Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Wolf–Parkinson–White Syndrome: Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and Therapy—An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/3/296

  Wolf–Parkinson–White (WPW) syndrome is a disorder characterized by the presence of at least one accessory pathway (AP) that can predispose people to atrial/ventricular tachyarrhythmias and even sudden cardiac death. It is the second most common cause of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in most parts of the world, affecting about 0.1–0.3% of the general population. […] WPW syndrome is a disorder characterized by the presence of at least one accessory pathway (AP) that can predispose people to atrial/ventricular tachyarrhythmias and even sudden cardiac death. This diagnosis is reserved only for patients who have pre-excitation on the baseline electrocardiogram (ECG) and symptomatic tachyarrhythmias. In the absence of symptoms, it is preferred the term Wolff–Parkinson–White pattern. The pattern is found in 0.15% to 0.25% of the population, and one-third of these people are thought to develop arrhythmias during a 10-year follow-up.

• #1 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554437/

  The natural history of asymptomatic WPW patients has been speculated from the available data on symptomatic WPW patients and from those who have been incidentally discovered to have a WPW ECG pattern. […] In large-scale population-based studies involving pediatric and adult populations, the general prevalence of WPW has been estimated between 1 to 3 per 1000 individuals (0.1 to 0.3 %). Identification of the truly asymptomatic patients with WPW pattern is difficult, as these individuals by definition are those who have no clinical symptoms. A general estimate by experts suggests that about 65% of adolescents and 40% of individuals over 30 years with a WPW pattern on a resting ECG are asymptomatic. The incidence of patients with the WPW pattern progressing to arrhythmia is thought to be around 1% to 2% per year, and WPW syndrome prevalence peaks from age 20 to 24.

• #2 Pre-Excited Atrial Fibrillation in Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) Syndrome: A Case Report and a Review of the Literature

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/25/4/10.31083/j.rcm2504125/htm

  Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is defined by specific electrocardiogram (ECG) changes resulting in ventricular pre-excitation (the so-called WPW pattern), related to the presence of an accessory pathway (AP), combined with recurrent tachyarrhythmias. […] The prevalence of WPW syndrome in the general population is estimated to be 1–3 in 1000 individuals. […] WPW syndrome is associated with various SVTs, including AVRT and AF with rapid ventricular response, with AVRT being the most common arrhythmia linked to WPW, and AF occurring in up to 50% of patients with WPW. […] Several mechanisms may contribute to the development of AF in WPW syndrome. […] Pre-excited AF in WPW syndrome can potentially progress to VF, leading to syncope, cardiac arrest, and SCD. […] Accurate ECG interpretation is crucial, as misdiagnosing pre-excited AF could result in administering incorrect treatments that may induce VF.

• #2 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159222-overview

  The prevalence of ventricular preexcitation is thought to be 0.1-0.3%, or 1-3 per 1000 people in the general population. Estimates of arrhythmia incidence in patients with preexcitation vary widely, ranging from 12% to 80% in several surveys. […] The incidence of preexcitation and WPW syndrome ranges from 0.1 to 3 cases per 1000 population (average, 1.5 cases per 1000 population) in otherwise healthy persons. This includes only patients with manifest preexcitation (delta wave evident on surface 12-lead ECG). About 60-70% of these individuals have no other evidence of heart disease. Approximately four newly diagnosed cases of WPW syndrome per 100,000 population occur each year. […] In a review of ECG findings from 22,500 healthy aviation personnel, 0.25% exhibited findings consistent with the WPW pattern, with a 1.8% reported incidence of tachycardia.

• #3 Wolf–Parkinson–White Syndrome: Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and Therapy—An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/3/296

  Incidence of life-threatening events (LTE), including sudden cardiac death/sudden cardiac arrest, is not at all trivial, especially in children, reaching 0.8 to 1.9 per 1000 person-years. […] In large-scale general population studies involving children and adults, the prevalence of WPW syndrome is estimated to be 1–3 in 1000 individuals. […] A higher prevalence of 0.55% has been reported in first-degree relatives of patients with accessory pathways. […] Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome is more commonly diagnosed in men than in women, although this sex difference is not observed in children. […] Among those with the WPW syndrome, 3.4 percent have first-degree relatives with pre-excitation. […] In the familial form, a rare early-onset autosomal dominant disease with complete penetrance and variable degrees of expression produced by mutations of the PRKAG2 gene, pre-excitation is associated with ventricular walls thickening due to increased intracellular glycogen deposition in myocytes.

• #4

  https://journals.lww.com/annals-of-medicine-and-surgery/fulltext/2025/05000/risk_stratification_and_management_of_arrhythmias.26.aspx

  The prevalence and clinical presentation of WPW syndrome also show variation across different geographic and demographic groups. […] The etiology of WPW syndrome is multifactorial. Congenital factors are pivotal, with accessory pathways arising from developmental abnormalities during embryogenesis. […] The prevalence of WPW syndrome is observed in approximately 0.1%0.3% of the general population, though prevalence may reach as high as 0.5% in certain subgroups. […] The risk of sudden cardiac death varies, often correlating with the severity of arrhythmias and the availability of advanced cardiac care facilities. […] The risk stratification model focuses on pathway characteristics, providing a high predictive value for severe cases. […] The comprehensive model incorporates clinical history and EPS findings, making it applicable to patients with recurrent arrhythmias.

• #5 Wolf–Parkinson–White Syndrome: Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and Therapy—An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/3/296

  Wolf–Parkinson–White (WPW) syndrome is a disorder characterized by the presence of at least one accessory pathway (AP) that can predispose people to atrial/ventricular tachyarrhythmias and even sudden cardiac death. It is the second most common cause of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in most parts of the world, affecting about 0.1–0.3% of the general population. […] WPW syndrome is a disorder characterized by the presence of at least one accessory pathway (AP) that can predispose people to atrial/ventricular tachyarrhythmias and even sudden cardiac death. This diagnosis is reserved only for patients who have pre-excitation on the baseline electrocardiogram (ECG) and symptomatic tachyarrhythmias. In the absence of symptoms, it is preferred the term Wolff–Parkinson–White pattern. The pattern is found in 0.15% to 0.25% of the population, and one-third of these people are thought to develop arrhythmias during a 10-year follow-up.

• #6 Epidemiological profile of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in a general population younger than 50 years of age in an era of radiofrequency catheter ablation – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24798784/

  The prevalence of Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome varies between 0.68 and 1.7/1000. The epidemiological profile may be modified after the introduction of transcatheter interventions. […] We identified 6086 (61% male) patients, accounting for an overall prevalence of 0.36/1000 with a peak of 0.61/1000 in ages 20-24 years. […] Radiofrequency catheter ablation is already a common treatment for WPW patients, particularly during young adulthood, which accounts for a lower prevalence. Myocardial dysfunction and associated congenital heart disease remain as risks of mortality.

• #7 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159222-overview

  The location of the accessory pathways (APs), in descending order of frequency, is (1) 53%, the left free wall, (2) 36%, posteroseptal, (3) 8%, right free wall, and (4) 3%, anteroseptal. The presence of concealed APs accounts for approximately 30% of patients with apparent SVT referred for electrophysiologic studies (EPS). These patients do not have „classic” WPW syndrome because no delta wave is present, but they do have the potential for orthodromic tachycardia. […] Approximately 80% of patients with WPW syndrome have a reciprocating tachycardia, 15-30% will develop atrial fibrillation (AF), and 5% have atrial flutter. VT is uncommon. Patients with mitral valve prolapse have an association with WPW, but the mechanism is unclear. […] WPW syndrome is found in persons of all ages. Most patients with WPW syndrome present during infancy. However, a second peak of presentation is noted in school-aged children and in adolescents. This interesting bimodal age distribution is due to permanent or transitory loss of preexcitation during infancy in some patients and during late adolescence in others.

• #8 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159222-overview

  The location of the accessory pathways (APs), in descending order of frequency, is (1) 53%, the left free wall, (2) 36%, posteroseptal, (3) 8%, right free wall, and (4) 3%, anteroseptal. The presence of concealed APs accounts for approximately 30% of patients with apparent SVT referred for electrophysiologic studies (EPS). These patients do not have „classic” WPW syndrome because no delta wave is present, but they do have the potential for orthodromic tachycardia. […] Approximately 80% of patients with WPW syndrome have a reciprocating tachycardia, 15-30% will develop atrial fibrillation (AF), and 5% have atrial flutter. VT is uncommon. Patients with mitral valve prolapse have an association with WPW, but the mechanism is unclear. […] WPW syndrome is found in persons of all ages. Most patients with WPW syndrome present during infancy. However, a second peak of presentation is noted in school-aged children and in adolescents. This interesting bimodal age distribution is due to permanent or transitory loss of preexcitation during infancy in some patients and during late adolescence in others.

