alzheimers disease, thus confirming the diagnosis. […] PCA is often under-recognized or misdiagnosed since patients and doctors can mistake visual cognitive decline (a problem with the brain) for a visual acuity impairment (a problem with the eyes). […] Our team is conducting several ongoing research studies aimed at better understanding the clinical, cognitive, and neurological features of PCA. […] Executive dysfunction contributes to verbal encoding and retrieval deficits in posterior cortical atrophy.
  • #96 Posterior Cortical Atrophy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3740271/
    Although the patterns of the distribution of pathology has been shown to be different in PCA compared with typical AD, the exact pattern of the pathological changes is inconsistent and based on very small numbers of cases. […] Studies assessing CSF biomarkers (A142, T-tau and P-tau181) have reported similar findings in PCA compared with AD, supporting previous reports that PCA is typically associated with underlying AD pathology. […] The proposed criteria in this review attempt to take both the clinical and histopathological features of PCA into account, and to introduce quantifiable behavioural inclusion criteria for research studies involving PCA. Better understanding and awareness of the syndrome among the medical and lay communities is necessary to improve diagnosis, treatment and support services provided to individuals with PCA and their families. Dissecting out the distinctive patterns of structural, functional, cognitive and genetic changes in PCA may lead to new insights into the pathogenesis and clinical features of typical AD, and to more general mechanisms of visual network function and degeneration.
  • #97 Posterior Cortical Atrophy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK580553/
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a rare heterogeneous, progressive neurodegenerative condition that primarily affects the occipital and parietal cortex, leading to visuoperceptual, visuospatial, praxis skills, and literacy impairment. […] Alzheimer disease (AD) is the commonest underlying pathology, and hence it is frequently labeled as a „visual variant” of AD. […] There is a clear difference in the distribution of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in posterior cortical atrophy as compared to Alzheimer’s disease. […] There is a greater density of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the occipitoparietal area than in the frontal regions. […] CSF biomarker levels of A, T-tau, and P-tau are similar to that of Alzheimer disease. […] The course of posterior cortical atrophy is usually insidious and primarily affects the central visual deficits without peripheral visual deficits.
  • #98 Posterior Cortical Atrophy | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/132241
    Neurological examination is typically unrevealing. […] The criteria emphasize the relative sparing of all of the following: anterograde memory, speech, and nonvisual language functions, executive functions, personality, and behavior. […] The PCA should always be considered among patients presenting with spatial disorientation, problem with Ishihara charts despite a normal color vision, homonymous visual field defects, and omission of letters on the acuity chart. […] The distribution of amyloid deposition as noted in amyloid PET is typically widespread and is very similar to that of patients with typical Alzheimer’s disease. […] CSF amyloid- (A) is typically decreased, and both total and phosphorylated tau increase. This is reflective of the underlying AD pathophysiology. […] Data on anticholinesterase inhibitors in PCA is lacking. However, since the majority of the cases of PCA are secondary to underlying AD pathology, targeting the underlying pathophysiology using anticholinesterase inhibitors and memantine is an appropriate choice.
  • #99 Posterior Cortical Atrophy | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/132241
    Neurological examination is typically unrevealing. […] The criteria emphasize the relative sparing of all of the following: anterograde memory, speech, and nonvisual language functions, executive functions, personality, and behavior. […] The PCA should always be considered among patients presenting with spatial disorientation, problem with Ishihara charts despite a normal color vision, homonymous visual field defects, and omission of letters on the acuity chart. […] The distribution of amyloid deposition as noted in amyloid PET is typically widespread and is very similar to that of patients with typical Alzheimer’s disease. […] CSF amyloid- (A) is typically decreased, and both total and phosphorylated tau increase. This is reflective of the underlying AD pathophysiology. […] Data on anticholinesterase inhibitors in PCA is lacking. However, since the majority of the cases of PCA are secondary to underlying AD pathology, targeting the underlying pathophysiology using anticholinesterase inhibitors and memantine is an appropriate choice.
