Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Fetal alcohol syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352901

  Fetal alcohol syndrome is a condition in a child that results from alcohol exposure during the mother’s pregnancy. Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can cause the child to have disabilities related to behavior, learning and thinking, and physical development. […] Fetal alcohol syndrome is on the severe end of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). FASD is a range of conditions in the child caused by the mother drinking alcohol during pregnancy. […] There is no amount of alcohol that’s known to be safe to drink during pregnancy. If you drink during pregnancy, you place your baby at risk of fetal alcohol syndrome. […] When you’re pregnant and you drink alcohol: Alcohol goes into your bloodstream. Inside the womb, the placenta provides oxygen and nutrients to a developing baby. The alcohol reaches your baby by passing through the placenta.

• #2 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448178/

  Fetal alcohol syndrome is one of the five disorders that comprise fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). […] All of the conditions that comprise fetal alcohol spectrum disorders stem from one common cause, which is prenatal exposure to alcohol. Alcohol is extremely teratogenic to a fetus. Its effects are wide-ranging and irreversible. […] In summary, any amount of alcohol consumed at any point during pregnancy has the potential cause of irreversible damage that can lead to a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. […] Prenatal alcohol exposure is the leading cause of preventable congenital disabilities. […] The exact mechanism by which alcohol causes its teratogenic effects is not known. […] We do know that alcohol is a teratogen that causes irreversible damage to the central nervous system (CNS).

• #3 Understanding Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)

  https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/understanding-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders

  Alcohol exposure during pregnancy can result in FASD by interfering with development of the babys brain and other critical organs and physiological functions. […] Research shows that binge drinking and heavy drinking during pregnancy put a developing baby at the greatest risk for severe problems. […] However, even lesser amounts can cause harm. […] In fact, there is no known safe amount of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. […] Given that approximately half of all pregnancies in the United States are not planned, the U.S. Surgeon General recommends that women who are pregnant, might be pregnant, or are thinking about getting pregnant should not drink alcohol at all. […] Prenatal alcohol exposure is a leading preventable cause of birth defects and neurodevelopmental disorders in the United States.

• #4 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/fetal-alcohol-syndrome

  Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is the most severe fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. These are a group of conditions present at birth that can happen when a pregnant person drinks alcohol. […] Alcohol — including wine, beer, and liquor — is the leading preventable cause of birth defects in the U.S. […] In the womb, a baby doesn’t have a fully developed liver that can process or break down alcohol, so it can easily get to and damage the baby’s organs. […] Some of the most severe problems happen when a pregnant person drinks in the first trimester, when the baby’s brain starts to develop. But the second and third trimesters aren’t safe either. The brain is still developing then, and even moderate amounts of alcohol can disturb this process. […] There is no „safe” amount of alcohol you can drink during pregnancy. And there is no time during pregnancy when it’s considered safe to drink alcohol.

• #5 About Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) | Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/fasd/about/index.html

  FASDs can occur when a person is exposed to alcohol before birth. Alcohol in the mother’s blood passes to the baby through the umbilical cord. […] There is no known safe amount of alcohol during pregnancy or when trying to get pregnant. There is also no safe time to drink during pregnancy. Alcohol can cause problems for a developing baby throughout pregnancy, including before a woman knows she’s pregnant. All types of alcohol are equally harmful, including all wines and beer.

• #6 Fetal alcohol syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352901

  Fetal alcohol syndrome is a condition in a child that results from alcohol exposure during the mother’s pregnancy. Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can cause the child to have disabilities related to behavior, learning and thinking, and physical development. […] Fetal alcohol syndrome is on the severe end of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). FASD is a range of conditions in the child caused by the mother drinking alcohol during pregnancy. […] There is no amount of alcohol that’s known to be safe to drink during pregnancy. If you drink during pregnancy, you place your baby at risk of fetal alcohol syndrome. […] When you’re pregnant and you drink alcohol: Alcohol goes into your bloodstream. Inside the womb, the placenta provides oxygen and nutrients to a developing baby. The alcohol reaches your baby by passing through the placenta.

• #7 Causes of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder/causes.html

  FASD is caused when a mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy. FASD is not hereditary. […] Alcohol is known to harm the normal development of cells. If you’re pregnant and drink alcohol, it passes into your developing fetus. This can cause harm to the baby’s brain and body. […] The impact of alcohol on a developing fetus is influenced by the: amount (how much you drink at once), frequency (how often alcohol was consumed), timing (when alcohol was consumed in pregnancy).

• #8 Fetal alcohol syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352901

  Alcohol causes a higher blood alcohol level in your developing baby than in your body. That’s because a baby breaks down and gets rid of alcohol slower than an adult does. […] Alcohol is toxic to the baby’s cells. Exposure to alcohol before birth can harm how the body develops and cause permanent brain damage in the developing baby. […] The more you drink while pregnant, the greater the risk to your unborn baby. But any amount of alcohol puts your baby at risk. Your baby’s brain, heart and blood vessels begin to develop in the early weeks of pregnancy, before you may know you’re pregnant. […] During the first three months of pregnancy, important stages of development happen with the face and organs such as the heart, bones, brain and nerves. Drinking alcohol during this time can cause damage to how body parts develop. And as the baby continues to develop in the womb, it’s damaging to drink at any time during pregnancy.

• #9 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Fetal-Alcohol-Syndrome.aspx

  Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) refers to a set of physical and mental defects that are caused by a mother consuming alcohol during pregnancy. […] No amount of alcohol has been shown to be safe to consume during pregnancy and anyone who drinks during this time places their baby at risk of developing FAS. […] FAS is caused by alcohol in the mothers bloodstream crossing the placenta and reaching the fetus. […] The blood alcohol concentration in the developing fetus is much higher than in the mothers blood because the fetus metabolizes alcohol much more slowly than the mother does. […] In the fetus, alcohol impairs the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to developing tissues and organs. […] Damage to the baby may also be caused by drinking at any other point throughout the pregnancy.

• #10 What Causes Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

  https://specialolympicsarizona.org/what-causes-fetal-alcohol-syndrome/

  What Causes Fetal Alcohol Syndrome? Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), also commonly referred to as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs), is a syndrome and spectrum of disorders that occur in babies who were exposed to alcohol while they were in utero. Exposure to alcohol in the womb can cause a number of problems in babies and children, including brain damage, growth problems, intellectual disabilities, developmental delays, and behavioral problems. […] Fetal alcohol syndrome is caused by a pregnant mother consuming alcohol, which then spreads to the fetus through the umbilical cord. Unlike an adult, a fetus is unable to metabolize alcohol, and it will stay in the system longer than is safe. Alcohol will interfere with the normal development of a fetus, particularly the brain and nervous systems. Alcohol can kill cells in various parts of the fetus, resulting in abnormal physical development. Alcohol will also interfere with the way nerves develop, including how they travel throughout the body and how they communicate. Alcohol can constrict the blood vessels, slowing blood flow to the placenta and temporarily limiting the oxygen and nutrients that can reach the fetus. This restriction, even if temporary, can have terrible effects on the fetus’ development. […] A baby in utero exposed to alcohol can experience a number of detrimental developmental effects, all of which are preventable by a pregnant mother avoiding alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

• #11 Alcohol, Pregnancy & Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders – Center for Better Beginnings

  https://betterbeginnings.org/what-we-do/patient-care/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-clinic/spectrum-2/

  A developing baby is exposed to the same concentration of alcohol as the mother during pregnancy. […] Alcohol crosses the placenta within minutes, resulting in similar blood concentration in the baby as is present in the mother. […] As a teratogen—an agent that causes birth defects—alcohol is a toxic substance to a developing baby, and can cause: […] Prenatal exposure to alcohol can cause damage to a developing baby at any time. […] The extent of alcohol’s effect on a developing baby may also depend on the mother’s genetic make-up, her child’s genetic make-up, and changes in gene activity caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. […] Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can cause a group of conditions called Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). […] Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is at the most severe end of the FASD range and is the most well-known FASD diagnosis.