• #9 Epidemiological profile of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in a general population younger than 50 years of age in an era of radiofrequency catheter ablation – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24798784/

  The prevalence of Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome varies between 0.68 and 1.7/1000. The epidemiological profile may be modified after the introduction of transcatheter interventions. […] We identified 6086 (61% male) patients, accounting for an overall prevalence of 0.36/1000 with a peak of 0.61/1000 in ages 20-24 years. […] Radiofrequency catheter ablation is already a common treatment for WPW patients, particularly during young adulthood, which accounts for a lower prevalence. Myocardial dysfunction and associated congenital heart disease remain as risks of mortality.

• #10 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554437/

  The natural history of asymptomatic WPW patients has been speculated from the available data on symptomatic WPW patients and from those who have been incidentally discovered to have a WPW ECG pattern. […] In large-scale population-based studies involving pediatric and adult populations, the general prevalence of WPW has been estimated between 1 to 3 per 1000 individuals (0.1 to 0.3 %). Identification of the truly asymptomatic patients with WPW pattern is difficult, as these individuals by definition are those who have no clinical symptoms. A general estimate by experts suggests that about 65% of adolescents and 40% of individuals over 30 years with a WPW pattern on a resting ECG are asymptomatic. The incidence of patients with the WPW pattern progressing to arrhythmia is thought to be around 1% to 2% per year, and WPW syndrome prevalence peaks from age 20 to 24.

• #11 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159222-overview

  The prevalence of WPW syndrome decreases with age as a consequence of apparent attenuation of conduction speed in the AP. About one fourth of patients lose preexcitation over a 10-year period, probably as a result of fibrotic changes at the site of insertion of the accessory bypass tract with loss of electrical conduction properties between cardiac chambers. […] In patients with abnormal ECG findings indicative of WPW syndrome, the frequency of SVT paroxysms increases from 10% in people aged 20-39 years to 36% in people older than 60 years. […] WPW pattern appears to affect the two sexes equally; however, WPW syndrome has been found to be more frequent in males. One study documented a male-to-female ratio of approximately 2:1. Another reported 1.4 cases of WPW syndrome per 1000 men and 0.9 cases per 1000. A third study found a 3.5-fold higher prevalence of WPW syndrome in men. […] Worldwide, the incidence and prevalence of WPW syndrome parallel those seen in the United States.

• #12 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159222-overview

  The prevalence of WPW syndrome decreases with age as a consequence of apparent attenuation of conduction speed in the AP. About one fourth of patients lose preexcitation over a 10-year period, probably as a result of fibrotic changes at the site of insertion of the accessory bypass tract with loss of electrical conduction properties between cardiac chambers. […] In patients with abnormal ECG findings indicative of WPW syndrome, the frequency of SVT paroxysms increases from 10% in people aged 20-39 years to 36% in people older than 60 years. […] WPW pattern appears to affect the two sexes equally; however, WPW syndrome has been found to be more frequent in males. One study documented a male-to-female ratio of approximately 2:1. Another reported 1.4 cases of WPW syndrome per 1000 men and 0.9 cases per 1000. A third study found a 3.5-fold higher prevalence of WPW syndrome in men. […] Worldwide, the incidence and prevalence of WPW syndrome parallel those seen in the United States.

• #13 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159222-overview

  The prevalence of WPW syndrome decreases with age as a consequence of apparent attenuation of conduction speed in the AP. About one fourth of patients lose preexcitation over a 10-year period, probably as a result of fibrotic changes at the site of insertion of the accessory bypass tract with loss of electrical conduction properties between cardiac chambers. […] In patients with abnormal ECG findings indicative of WPW syndrome, the frequency of SVT paroxysms increases from 10% in people aged 20-39 years to 36% in people older than 60 years. […] WPW pattern appears to affect the two sexes equally; however, WPW syndrome has been found to be more frequent in males. One study documented a male-to-female ratio of approximately 2:1. Another reported 1.4 cases of WPW syndrome per 1000 men and 0.9 cases per 1000. A third study found a 3.5-fold higher prevalence of WPW syndrome in men. […] Worldwide, the incidence and prevalence of WPW syndrome parallel those seen in the United States.

• #14 Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Wolff-Parkinson-White_syndrome_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The prevalence of WPW syndrome is approximately 100-300 per 100000 individuals worldwide. The incidence of tachyarrhythmia was estimated to be 1000 cases per 100000 individuals in year in patients with WPW pattern. The incidence of sudden cardiac death in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was estimated to be 70-450 per 100000 patient-years. WPW syndrome is more commonly observed among young patients. In one study WPW syndrome was observed in 7% of individuals over 60-year-old. Men are more commonly affected with WPW syndrome than women. The men to women ratio is approximately 2 to 1. There is no racial predilection for WPW syndrome. […] The prevalence of WPW syndrome is approximately 100-300 per 100000 individuals worldwide. […] The incidence of sudden cardiac death in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was estimated to be 70-450 per 100000 patient-years. […] WPW syndrome is more commonly observed among young patients. […] Men are more commonly affected with WPW syndrome than women. […] The men to women ratio is approximately 2 to 1. […] There is no racial predilection for WPW syndrome.

• #15 Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome Treatment in Delhi, India | Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.blkmaxhospital.com/our-specialities/heart-centre/conditions-treatments/wolff-parkinson-white-syndrome

  Prevalence: 100-300 per 100000 individuals are affected globally. […] Age: Generally affects people at the age of 30 to 40 years of age. The men to women ratio is 2:1. […] Gender: prevalent more in men than in women. […] Only 7% of affected individuals are above 60 years of age worldwide.

• #16 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159222-overview

  The prevalence of WPW syndrome decreases with age as a consequence of apparent attenuation of conduction speed in the AP. About one fourth of patients lose preexcitation over a 10-year period, probably as a result of fibrotic changes at the site of insertion of the accessory bypass tract with loss of electrical conduction properties between cardiac chambers. […] In patients with abnormal ECG findings indicative of WPW syndrome, the frequency of SVT paroxysms increases from 10% in people aged 20-39 years to 36% in people older than 60 years. […] WPW pattern appears to affect the two sexes equally; however, WPW syndrome has been found to be more frequent in males. One study documented a male-to-female ratio of approximately 2:1. Another reported 1.4 cases of WPW syndrome per 1000 men and 0.9 cases per 1000. A third study found a 3.5-fold higher prevalence of WPW syndrome in men. […] Worldwide, the incidence and prevalence of WPW syndrome parallel those seen in the United States.

• #17 Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Wolff-Parkinson-White_syndrome_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The prevalence of WPW syndrome is approximately 100-300 per 100000 individuals worldwide. The incidence of tachyarrhythmia was estimated to be 1000 cases per 100000 individuals in year in patients with WPW pattern. The incidence of sudden cardiac death in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was estimated to be 70-450 per 100000 patient-years. WPW syndrome is more commonly observed among young patients. In one study WPW syndrome was observed in 7% of individuals over 60-year-old. Men are more commonly affected with WPW syndrome than women. The men to women ratio is approximately 2 to 1. There is no racial predilection for WPW syndrome. […] The prevalence of WPW syndrome is approximately 100-300 per 100000 individuals worldwide. […] The incidence of sudden cardiac death in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was estimated to be 70-450 per 100000 patient-years. […] WPW syndrome is more commonly observed among young patients. […] Men are more commonly affected with WPW syndrome than women. […] The men to women ratio is approximately 2 to 1. […] There is no racial predilection for WPW syndrome.

• #18 Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome Treatment in Delhi, India | Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.blkmaxhospital.com/our-specialities/heart-centre/conditions-treatments/wolff-parkinson-white-syndrome

  Prevalence: 100-300 per 100000 individuals are affected globally. […] Age: Generally affects people at the age of 30 to 40 years of age. The men to women ratio is 2:1. […] Gender: prevalent more in men than in women. […] Only 7% of affected individuals are above 60 years of age worldwide.

• #19 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159222-overview

  The prevalence of WPW syndrome decreases with age as a consequence of apparent attenuation of conduction speed in the AP. About one fourth of patients lose preexcitation over a 10-year period, probably as a result of fibrotic changes at the site of insertion of the accessory bypass tract with loss of electrical conduction properties between cardiac chambers. […] In patients with abnormal ECG findings indicative of WPW syndrome, the frequency of SVT paroxysms increases from 10% in people aged 20-39 years to 36% in people older than 60 years. […] WPW pattern appears to affect the two sexes equally; however, WPW syndrome has been found to be more frequent in males. One study documented a male-to-female ratio of approximately 2:1. Another reported 1.4 cases of WPW syndrome per 1000 men and 0.9 cases per 1000. A third study found a 3.5-fold higher prevalence of WPW syndrome in men. […] Worldwide, the incidence and prevalence of WPW syndrome parallel those seen in the United States.

• #20 Wolf–Parkinson–White Syndrome: Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and Therapy—An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/3/296

  Incidence of life-threatening events (LTE), including sudden cardiac death/sudden cardiac arrest, is not at all trivial, especially in children, reaching 0.8 to 1.9 per 1000 person-years. […] In large-scale general population studies involving children and adults, the prevalence of WPW syndrome is estimated to be 1–3 in 1000 individuals. […] A higher prevalence of 0.55% has been reported in first-degree relatives of patients with accessory pathways. […] Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome is more commonly diagnosed in men than in women, although this sex difference is not observed in children. […] Among those with the WPW syndrome, 3.4 percent have first-degree relatives with pre-excitation. […] In the familial form, a rare early-onset autosomal dominant disease with complete penetrance and variable degrees of expression produced by mutations of the PRKAG2 gene, pre-excitation is associated with ventricular walls thickening due to increased intracellular glycogen deposition in myocytes.