  • #100 The Progression of Posterior Cortical Atrophy to Corticobasal Syndrome: Lumping or Splitting Neurodegenerative Diseases? | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements
    https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.207
    The early appearance of memory and visuospatial deficits at presentation is suggestive of AD pathology. In contrast, the presence of inattention and executive dysfunction in the very early stages and the long-term sparing of the hippocampi are suggestive of CBD pathology. […] The lack of data from CSF analyses due to the patient’s refusal to submit to lumbar puncture did not allow the collection of further information about the underlying pathology. […] These diagnostic criteria are based on clinical signs and symptoms that are not informative about the actual underlying degenerative condition, and show poor clinic-pathological correlations. […] Complex and mixed neurodegenerative diseases might present with symptoms of each of the underlying conditions that exhibit different burdens and speeds of progression.
  • #101 SciELO Brazil – A patient with posterior cortical atrophy due to Alzheimer’s disease A patient with posterior cortical atrophy due to Alzheimer’s disease
    https://www.scielo.br/j/dn/a/3GXBpkn4p4fz5znwXsPH5pM/
    The MRI revealed bilateral occipito-parietal atrophy without mesial-temporal atrophy. These findings are found in PCA and help to differentiate from typical AD. […] Histopathologic findings in PCA are often consistent with the pathology of AD, and these agreed with our findings. AD is the most frequent cause of PCA, accounting for about 80% of cases.
  • #102 Posterior Cortical Atrophy | SpringerLink
    https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-65106-4_125
    Posterior cortical atrophy is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that predominantly affects the occipital cortex and is referred to as a visual variant of Alzheimers disease. […] PET/MR imaging demonstrates hypometabolism in the parieto-occipital areas with relative sparing of the cingulate gyrus as well as in the bilateral frontal eye field regions. […] Cortical volume loss is seen later in the disease course.
  • #103 Posterior Cortical Atrophy | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/132241
    Neurological examination is typically unrevealing. […] The criteria emphasize the relative sparing of all of the following: anterograde memory, speech, and nonvisual language functions, executive functions, personality, and behavior. […] The PCA should always be considered among patients presenting with spatial disorientation, problem with Ishihara charts despite a normal color vision, homonymous visual field defects, and omission of letters on the acuity chart. […] The distribution of amyloid deposition as noted in amyloid PET is typically widespread and is very similar to that of patients with typical Alzheimer’s disease. […] CSF amyloid- (A) is typically decreased, and both total and phosphorylated tau increase. This is reflective of the underlying AD pathophysiology. […] Data on anticholinesterase inhibitors in PCA is lacking. However, since the majority of the cases of PCA are secondary to underlying AD pathology, targeting the underlying pathophysiology using anticholinesterase inhibitors and memantine is an appropriate choice.
  • #104 Visual Variant of Alzheimer’s Disease – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Visual_Variant_of_Alzheimer%E2%80%99s_Disease
    Automated studies using cross-sectional voxel-based morphometry and cortical thickness have demonstrated greater right parietal and less left medial temporal and hippocampal atrophy in patients with PCA compared to typical AD. […] There is emerging evidence that tau imaging may show a stronger association with AD variants than amyloid imaging. […] No cure for VVAD exists at this time and there is limited evidence for specific treatment paradigms. However, pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies have the potential to improve daily functioning and quality of life. […] Given the underlying pathology, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors approved for classic AD are frequently used in VVAD. […] Patients with features of Parkinsonism could be trialled on antiparkinson medications. Anxiolytic or antidepressant medications may benefit those with prominent mood symptoms, a common concern in individuals who preserve insight into their functional decline. […] VVAD typically progresses to a global cognitive dysfunction resembling that of classic AD.
  • #105 Visual Variant of Alzheimer’s Disease – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Visual_Variant_of_Alzheimer%E2%80%99s_Disease
    Automated studies using cross-sectional voxel-based morphometry and cortical thickness have demonstrated greater right parietal and less left medial temporal and hippocampal atrophy in patients with PCA compared to typical AD. […] There is emerging evidence that tau imaging may show a stronger association with AD variants than amyloid imaging. […] No cure for VVAD exists at this time and there is limited evidence for specific treatment paradigms. However, pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies have the potential to improve daily functioning and quality of life. […] Given the underlying pathology, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors approved for classic AD are frequently used in VVAD. […] Patients with features of Parkinsonism could be trialled on antiparkinson medications. Anxiolytic or antidepressant medications may benefit those with prominent mood symptoms, a common concern in individuals who preserve insight into their functional decline. […] VVAD typically progresses to a global cognitive dysfunction resembling that of classic AD.