• #12 Preventing Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Understanding the Causes, Symptoms, and Risks

  https://browntrialfirm.com/birth-injury-lawyer/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/

  Fetal alcohol syndrome is the most severe type of FASD, characterized by physical, mental, and behavioral problems in children that can last into adulthood. […] As mentioned, FAS can occur if a pregnant woman drinks alcohol during pregnancy, which affects the developing babys brain, heart and other organs, resulting in physical and mental issues. […] The severity of FAS depends on the amount of alcohol and the stage of pregnancy when the alcohol was consumed. […] It is known, however, that the more alcohol a pregnant woman drinks, the higher the risk of FAS for her baby. […] Alcohol can affect a growing baby in a number of ways: It destroys cells in the fetus, leading to abnormal physical growth. […] It produces toxic byproducts that concentrate in the fetuss brain and lead to brain damage. […] It interferes with nerve cell development, which can affect brain function. […] The frequency and amount of alcohol a mother drinks before and during pregnancy, the stage of fetal development when alcohol is consumed, and the genetics of mother and baby are factors that influence the risk of FAS.

• #13 Fetal alcohol syndrome – causes, diagnostic criteria and prevalence

  https://www.termedia.pl/Fetal-alcohol-syndrome-causes-diagnostic-criteria-and-prevalence,67,22576,1,1.html

  The reaction to alcohol is specific to the individual, and there is no way to determine a safe amount to drink that applies to every woman. […] The risk of negative effects of drinking while carrying a child grows with the amount of used alcohol, the frequency of drinking and the mothers age, and it is also greater if the mother is in bad physical shape, is addicted to nicotine or lives a stressful life. […] The mechanism of alcohols toxic influence on the foetus relies on causing abnormal migration of cells to the wrong parts of the brain and creating abnormal connections between neurons, and also activating apoptosis in CNS cells. […] Alcohol goes through the placenta to the body of the foetus as early as in the second week of life. […] In the first trimester, the most vulnerable to alcohol are CNS, sight, hearing, kidneys, liver and heart.

• #14 Fetal alcohol syndrome – causes, diagnostic criteria and prevalence

  https://www.termedia.pl/Fetal-alcohol-syndrome-causes-diagnostic-criteria-and-prevalence,67,22576,1,1.html

  The reaction to alcohol is specific to the individual, and there is no way to determine a safe amount to drink that applies to every woman. […] The risk of negative effects of drinking while carrying a child grows with the amount of used alcohol, the frequency of drinking and the mothers age, and it is also greater if the mother is in bad physical shape, is addicted to nicotine or lives a stressful life. […] The mechanism of alcohols toxic influence on the foetus relies on causing abnormal migration of cells to the wrong parts of the brain and creating abnormal connections between neurons, and also activating apoptosis in CNS cells. […] Alcohol goes through the placenta to the body of the foetus as early as in the second week of life. […] In the first trimester, the most vulnerable to alcohol are CNS, sight, hearing, kidneys, liver and heart.

• #15 Fetal alcohol syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352901

  Alcohol causes a higher blood alcohol level in your developing baby than in your body. That’s because a baby breaks down and gets rid of alcohol slower than an adult does. […] Alcohol is toxic to the baby’s cells. Exposure to alcohol before birth can harm how the body develops and cause permanent brain damage in the developing baby. […] The more you drink while pregnant, the greater the risk to your unborn baby. But any amount of alcohol puts your baby at risk. Your baby’s brain, heart and blood vessels begin to develop in the early weeks of pregnancy, before you may know you’re pregnant. […] During the first three months of pregnancy, important stages of development happen with the face and organs such as the heart, bones, brain and nerves. Drinking alcohol during this time can cause damage to how body parts develop. And as the baby continues to develop in the womb, it’s damaging to drink at any time during pregnancy.

• #16 What Causes Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

  https://specialolympicsarizona.org/what-causes-fetal-alcohol-syndrome/

  What Causes Fetal Alcohol Syndrome? Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), also commonly referred to as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs), is a syndrome and spectrum of disorders that occur in babies who were exposed to alcohol while they were in utero. Exposure to alcohol in the womb can cause a number of problems in babies and children, including brain damage, growth problems, intellectual disabilities, developmental delays, and behavioral problems. […] Fetal alcohol syndrome is caused by a pregnant mother consuming alcohol, which then spreads to the fetus through the umbilical cord. Unlike an adult, a fetus is unable to metabolize alcohol, and it will stay in the system longer than is safe. Alcohol will interfere with the normal development of a fetus, particularly the brain and nervous systems. Alcohol can kill cells in various parts of the fetus, resulting in abnormal physical development. Alcohol will also interfere with the way nerves develop, including how they travel throughout the body and how they communicate. Alcohol can constrict the blood vessels, slowing blood flow to the placenta and temporarily limiting the oxygen and nutrients that can reach the fetus. This restriction, even if temporary, can have terrible effects on the fetus’ development. […] A baby in utero exposed to alcohol can experience a number of detrimental developmental effects, all of which are preventable by a pregnant mother avoiding alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

• #17 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Key Facts and Prevention Tips | The Recovery Village Columbus Drug and Alcohol Rehab

  https://www.columbusrecoverycenter.com/alcohol-addiction/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/

  Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a serious health condition arising from prenatal alcohol exposure, leading to lifelong physical, cognitive, and behavioral difficulties. […] The primary cause of FAS is the consumption of alcohol by a pregnant woman. […] Alcohol’s effect on the developing fetus is profound; it constricts blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the placenta and leading to a shortage of oxygen and nutrients. […] The condition is entirely preventable by abstaining from alcohol during pregnancy. […] Alcohol exposure during pregnancy is widely recognized as a significant risk factor for fetal development, leading to a range of conditions collectively known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). […] Alcohol is a teratogen, which means it can disrupt the normal development of the embryo or fetus. […] The severity of the effects can vary, depending on factors such as the amount and timing of alcohol exposure, maternal health, and genetic vulnerability of the fetus to alcoholism.

• #18 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) | CAMH

  https://www.camh.ca/en/health-info/mental-illness-and-addiction-index/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder

  Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a lifelong disability that affects the brain and body of individuals who were exposed to alcohol in the womb. […] When a woman consumes alcohol while pregnant, her fetus is exposed directly to alcohol through her bloodstream. Alcohol can interfere with the growth and development of all fetal body systems; however, the developing central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) is especially vulnerable to the damaging effects of alcohol. […] FASD is preventable. There is no safe amount or type of alcoholic beverage, and no safe time to drink alcohol during pregnancy. Pregnant women are advised not to drink any alcohol during pregnancy.

• #19 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448178/

  From animal models, we know that prenatal alcohol exposure affects all stages of brain development through a variety of mechanisms, the most significant of which result in cognitive, motor, and behavioral dysfunction. […] Given that the CNS damage from prenatal alcohol exposure is permanent, there is no cure for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. […] In summary, when it comes to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, as is true of most conditions in medicine, the best treatment is prevention.