• #21 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159222-overview

  The prevalence of WPW syndrome decreases with age as a consequence of apparent attenuation of conduction speed in the AP. About one fourth of patients lose preexcitation over a 10-year period, probably as a result of fibrotic changes at the site of insertion of the accessory bypass tract with loss of electrical conduction properties between cardiac chambers. […] In patients with abnormal ECG findings indicative of WPW syndrome, the frequency of SVT paroxysms increases from 10% in people aged 20-39 years to 36% in people older than 60 years. […] WPW pattern appears to affect the two sexes equally; however, WPW syndrome has been found to be more frequent in males. One study documented a male-to-female ratio of approximately 2:1. Another reported 1.4 cases of WPW syndrome per 1000 men and 0.9 cases per 1000. A third study found a 3.5-fold higher prevalence of WPW syndrome in men. […] Worldwide, the incidence and prevalence of WPW syndrome parallel those seen in the United States.

• #22 Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Wolff-Parkinson-White_syndrome_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The prevalence of WPW syndrome is approximately 100-300 per 100000 individuals worldwide. The incidence of tachyarrhythmia was estimated to be 1000 cases per 100000 individuals in year in patients with WPW pattern. The incidence of sudden cardiac death in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was estimated to be 70-450 per 100000 patient-years. WPW syndrome is more commonly observed among young patients. In one study WPW syndrome was observed in 7% of individuals over 60-year-old. Men are more commonly affected with WPW syndrome than women. The men to women ratio is approximately 2 to 1. There is no racial predilection for WPW syndrome. […] The prevalence of WPW syndrome is approximately 100-300 per 100000 individuals worldwide. […] The incidence of sudden cardiac death in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was estimated to be 70-450 per 100000 patient-years. […] WPW syndrome is more commonly observed among young patients. […] Men are more commonly affected with WPW syndrome than women. […] The men to women ratio is approximately 2 to 1. […] There is no racial predilection for WPW syndrome.

• #23 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17643-wolff-parkinson-white-syndrome-wpw

  Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is rare. The condition happens in about 1 to 3 in 1,000 people in the world. […] WPW is more common in people of Chinese descent. […] Each year, about 1% to 2% of people with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome have an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia). […] Most people with WPW don’t have parents who have the disease, but you can inherit some genes that lead to WPW syndrome. […] People who receive treatment for Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome have a typical life expectancy. Radiofrequency ablation or surgery can cure WPW in many people. […] But sudden cardiac death is rare in people with WPW.

• #24 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554437/

  Familial studies have shown a slightly higher incidence of WPW, about 0.55% among first-degree relatives of an index patient with WPW. A familial form of WPW syndrome has been observed with a missense mutation in the PRAKAG2 gene leading to an increase in prevalence to 3.4% in first-degree relatives, and the condition is associated with congenital structural heart disease including Ebstein anomaly and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

• #25 Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) Syndrome | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/wolff-parkinson-white-syndrome-pro

  WPW syndrome is relatively common and found in 1-3 people per 1,000 population. […] Familial studies have shown a slightly higher incidence of WPW, about 0.55% among first-degree relatives of an index patient with WPW, however symptomatic WPW (known as WPW syndrome) is more common in males. […] WPW syndrome is found in all ages, although it is most common in young, previously healthy people. Prevalence decreases with age because of loss of pre-excitation. […] WPW syndrome is a developmental anomaly as well as a congenital anomaly. WPW syndrome in infancy often disappears and may recur in later childhood. Studies suggest that the prevalence of WPW syndrome is significantly lower in children aged 6-13 years than in those aged 14-15 years.

• #26 Wolf–Parkinson–White Syndrome: Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and Therapy—An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/3/296

  Incidence of life-threatening events (LTE), including sudden cardiac death/sudden cardiac arrest, is not at all trivial, especially in children, reaching 0.8 to 1.9 per 1000 person-years. […] In large-scale general population studies involving children and adults, the prevalence of WPW syndrome is estimated to be 1–3 in 1000 individuals. […] A higher prevalence of 0.55% has been reported in first-degree relatives of patients with accessory pathways. […] Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome is more commonly diagnosed in men than in women, although this sex difference is not observed in children. […] Among those with the WPW syndrome, 3.4 percent have first-degree relatives with pre-excitation. […] In the familial form, a rare early-onset autosomal dominant disease with complete penetrance and variable degrees of expression produced by mutations of the PRKAG2 gene, pre-excitation is associated with ventricular walls thickening due to increased intracellular glycogen deposition in myocytes.

• #27 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554437/

  Familial studies have shown a slightly higher incidence of WPW, about 0.55% among first-degree relatives of an index patient with WPW. A familial form of WPW syndrome has been observed with a missense mutation in the PRAKAG2 gene leading to an increase in prevalence to 3.4% in first-degree relatives, and the condition is associated with congenital structural heart disease including Ebstein anomaly and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

• #28 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/31383

  Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is a congenital cardiac preexcitation syndrome that arises from abnormal cardiac electrical conduction through an accessory pathway that can result in symptomatic and life-threatening arrhythmias. […] The general prevalence of WPW has been estimated between 1 to 3 per 1000 individuals (0.1 to 0.3 %). […] A general estimate by experts suggests that about 65% of adolescents and 40% of individuals over 30 years with a WPW pattern on a resting ECG are asymptomatic. […] The incidence of patients with the WPW pattern progressing to arrhythmia is thought to be around 1% to 2% per year, and WPW syndrome prevalence peaks from age 20 to 24. […] Familial studies have shown a slightly higher incidence of WPW, about 0.55% among first-degree relatives of an index patient with WPW. […] A familial form of WPW syndrome has been observed with a missense mutation in the PRAKAG2 gene leading to an increase in prevalence to 3.4% in first-degree relatives, and the condition is associated with congenital structural heart disease including Ebstein anomaly and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

• #29 Wolf–Parkinson–White Syndrome: Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and Therapy—An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/3/296

  Incidence of life-threatening events (LTE), including sudden cardiac death/sudden cardiac arrest, is not at all trivial, especially in children, reaching 0.8 to 1.9 per 1000 person-years. […] In large-scale general population studies involving children and adults, the prevalence of WPW syndrome is estimated to be 1–3 in 1000 individuals. […] A higher prevalence of 0.55% has been reported in first-degree relatives of patients with accessory pathways. […] Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome is more commonly diagnosed in men than in women, although this sex difference is not observed in children. […] Among those with the WPW syndrome, 3.4 percent have first-degree relatives with pre-excitation. […] In the familial form, a rare early-onset autosomal dominant disease with complete penetrance and variable degrees of expression produced by mutations of the PRKAG2 gene, pre-excitation is associated with ventricular walls thickening due to increased intracellular glycogen deposition in myocytes.

• #30 Inherited Wolff–Parkinson–White Syndrome – ScienceOpen

  https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.15212/CVIA.2016.0002

  Wolff–Parkinson–White (WPW) syndrome is a congenital disorder of cardiac conduction system characterized by electrocardiographic preexcitation and episodes of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. […] WPW syndrome is a common cause of supraventricular tachycardia with benign prognosis. However, this clinical entity also predisposes patients to an increased risk of sudden cardiac death, especially in the setting of preexcited atrial fibrillation. […] Electrocardiographic preexcitation affects about 0.15% of the general population. […] The reported incidence of sudden cardiac death in patients with WPW syndrome ranged from 0.15% to 0.39% over a 3- to 10-year follow-up. […] During the past 10 years, a preponderance of evidence suggests a large genetic contribution to this condition.

• #31 Inherited Wolff–Parkinson–White Syndrome – ScienceOpen

  https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.15212/CVIA.2016.0002

  Epidemiological investigation has found that individuals who have a family member with electrocardiographic preexcitation carry an increased risk. […] With the emerging reports of a genetic contribution, identification of the genetic basis among patients with WPW syndrome has significant implications for understanding the molecular mechanism of ventricular preexcitation and the development of therapeutic strategies for risk stratification and management. […] The purpose of this review is to examine the previous studies on hereditary variants, to address the genetic factors, inheritance patterns, and clinical characteristics, and to describe future avenues toward defining the heritability of WPW syndrome. […] Recent studies have identified several rare genetic variants associated with WPW syndrome.

• #32 Inherited Wolff–Parkinson–White Syndrome – ScienceOpen

  https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.15212/CVIA.2016.0002

  Epidemiological investigation has found that individuals who have a family member with electrocardiographic preexcitation carry an increased risk. […] With the emerging reports of a genetic contribution, identification of the genetic basis among patients with WPW syndrome has significant implications for understanding the molecular mechanism of ventricular preexcitation and the development of therapeutic strategies for risk stratification and management. […] The purpose of this review is to examine the previous studies on hereditary variants, to address the genetic factors, inheritance patterns, and clinical characteristics, and to describe future avenues toward defining the heritability of WPW syndrome. […] Recent studies have identified several rare genetic variants associated with WPW syndrome.