  • #106 Posterior Cortical Atrophy | Stellar Care
    https://stellarcaresd.com/posterior-cortical-atrophy/
    Posterior Cortical Atrophy (PCA) is a rare neurodegenerative form of Dementia affecting the posterior cortex of the brain which is responsible for processing visual information. […] The exact cause of Posterior Cortical Atrophy (PCA) is not well understood, and it remains a subject of ongoing research. […] Like Alzheimers disease, PCA is associated with the abnormal accumulation of proteins in the brain, such as beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles. […] Some cases of PCA are believed to have a genetic component. […] In some cases, PCA may co-occur with other neurodegenerative conditions, like Alzheimers disease or Lewy body dementia. […] The specific brain regions affected by PCA, primarily the posterior cortex responsible for visual processing, are an important part of this condition.
  • #107 Occupational Therapy for Posterior Cortical Atrophy
    https://occupationaltherapybrisbane.com.au/occupational-therapy-for-posterior-cortical-atrophy/
    Neuronal loss, neurofibrillary tangles, protein synthesis and amyloid plaques appear to contribute to the disruption in the transmission of electrical signals that helps support visual information, processing and integration. […] These changes impact the interpretation and integration of visual stimuli, leading to the aforementioned visual symptoms. […] PCA leads to distinct visuospatial symptoms like apraxia (inability to perform tasks), alexia (reading difficulties), and spatial neglect (ignoring one side of space). […] Cognitive rehabilitation programs have shown success in partially remediating cognitive impairments and enhancing functionality in patients with posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), while psycho-educative interventions have had moderate impact. […] Research indicates that cognitive rehabilitation can aid individuals with early to moderate dementia, and this approach has been beneficial in clinical case studies of PCA, helping patients understand their condition and develop compensatory strategies. […] Through rehabilitation, patients with PCA have learned to recognize and use their preserved abilities, leading to fewer daily errors and improved autonomy, which enhances their quality of life.
  • #108 3D Shape Perception in Posterior Cortical Atrophy: A Visual Neuroscience Perspective | Journal of Neuroscience
    https://www.jneurosci.org/content/35/37/12673
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a rare focal neurodegenerative syndrome characterized by progressive visuoperceptual and visuospatial deficits, most often due to atypical Alzheimer’s disease (AD). […] In PCA, deficient 3D shape-from-shading was associated with volume loss in the right posterior inferior temporal cortex. […] The findings in right posterior inferior temporal cortex and right premotor cortex are consistent with neurophysiologically based models of the functional anatomy of 3D shape processing. […] However, in DLBD, 3D shape deficits rely on mechanisms distinct from inferior temporal structural integrity. […] The predominance of visual complaints and symptoms is attributable to the unusual distribution of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and neuronal loss in primary and secondary visual areas.
  • #109 A Patient with Posterior Cortical Atrophy Possesses a Novel Mutation in the Presenilin 1 Gene | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0061074
    The genetic basis of PCA remains elusive, usually not showing autosomal dominant inheritance patterns and generally there is no family history of dementia. […] Here we present a patient with clinically diagnosed PCA harboring a I211M mutation in PSEN1. In silico analysis, indicates that the I211M mutation could change the interaction between presenilin 1 (PS1) and the PS1 enhancer-2 protein (PEN-2), its partner within the -secretase complex. […] The I211M mutation could be causative, as the mutation was absent in large groups of control subjects and early-onset AD cases from the Polish population. […] The obtained results strongly suggest that the mutated residue 211, as well residue 223, could affect the interaction with its protein partners within the -secretase complex. […] In summary, we report a novel PSEN1 I211M mutation, which could be causally connected with the PCA phenotype. It could further be speculated that the clinical phenotype could be a result of aberrant APP processing, as well as other altered functions of PS1.
  • #110 Olfactory impairment in posterior cortical atrophy | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
    https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/84/5/588
    Olfactory impairment in PCA might act as an early signal of underlying AD pathology in these clinically atypical cases; while if olfactory processing were spared in PCA, this would imply that olfaction depends chiefly on disease topography. […] The deficit of odour identification identified here was associated with regional grey matter volume in a cerebral network focussed on the right anteromedial temporal lobe. The most robust neuroanatomical associations occurred in parahippocampal gyrus and entorhinal cortex: areas linked to odour identification in healthy human subjects. […] An overlapping cerebral network has been implicated in the pathogenesis of tAD and PCA. Olfactory dysfunction may have a characteristic network signature that transcends conventional phenotypic boundaries and could potentially be used to predict AD pathology in the face of phenotypical variation.