• #20 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders and differential diagnosis – Breda Genetics srl

  https://bredagenetics.com/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-and-differential-diagnosis/

  The diagnosis of FAS is predominantly clinical and is based on the presence of the 3 key signs: growth retardation (pre or postnatal), presence of characteristic facial dysmorphisms, abnormalities in the central nervous system, as well as the presence of suspected or confirmed intrauterine exposure to alcohol. […] Children with FAS exhibit central nervous system dysfunction of varying degrees, which may include structural, neurological, or functional abnormalities or combinations thereof. […] There is no treatment for FAS and the therapies implemented are only supportive. However, it has been shown that early diagnosis can reduce the occurrence of secondary disabilities such as isolation, lack of independent life and problems with work. […] This category includes all those subjects who do not fully meet the FAS criteria, but have a history of exposure to alcohol, peculiar dysmorphisms and alterations of the central nervous system.

• #21 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448178/

  From animal models, we know that prenatal alcohol exposure affects all stages of brain development through a variety of mechanisms, the most significant of which result in cognitive, motor, and behavioral dysfunction. […] Given that the CNS damage from prenatal alcohol exposure is permanent, there is no cure for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. […] In summary, when it comes to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, as is true of most conditions in medicine, the best treatment is prevention.

• #22 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448178/

  From animal models, we know that prenatal alcohol exposure affects all stages of brain development through a variety of mechanisms, the most significant of which result in cognitive, motor, and behavioral dysfunction. […] Given that the CNS damage from prenatal alcohol exposure is permanent, there is no cure for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. […] In summary, when it comes to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, as is true of most conditions in medicine, the best treatment is prevention.

• #23 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15677-fetal-alcohol-syndrome

  Any amount of alcohol during pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol syndrome. […] There is no cure for fetal alcohol syndrome. […] Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a preventable condition. […] The only way to prevent FAS is to avoid drinking beverages containing alcohol during pregnancy. […] Fetal alcohol syndrome never goes away. The symptoms of this condition will be with the person throughout their entire life.

• #24 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974016-overview

  Although many factors may modify the risk, the primary and only necessary cause of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) or fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is maternal alcohol consumption. […] The quantity and pattern of maternal drinking and, therefore, the dose and duration of exposure to alcohol are the critical factors in conferring risk. […] Current evidence supports the conclusion that women who drink heavily during pregnancy may produce children with features of fetal alcohol syndrome. […] Low-to-moderate levels of maternal alcohol consumption have not been well studied in human pregnancy, but evidence has not suggested a threshold dose below which no effects on cognitive performance or behavior are seen. […] In the absence of adequate data, no level of alcohol consumption in pregnancy is known to be safe, and the US Surgeon General advises women who are pregnant or who may be pregnant to abstain from alcohol consumption throughout the gestation.

• #25

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00787-018-1264-3

  Foetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are a leading cause of developmental disability. Prenatal alcohol use is the sole necessary cause of FASD, but it is not always sufficient. […] The aetiology of FASD is multifaceted and complex. FASD risk is determined by a range of lifestyle, sociodemographic, maternal, social, gestational, and genetic factors. […] Maternal alcohol use is the sole necessary cause of FASD, but it is not always sufficient. […] Alcohol interacts with multiple factors in a complex process to determine offspring outcome. […] The term risk factor obscures the distinction between a predictor variable and a cause. […] Causal knowledge is important for identifying effective mechanisms for prevention and intervention programmes. […] The DAG that we have presented provides a summary of the distal and proximal factors that are proposed to causally influence FASD risk, as well as the factors that are proxies for causal factors or (non-causal) risk markers for FASD.

• #26 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974016-overview

  Numerous studies demonstrated that the risk of alcohol-related effects increases according to maternal consumption in a dose-dependent fashion. […] Furthermore, heavy episodic, or binge, drinking is the riskiest pattern of consumption. […] Therefore, women who have the potential to become pregnant and who are binge drinkers may continue this pattern of consumption in the early weeks of an unrecognized pregnancy and therefore be at risk for fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. […] Evidence indicates that alcohol primarily affects brain development. […] Therefore, drinking in all three trimesters poses a risk. […] As a consequence, women can reduce their risk for alcohol-related birth outcomes by reducing the dose or by discontinuing the consumption of alcohol as soon as possible in the pregnancy.

• #27 A closer look at Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (TARE)

  https://www.dfps.texas.gov/Adoption_and_Foster_Care/About_Our_Children/Disabilities/fetal_alcohol.asp

  Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is an alcohol-related birth disability and is the number one cause of intellectual disability in the United States. It is also the only cause of birth defects that is entirely preventable. The condition occurs from maternal alcohol use during pregnancy. When a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, it passes through the placenta and is absorbed by the unborn baby. […] Prenatal alcohol exposure does not always result in FAS although there is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. […] Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND) describes the functional or cognitive impairments linked to prenatal alcohol exposure, and Alcohol-Related Birth Defects (ARBD) describes malformations in the skeletal and major organ systems. […] Individuals with FAS have a distinct pattern of facial abnormalities, growth deficiency and evidence of central nervous system dysfunction.

• #28 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974016-overview

  Numerous studies demonstrated that the risk of alcohol-related effects increases according to maternal consumption in a dose-dependent fashion. […] Furthermore, heavy episodic, or binge, drinking is the riskiest pattern of consumption. […] Therefore, women who have the potential to become pregnant and who are binge drinkers may continue this pattern of consumption in the early weeks of an unrecognized pregnancy and therefore be at risk for fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. […] Evidence indicates that alcohol primarily affects brain development. […] Therefore, drinking in all three trimesters poses a risk. […] As a consequence, women can reduce their risk for alcohol-related birth outcomes by reducing the dose or by discontinuing the consumption of alcohol as soon as possible in the pregnancy.

• #29 Causes of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder/causes.html

  FASD is caused when a mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy. FASD is not hereditary. […] Alcohol is known to harm the normal development of cells. If you’re pregnant and drink alcohol, it passes into your developing fetus. This can cause harm to the baby’s brain and body. […] The impact of alcohol on a developing fetus is influenced by the: amount (how much you drink at once), frequency (how often alcohol was consumed), timing (when alcohol was consumed in pregnancy).

• #30 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974016-overview

  Numerous studies demonstrated that the risk of alcohol-related effects increases according to maternal consumption in a dose-dependent fashion. […] Furthermore, heavy episodic, or binge, drinking is the riskiest pattern of consumption. […] Therefore, women who have the potential to become pregnant and who are binge drinkers may continue this pattern of consumption in the early weeks of an unrecognized pregnancy and therefore be at risk for fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. […] Evidence indicates that alcohol primarily affects brain development. […] Therefore, drinking in all three trimesters poses a risk. […] As a consequence, women can reduce their risk for alcohol-related birth outcomes by reducing the dose or by discontinuing the consumption of alcohol as soon as possible in the pregnancy.

• #31 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder

  The risk of FASD increases with the amount consumed, the frequency of consumption, and a longer duration of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Blood alcohol concentration has been identified as a relevant factor. All forms of alcohol, such as beer, wine, and liquor, pose similar risk. Binge drinking increases the chances and severity of FASD to such an extent that Svetlana Popova has stated that „binge drinking is the direct cause of FAS or FASD”. Small amounts of alcohol may not cause an abnormal appearance, however, small amounts of alcohol consumption while pregnant may cause behavioral problems and also increases the risk of miscarriage. Quasi-experimental studies provide moderately strong evidence that prenatal alcohol exposure causes detrimental cognitive outcomes, and some evidence of reduced birthweight, although no study was fully rated at low risk of bias and quantity of studies was limited.

• #32

  https://www.txhealthsteps.com/static/courses/fasd/sections/section-1-1.html

  Prenatal alcohol exposure can cause FASD. […] No amount of alcohol consumption is safe during pregnancy or while a woman is trying to become pregnant. A fetus can be affected by alcohol before a woman knows she is pregnant. […] The quantity, frequency, and timing of alcohol use during pregnancy can affect possible FASD outcomes. […] Drinking in first trimester elevates FASD likelihood 12 times. […] Drinking in first and second trimesters elevates FASD likelihood 61 times. […] Drinking in all three trimesters elevates FASD likelihood 65 times.