• #33 Inherited Wolff–Parkinson–White Syndrome – ScienceOpen

  https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.15212/CVIA.2016.0002

  Present data account for only a limited percentage of the heritability of WPW syndrome. […] Patients with heritable WPW syndrome have a phenotype that is clearly different from that of those with sporadic WPW syndrome, who typically have structurally normal hearts. […] No gene defect associated with typical WPW syndrome has yet been identified. […] Integration of next-generation sequencing technologies, improved identification of disease-causing genetic variants, and a more complete understanding of causative mechanisms behind WPW syndrome risk loci will be required.

• #34 Wolf–Parkinson–White Syndrome: Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and Therapy—An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/3/296

  Most patients with Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome have normal anatomy, but some have concomitant congenital heart disease or multisystem diseases. […] Approximately 10 percent of patients with Ebstein’s anomaly have Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome. […] Other congenital heart diseases associated with this syndrome include atrial and ventricular septal defects, coronary sinus diverticula, and corrected transposition of the great vessels. […] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may be associated with WPW, often in the setting of specific gene mutations. […] Uncommonly, accessory pathways have also been diagnosed in patients with cardiac rhabdomyoma and X-linked or autosomal recessive HCM phenocopies like Danon, Fabry, and Pompe disease. […] Multiple APs occur in less than 12% of patients with pre-excitation and in 9% of the pediatric population.

• #35 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554437/

  Familial studies have shown a slightly higher incidence of WPW, about 0.55% among first-degree relatives of an index patient with WPW. A familial form of WPW syndrome has been observed with a missense mutation in the PRAKAG2 gene leading to an increase in prevalence to 3.4% in first-degree relatives, and the condition is associated with congenital structural heart disease including Ebstein anomaly and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

• #36 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/31383

  Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is a congenital cardiac preexcitation syndrome that arises from abnormal cardiac electrical conduction through an accessory pathway that can result in symptomatic and life-threatening arrhythmias. […] The general prevalence of WPW has been estimated between 1 to 3 per 1000 individuals (0.1 to 0.3 %). […] A general estimate by experts suggests that about 65% of adolescents and 40% of individuals over 30 years with a WPW pattern on a resting ECG are asymptomatic. […] The incidence of patients with the WPW pattern progressing to arrhythmia is thought to be around 1% to 2% per year, and WPW syndrome prevalence peaks from age 20 to 24. […] Familial studies have shown a slightly higher incidence of WPW, about 0.55% among first-degree relatives of an index patient with WPW. […] A familial form of WPW syndrome has been observed with a missense mutation in the PRAKAG2 gene leading to an increase in prevalence to 3.4% in first-degree relatives, and the condition is associated with congenital structural heart disease including Ebstein anomaly and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

• #37 Wolf–Parkinson–White Syndrome: Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and Therapy—An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/3/296

  Most patients with Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome have normal anatomy, but some have concomitant congenital heart disease or multisystem diseases. […] Approximately 10 percent of patients with Ebstein’s anomaly have Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome. […] Other congenital heart diseases associated with this syndrome include atrial and ventricular septal defects, coronary sinus diverticula, and corrected transposition of the great vessels. […] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may be associated with WPW, often in the setting of specific gene mutations. […] Uncommonly, accessory pathways have also been diagnosed in patients with cardiac rhabdomyoma and X-linked or autosomal recessive HCM phenocopies like Danon, Fabry, and Pompe disease. […] Multiple APs occur in less than 12% of patients with pre-excitation and in 9% of the pediatric population.

• #38 Wolf–Parkinson–White Syndrome: Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and Therapy—An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/3/296

  Most patients with Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome have normal anatomy, but some have concomitant congenital heart disease or multisystem diseases. […] Approximately 10 percent of patients with Ebstein’s anomaly have Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome. […] Other congenital heart diseases associated with this syndrome include atrial and ventricular septal defects, coronary sinus diverticula, and corrected transposition of the great vessels. […] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may be associated with WPW, often in the setting of specific gene mutations. […] Uncommonly, accessory pathways have also been diagnosed in patients with cardiac rhabdomyoma and X-linked or autosomal recessive HCM phenocopies like Danon, Fabry, and Pompe disease. […] Multiple APs occur in less than 12% of patients with pre-excitation and in 9% of the pediatric population.

• #39 Wolf–Parkinson–White Syndrome: Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and Therapy—An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/3/296

  Most patients with Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome have normal anatomy, but some have concomitant congenital heart disease or multisystem diseases. […] Approximately 10 percent of patients with Ebstein’s anomaly have Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome. […] Other congenital heart diseases associated with this syndrome include atrial and ventricular septal defects, coronary sinus diverticula, and corrected transposition of the great vessels. […] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may be associated with WPW, often in the setting of specific gene mutations. […] Uncommonly, accessory pathways have also been diagnosed in patients with cardiac rhabdomyoma and X-linked or autosomal recessive HCM phenocopies like Danon, Fabry, and Pompe disease. […] Multiple APs occur in less than 12% of patients with pre-excitation and in 9% of the pediatric population.

• #40 Wolf–Parkinson–White Syndrome: Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and Therapy—An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/3/296

  Most patients with Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome have normal anatomy, but some have concomitant congenital heart disease or multisystem diseases. […] Approximately 10 percent of patients with Ebstein’s anomaly have Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome. […] Other congenital heart diseases associated with this syndrome include atrial and ventricular septal defects, coronary sinus diverticula, and corrected transposition of the great vessels. […] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may be associated with WPW, often in the setting of specific gene mutations. […] Uncommonly, accessory pathways have also been diagnosed in patients with cardiac rhabdomyoma and X-linked or autosomal recessive HCM phenocopies like Danon, Fabry, and Pompe disease. […] Multiple APs occur in less than 12% of patients with pre-excitation and in 9% of the pediatric population.

• #41 Wolf–Parkinson–White Syndrome: Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and Therapy—An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/3/296

  Most patients with Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome have normal anatomy, but some have concomitant congenital heart disease or multisystem diseases. […] Approximately 10 percent of patients with Ebstein’s anomaly have Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome. […] Other congenital heart diseases associated with this syndrome include atrial and ventricular septal defects, coronary sinus diverticula, and corrected transposition of the great vessels. […] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may be associated with WPW, often in the setting of specific gene mutations. […] Uncommonly, accessory pathways have also been diagnosed in patients with cardiac rhabdomyoma and X-linked or autosomal recessive HCM phenocopies like Danon, Fabry, and Pompe disease. […] Multiple APs occur in less than 12% of patients with pre-excitation and in 9% of the pediatric population.

• #42 Wolf–Parkinson–White Syndrome: Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and Therapy—An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/3/296

  In general, they are more common in structural heart disease patients, approximately 50% in patients with Ebstein’s anomaly. […] The presence of multiple APs can result in a higher risk of supraventricular tachycardia, a higher incidence of antidromic re-entry, the potential for more rapid conduction during atrial fibrillation, and ventricular fibrillation.

• #43 Wolf–Parkinson–White Syndrome: Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and Therapy—An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/3/296

  In general, they are more common in structural heart disease patients, approximately 50% in patients with Ebstein’s anomaly. […] The presence of multiple APs can result in a higher risk of supraventricular tachycardia, a higher incidence of antidromic re-entry, the potential for more rapid conduction during atrial fibrillation, and ventricular fibrillation.

• #44 Wolf–Parkinson–White Syndrome: Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and Therapy—An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/3/296

  Most patients with Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome have normal anatomy, but some have concomitant congenital heart disease or multisystem diseases. […] Approximately 10 percent of patients with Ebstein’s anomaly have Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome. […] Other congenital heart diseases associated with this syndrome include atrial and ventricular septal defects, coronary sinus diverticula, and corrected transposition of the great vessels. […] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may be associated with WPW, often in the setting of specific gene mutations. […] Uncommonly, accessory pathways have also been diagnosed in patients with cardiac rhabdomyoma and X-linked or autosomal recessive HCM phenocopies like Danon, Fabry, and Pompe disease. […] Multiple APs occur in less than 12% of patients with pre-excitation and in 9% of the pediatric population.

• #45 Wolf–Parkinson–White Syndrome: Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and Therapy—An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/3/296

  Most patients with Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome have normal anatomy, but some have concomitant congenital heart disease or multisystem diseases. […] Approximately 10 percent of patients with Ebstein’s anomaly have Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome. […] Other congenital heart diseases associated with this syndrome include atrial and ventricular septal defects, coronary sinus diverticula, and corrected transposition of the great vessels. […] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may be associated with WPW, often in the setting of specific gene mutations. […] Uncommonly, accessory pathways have also been diagnosed in patients with cardiac rhabdomyoma and X-linked or autosomal recessive HCM phenocopies like Danon, Fabry, and Pompe disease. […] Multiple APs occur in less than 12% of patients with pre-excitation and in 9% of the pediatric population.