  • #111 Olfactory impairment in posterior cortical atrophy | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
    https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/84/5/588
    Olfactory impairment in PCA might act as an early signal of underlying AD pathology in these clinically atypical cases; while if olfactory processing were spared in PCA, this would imply that olfaction depends chiefly on disease topography. […] The deficit of odour identification identified here was associated with regional grey matter volume in a cerebral network focussed on the right anteromedial temporal lobe. The most robust neuroanatomical associations occurred in parahippocampal gyrus and entorhinal cortex: areas linked to odour identification in healthy human subjects. […] An overlapping cerebral network has been implicated in the pathogenesis of tAD and PCA. Olfactory dysfunction may have a characteristic network signature that transcends conventional phenotypic boundaries and could potentially be used to predict AD pathology in the face of phenotypical variation.
  • #112 Olfactory impairment in posterior cortical atrophy | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
    https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/84/5/588
    Olfactory impairment in PCA might act as an early signal of underlying AD pathology in these clinically atypical cases; while if olfactory processing were spared in PCA, this would imply that olfaction depends chiefly on disease topography. […] The deficit of odour identification identified here was associated with regional grey matter volume in a cerebral network focussed on the right anteromedial temporal lobe. The most robust neuroanatomical associations occurred in parahippocampal gyrus and entorhinal cortex: areas linked to odour identification in healthy human subjects. […] An overlapping cerebral network has been implicated in the pathogenesis of tAD and PCA. Olfactory dysfunction may have a characteristic network signature that transcends conventional phenotypic boundaries and could potentially be used to predict AD pathology in the face of phenotypical variation.
  • #113 Potential ocular indicators to distinguish posterior cortical atrophy and typical Alzheimer’s disease: a cross-section study using optical coherence tomography angiography | Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy | Full Text
    https://alzres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13195-024-01431-w
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a form of dementia that frequently displays significant visual dysfunction and relatively preserved cognitive and executive functions, thus hindering early diagnosis and treatment. […] PCA patients exhibited similar impairment patterns to AD patients in the fundus structure and microvascular network. OCTA may aid in the non-invasive detection of AD and PCA, but still remains to be substantiated. […] Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a gradual and selective functional impairment and structural alternation of the parietal and occipital lobes, with an early onset between 50 and 65 years. […] Although PCA patients frequently share similar pathologic characteristic with Alzheimers disease (AD), they can exhibit different patterns of clinical manifestations and structural and/or functional neuroimaging.
  • #114 Potential ocular indicators to distinguish posterior cortical atrophy and typical Alzheimer’s disease: a cross-section study using optical coherence tomography angiography | Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy | Full Text
    https://alzres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13195-024-01431-w
    The results from earlier studies of optic fundus structure and blood flow in PCA patients were insufficient for the limited number of relative researches, and those in AD patients were not substantiated. […] In clinical practice, it is still difficult to distinguish PCA from classic AD purely from clinical manifestations and neuropsychological assessment, especially for patients in the middle or advanced stages of the both diseases. […] Therefore, we further investigated and compared the patterns of changes in fundus structure and perfusion in PCA and typical AD patients by the SS-OCT and OCTA techniques to find possible indicators that can screen out those patients with PCA or AD at an early point. […] The flow area and vessel density of the SCP and ICP in both the AD and PCA groups were significantly decreased in most of the ETDRS ring regions compared with the HC group, with more significant differences in the AD group than in the PCA group and more in the SCP than ICP, which is consistent with some previous reports. […] PCA patients could share a similar low perfusion of the microvascular network as AD patients. […] Overall, this study filled a gap in the data related to fundus structure and vascular perfusion in patients with PCA.
  • #115 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240122/Posterior-cortical-atrophy-predicts-Alzheimers-study-finds.aspx
    Better understanding of PCA is „crucial for advancing both patient care and for understanding the processes that drive Alzheimer’s disease,” said senior author Gil Rabinovici, M.D., director of the UCSF Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center. „It’s critical that doctors learn to recognize the syndrome so patients can receive the correct diagnosis, counseling and care.” […] „From a scientific point of view, we really need to understand why Alzheimer’s is specifically targeting visual rather than memory areas of the brain.”