• #33 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974016-overview

  Numerous studies demonstrated that the risk of alcohol-related effects increases according to maternal consumption in a dose-dependent fashion. […] Furthermore, heavy episodic, or binge, drinking is the riskiest pattern of consumption. […] Therefore, women who have the potential to become pregnant and who are binge drinkers may continue this pattern of consumption in the early weeks of an unrecognized pregnancy and therefore be at risk for fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. […] Evidence indicates that alcohol primarily affects brain development. […] Therefore, drinking in all three trimesters poses a risk. […] As a consequence, women can reduce their risk for alcohol-related birth outcomes by reducing the dose or by discontinuing the consumption of alcohol as soon as possible in the pregnancy.

• #34

  https://www.txhealthsteps.com/static/courses/fasd/sections/section-1-1.html

  Prenatal alcohol exposure can cause FASD. […] No amount of alcohol consumption is safe during pregnancy or while a woman is trying to become pregnant. A fetus can be affected by alcohol before a woman knows she is pregnant. […] The quantity, frequency, and timing of alcohol use during pregnancy can affect possible FASD outcomes. […] Drinking in first trimester elevates FASD likelihood 12 times. […] Drinking in first and second trimesters elevates FASD likelihood 61 times. […] Drinking in all three trimesters elevates FASD likelihood 65 times.

• #35 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974016-overview

  Several conditions or characteristics may modify risk for fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol spectrum disorder among women who consume sufficient quantities of alcohol in pregnancy. […] Women older than 30 years and/or those with a long history of alcohol consumption may be most likely to give birth to a child with fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. […] Poor maternal nutritional status may also increase the likelihood of having an alcohol-affected child. […] Having one child with fetal alcohol syndrome further increases the risk of producing subsequent children with fetal alcohol syndrome. […] Genetic susceptibility to fetal alcohol syndrome has been suggested in some studies, with alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) polymorphisms as a risk factor. […] In particular, the ADH 2*2 and 2*3 alleles, which result in rapid metabolism of alcohol to acetaldehyde, were shown to be protective against FAS.

• #36 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974016-overview

  Several conditions or characteristics may modify risk for fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol spectrum disorder among women who consume sufficient quantities of alcohol in pregnancy. […] Women older than 30 years and/or those with a long history of alcohol consumption may be most likely to give birth to a child with fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. […] Poor maternal nutritional status may also increase the likelihood of having an alcohol-affected child. […] Having one child with fetal alcohol syndrome further increases the risk of producing subsequent children with fetal alcohol syndrome. […] Genetic susceptibility to fetal alcohol syndrome has been suggested in some studies, with alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) polymorphisms as a risk factor. […] In particular, the ADH 2*2 and 2*3 alleles, which result in rapid metabolism of alcohol to acetaldehyde, were shown to be protective against FAS.

• #37 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974016-overview

  However, the mechanism by which this protective effect occurs is unknown. […] Some suggest that rapid metabolism of alcohol to acetaldehyde lowers peak blood alcohol levels and therefore lowers fetal exposure. […] As an alternative, rapid metabolism may increase levels of acetaldehyde with associated noxious effects on the mother and therefore reduce levels of alcohol consumption, which lowers fetal exposure.

• #38 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974016-overview

  However, the mechanism by which this protective effect occurs is unknown. […] Some suggest that rapid metabolism of alcohol to acetaldehyde lowers peak blood alcohol levels and therefore lowers fetal exposure. […] As an alternative, rapid metabolism may increase levels of acetaldehyde with associated noxious effects on the mother and therefore reduce levels of alcohol consumption, which lowers fetal exposure.

• #39 UofL researchers studying specific causes of fetal alcohol syndrome | UofL News

  https://news.louisville.edu/news/uofl-researchers-studying-specific-causes-fetal-alcohol-syndrome

  Lovely is working with zebrafish to study the specific causes of fetal alcohol syndrome. […] FASD is caused by alcohol exposure during pregnancy, but some pregnancies are higher risk than others and not all babies exposed to alcohol will develop symptoms. […] The UofL researchers believe that understanding what genes might increase that risk could lead to better therapeutics and help mothers make safer, more informed choices. […] Our goal is to help both by gaining insight into not just the surface-level risk factors, but also the genetic risk factors that haven’t really been explored. […] To explore genetic risk factors of FASD, researchers are looking to an unlikely source: zebrafish, which share 82% of the same genes as humans. […] Early studies have shown there may be some relatively simple ways to protect against FASD, such as by tweaking the formula of prenatal vitamins to lessen risk or developing therapeutics that address the birth defects that do happen. […] FASD is a complicated issue, and we need to address it from many angles.

• #40 UofL researchers studying specific causes of fetal alcohol syndrome | UofL News

  https://www.uoflnews.com/section/science-and-tech/uofl-researchers-studying-specific-causes-of-fetal-alcohol-syndrome/

  University of Louisville researchers have secured $2.3 million from the National Institutes of Health to study how genetics may increase the risk of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) in infants and, what may help lower that risk. […] FASD is caused by alcohol exposure during pregnancy, but some pregnancies are higher risk than others and not all babies exposed to alcohol will develop symptoms. […] The UofL researchers believe that understanding what genes might increase that risk could lead to better therapeutics and help mothers make safer, more informed choices. […] Our goal is to help both by gaining insight into not just the surface-level risk factors, but also the genetic risk factors that haven’t really been explored. […] To explore genetic risk factors of FASD, researchers are looking to an unlikely source: zebrafish, which share 82% of the same genes as humans.

• #41 UofL researchers studying specific causes of fetal alcohol syndrome | UofL News

  https://news.louisville.edu/news/uofl-researchers-studying-specific-causes-fetal-alcohol-syndrome

  Lovely is working with zebrafish to study the specific causes of fetal alcohol syndrome. […] FASD is caused by alcohol exposure during pregnancy, but some pregnancies are higher risk than others and not all babies exposed to alcohol will develop symptoms. […] The UofL researchers believe that understanding what genes might increase that risk could lead to better therapeutics and help mothers make safer, more informed choices. […] Our goal is to help both by gaining insight into not just the surface-level risk factors, but also the genetic risk factors that haven’t really been explored. […] To explore genetic risk factors of FASD, researchers are looking to an unlikely source: zebrafish, which share 82% of the same genes as humans. […] Early studies have shown there may be some relatively simple ways to protect against FASD, such as by tweaking the formula of prenatal vitamins to lessen risk or developing therapeutics that address the birth defects that do happen. […] FASD is a complicated issue, and we need to address it from many angles.

• #42 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974016-overview

  Several conditions or characteristics may modify risk for fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol spectrum disorder among women who consume sufficient quantities of alcohol in pregnancy. […] Women older than 30 years and/or those with a long history of alcohol consumption may be most likely to give birth to a child with fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. […] Poor maternal nutritional status may also increase the likelihood of having an alcohol-affected child. […] Having one child with fetal alcohol syndrome further increases the risk of producing subsequent children with fetal alcohol syndrome. […] Genetic susceptibility to fetal alcohol syndrome has been suggested in some studies, with alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) polymorphisms as a risk factor. […] In particular, the ADH 2*2 and 2*3 alleles, which result in rapid metabolism of alcohol to acetaldehyde, were shown to be protective against FAS.