• #46 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159222-overview

  The location of the accessory pathways (APs), in descending order of frequency, is (1) 53%, the left free wall, (2) 36%, posteroseptal, (3) 8%, right free wall, and (4) 3%, anteroseptal. The presence of concealed APs accounts for approximately 30% of patients with apparent SVT referred for electrophysiologic studies (EPS). These patients do not have „classic” WPW syndrome because no delta wave is present, but they do have the potential for orthodromic tachycardia. […] Approximately 80% of patients with WPW syndrome have a reciprocating tachycardia, 15-30% will develop atrial fibrillation (AF), and 5% have atrial flutter. VT is uncommon. Patients with mitral valve prolapse have an association with WPW, but the mechanism is unclear. […] WPW syndrome is found in persons of all ages. Most patients with WPW syndrome present during infancy. However, a second peak of presentation is noted in school-aged children and in adolescents. This interesting bimodal age distribution is due to permanent or transitory loss of preexcitation during infancy in some patients and during late adolescence in others.

• #47 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome – almostadoctor

  https://almostadoctor.co.uk/encyclopedia/wolff-parkinson-white-syndrome

  Incidence 0.3 per 1000 […] Prevalence 0.1-0.3% […] More common in men […] Congenital structural heart abnormality, although most often does not present until teenage years or early adulthood. Can present later […] 10% of those with WPW with have SVT episodes when age 20-40 […] Can be associated with other structural heart abnormalities, including valve defects (particularly mitral valve prolapsed) and cardiomyopathies.

• #48 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159222-overview

  The prevalence of ventricular preexcitation is thought to be 0.1-0.3%, or 1-3 per 1000 people in the general population. Estimates of arrhythmia incidence in patients with preexcitation vary widely, ranging from 12% to 80% in several surveys. […] The incidence of preexcitation and WPW syndrome ranges from 0.1 to 3 cases per 1000 population (average, 1.5 cases per 1000 population) in otherwise healthy persons. This includes only patients with manifest preexcitation (delta wave evident on surface 12-lead ECG). About 60-70% of these individuals have no other evidence of heart disease. Approximately four newly diagnosed cases of WPW syndrome per 100,000 population occur each year. […] In a review of ECG findings from 22,500 healthy aviation personnel, 0.25% exhibited findings consistent with the WPW pattern, with a 1.8% reported incidence of tachycardia.

• #49 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554437/

  The natural history of asymptomatic WPW patients has been speculated from the available data on symptomatic WPW patients and from those who have been incidentally discovered to have a WPW ECG pattern. […] In large-scale population-based studies involving pediatric and adult populations, the general prevalence of WPW has been estimated between 1 to 3 per 1000 individuals (0.1 to 0.3 %). Identification of the truly asymptomatic patients with WPW pattern is difficult, as these individuals by definition are those who have no clinical symptoms. A general estimate by experts suggests that about 65% of adolescents and 40% of individuals over 30 years with a WPW pattern on a resting ECG are asymptomatic. The incidence of patients with the WPW pattern progressing to arrhythmia is thought to be around 1% to 2% per year, and WPW syndrome prevalence peaks from age 20 to 24.

• #50 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/31383

  Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is a congenital cardiac preexcitation syndrome that arises from abnormal cardiac electrical conduction through an accessory pathway that can result in symptomatic and life-threatening arrhythmias. […] The general prevalence of WPW has been estimated between 1 to 3 per 1000 individuals (0.1 to 0.3 %). […] A general estimate by experts suggests that about 65% of adolescents and 40% of individuals over 30 years with a WPW pattern on a resting ECG are asymptomatic. […] The incidence of patients with the WPW pattern progressing to arrhythmia is thought to be around 1% to 2% per year, and WPW syndrome prevalence peaks from age 20 to 24. […] Familial studies have shown a slightly higher incidence of WPW, about 0.55% among first-degree relatives of an index patient with WPW. […] A familial form of WPW syndrome has been observed with a missense mutation in the PRAKAG2 gene leading to an increase in prevalence to 3.4% in first-degree relatives, and the condition is associated with congenital structural heart disease including Ebstein anomaly and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

• #51 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159222-overview

  The location of the accessory pathways (APs), in descending order of frequency, is (1) 53%, the left free wall, (2) 36%, posteroseptal, (3) 8%, right free wall, and (4) 3%, anteroseptal. The presence of concealed APs accounts for approximately 30% of patients with apparent SVT referred for electrophysiologic studies (EPS). These patients do not have „classic” WPW syndrome because no delta wave is present, but they do have the potential for orthodromic tachycardia. […] Approximately 80% of patients with WPW syndrome have a reciprocating tachycardia, 15-30% will develop atrial fibrillation (AF), and 5% have atrial flutter. VT is uncommon. Patients with mitral valve prolapse have an association with WPW, but the mechanism is unclear. […] WPW syndrome is found in persons of all ages. Most patients with WPW syndrome present during infancy. However, a second peak of presentation is noted in school-aged children and in adolescents. This interesting bimodal age distribution is due to permanent or transitory loss of preexcitation during infancy in some patients and during late adolescence in others.

• #52 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159222-overview

  The location of the accessory pathways (APs), in descending order of frequency, is (1) 53%, the left free wall, (2) 36%, posteroseptal, (3) 8%, right free wall, and (4) 3%, anteroseptal. The presence of concealed APs accounts for approximately 30% of patients with apparent SVT referred for electrophysiologic studies (EPS). These patients do not have „classic” WPW syndrome because no delta wave is present, but they do have the potential for orthodromic tachycardia. […] Approximately 80% of patients with WPW syndrome have a reciprocating tachycardia, 15-30% will develop atrial fibrillation (AF), and 5% have atrial flutter. VT is uncommon. Patients with mitral valve prolapse have an association with WPW, but the mechanism is unclear. […] WPW syndrome is found in persons of all ages. Most patients with WPW syndrome present during infancy. However, a second peak of presentation is noted in school-aged children and in adolescents. This interesting bimodal age distribution is due to permanent or transitory loss of preexcitation during infancy in some patients and during late adolescence in others.

• #53 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159222-overview

  The location of the accessory pathways (APs), in descending order of frequency, is (1) 53%, the left free wall, (2) 36%, posteroseptal, (3) 8%, right free wall, and (4) 3%, anteroseptal. The presence of concealed APs accounts for approximately 30% of patients with apparent SVT referred for electrophysiologic studies (EPS). These patients do not have „classic” WPW syndrome because no delta wave is present, but they do have the potential for orthodromic tachycardia. […] Approximately 80% of patients with WPW syndrome have a reciprocating tachycardia, 15-30% will develop atrial fibrillation (AF), and 5% have atrial flutter. VT is uncommon. Patients with mitral valve prolapse have an association with WPW, but the mechanism is unclear. […] WPW syndrome is found in persons of all ages. Most patients with WPW syndrome present during infancy. However, a second peak of presentation is noted in school-aged children and in adolescents. This interesting bimodal age distribution is due to permanent or transitory loss of preexcitation during infancy in some patients and during late adolescence in others.

• #54 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159222-overview

  The location of the accessory pathways (APs), in descending order of frequency, is (1) 53%, the left free wall, (2) 36%, posteroseptal, (3) 8%, right free wall, and (4) 3%, anteroseptal. The presence of concealed APs accounts for approximately 30% of patients with apparent SVT referred for electrophysiologic studies (EPS). These patients do not have „classic” WPW syndrome because no delta wave is present, but they do have the potential for orthodromic tachycardia. […] Approximately 80% of patients with WPW syndrome have a reciprocating tachycardia, 15-30% will develop atrial fibrillation (AF), and 5% have atrial flutter. VT is uncommon. Patients with mitral valve prolapse have an association with WPW, but the mechanism is unclear. […] WPW syndrome is found in persons of all ages. Most patients with WPW syndrome present during infancy. However, a second peak of presentation is noted in school-aged children and in adolescents. This interesting bimodal age distribution is due to permanent or transitory loss of preexcitation during infancy in some patients and during late adolescence in others.

• #55 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159222-overview

  The location of the accessory pathways (APs), in descending order of frequency, is (1) 53%, the left free wall, (2) 36%, posteroseptal, (3) 8%, right free wall, and (4) 3%, anteroseptal. The presence of concealed APs accounts for approximately 30% of patients with apparent SVT referred for electrophysiologic studies (EPS). These patients do not have „classic” WPW syndrome because no delta wave is present, but they do have the potential for orthodromic tachycardia. […] Approximately 80% of patients with WPW syndrome have a reciprocating tachycardia, 15-30% will develop atrial fibrillation (AF), and 5% have atrial flutter. VT is uncommon. Patients with mitral valve prolapse have an association with WPW, but the mechanism is unclear. […] WPW syndrome is found in persons of all ages. Most patients with WPW syndrome present during infancy. However, a second peak of presentation is noted in school-aged children and in adolescents. This interesting bimodal age distribution is due to permanent or transitory loss of preexcitation during infancy in some patients and during late adolescence in others.