  • #116 Phenotypical variation in Alzheimer’s disease: insights from posterior cortical atrophy | Practical Neurology
    https://pn.bmj.com/content/15/1/2
    Neurology, perhaps more than any other field of medicine, relies on a close association between clinical phenotype and underlying pathology. […] Identifying common and discordant genetic (and environmental) risk factors for posterior cortical atrophy and typical Alzheimer’s disease, combined with neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid and other biomarkers, may provide fundamental insights into Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. […] It is entirely plausible that different risk factors influence the rate, timing and site of amyloid deposition; whether or when amyloid deposition leads to neurodegeneration; and which neuronal networks bear the brunt of the disease, in turn influencing how pathology spreads through the brain, and what symptoms predominate.
  • #117 Clinical and neuroimaging differences between posterior cortical atrophy and typical amnestic Alzheimer’s disease patients at an early disease stage | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/srep29372
    To identify clinical and neuroimaging characteristics between posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) and typical amnestic Alzheimers disease (tAD) patients at an early disease stage, 16 PCA and 13 age-matched tAD patients were enrolled. […] PCA is clinically characterized by a progressive decline in visual processing, literacy, numeracy and other functions dependent on parietal, occipital and occipitotemporal brain regions. […] PCA is now recognized in AD diagnostic and research criteria as the most common atypical AD phenotype. […] Earlier studies show that PCA subjects display similar patterns of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and amyloid (A) neuroimaging biomarkers as typical amnestic AD (tAD) patients, suggesting an underlying AD neuropathology in PCA. […] Diagnosis of PCA depends on core clinical features, which is further supported by neuroimaging and neuropathological evidence.
  • #118 Clinical and neuroimaging differences between posterior cortical atrophy and typical amnestic Alzheimer’s disease patients at an early disease stage | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/srep29372
    To identify clinical and neuroimaging characteristics between posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) and typical amnestic Alzheimers disease (tAD) patients at an early disease stage, 16 PCA and 13 age-matched tAD patients were enrolled. […] PCA is clinically characterized by a progressive decline in visual processing, literacy, numeracy and other functions dependent on parietal, occipital and occipitotemporal brain regions. […] PCA is now recognized in AD diagnostic and research criteria as the most common atypical AD phenotype. […] Earlier studies show that PCA subjects display similar patterns of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and amyloid (A) neuroimaging biomarkers as typical amnestic AD (tAD) patients, suggesting an underlying AD neuropathology in PCA. […] Diagnosis of PCA depends on core clinical features, which is further supported by neuroimaging and neuropathological evidence.
  • #119 Posterior Cortical Atrophy (PCA) | Symptoms & Treatments | alz.org
    https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia/types-of-dementia/posterior-cortical-atrophy
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) refers to gradual and progressive degeneration of the outer layer of the brain (the cortex) in the part of the brain located in the back of the head (posterior). […] It is not known whether posterior cortical atrophy is a unique disease or a possible variant form of Alzheimers disease. In many people with posterior cortical atrophy, the affected part of the brain shows amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, similar to the changes that occur in Alzheimers disease but in a different part of the brain. […] There is an ongoing discussion in the field whether posterior cortical atrophy should be considered a form of Alzheimers disease or a distinct disease entity. […] Similar to Alzheimers disease, the causes of posterior cortical atrophy are unknown, and no obvious genetic mutations have been shown to be linked to the condition. […] There are no treatments for posterior cortical atrophy known to slow or halt its progression.
  • #120 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240122/Posterior-cortical-atrophy-predicts-Alzheimers-study-finds.aspx
    Better understanding of PCA is „crucial for advancing both patient care and for understanding the processes that drive Alzheimer’s disease,” said senior author Gil Rabinovici, M.D., director of the UCSF Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center. „It’s critical that doctors learn to recognize the syndrome so patients can receive the correct diagnosis, counseling and care.” […] „From a scientific point of view, we really need to understand why Alzheimer’s is specifically targeting visual rather than memory areas of the brain.”
  • #121 Phenotypical variation in Alzheimer’s disease: insights from posterior cortical atrophy | Practical Neurology
    https://pn.bmj.com/content/15/1/2
    Neurology, perhaps more than any other field of medicine, relies on a close association between clinical phenotype and underlying pathology. […] Identifying common and discordant genetic (and environmental) risk factors for posterior cortical atrophy and typical Alzheimer’s disease, combined with neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid and other biomarkers, may provide fundamental insights into Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. […] It is entirely plausible that different risk factors influence the rate, timing and site of amyloid deposition; whether or when amyloid deposition leads to neurodegeneration; and which neuronal networks bear the brunt of the disease, in turn influencing how pathology spreads through the brain, and what symptoms predominate.
