Materiały źródłowe

• #1 About Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) | Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/fasd/about/index.html

  FASDs are a group of conditions that can occur in a person exposed to alcohol before birth. […] Different FASD diagnoses are based on particular symptoms and include: […] Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS): FAS represents the most involved end of the FASD spectrum. […] Diagnosing FASDs can be hard because there is no medical test, like a blood test, for these conditions. […] To diagnose FASDs, healthcare providers look for: Prenatal alcohol exposure, although confirmation is not required for diagnosis.

• #2 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) Screening: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-fasd-screening/

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are a group of conditions that can happen in a child who was exposed to alcohol before birth (called prenatal alcohol exposure). […] The screening is used to find out if your child has an FASD. There is no cure for FASDs, but early diagnosis and treatment may help reduce some of the symptoms and help your child reach their full potential. […] A screening may be needed if you drank alcohol during your pregnancy and/or your child has symptoms of an FASD. […] There is no single test for FASDs. But your provider may: Check for intellectual disabilities and developmental delays, Look for certain physical features such as a small head, small eyes, and thin upper lip, See if your child’s weight and height are below normal, Look for behavioral symptoms such as short attention span and problems with impulse control, Check your child’s coordination, vision, and hearing.

• #3 Fetal alcohol syndrome – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352907

  Diagnosing fetal alcohol syndrome involves an exam from a healthcare professional with expertise in the condition. Early diagnosis and services can help improve your child’s ability to function. […] Making a diagnosis involves: […] Talking about your drinking during pregnancy. Be honest with your healthcare professional about your alcohol use during pregnancy. This can help your obstetrician or other healthcare professional figure out the risk of fetal alcohol syndrome. Although fetal alcohol syndrome can’t be diagnosed before birth, the health of the baby and mother can be assessed and watched during pregnancy. […] Watching for symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome in your child’s early weeks, months and years of life. Your child’s healthcare professional looks at your child’s physical appearance for changes typical of fetal alcohol syndrome. The health professional also watches your child’s physical and brain growth and development.

• #4

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5411a1.htm

  Early identification and diagnosis of FAS in affected persons are essential components to providing health, education, and social services that promote optimal well-being. […] These guidelines represent a consensus of opinion from persons with expertise in relevant scientific and clinical fields, with input from service professionals and families affected by FAS. […] Guidelines were formulated on the basis of consensus among SWG members and NTFFAS/FAE. […] Prenatal exposure to alcohol alone is not sufficient to warrant a diagnosis of FAS. Despite the heterogeneity of expression for features related to prenatal exposure to alcohol, a diagnosis of FAS requires documentation of three findings: 1) three specific facial abnormalities; 2) growth deficit; and 3) CNS abnormalities. […] Because FAS is a syndrome rather than a specific disease, additional features can be present.

• #4

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5411a1.htm

  The diagnostic criteria for CNS abnormality require documentation of one of three types of deficits or abnormalities (i.e., structural, neurologic, and functional). […] A person might have more than one CNS abnormality. […] In addition to ruling out other causes for CNS abnormalities, a complete diagnosis should identify and specify other disorders that can coexist with FAS (e.g., autism, conduct disorder, or oppositional defiant disorder). […] The majority of persons with deficits resulting from prenatal exposure to alcohol do not express all the features necessary for a FAS diagnosis. […] Ongoing funding has been provided by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism to conduct research that might lead to evidence-based diagnostic criteria for persons with other conditions caused by prenatal alcohol use. […] The FAS diagnosis and the diagnostic process (especially the neuropsychologic assessment) should be considered as part of a continuum of care that identifies and facilitates appropriate health-care, education, and community services.

• #5 DIAGNOSIS OF FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME (FAS)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2582739/

  For the purpose of this guideline, the term FAS (FAE, ARBD) is used to describe the full continuum of abnormalities attributed to prenatal exposure to alcohol (see preface). […] This guideline is intended to promote early (infancy and preschool) and accurate diagnosis. […] The standard for diagnosis of FAS includes the following clinical indicators: a history of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy; prenatal and/or postnatal growth retardation; neurodevelopmental and behavioral characteristics; characteristic facial features. […] Once a diagnosis has been made, specific advice and contraceptive counselling can prevent further births of alcohol affected children. […] No single feature alone can be used to diagnose FAS. […] No single diagnostic test is available to confirm FAS. Appropriate investigations need to be undertaken as necessary. […] The diagnosis of FAS relies on a composite of specific physical, psychological and behavioral tests. Specific programs or services for the individual and the caregiver are required for accurate diagnosis and appropriate long-term management.