• #56 Pre-Excited Atrial Fibrillation in Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) Syndrome: A Case Report and a Review of the Literature

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/25/4/10.31083/j.rcm2504125/htm

  Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is defined by specific electrocardiogram (ECG) changes resulting in ventricular pre-excitation (the so-called WPW pattern), related to the presence of an accessory pathway (AP), combined with recurrent tachyarrhythmias. […] The prevalence of WPW syndrome in the general population is estimated to be 1–3 in 1000 individuals. […] WPW syndrome is associated with various SVTs, including AVRT and AF with rapid ventricular response, with AVRT being the most common arrhythmia linked to WPW, and AF occurring in up to 50% of patients with WPW. […] Several mechanisms may contribute to the development of AF in WPW syndrome. […] Pre-excited AF in WPW syndrome can potentially progress to VF, leading to syncope, cardiac arrest, and SCD. […] Accurate ECG interpretation is crucial, as misdiagnosing pre-excited AF could result in administering incorrect treatments that may induce VF.

• #57 Pre-Excited Atrial Fibrillation in Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) Syndrome: A Case Report and a Review of the Literature

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/25/4/10.31083/j.rcm2504125/htm

  Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is defined by specific electrocardiogram (ECG) changes resulting in ventricular pre-excitation (the so-called WPW pattern), related to the presence of an accessory pathway (AP), combined with recurrent tachyarrhythmias. […] The prevalence of WPW syndrome in the general population is estimated to be 1–3 in 1000 individuals. […] WPW syndrome is associated with various SVTs, including AVRT and AF with rapid ventricular response, with AVRT being the most common arrhythmia linked to WPW, and AF occurring in up to 50% of patients with WPW. […] Several mechanisms may contribute to the development of AF in WPW syndrome. […] Pre-excited AF in WPW syndrome can potentially progress to VF, leading to syncope, cardiac arrest, and SCD. […] Accurate ECG interpretation is crucial, as misdiagnosing pre-excited AF could result in administering incorrect treatments that may induce VF.

• #58 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159222-overview

  The location of the accessory pathways (APs), in descending order of frequency, is (1) 53%, the left free wall, (2) 36%, posteroseptal, (3) 8%, right free wall, and (4) 3%, anteroseptal. The presence of concealed APs accounts for approximately 30% of patients with apparent SVT referred for electrophysiologic studies (EPS). These patients do not have „classic” WPW syndrome because no delta wave is present, but they do have the potential for orthodromic tachycardia. […] Approximately 80% of patients with WPW syndrome have a reciprocating tachycardia, 15-30% will develop atrial fibrillation (AF), and 5% have atrial flutter. VT is uncommon. Patients with mitral valve prolapse have an association with WPW, but the mechanism is unclear. […] WPW syndrome is found in persons of all ages. Most patients with WPW syndrome present during infancy. However, a second peak of presentation is noted in school-aged children and in adolescents. This interesting bimodal age distribution is due to permanent or transitory loss of preexcitation during infancy in some patients and during late adolescence in others.

• #59 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159222-overview

  The location of the accessory pathways (APs), in descending order of frequency, is (1) 53%, the left free wall, (2) 36%, posteroseptal, (3) 8%, right free wall, and (4) 3%, anteroseptal. The presence of concealed APs accounts for approximately 30% of patients with apparent SVT referred for electrophysiologic studies (EPS). These patients do not have „classic” WPW syndrome because no delta wave is present, but they do have the potential for orthodromic tachycardia. […] Approximately 80% of patients with WPW syndrome have a reciprocating tachycardia, 15-30% will develop atrial fibrillation (AF), and 5% have atrial flutter. VT is uncommon. Patients with mitral valve prolapse have an association with WPW, but the mechanism is unclear. […] WPW syndrome is found in persons of all ages. Most patients with WPW syndrome present during infancy. However, a second peak of presentation is noted in school-aged children and in adolescents. This interesting bimodal age distribution is due to permanent or transitory loss of preexcitation during infancy in some patients and during late adolescence in others.

• #60 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159222-overview

  The location of the accessory pathways (APs), in descending order of frequency, is (1) 53%, the left free wall, (2) 36%, posteroseptal, (3) 8%, right free wall, and (4) 3%, anteroseptal. The presence of concealed APs accounts for approximately 30% of patients with apparent SVT referred for electrophysiologic studies (EPS). These patients do not have „classic” WPW syndrome because no delta wave is present, but they do have the potential for orthodromic tachycardia. […] Approximately 80% of patients with WPW syndrome have a reciprocating tachycardia, 15-30% will develop atrial fibrillation (AF), and 5% have atrial flutter. VT is uncommon. Patients with mitral valve prolapse have an association with WPW, but the mechanism is unclear. […] WPW syndrome is found in persons of all ages. Most patients with WPW syndrome present during infancy. However, a second peak of presentation is noted in school-aged children and in adolescents. This interesting bimodal age distribution is due to permanent or transitory loss of preexcitation during infancy in some patients and during late adolescence in others.

• #61 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159222-overview

  The location of the accessory pathways (APs), in descending order of frequency, is (1) 53%, the left free wall, (2) 36%, posteroseptal, (3) 8%, right free wall, and (4) 3%, anteroseptal. The presence of concealed APs accounts for approximately 30% of patients with apparent SVT referred for electrophysiologic studies (EPS). These patients do not have „classic” WPW syndrome because no delta wave is present, but they do have the potential for orthodromic tachycardia. […] Approximately 80% of patients with WPW syndrome have a reciprocating tachycardia, 15-30% will develop atrial fibrillation (AF), and 5% have atrial flutter. VT is uncommon. Patients with mitral valve prolapse have an association with WPW, but the mechanism is unclear. […] WPW syndrome is found in persons of all ages. Most patients with WPW syndrome present during infancy. However, a second peak of presentation is noted in school-aged children and in adolescents. This interesting bimodal age distribution is due to permanent or transitory loss of preexcitation during infancy in some patients and during late adolescence in others.

• #62 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159222-overview

  The location of the accessory pathways (APs), in descending order of frequency, is (1) 53%, the left free wall, (2) 36%, posteroseptal, (3) 8%, right free wall, and (4) 3%, anteroseptal. The presence of concealed APs accounts for approximately 30% of patients with apparent SVT referred for electrophysiologic studies (EPS). These patients do not have „classic” WPW syndrome because no delta wave is present, but they do have the potential for orthodromic tachycardia. […] Approximately 80% of patients with WPW syndrome have a reciprocating tachycardia, 15-30% will develop atrial fibrillation (AF), and 5% have atrial flutter. VT is uncommon. Patients with mitral valve prolapse have an association with WPW, but the mechanism is unclear. […] WPW syndrome is found in persons of all ages. Most patients with WPW syndrome present during infancy. However, a second peak of presentation is noted in school-aged children and in adolescents. This interesting bimodal age distribution is due to permanent or transitory loss of preexcitation during infancy in some patients and during late adolescence in others.

• #63 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159222-overview

  The location of the accessory pathways (APs), in descending order of frequency, is (1) 53%, the left free wall, (2) 36%, posteroseptal, (3) 8%, right free wall, and (4) 3%, anteroseptal. The presence of concealed APs accounts for approximately 30% of patients with apparent SVT referred for electrophysiologic studies (EPS). These patients do not have „classic” WPW syndrome because no delta wave is present, but they do have the potential for orthodromic tachycardia. […] Approximately 80% of patients with WPW syndrome have a reciprocating tachycardia, 15-30% will develop atrial fibrillation (AF), and 5% have atrial flutter. VT is uncommon. Patients with mitral valve prolapse have an association with WPW, but the mechanism is unclear. […] WPW syndrome is found in persons of all ages. Most patients with WPW syndrome present during infancy. However, a second peak of presentation is noted in school-aged children and in adolescents. This interesting bimodal age distribution is due to permanent or transitory loss of preexcitation during infancy in some patients and during late adolescence in others.

• #64 Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/wolff-parkinson-white-syndrome-2?lang=us

  An estimated 1 in 2,000 people have an accessory pathway, most of whom will have otherwise structurally normal hearts. […] In 10% of cases multiple accessory pathways coexist.

• #65 Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/wolff-parkinson-white-syndrome-2?lang=us

  An estimated 1 in 2,000 people have an accessory pathway, most of whom will have otherwise structurally normal hearts. […] In 10% of cases multiple accessory pathways coexist.

• #66 Wolf–Parkinson–White Syndrome: Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and Therapy—An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/3/296

  Incidence of life-threatening events (LTE), including sudden cardiac death/sudden cardiac arrest, is not at all trivial, especially in children, reaching 0.8 to 1.9 per 1000 person-years. […] In large-scale general population studies involving children and adults, the prevalence of WPW syndrome is estimated to be 1–3 in 1000 individuals. […] A higher prevalence of 0.55% has been reported in first-degree relatives of patients with accessory pathways. […] Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome is more commonly diagnosed in men than in women, although this sex difference is not observed in children. […] Among those with the WPW syndrome, 3.4 percent have first-degree relatives with pre-excitation. […] In the familial form, a rare early-onset autosomal dominant disease with complete penetrance and variable degrees of expression produced by mutations of the PRKAG2 gene, pre-excitation is associated with ventricular walls thickening due to increased intracellular glycogen deposition in myocytes.