  • #122 Phenotypical variation in Alzheimer’s disease: insights from posterior cortical atrophy | Practical Neurology
    https://pn.bmj.com/content/15/1/2
    Neurology, perhaps more than any other field of medicine, relies on a close association between clinical phenotype and underlying pathology. […] Identifying common and discordant genetic (and environmental) risk factors for posterior cortical atrophy and typical Alzheimer’s disease, combined with neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid and other biomarkers, may provide fundamental insights into Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. […] It is entirely plausible that different risk factors influence the rate, timing and site of amyloid deposition; whether or when amyloid deposition leads to neurodegeneration; and which neuronal networks bear the brunt of the disease, in turn influencing how pathology spreads through the brain, and what symptoms predominate.
  • #123 Phenotypical variation in Alzheimer’s disease: insights from posterior cortical atrophy | Practical Neurology
    https://pn.bmj.com/content/15/1/2
    Neurology, perhaps more than any other field of medicine, relies on a close association between clinical phenotype and underlying pathology. […] Identifying common and discordant genetic (and environmental) risk factors for posterior cortical atrophy and typical Alzheimer’s disease, combined with neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid and other biomarkers, may provide fundamental insights into Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. […] It is entirely plausible that different risk factors influence the rate, timing and site of amyloid deposition; whether or when amyloid deposition leads to neurodegeneration; and which neuronal networks bear the brunt of the disease, in turn influencing how pathology spreads through the brain, and what symptoms predominate.
  • #124 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240122/Posterior-cortical-atrophy-predicts-Alzheimers-study-finds.aspx
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) overwhelmingly predicts Alzheimer’s, the researchers found. Some 94% of the PCA patients had Alzheimer’s pathology and the remaining 6% had conditions like Lewy body disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. […] Early identification of PCA may have important implications for Alzheimer’s treatment, said co-first author Renaud La Joie, Ph.D., also of the UCSF Department of Neurology and the Memory and Aging Center. In the study, levels of amyloid and tau, identified in cerebrospinal fluid and imaging, as well as autopsy data, matched those found in typical Alzheimer’s cases. […] Patients with PCA have more tau pathology in the posterior parts of the brain, involved in the processing of visuospatial information, compared to those with other presentations of Alzheimer’s. This might make them better suited to anti-tau therapies.
  • #125 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240122/Posterior-cortical-atrophy-predicts-Alzheimers-study-finds.aspx
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) overwhelmingly predicts Alzheimer’s, the researchers found. Some 94% of the PCA patients had Alzheimer’s pathology and the remaining 6% had conditions like Lewy body disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. […] Early identification of PCA may have important implications for Alzheimer’s treatment, said co-first author Renaud La Joie, Ph.D., also of the UCSF Department of Neurology and the Memory and Aging Center. In the study, levels of amyloid and tau, identified in cerebrospinal fluid and imaging, as well as autopsy data, matched those found in typical Alzheimer’s cases. […] Patients with PCA have more tau pathology in the posterior parts of the brain, involved in the processing of visuospatial information, compared to those with other presentations of Alzheimer’s. This might make them better suited to anti-tau therapies.
  • #126 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240122/Posterior-cortical-atrophy-predicts-Alzheimers-study-finds.aspx
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) overwhelmingly predicts Alzheimer’s, the researchers found. Some 94% of the PCA patients had Alzheimer’s pathology and the remaining 6% had conditions like Lewy body disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. […] Early identification of PCA may have important implications for Alzheimer’s treatment, said co-first author Renaud La Joie, Ph.D., also of the UCSF Department of Neurology and the Memory and Aging Center. In the study, levels of amyloid and tau, identified in cerebrospinal fluid and imaging, as well as autopsy data, matched those found in typical Alzheimer’s cases. […] Patients with PCA have more tau pathology in the posterior parts of the brain, involved in the processing of visuospatial information, compared to those with other presentations of Alzheimer’s. This might make them better suited to anti-tau therapies.