• #43 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974016-overview

  Several conditions or characteristics may modify risk for fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol spectrum disorder among women who consume sufficient quantities of alcohol in pregnancy. […] Women older than 30 years and/or those with a long history of alcohol consumption may be most likely to give birth to a child with fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. […] Poor maternal nutritional status may also increase the likelihood of having an alcohol-affected child. […] Having one child with fetal alcohol syndrome further increases the risk of producing subsequent children with fetal alcohol syndrome. […] Genetic susceptibility to fetal alcohol syndrome has been suggested in some studies, with alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) polymorphisms as a risk factor. […] In particular, the ADH 2*2 and 2*3 alleles, which result in rapid metabolism of alcohol to acetaldehyde, were shown to be protective against FAS.

• #44 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: About, causes and co-occurring conditions – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder.html

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is caused by exposure to alcohol in the womb. It is not hereditary. […] Alcohol harms cell development. If the birthing parent consumes alcohol during pregnancy, it passes into the developing fetus. This can cause harm to the developing fetus’s brain and body. […] The impact of alcohol on a developing fetus depends on: how often the birthing parent has alcohol, how much alcohol the birthing parent consumes, when during the pregnancy the birthing parent has alcohol. […] Other factors can affect fetus development, such as: stress, the birthing parent’s age, smoking or other drug use, the birthing parent’s nutrition.

• #45 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974016-overview

  Several conditions or characteristics may modify risk for fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol spectrum disorder among women who consume sufficient quantities of alcohol in pregnancy. […] Women older than 30 years and/or those with a long history of alcohol consumption may be most likely to give birth to a child with fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. […] Poor maternal nutritional status may also increase the likelihood of having an alcohol-affected child. […] Having one child with fetal alcohol syndrome further increases the risk of producing subsequent children with fetal alcohol syndrome. […] Genetic susceptibility to fetal alcohol syndrome has been suggested in some studies, with alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) polymorphisms as a risk factor. […] In particular, the ADH 2*2 and 2*3 alleles, which result in rapid metabolism of alcohol to acetaldehyde, were shown to be protective against FAS.

• #46 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: About, causes and co-occurring conditions – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder.html

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is caused by exposure to alcohol in the womb. It is not hereditary. […] Alcohol harms cell development. If the birthing parent consumes alcohol during pregnancy, it passes into the developing fetus. This can cause harm to the developing fetus’s brain and body. […] The impact of alcohol on a developing fetus depends on: how often the birthing parent has alcohol, how much alcohol the birthing parent consumes, when during the pregnancy the birthing parent has alcohol. […] Other factors can affect fetus development, such as: stress, the birthing parent’s age, smoking or other drug use, the birthing parent’s nutrition.

• #47 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: About, causes and co-occurring conditions – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder.html

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is caused by exposure to alcohol in the womb. It is not hereditary. […] Alcohol harms cell development. If the birthing parent consumes alcohol during pregnancy, it passes into the developing fetus. This can cause harm to the developing fetus’s brain and body. […] The impact of alcohol on a developing fetus depends on: how often the birthing parent has alcohol, how much alcohol the birthing parent consumes, when during the pregnancy the birthing parent has alcohol. […] Other factors can affect fetus development, such as: stress, the birthing parent’s age, smoking or other drug use, the birthing parent’s nutrition.

• #48 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/fetal-alcohol-syndrome

  When a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, some of that alcohol easily passes across the placenta to the fetus. The body of a developing fetus doesnt process alcohol the same way as an adult does. The alcohol is more concentrated in the fetus, and it can prevent enough nutrition and oxygen from getting to the fetuss vital organs. […] According to many studies, alcohol use appears to be most harmful during the first three months of pregnancy. However, consumption of alcohol any time during pregnancy can be harmful, according to guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics. […] Damage can be done in the first few weeks of pregnancy when a woman might not yet know that she is pregnant. The risk increases if the mother is a heavy drinker.

• #49 About FASD | Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | Proof Alliance NC

  https://www.proofalliancenc.org/about-fasd

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are a range of effects that can occur when a developing embryo is prenatally exposed to alcohol, even before there is a confirmed pregnancy. FASD can include physical, mental, behavioral, and/or learning disabilities with possible lifelong implications. […] Since there is no known safe amount of alcohol that can be consumed during pregnancy, it is advised by all major medical associations, including the Centers for Disease Control, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the U.S. Surgeon General, that if a woman is pregnant or could become pregnant, they should abstain from drinking alcohol. […] Prenatal alcohol exposure is the leading preventable cause of birth defects in the United States. […] The only known cause of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) is alcohol use during pregnancy. If a pregnant person does not drink any alcohol throughout their entire pregnancy, their child will not be born with an FASD.

• #50 Fetal alcohol syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352901

  Alcohol causes a higher blood alcohol level in your developing baby than in your body. That’s because a baby breaks down and gets rid of alcohol slower than an adult does. […] Alcohol is toxic to the baby’s cells. Exposure to alcohol before birth can harm how the body develops and cause permanent brain damage in the developing baby. […] The more you drink while pregnant, the greater the risk to your unborn baby. But any amount of alcohol puts your baby at risk. Your baby’s brain, heart and blood vessels begin to develop in the early weeks of pregnancy, before you may know you’re pregnant. […] During the first three months of pregnancy, important stages of development happen with the face and organs such as the heart, bones, brain and nerves. Drinking alcohol during this time can cause damage to how body parts develop. And as the baby continues to develop in the womb, it’s damaging to drink at any time during pregnancy.

• #51 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/fetal-alcohol-syndrome

  When a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, some of that alcohol easily passes across the placenta to the fetus. The body of a developing fetus doesnt process alcohol the same way as an adult does. The alcohol is more concentrated in the fetus, and it can prevent enough nutrition and oxygen from getting to the fetuss vital organs. […] According to many studies, alcohol use appears to be most harmful during the first three months of pregnancy. However, consumption of alcohol any time during pregnancy can be harmful, according to guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics. […] Damage can be done in the first few weeks of pregnancy when a woman might not yet know that she is pregnant. The risk increases if the mother is a heavy drinker.

• #52 Fetal alcohol syndrome – causes, diagnostic criteria and prevalence

  https://www.termedia.pl/Fetal-alcohol-syndrome-causes-diagnostic-criteria-and-prevalence,67,22576,1,1.html

  The reaction to alcohol is specific to the individual, and there is no way to determine a safe amount to drink that applies to every woman. […] The risk of negative effects of drinking while carrying a child grows with the amount of used alcohol, the frequency of drinking and the mothers age, and it is also greater if the mother is in bad physical shape, is addicted to nicotine or lives a stressful life. […] The mechanism of alcohols toxic influence on the foetus relies on causing abnormal migration of cells to the wrong parts of the brain and creating abnormal connections between neurons, and also activating apoptosis in CNS cells. […] Alcohol goes through the placenta to the body of the foetus as early as in the second week of life. […] In the first trimester, the most vulnerable to alcohol are CNS, sight, hearing, kidneys, liver and heart.

• #53 Fetal alcohol syndrome – causes, diagnostic criteria and prevalence

  https://www.termedia.pl/Fetal-alcohol-syndrome-causes-diagnostic-criteria-and-prevalence,67,22576,1,1.html

  The reaction to alcohol is specific to the individual, and there is no way to determine a safe amount to drink that applies to every woman. […] The risk of negative effects of drinking while carrying a child grows with the amount of used alcohol, the frequency of drinking and the mothers age, and it is also greater if the mother is in bad physical shape, is addicted to nicotine or lives a stressful life. […] The mechanism of alcohols toxic influence on the foetus relies on causing abnormal migration of cells to the wrong parts of the brain and creating abnormal connections between neurons, and also activating apoptosis in CNS cells. […] Alcohol goes through the placenta to the body of the foetus as early as in the second week of life. […] In the first trimester, the most vulnerable to alcohol are CNS, sight, hearing, kidneys, liver and heart.