• #67 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome (WPW Syndrome) – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/specific-cardiac-arrhythmias/wolff-parkinson-white-syndrome-wpw-syndrome

  Classic (manifest) Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome occurs in about 1 to 3/1000 people sampled in Canadian men. […] WPW syndrome is mainly idiopathic, although it is more common among patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, transposition of the great vessels, or Epstein’s anomaly. […] The estimated risk of developing atrial fibrillation in patients with WPW syndrome is 1.5%/year and that of sudden death is 0.1%/year. […] A meta-analysis of ablation in WPW syndrome reports a success rate of 94%, a recurrence rate of 6% (usually treated by re-ablation), and a procedure-related complication rate of 1%.

• #68 Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Wolff-Parkinson-White_syndrome_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The prevalence of WPW syndrome is approximately 100-300 per 100000 individuals worldwide. The incidence of tachyarrhythmia was estimated to be 1000 cases per 100000 individuals in year in patients with WPW pattern. The incidence of sudden cardiac death in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was estimated to be 70-450 per 100000 patient-years. WPW syndrome is more commonly observed among young patients. In one study WPW syndrome was observed in 7% of individuals over 60-year-old. Men are more commonly affected with WPW syndrome than women. The men to women ratio is approximately 2 to 1. There is no racial predilection for WPW syndrome. […] The prevalence of WPW syndrome is approximately 100-300 per 100000 individuals worldwide. […] The incidence of sudden cardiac death in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was estimated to be 70-450 per 100000 patient-years. […] WPW syndrome is more commonly observed among young patients. […] Men are more commonly affected with WPW syndrome than women. […] The men to women ratio is approximately 2 to 1. […] There is no racial predilection for WPW syndrome.

• #69 Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome overview – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Wolff-Parkinson-White_syndrome_overview

  The prevalence of WPW syndrome is approximately 100-300 per 100000 individuals worldwide. […] The incidence of tachyarrhythmia was estimated to be 1000 cases per 100000 individuals in the year in patients with WPW pattern. […] The incidence of sudden cardiac death in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was estimated to be 70-450 per 100000 patient-years. […] WPW syndrome is more commonly observed among young patients. […] In one study WPW syndrome was observed in 7% of individuals over 60-year-old. […] Men are more commonly affected with WPW syndrome than women. […] The men to women ratio is approximately 2 to 1. […] There is no racial predilection for WPW syndrome.

• #70 Inherited Wolff–Parkinson–White Syndrome – ScienceOpen

  https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.15212/CVIA.2016.0002

  Wolff–Parkinson–White (WPW) syndrome is a congenital disorder of cardiac conduction system characterized by electrocardiographic preexcitation and episodes of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. […] WPW syndrome is a common cause of supraventricular tachycardia with benign prognosis. However, this clinical entity also predisposes patients to an increased risk of sudden cardiac death, especially in the setting of preexcited atrial fibrillation. […] Electrocardiographic preexcitation affects about 0.15% of the general population. […] The reported incidence of sudden cardiac death in patients with WPW syndrome ranged from 0.15% to 0.39% over a 3- to 10-year follow-up. […] During the past 10 years, a preponderance of evidence suggests a large genetic contribution to this condition.

• #71 Management of Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome in the Elderly | ECR Journal

  https://www.ecrjournal.com/articles/management-wolff-parkinson-white-syndrome-elderly?language_content_entity=en

  Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is associated with atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia, but a patient showing a pre-excitation syndrome on electrocardiogram (ECG) may remain asymptomatic. […] The risk of sudden death was reported as being relatively high (1.5%) in studies of symptomatic patients and lower in asymptomatic patients. […] WPW syndrome is present in 0.1-0.5% of the total population. Its prevalence is higher in young children because the pattern of the syndrome can disappear spontaneously before 12 years of age. […] The prevalence of WPW syndrome has been determined in young adults, and its real prevalence in elderly subjects is unknown because these patients frequently have other heart diseases. In the centre, 7% of the individuals with WPW syndrome were over 60 years of age.

• #72 Management of Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome in the Elderly | ECR Journal

  https://www.ecrjournal.com/articles/management-wolff-parkinson-white-syndrome-elderly?language_content_entity=en

  Some studies indicate that a risk of life-threatening arrhythmias remains present in asymptomatic and symptomatic elderly patients with WPW syndrome. […] Taking into account the possible risks linked to this condition, it is important to carry out investigations such as exercise testing and electrophysiological study for WPW syndrome, irrespective of the age of a subject, even if they are asymptomatic, particularly if the patient continues to exercise or needs to undergo extensive surgery. […] In conclusion, WPW syndrome can be observed in subjects over 60 years of age. Although the incidence of WPW syndrome is low compared with the high number of coronary heart disease or heart failure patients, this syndrome is often due to the presence of a left lateral accessory pathway that may have retained its rapid conduction properties.

• #73 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554437/

  The natural history of asymptomatic WPW patients has been speculated from the available data on symptomatic WPW patients and from those who have been incidentally discovered to have a WPW ECG pattern. […] In large-scale population-based studies involving pediatric and adult populations, the general prevalence of WPW has been estimated between 1 to 3 per 1000 individuals (0.1 to 0.3 %). Identification of the truly asymptomatic patients with WPW pattern is difficult, as these individuals by definition are those who have no clinical symptoms. A general estimate by experts suggests that about 65% of adolescents and 40% of individuals over 30 years with a WPW pattern on a resting ECG are asymptomatic. The incidence of patients with the WPW pattern progressing to arrhythmia is thought to be around 1% to 2% per year, and WPW syndrome prevalence peaks from age 20 to 24.

• #74 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/31383

  Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is a congenital cardiac preexcitation syndrome that arises from abnormal cardiac electrical conduction through an accessory pathway that can result in symptomatic and life-threatening arrhythmias. […] The general prevalence of WPW has been estimated between 1 to 3 per 1000 individuals (0.1 to 0.3 %). […] A general estimate by experts suggests that about 65% of adolescents and 40% of individuals over 30 years with a WPW pattern on a resting ECG are asymptomatic. […] The incidence of patients with the WPW pattern progressing to arrhythmia is thought to be around 1% to 2% per year, and WPW syndrome prevalence peaks from age 20 to 24. […] Familial studies have shown a slightly higher incidence of WPW, about 0.55% among first-degree relatives of an index patient with WPW. […] A familial form of WPW syndrome has been observed with a missense mutation in the PRAKAG2 gene leading to an increase in prevalence to 3.4% in first-degree relatives, and the condition is associated with congenital structural heart disease including Ebstein anomaly and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

• #75 Management of Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome in the Elderly | ECR Journal

  https://www.ecrjournal.com/articles/management-wolff-parkinson-white-syndrome-elderly?language_content_entity=en

  Some studies indicate that a risk of life-threatening arrhythmias remains present in asymptomatic and symptomatic elderly patients with WPW syndrome. […] Taking into account the possible risks linked to this condition, it is important to carry out investigations such as exercise testing and electrophysiological study for WPW syndrome, irrespective of the age of a subject, even if they are asymptomatic, particularly if the patient continues to exercise or needs to undergo extensive surgery. […] In conclusion, WPW syndrome can be observed in subjects over 60 years of age. Although the incidence of WPW syndrome is low compared with the high number of coronary heart disease or heart failure patients, this syndrome is often due to the presence of a left lateral accessory pathway that may have retained its rapid conduction properties.

• #76 Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/400

  Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome occurs when myocardial fibres connect the atrium to the ipsilateral ventricle across the mitral or tricuspid annulus (accessory pathway), pre-exciting the ventricle. […] Asymptomatic patients can either be monitored or screened to determine whether they have a 'high-risk’ accessory pathway, in which case catheter ablation is typically performed. […] Screening to determine whether a patient has a high-risk accessory pathway is recommended for patients who have high-risk occupations, such as school bus drivers or pilots, and also for competitive athletes. […] In patients with asymptomatic pre-excitation who have an accessory pathway demonstrating low risk features on invasive or non-invasive screening, an electrophysiology study and ablation can be considered. […] Symptomatic patients usually undergo catheter ablation as first-line therapy. […] Catheter ablation is highly effective with low risk and can be used either as initial therapy or for patients experiencing side effects or arrhythmia recurrences despite medical treatment.

• #77 Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/400?locale=es_ES&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+bestpracticedx%2Frecent+%28Best+Practice+Topic+Updates%29

  Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome occurs when myocardial fibers connect the atrium to the ipsilateral ventricle across the mitral or tricuspid annulus (accessory pathway), pre-exciting the ventricle. […] Asymptomatic patients can either be monitored or screened to determine whether they have a high-risk accessory pathway, in which case catheter ablation is typically performed. Screening to determine whether a patient has a high-risk accessory pathway is recommended for patients who have high-risk occupations, such as school bus drivers or pilots, and also for competitive athletes. […] Catheter ablation is highly effective with low risk and can be used either as initial therapy or for patients experiencing side effects or arrhythmia recurrences despite medical treatment.