  • #127 Posterior Cortical Atrophy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3740271/
    Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a neurodegenerative syndrome that is characterized by a progressive decline in visuospatial, visuoperceptual, literacy and praxic skills. The progressive neurodegeneration affecting parietal, occipital and occipito-temporal cortices which underlies PCA is attributable to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in the majority of patients. However, alternative underlying aetiologies including Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and prion disease have also been identified, and not all PCA patients have atrophy on clinical imaging. […] Significant challenges remain in identifying the factors associated with both the selective vulnerability of posterior cortical regions and the young age of onset seen in PCA. […] Pathological studies have all shown that AD is the most common underlying cause of PCA. However, a small number of cases are attributable to other aetiologies such as corticobasal degeneration (CBD), Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), prion disease (including CJD and familial fatal insomnia), and subcortical gliosis.
  • #128 The Progression of Posterior Cortical Atrophy to Corticobasal Syndrome: Lumping or Splitting Neurodegenerative Diseases? | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements
    https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.207
    The early appearance of memory and visuospatial deficits at presentation is suggestive of AD pathology. In contrast, the presence of inattention and executive dysfunction in the very early stages and the long-term sparing of the hippocampi are suggestive of CBD pathology. […] The lack of data from CSF analyses due to the patient’s refusal to submit to lumbar puncture did not allow the collection of further information about the underlying pathology. […] These diagnostic criteria are based on clinical signs and symptoms that are not informative about the actual underlying degenerative condition, and show poor clinic-pathological correlations. […] Complex and mixed neurodegenerative diseases might present with symptoms of each of the underlying conditions that exhibit different burdens and speeds of progression.
  • #129 Visual Variant of Alzheimer’s Disease – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Visual_Variant_of_Alzheimer%E2%80%99s_Disease
    The visual variant of Alzheimers disease (VVAD), also known as Posterior Cortical Atrophy (PCA) or Bensons syndrome, is a rare neurodegenerative disease. It is characterized by progressive higher order visual dysfunction with relative sparing of other cognitive functions until late in the course. […] Although the vast majority are due to Alzheimers disease pathology, the pathological basis of PCA is heterogeneous. Other neuropathologies implicated include corticobasal degeneration, Lewy body dementia, prion disease (including Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease and fatal familial insomnia), and subcortical gliosis. […] At least 80% of PCA cases are due to AD pathology, and have increased density of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques at autopsy. […] The specific distribution of pathological changes in VVAD compared to AD remains uncertain. Some investigators have found differences in the location of plaques between the two entities, while others have reported similar distribution.
  • #130 Posterior Cortical Atrophy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3740271/
    Although the patterns of the distribution of pathology has been shown to be different in PCA compared with typical AD, the exact pattern of the pathological changes is inconsistent and based on very small numbers of cases. […] Studies assessing CSF biomarkers (A142, T-tau and P-tau181) have reported similar findings in PCA compared with AD, supporting previous reports that PCA is typically associated with underlying AD pathology. […] The proposed criteria in this review attempt to take both the clinical and histopathological features of PCA into account, and to introduce quantifiable behavioural inclusion criteria for research studies involving PCA. Better understanding and awareness of the syndrome among the medical and lay communities is necessary to improve diagnosis, treatment and support services provided to individuals with PCA and their families. Dissecting out the distinctive patterns of structural, functional, cognitive and genetic changes in PCA may lead to new insights into the pathogenesis and clinical features of typical AD, and to more general mechanisms of visual network function and degeneration.
  • #131 Posterior Cortical Atrophy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3740271/
    Although the patterns of the distribution of pathology has been shown to be different in PCA compared with typical AD, the exact pattern of the pathological changes is inconsistent and based on very small numbers of cases. […] Studies assessing CSF biomarkers (A142, T-tau and P-tau181) have reported similar findings in PCA compared with AD, supporting previous reports that PCA is typically associated with underlying AD pathology. […] The proposed criteria in this review attempt to take both the clinical and histopathological features of PCA into account, and to introduce quantifiable behavioural inclusion criteria for research studies involving PCA. Better understanding and awareness of the syndrome among the medical and lay communities is necessary to improve diagnosis, treatment and support services provided to individuals with PCA and their families. Dissecting out the distinctive patterns of structural, functional, cognitive and genetic changes in PCA may lead to new insights into the pathogenesis and clinical features of typical AD, and to more general mechanisms of visual network function and degeneration.