• #54 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/fetal-alcohol-syndrome

  Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is the most severe fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. These are a group of conditions present at birth that can happen when a pregnant person drinks alcohol. […] Alcohol — including wine, beer, and liquor — is the leading preventable cause of birth defects in the U.S. […] In the womb, a baby doesn’t have a fully developed liver that can process or break down alcohol, so it can easily get to and damage the baby’s organs. […] Some of the most severe problems happen when a pregnant person drinks in the first trimester, when the baby’s brain starts to develop. But the second and third trimesters aren’t safe either. The brain is still developing then, and even moderate amounts of alcohol can disturb this process. […] There is no „safe” amount of alcohol you can drink during pregnancy. And there is no time during pregnancy when it’s considered safe to drink alcohol.

• #55 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974016-overview

  Numerous studies demonstrated that the risk of alcohol-related effects increases according to maternal consumption in a dose-dependent fashion. […] Furthermore, heavy episodic, or binge, drinking is the riskiest pattern of consumption. […] Therefore, women who have the potential to become pregnant and who are binge drinkers may continue this pattern of consumption in the early weeks of an unrecognized pregnancy and therefore be at risk for fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. […] Evidence indicates that alcohol primarily affects brain development. […] Therefore, drinking in all three trimesters poses a risk. […] As a consequence, women can reduce their risk for alcohol-related birth outcomes by reducing the dose or by discontinuing the consumption of alcohol as soon as possible in the pregnancy.

• #56 Fetal alcohol syndrome – causes, diagnostic criteria and prevalence

  https://www.termedia.pl/Fetal-alcohol-syndrome-causes-diagnostic-criteria-and-prevalence,67,22576,1,1.html

  Exposure to alcohol in this latter pregnancy period causes problems with concentration, short-term memory, difficulties with learning new information and difficulties with planning and foreseeing the outcome of actions. […] In the last trimester, alcohol retards weight gain and development of the lungs. It may also cause premature birth. […] The diagnosis of FAS is a difficult task. People suffering from prenatal exposure to alcohol are affected by many symptoms, a large part of which is not specific exclusively for alcohol. […] In 1978 Clarren and Smith created the term fetal alcohol effects (FAE), and in 1980 the term was added to the more precise diagnostic criteria. […] Currently, the most commonly used method in the diagnosis of FAS is the four-step diagnostic scale. […] The best way to determine how much women drink during their pregnancy is through an anonymous survey because most women deny the fact in conversation. […] Currently the diagnosis of FAS is still developing in Poland. Knowledge about the problem is too scarce among medical personnel, psychologists and pedagogues. […] Many of the children diagnosed with either FAS or FASD are raised outside their biological families.

• #57 Fetal alcohol syndrome – causes, diagnostic criteria and prevalence

  https://www.termedia.pl/Fetal-alcohol-syndrome-causes-diagnostic-criteria-and-prevalence,67,22576,1,1.html

  Exposure to alcohol in this latter pregnancy period causes problems with concentration, short-term memory, difficulties with learning new information and difficulties with planning and foreseeing the outcome of actions. […] In the last trimester, alcohol retards weight gain and development of the lungs. It may also cause premature birth. […] The diagnosis of FAS is a difficult task. People suffering from prenatal exposure to alcohol are affected by many symptoms, a large part of which is not specific exclusively for alcohol. […] In 1978 Clarren and Smith created the term fetal alcohol effects (FAE), and in 1980 the term was added to the more precise diagnostic criteria. […] Currently, the most commonly used method in the diagnosis of FAS is the four-step diagnostic scale. […] The best way to determine how much women drink during their pregnancy is through an anonymous survey because most women deny the fact in conversation. […] Currently the diagnosis of FAS is still developing in Poland. Knowledge about the problem is too scarce among medical personnel, psychologists and pedagogues. […] Many of the children diagnosed with either FAS or FASD are raised outside their biological families.

• #58 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974016-overview

  Numerous studies demonstrated that the risk of alcohol-related effects increases according to maternal consumption in a dose-dependent fashion. […] Furthermore, heavy episodic, or binge, drinking is the riskiest pattern of consumption. […] Therefore, women who have the potential to become pregnant and who are binge drinkers may continue this pattern of consumption in the early weeks of an unrecognized pregnancy and therefore be at risk for fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. […] Evidence indicates that alcohol primarily affects brain development. […] Therefore, drinking in all three trimesters poses a risk. […] As a consequence, women can reduce their risk for alcohol-related birth outcomes by reducing the dose or by discontinuing the consumption of alcohol as soon as possible in the pregnancy.

• #59 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974016-overview

  Numerous studies demonstrated that the risk of alcohol-related effects increases according to maternal consumption in a dose-dependent fashion. […] Furthermore, heavy episodic, or binge, drinking is the riskiest pattern of consumption. […] Therefore, women who have the potential to become pregnant and who are binge drinkers may continue this pattern of consumption in the early weeks of an unrecognized pregnancy and therefore be at risk for fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. […] Evidence indicates that alcohol primarily affects brain development. […] Therefore, drinking in all three trimesters poses a risk. […] As a consequence, women can reduce their risk for alcohol-related birth outcomes by reducing the dose or by discontinuing the consumption of alcohol as soon as possible in the pregnancy.

• #60 About Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) | Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/fasd/about/index.html

  FASDs can occur when a person is exposed to alcohol before birth. Alcohol in the mother’s blood passes to the baby through the umbilical cord. […] There is no known safe amount of alcohol during pregnancy or when trying to get pregnant. There is also no safe time to drink during pregnancy. Alcohol can cause problems for a developing baby throughout pregnancy, including before a woman knows she’s pregnant. All types of alcohol are equally harmful, including all wines and beer.

• #61 Understanding Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)

  https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/understanding-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders

  Alcohol exposure during pregnancy can result in FASD by interfering with development of the babys brain and other critical organs and physiological functions. […] Research shows that binge drinking and heavy drinking during pregnancy put a developing baby at the greatest risk for severe problems. […] However, even lesser amounts can cause harm. […] In fact, there is no known safe amount of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. […] Given that approximately half of all pregnancies in the United States are not planned, the U.S. Surgeon General recommends that women who are pregnant, might be pregnant, or are thinking about getting pregnant should not drink alcohol at all. […] Prenatal alcohol exposure is a leading preventable cause of birth defects and neurodevelopmental disorders in the United States.

• #62

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/chronic/Pages/Fetal-Alcohol-Spectrum-Disorders-FAQs-of-Parents-and-Families.aspx

  There is no safe type of alcoholic beverage to consume while pregnant. […] No, there is no point during pregnancy when drinking alcohol is considered safe. […] FASDs can only happen when a pregnant person consumes alcohol. […] There is no evidence that FASDs are genetic or hereditary. FASDs can only happen if someone consumes alcohol while they are pregnant. […] Every major medical organization in the United States, including the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the American Academy of Family Physicians, the US Surgeon General, and the CDC, agree and consistently state that the best advice is for people not to drink alcohol while they are pregnant or trying to become pregnant.

• #63 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974016-overview

  Although many factors may modify the risk, the primary and only necessary cause of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) or fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is maternal alcohol consumption. […] The quantity and pattern of maternal drinking and, therefore, the dose and duration of exposure to alcohol are the critical factors in conferring risk. […] Current evidence supports the conclusion that women who drink heavily during pregnancy may produce children with features of fetal alcohol syndrome. […] Low-to-moderate levels of maternal alcohol consumption have not been well studied in human pregnancy, but evidence has not suggested a threshold dose below which no effects on cognitive performance or behavior are seen. […] In the absence of adequate data, no level of alcohol consumption in pregnancy is known to be safe, and the US Surgeon General advises women who are pregnant or who may be pregnant to abstain from alcohol consumption throughout the gestation.