• #6 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1015/p515.html

  Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) result from intrauterine exposure to alcohol and are the most common nonheritable causes of intellectual disability. […] FAS is commonly missed or misdiagnosed, preventing affected children from receiving needed services in a timely fashion. Diagnosis is based on the presence of the following clinical features, all of which must be present: prenatal and/or postnatal growth retardation, facial dysmorphology, central nervous system dysfunction, and neurobehavioral disabilities. […] Any child who was exposed to alcohol pre-natally or presents with growth retardation, facial dysmorphology, central nervous system dysfunction, or neurobehavioral disabilities—the key manifestations of FASD—should prompt consideration of FASD.

• #7 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: a guideline for diagnosis across the lifespan

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4754181/

  The consequences of prenatal alcohol exposure were first described more than 40 years ago. The term fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) was first used to describe the cluster of birth defects due to prenatal alcohol exposure (including growth restriction, craniofacial abnormalities and intellectual disabilities) with lifetime consequences. The term fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) has since been adopted to describe a broader spectrum of presentations and disabilities resulting from alcohol exposure in utero. The development of clinical capacity for FASD diagnosis remains difficult, because the diagnosis requires a medical evaluation and neurodevelopmental assessment conducted by a multidisciplinary team. In 2005, an international, collaborative, evidence-based guideline for diagnoses related to prenatal alcohol exposure was published. Since then, the field has evolved, and additional evidence, expertise and experience have emerged to suggest that a revision was required to improve both diagnoses and outcomes. The literature has also shown that impairments in behaviour and function associated with FASD have been detected from exposure to binge drinking, even infrequently or early in pregnancy, which underscores the importance of pre-pregnancy counselling. Specific research involving infants, young children and adults with FASD, as well as further insight into the neurodevelopmental dysfunction and nomenclature, prompted the update and revision process. Recommendations are focused on the diagnostic process and are geared toward members of multidisciplinary diagnostic teams in Canada, who have received the required expertise and experience through specialized training. The guideline provides recommendations on the screening, referral and support for pregnant or postpartum women and for individuals at risk of FASD; the medical assessment, including family history, maternal alcohol history, physical examination and differential diagnosis; the sentinel facial features; the neurodevelopmental assessment; the nomenclature and diagnostic criteria; and the diagnostic team and special considerations in the neurodevelopmental assessment of infants and young children. A diagnosis of FASD is made only when there is evidence of pervasive brain dysfunction, which is defined by severe impairment in three or more of the following neurodevelopmental domains: motor skills; neuroanatomy/neurophysiology; cognition; language; academic achievement; memory; attention; executive function, including impulse control and hyperactivity; affect regulation; and adaptive behaviour, social skills or social communication. Infants and young children with all three sentinel facial features and microcephaly should be given a diagnosis of FASD with sentinel facial features; these children have a high risk of neurodevelopmental disorder. Infants and young children with confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure may be given a diagnosis of FASD without sentinel facial features if they undergo a comprehensive neurodevelopmental assessment and show deficits in three or more brain domains. It has been well documented that technology and health care costs are rapidly increasing and that health care systems are re-evaluating existing programs to develop more cost-efficient and effective practices and models. We anticipate that these updated evidence-based recommendations for best practices in the diagnosis of FASD will improve the current process and will lead to more efficient and effective care for affected individuals across their lifespan. Making a diagnosis of FASD requires a multidisciplinary team and involves a complex physical and neurodevelopmental assessment. Diagnosis of FASD is critical to improve outcomes for affected individuals and families, and to inform pre-pregnancy counselling to prevent future cases.

• #8 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1015/p515.html

  The assessment and diagnosis require a multidisciplinary team and should include neuropsychological assessment. […] Diagnosis begins with assessment of prenatal alcohol exposure, including quantity of alcohol consumed per occasion, frequency of use, and timing of consumption during pregnancy. […] The diagnostic criteria for FAS or PFAS do not require confirmed alcohol use if characteristic findings are present. […] However, a confirmed absence of alcohol exposure rules out the diagnoses. Confirmation of alcohol exposure is required for diagnosis of alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder and alcohol-related birth defects. […] As previously noted, FASD comprises four distinct categories: FAS, PFAS, alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder, and alcohol-related birth defects. Each category is distinguished by the presence or absence of characteristic facial dysmorphology, growth retardation, central nervous system dysfunction, and neurobehavioral disabilities.