• #78 Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/400

  Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome occurs when myocardial fibres connect the atrium to the ipsilateral ventricle across the mitral or tricuspid annulus (accessory pathway), pre-exciting the ventricle. […] Asymptomatic patients can either be monitored or screened to determine whether they have a 'high-risk’ accessory pathway, in which case catheter ablation is typically performed. […] Screening to determine whether a patient has a high-risk accessory pathway is recommended for patients who have high-risk occupations, such as school bus drivers or pilots, and also for competitive athletes. […] In patients with asymptomatic pre-excitation who have an accessory pathway demonstrating low risk features on invasive or non-invasive screening, an electrophysiology study and ablation can be considered. […] Symptomatic patients usually undergo catheter ablation as first-line therapy. […] Catheter ablation is highly effective with low risk and can be used either as initial therapy or for patients experiencing side effects or arrhythmia recurrences despite medical treatment.

• #79 Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/400?locale=es_ES&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+bestpracticedx%2Frecent+%28Best+Practice+Topic+Updates%29

  Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome occurs when myocardial fibers connect the atrium to the ipsilateral ventricle across the mitral or tricuspid annulus (accessory pathway), pre-exciting the ventricle. […] Asymptomatic patients can either be monitored or screened to determine whether they have a high-risk accessory pathway, in which case catheter ablation is typically performed. Screening to determine whether a patient has a high-risk accessory pathway is recommended for patients who have high-risk occupations, such as school bus drivers or pilots, and also for competitive athletes. […] Catheter ablation is highly effective with low risk and can be used either as initial therapy or for patients experiencing side effects or arrhythmia recurrences despite medical treatment.

• #80 Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/400

  Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome occurs when myocardial fibres connect the atrium to the ipsilateral ventricle across the mitral or tricuspid annulus (accessory pathway), pre-exciting the ventricle. […] Asymptomatic patients can either be monitored or screened to determine whether they have a 'high-risk’ accessory pathway, in which case catheter ablation is typically performed. […] Screening to determine whether a patient has a high-risk accessory pathway is recommended for patients who have high-risk occupations, such as school bus drivers or pilots, and also for competitive athletes. […] In patients with asymptomatic pre-excitation who have an accessory pathway demonstrating low risk features on invasive or non-invasive screening, an electrophysiology study and ablation can be considered. […] Symptomatic patients usually undergo catheter ablation as first-line therapy. […] Catheter ablation is highly effective with low risk and can be used either as initial therapy or for patients experiencing side effects or arrhythmia recurrences despite medical treatment.

• #81 Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome – The Cardiology Advisor

  https://www.thecardiologyadvisor.com/ddi/wolff-parkinson-white-syndrome/

  Wolff Parkinson White syndrome, or WPW syndrome, is a condition that occurs when an extra electrical pathway in the heart causes a rapid heartbeat leading to congenital pre-excitation of the heart. […] The estimated prevalence of WPW syndrome in the general population is 0.1 to 0.3%. […] Evaluation by a cardiologist or electrophysiologist can help to identify higher risk, asymptomatic patients. […] Patients with WPW syndrome may experience a type of arrhythmia known as anterograde conduction over the accessory pathway when atrial flutter is present. […] Digitalis, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers are effective in inhibiting conduction through the AV node; however, they do not impede conduction over most accessory pathways.

• #82 Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/wolff-parkinson-white-syndrome

  Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is characterised by attacks of rapid heart rate (tachycardia). […] Between 1-2 people per 1000 are thought to have Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. […] Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is one of the leading causes of fast heart rate disorder in newborns and young children. […] However some families may have more than one affected individual and there does appear to be a weak hereditary tendency, with an increased incidence in the children of affected individuals (4-5 per 1000). […] Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is investigated using a number of tests, including: physical examination, medical history, electrocardiogram (ECG) to measure the hearts electrical activity, echocardiogram to rule out associated structural heart defects, exercise testing to assess whether the ECG abnormality persists with exercise, holter (24 hour) ECG to monitor the heart rate over a longer period, electrophysiology study, which measures the hearts electrical activity by threading a number of catheters through the blood vessels, from the groin to the heart, to map the heart’s electrical activity. […] In some children the problem may resolve on its own, usually within the first few years of life. […] A person with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome will need ongoing monitoring, such as regular ECGs, to make sure their heart is functioning normally.

• #83

  https://journals.lww.com/annals-of-medicine-and-surgery/fulltext/2025/05000/risk_stratification_and_management_of_arrhythmias.26.aspx

  The risk stratification score provides a numerical risk score, which is easy to use in clinical practice. […] Catheter ablation is considered the first-line treatment for individuals with symptomatic WPW syndrome or those at increased risk of arrhythmia recurrence. […] The overall risk of complications is low, and the benefits of catheter ablation in preventing arrhythmias and improving quality of life outweigh the potential risks in most individuals with WPW syndrome. […] The presence of underlying heart disease complicates management and increases the risk of arrhythmia recurrence, heart failure, or SCD. […] Despite these complications, the overall prognosis for WPW syndrome is generally favorable with appropriate treatment and risk stratification.

• #84 Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW): MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000151.htm

  Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is a condition in which there is an extra electrical pathway in the heart that leads to periods of rapid heart rate (tachycardia). […] WPW syndrome is one of the most common causes of fast heart rate problems in infants and children. […] Most people with WPW syndrome do not have any other heart problems. However, this condition has been linked with other cardiac conditions, such as Ebstein anomaly. A form of the condition also runs in families. […] Catheter ablation cures this disorder in most people. The success rate for the procedure ranges between 85% to 95%. Success rates will vary depending on the location and number of extra pathways. […] Talk to your provider about whether your family members should be screened for inherited forms of this condition.

• #85 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome (WPW Syndrome) – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/specific-cardiac-arrhythmias/wolff-parkinson-white-syndrome-wpw-syndrome

  Classic (manifest) Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome occurs in about 1 to 3/1000 people sampled in Canadian men. […] WPW syndrome is mainly idiopathic, although it is more common among patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, transposition of the great vessels, or Epstein’s anomaly. […] The estimated risk of developing atrial fibrillation in patients with WPW syndrome is 1.5%/year and that of sudden death is 0.1%/year. […] A meta-analysis of ablation in WPW syndrome reports a success rate of 94%, a recurrence rate of 6% (usually treated by re-ablation), and a procedure-related complication rate of 1%.

• #86

  https://journals.lww.com/annals-of-medicine-and-surgery/fulltext/2025/05000/risk_stratification_and_management_of_arrhythmias.26.aspx

  The risk stratification score provides a numerical risk score, which is easy to use in clinical practice. […] Catheter ablation is considered the first-line treatment for individuals with symptomatic WPW syndrome or those at increased risk of arrhythmia recurrence. […] The overall risk of complications is low, and the benefits of catheter ablation in preventing arrhythmias and improving quality of life outweigh the potential risks in most individuals with WPW syndrome. […] The presence of underlying heart disease complicates management and increases the risk of arrhythmia recurrence, heart failure, or SCD. […] Despite these complications, the overall prognosis for WPW syndrome is generally favorable with appropriate treatment and risk stratification.

• #87 Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome: Which Best Perioperative Strategy?

  https://www.gavinpublishers.com/article/view/wolff-parkinson-white-syndrome-which-best-perioperative-strategy

  First described in 1930, Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome is a congenital electrophysiological disorder that can results in life-threating arrhytmias. […] The WPW pattern is present up to 0.25% of the population. About 1% of those having a WPW pattern have the WPW syndrome. […] The risk of sudden death, due to malignant arrhythmia is estimated at 0.4%/year in patients with the WPW syndrome. […] The incidence of cardiac arrhythmias during general and regional anaesthesia suggests rates as high as 61%. […] Therefore, clinicians must be watchful and mindful of the salient features of WPW, considering the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment modalities. […] Proper management in the perioperative setting includes adequate prevention of pain, anxiety, and stress response (secondary to intubation, extubation, hypovolemia, and a lighter anaesthesia plan).

• #88 Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome: Which Best Perioperative Strategy?

  https://www.gavinpublishers.com/article/view/wolff-parkinson-white-syndrome-which-best-perioperative-strategy

  First described in 1930, Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome is a congenital electrophysiological disorder that can results in life-threating arrhytmias. […] The WPW pattern is present up to 0.25% of the population. About 1% of those having a WPW pattern have the WPW syndrome. […] The risk of sudden death, due to malignant arrhythmia is estimated at 0.4%/year in patients with the WPW syndrome. […] The incidence of cardiac arrhythmias during general and regional anaesthesia suggests rates as high as 61%. […] Therefore, clinicians must be watchful and mindful of the salient features of WPW, considering the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment modalities. […] Proper management in the perioperative setting includes adequate prevention of pain, anxiety, and stress response (secondary to intubation, extubation, hypovolemia, and a lighter anaesthesia plan).

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