• #64 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974016-overview

  Although many factors may modify the risk, the primary and only necessary cause of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) or fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is maternal alcohol consumption. […] The quantity and pattern of maternal drinking and, therefore, the dose and duration of exposure to alcohol are the critical factors in conferring risk. […] Current evidence supports the conclusion that women who drink heavily during pregnancy may produce children with features of fetal alcohol syndrome. […] Low-to-moderate levels of maternal alcohol consumption have not been well studied in human pregnancy, but evidence has not suggested a threshold dose below which no effects on cognitive performance or behavior are seen. […] In the absence of adequate data, no level of alcohol consumption in pregnancy is known to be safe, and the US Surgeon General advises women who are pregnant or who may be pregnant to abstain from alcohol consumption throughout the gestation.

• #65 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1015/p515.html

  There is no cure for FASD. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recognize no safe amount of alcohol consumption during pregnancy and recommend complete abstinence.

• #66 Understanding Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)

  https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/understanding-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders

  Alcohol exposure during pregnancy can result in FASD by interfering with development of the babys brain and other critical organs and physiological functions. […] Research shows that binge drinking and heavy drinking during pregnancy put a developing baby at the greatest risk for severe problems. […] However, even lesser amounts can cause harm. […] In fact, there is no known safe amount of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. […] Given that approximately half of all pregnancies in the United States are not planned, the U.S. Surgeon General recommends that women who are pregnant, might be pregnant, or are thinking about getting pregnant should not drink alcohol at all. […] Prenatal alcohol exposure is a leading preventable cause of birth defects and neurodevelopmental disorders in the United States.

• #67 Understanding Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)

  https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/understanding-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders

  Alcohol exposure during pregnancy can result in FASD by interfering with development of the babys brain and other critical organs and physiological functions. […] Research shows that binge drinking and heavy drinking during pregnancy put a developing baby at the greatest risk for severe problems. […] However, even lesser amounts can cause harm. […] In fact, there is no known safe amount of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. […] Given that approximately half of all pregnancies in the United States are not planned, the U.S. Surgeon General recommends that women who are pregnant, might be pregnant, or are thinking about getting pregnant should not drink alcohol at all. […] Prenatal alcohol exposure is a leading preventable cause of birth defects and neurodevelopmental disorders in the United States.

• #68 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder

  The risk of FASD increases with the amount consumed, the frequency of consumption, and a longer duration of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Blood alcohol concentration has been identified as a relevant factor. All forms of alcohol, such as beer, wine, and liquor, pose similar risk. Binge drinking increases the chances and severity of FASD to such an extent that Svetlana Popova has stated that „binge drinking is the direct cause of FAS or FASD”. Small amounts of alcohol may not cause an abnormal appearance, however, small amounts of alcohol consumption while pregnant may cause behavioral problems and also increases the risk of miscarriage. Quasi-experimental studies provide moderately strong evidence that prenatal alcohol exposure causes detrimental cognitive outcomes, and some evidence of reduced birthweight, although no study was fully rated at low risk of bias and quantity of studies was limited.

• #69 Understanding Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)

  https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/understanding-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders

  Alcohol exposure during pregnancy can result in FASD by interfering with development of the babys brain and other critical organs and physiological functions. […] Research shows that binge drinking and heavy drinking during pregnancy put a developing baby at the greatest risk for severe problems. […] However, even lesser amounts can cause harm. […] In fact, there is no known safe amount of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. […] Given that approximately half of all pregnancies in the United States are not planned, the U.S. Surgeon General recommends that women who are pregnant, might be pregnant, or are thinking about getting pregnant should not drink alcohol at all. […] Prenatal alcohol exposure is a leading preventable cause of birth defects and neurodevelopmental disorders in the United States.

• #70 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder

  The risk of FASD increases with the amount consumed, the frequency of consumption, and a longer duration of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Blood alcohol concentration has been identified as a relevant factor. All forms of alcohol, such as beer, wine, and liquor, pose similar risk. Binge drinking increases the chances and severity of FASD to such an extent that Svetlana Popova has stated that „binge drinking is the direct cause of FAS or FASD”. Small amounts of alcohol may not cause an abnormal appearance, however, small amounts of alcohol consumption while pregnant may cause behavioral problems and also increases the risk of miscarriage. Quasi-experimental studies provide moderately strong evidence that prenatal alcohol exposure causes detrimental cognitive outcomes, and some evidence of reduced birthweight, although no study was fully rated at low risk of bias and quantity of studies was limited.

• #71 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder

  The risk of FASD increases with the amount consumed, the frequency of consumption, and a longer duration of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Blood alcohol concentration has been identified as a relevant factor. All forms of alcohol, such as beer, wine, and liquor, pose similar risk. Binge drinking increases the chances and severity of FASD to such an extent that Svetlana Popova has stated that „binge drinking is the direct cause of FAS or FASD”. Small amounts of alcohol may not cause an abnormal appearance, however, small amounts of alcohol consumption while pregnant may cause behavioral problems and also increases the risk of miscarriage. Quasi-experimental studies provide moderately strong evidence that prenatal alcohol exposure causes detrimental cognitive outcomes, and some evidence of reduced birthweight, although no study was fully rated at low risk of bias and quantity of studies was limited.

• #72 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are caused by alcohol exposure during gestational development. If an individual was not exposed to alcohol before birth, they will not have FASD. However, not all infants exposed to alcohol in utero will have detectable FAS, FASD, or pregnancy complications. […] No safe level of fetal alcohol exposure has been established. Because alcohol is a known teratogen, it is considered unethical to do randomized controlled trials on pregnant women to determine the precise toxicity effects of alcohol. Among women who consume any quantity of alcohol during pregnancy, the risk of giving birth to a child with FASD is about 15%, and to a child with FAS about 1.5%. Drinking 2 standard drinks a day, or 6 standard drinks in a short time, carries a 4.3% risk of a FAS birth (i.e. one of every 23 heavy-drinking pregnant women will deliver a child with FAS). Furthermore, alcohol-related congenital abnormalities occur at an incidence of roughly one out of 67 women who drink alcohol during pregnancy.

• #73 Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) | Children’s Wisconsin

  https://childrenswi.org/medical-care/genetics-and-genomics-program/medical-genetics/teratogens/fetal-alcohol-syndrome-fas

  Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a group of abnormalities in babies born to mothers who consume alcohol during pregnancy. […] Many drugs can pass from the mother’s blood stream through the placenta to the fetus. Alcohol is no exception. Alcohol is broken down more slowly in the immature body of the fetus than in an adult’s body. This can cause the alcohol levels to remain high and stay in the baby’s body longer. […] The full picture of FAS usually occurs in babies born to alcoholic mothers, or those who drink more than four to five drinks/day. However, no amount of alcohol is safe. Even light or moderate drinking can affect the developing fetus. […] In addition to the acute effects of withdrawal, babies often suffer the teratogenic (causing abnormalities in formation) effects of alcohol. Specific deformities of the head and face, heart defects, and intellectual disability are seen with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). […] Fetal alcohol syndrome is 100 percent preventable. However, it requires that a mother stop using alcohol before becoming pregnant. Because no amount of alcohol is proven safe, women should stop drinking immediately if pregnancy is suspected.