• #9 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974016-clinical

  In the absence of sensitive and specific biomarkers of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), and given the common reluctance or inability of women to accurately disclose the quantity and frequency of their alcohol consumption, validating maternal reports of alcohol use is difficult. […] Therefore, the US Institute of Medicine guidelines allow for a diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome in cases in which a documented history of exposure to alcohol is not available. […] The following three diagnostic subcategories are based on the history obtained and give the criteria for diagnosis in each category, as described in the guidelines of the US Institute of Medicine. […] Fetal alcohol syndrome with confirmed maternal alcohol exposure includes the following: Confirmed maternal alcohol exposure, Evidence of characteristic facial anomalies, Evidence of prenatal or postnatal growth retardation, Evidence of CNS neurodevelopmental abnormalities.

• #10 Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and Sensory Processing Disorder in Children

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/11/1/108

  The first criterion for a FASD diagnosis is PAE, which occurs when an embryo or fetus is exposed to alcohol from a woman drinking alcohol while pregnant, either deliberately or inadvertently. PAE can cause damage to the brain and central nervous system, which can lead to hyperactivity, impulsivity, and a lack of self-control. […] Confirmation of PAE is necessary for all FASD diagnoses except for FAS. Confirmation can be obtained through methods using surveys, interviews, questionnaires, clinical observation, self-reporting, or the detection of biomarkers in maternal and newborn blood, hair, breath, urine, and the placenta. […] The diagnosis of FASD involves a comprehensive assessment of various factors across four categories.

• #11 Getting a diagnosis – National FASD

  https://nationalfasd.org.uk/about-fasd/getting-a-diagnosis/

  For any FASD diagnosis you may be asked for the following: […] Diagnosis at the earliest possible stage allows for early intervention and treatment programmes and a better overall outcome for an individual with FASD. […] The assessment and diagnosis/descriptor of FASD can help the individual, their family, and service providers to understand the challenges associated with a lifelong disability that requires accommodations and supports to maximise success. […] It is important that, when diagnosing FASD, healthcare professionals foster an environment that supports those affected, while avoiding blame, social stigmatisation and feelings of guilt in the parents. […] According to SIGN 156, a diagnosis/ descriptor of FASD is made only when there is evidence of pervasive and long-standing brain dysfunction, which is defined by severe impairment in three or more of the following neurodevelopmental areas of assessment: […] SIGN 156 states: The diagnostic /descriptive criteria for FASD are the same for adults as for younger individuals. […] Increasingly clinical commissioning groups are developing diagnostic pathways that allow people affected by FASD to have their needs assessed.

• #12 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1015/p515.html

  Characteristic facial dysmorphology associated with FASD includes short palpebral fissures (10th percentile or less for age and racial norms), a thin vermilion border of the upper lip, and a smooth philtrum. […] Two of the three characteristic features are required for the diagnosis of FAS or PFAS. […] Growth retardation is defined as the 10th percentile or less using height and weight measurements on standard growth curves. […] For central nervous system dysfunction to qualify as consistent with FASD, it must include deficient brain growth, abnormal structure, or abnormal neurophysiology. […] Neurobehavioral disabilities in FASD include deficient global intellectual ability and cognition, and poor behavior, self-regulation, and adaptive skills. […] Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder is diagnosed with documented prenatal alcohol exposure and neurobehavioral impairment in at least two domains in the absence of other defining characteristics for FAS. […] In the absence of defining criteria for FAS or PFAS, documented prenatal alcohol exposure and the presence of one or more major malformations known to result from prenatal alcohol exposure are diagnostic for alcohol-related birth defects.

• #13 What Happens During Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Test?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/fetal-alcohol-syndrome-test

  The criteria necessary for a diagnosis of FAS include: prenatal or postnatal growth deficiency (10th percentile for head circumference, age, and gender for height or weight or both), three specific facial abnormalities: smooth philtrum, thin vermillion border (thin upper lip), and reduced palpebral fissure length, any of a range of recognized neurodevelopmental or neurobehavioral conditions, additional features that occur with increased frequency in individuals with FASD, such as epicanthal folds, railroad track ears, clinodactyly, and hockey stick palm crease. […] The results of FAS testing are used to diagnose FASD, which helps healthcare professionals develop tailored treatment plans.