• #74 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/fetal-alcohol-syndrome

  An infant born to a mother who drinks alcohol during pregnancy can have problems included in a group of disorders called fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). […] The full picture of FAS usually occurs in babies born to alcoholic mothers, or to those who drink regularly or binge-drink. However, no amount of alcohol is safe. Even light or moderate drinking can affect the developing fetus. […] Alcohol use in pregnancy has significant effects on the fetus and the baby. Dependence and addiction to alcohol in the mother also cause the fetus to become addicted. […] Specific deformities of the head and face, heart defects, and intellectual disability are seen with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). […] Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are 100 percent preventable. However, this requires that a mother stop using alcohol before becoming pregnant. Because no amount of alcohol is proven safe, women should stop drinking immediately if pregnancy is suspected.

• #75

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/chronic/Pages/Fetal-Alcohol-Spectrum-Disorders-FAQs-of-Parents-and-Families.aspx

  Alcohol is a „teratogen,” something known to cause abnormalities in a fetus after prenatal exposure. Alcohol consumed by a pregnant person can reach the fetus and interfere with development of the brain and other body organs. A child exposed to alcohol before birth may face a lifetime of challenges from what are called fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. […] The term fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, or FASDs, describes a broad group of conditions that result from prenatal alcohol exposure. […] FASDs are 100% preventable. The only sure way to prevent FASDs is to completely avoid alcohol use while pregnant. […] There is no safe amount of alcohol when a person is pregnant. […] The more alcohol a developing fetus is exposed to, the higher the risk is for the developing fetus to have alcohol-related brain and organ damage.

• #76 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in Adults | Orlando Recovery Center

  https://www.orlandorecovery.com/drug-addiction-resources/alcohol/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/

  Fetal alcohol syndrome causes learning problems, difficulty concentrating and even intellectual disability. […] Fetal alcohol syndrome, unfortunately, harms overall life expectancy. […] Fetal alcohol syndrome cannot be treated itself, but the impact of the symptoms that it causes may be lessened with treatment. […] While fetal alcohol syndrome is impossible to treat, it is very easy to prevent. Not drinking alcohol while pregnant makes the risk of fetal alcohol syndrome almost 0%.

• #77 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

  https://www.aapos.org/glossary/fetal-alcohol-syndrome

  Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) happens when a baby is born to a mother who drank alcohol while pregnant. It causes problems that last a lifetime. There is no safe amount of alcohol to drink during pregnancy. Women who are pregnant should not drink any alcohol. […] FAS is part of a bigger group of problems called Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). FASD includes any problems to children caused by alcohol during pregnancy. All types of alcohol are harmful, including wine and beer. […] When a pregnant woman drinks, the alcohol gets into her blood. The alcohol in the mothers blood then goes to the babys blood and organs like the heart, brain and kidneys. The baby cant get rid of the alcohol like the mother can. This means the alcohol stays in the baby longer and harms the baby. […] Yes! The best way to prevent FAS is to not drink any alcohol during pregnancy. If someone is trying to get pregnant, it is best not to drink alcohol. If someone finds out that they are pregnant, it is best to stop drinking alcohol right away and speak with their doctor about possible problems from alcohol during pregnancy. Remember: there is no known „safe” amount of alcohol during pregnancy. All types of alcohol, including beer and wine, can harm a baby.

• #78 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Causes, symptoms & treatment

  https://recovered.org/alcohol/fetal-alcohol-syndrome

  Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is one of the most common alcohol-related conditions that affect unborn babies exposed in-utero to alcohol. […] Like all forms of FASDs, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is caused by a woman drinking alcohol during pregnancy. […] Despite popular opinion, there is no known safe amount of alcohol to consume while pregnant, and any amount of alcohol has the potential to harm an unborn child. […] Continuing to drink (even in low or moderate amounts) greatly increases the risk of fetal alcohol syndrome or other forms of FASD. […] The best method to prevent FAS is by not consuming any alcohol during pregnancy. […] Consuming any amount of alcohol during pregnancy is risky, and can lead to harmful effects on an unborn child. […] FASDs can be prevented by avoiding alcohol use during pregnancy.

• #79 About FASD | Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | Proof Alliance NC

  https://www.proofalliancenc.org/about-fasd

  FASD cannot be “passed down” from a parent with an FASD, and it cannot be caused by a partner’s drinking. FASD can be prevented by not drinking any alcohol throughout pregnancy, from conception to birth. […] There currently is not a cure for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Because prenatal alcohol exposure alters the trajectory of brain development over the lifetime, the effects are lifelong.

• #80 How Much Drinking Causes Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

  https://twilightrecoverycenter.com/how-much-drinking-causes-fetal-alcohol-syndrome/

  Studies suggest that binge drinking, which is when someone consumes four or more drinks at a time, is particularly harmful. […] The safest approach is complete abstinence from alcohol during pregnancy to avoid any risk of harm to the developing fetus. […] Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder is a range of conditions that are associated with prenatal alcohol exposure, causing lifelong physical, behavioral, and cognitive impairments. […] FASD is caused by alcohol crossing the placenta and affecting fetal development, particularly the brain, which can happen when a woman engages in alcohol use during pregnancy. […] Prevention is entirely possible by abstaining from alcohol during pregnancy, making awareness and education crucial for reducing the incidence of FASD. […] Any amount of alcohol during pregnancy can potentially cause Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or other Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. […] The severity of the effects can vary based on factors such as the timing of alcohol exposure, the frequency and quantity consumed, and individual differences in metabolism and genetics, but any amount of alcohol use while pregnant can result in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders.

• #81 What is Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder? A Complete Guide – Indiana Alliance

  https://inalliancepse.org/fasd-guide/

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder can be triggered by both small and large amounts of drinking during pregnancy. […] Currently, the CDC estimates that 1 out of every 1,000 children is affected by FASD. […] Many researchers believe that FASD cases are widely unreported due to poor public awareness and misconceptions about what is safe to drink during pregnancy. […] In fact, it’s estimated that fetal alcohol spectrum disorder could affect up to 5% of the entire U.S. population, making this disorder equal to or more prevalent than other developmental disabilities such as autism. […] The symptoms can vary from child to child, but defects caused by fetal alcohol syndrome or other fetal alcohol-related disorders can only be treated, not reversed.

• #82 What is Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder? A Complete Guide – Indiana Alliance

  https://inalliancepse.org/fasd-guide/

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder can be triggered by both small and large amounts of drinking during pregnancy. […] Currently, the CDC estimates that 1 out of every 1,000 children is affected by FASD. […] Many researchers believe that FASD cases are widely unreported due to poor public awareness and misconceptions about what is safe to drink during pregnancy. […] In fact, it’s estimated that fetal alcohol spectrum disorder could affect up to 5% of the entire U.S. population, making this disorder equal to or more prevalent than other developmental disabilities such as autism. […] The symptoms can vary from child to child, but defects caused by fetal alcohol syndrome or other fetal alcohol-related disorders can only be treated, not reversed.

• #83 Fetal alcohol syndrome: For both men and women, pregnancy and alcohol are toxic mix

  https://vitalrecord.tamu.edu/drinking-habits-of-men-and-women-may-cause-fetal-alcohol-syndrome/

  Drinking during pregnancy causes fetal alcohol syndrome […] Alcohol consumption during pregnancy causes FAS/FASD, and there is no safe level of consumption and no safe time. […] Binge drinking plus the large number of unplanned pregnancies (about half, by some estimates) in this country is a recipe for disaster, Miranda said, since many women may consume alcohol without being aware of their pregnancy. […] We often say that FAS is a completely preventable disease, but while in theory that’s true, the actuality is that it’s not, Miranda added. […] There are a number of other factors that may play a role in decreasing the risk for fetal alcohol syndrome. […] Alcohol consumption by an intimate partner can make it more difficult to quit during pregnancy, particularly if alcohol consumption patterns are associated with domestic violence. […] A more appropriate message is that both men and women should consider abstaining from alcohol before and during pregnancy. […] Considering that about 10 percent of women report drinking during their pregnancies, this number makes sense.

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