• #14 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Fetal-Alcohol-Spectrum-Disorders-FASD-Diagnosis.aspx

  Screening for alcohol usage is conducted for all post-partum and pregnant women using validated tools like TWEAK, T-ACE, CAGE, and SMAST. […] The general neurologic and physical examination involves suitable measurements of head and growth. […] The main purpose of dysmorphology assessment is to identify the features associated with prenatal alcohol exposure as well as dysmorphic features in children. […] Deficiency is detected by monitoring the child growth. […] Following are the three characteristic facial features used to differentiate an individual with or without FAS: Small palpebral fissures at or below 2nd standard deviations of the 3rd percentile, Flattened or smooth philtrum is measured using lip-philtrum guide, Upper lip with thin vermilion border is measured using lip-philtrum guide.

• #14 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Fetal-Alcohol-Spectrum-Disorders-FASD-Diagnosis.aspx

  The factors to be examined include: hard and soft signs of neurological abnormalities, structure of brain, memory, cognitive assessment (IQ test), academic achievement, ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder), executive functions, abstract reasoning, social communication, adaptive behavior, and social skills. […] 4-digit diagnostic code is introduced to identify, examine, measure, and describe objectively the brain damage, alcohol exposure, facial feature, and growth. […] Evidence of impaired pre- and post-natal growth should be present at least in one of the following: Height and weight of birth for gestational age should be at or lower than 10th percentile; height or weight for age is also to be at or lower than 10th percentile; and weight-to-height ratio should be disproportionately low. […] The diagnostic criteria for pFAS and ARND are the same.

• #14 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Fetal-Alcohol-Spectrum-Disorders-FASD-Diagnosis.aspx

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is sometimes termed as a hidden disability as its symptoms often remain under-diagnosed in many children until they enter adolescence or even adulthood. […] Since the diagnosis of FASD involves no specific medical tests (like blood test), the effects of the syndrome are hard to detect. […] Successful early diagnosis helps to lower the severity of the disorder and prevents the pathogenesis of secondary conditions. […] As FASD has a complex set of symptoms, its diagnosis requires a multidisciplinary approach for which a set of guidelines are formulated. […] The assessment process needs to be carried out by a diagnostic team comprising of a coordinator nurse or social worker, physician trained in diagnosis of FASD, psychologist, occupational therapist, and speech-language therapist.

• #15 How Is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Diagnosed?

  https://specialolympicsarizona.org/fetal-alcohol-syndrome-diagnosis/

  Selected Facial Malformations In order to have a confirmed FAS diagnosis, an individual must have all three common face abnormalities: a smooth philtrum, or a smooth ridge between the nose and upper lip, commonly called the Cupid’s bow; a thin vermillion border, or a thin upper lip; and small palpebral fissures, or small eye openings. […] Growth Retardation Individuals must also be delayed in their growth with a low body weight and a small stature or height. […] Central Nervous System (CNS) Abnormalities Individuals must have noticeable abnormalities in their central nervous system. […] Maternal Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy does not need to be confirmed in order to confirm a FAS diagnosis, since it may occur that a mother is unable to share this information or will not share accurate information as to the amount of alcohol a fetus was exposed to in utero.

• #16 Australian Guide to Diagnosis of FASD – FASD Hub Australia | FASD Hub

  https://fasdhub.org.au/fasd-information/australian-guide-to-diagnosis-of-fasd/

  Most people with FASD do not have the three sentinel facial features. […] However, growth impairment is no longer considered diagnostic of FASD due to the range of factors which can influence growth in an individual in combination with prenatal alcohol exposure. […] Information collected during the diagnostic assessment should be reviewed, ideally in a multi-disciplinary team context, to evaluate the strength of evidence to support a diagnosis of FASD with 3 sentinel facial features or a diagnosis of FASD with less than 3 sentinel facial features. […] The FASD Diagnostic Assessment Form and the Summary Form summarise the clinical findings required to make a diagnosis of FASD.

• #16 Australian Guide to Diagnosis of FASD – FASD Hub Australia | FASD Hub

  https://fasdhub.org.au/fasd-information/australian-guide-to-diagnosis-of-fasd/

  A diagnosis of FASD can be divided into one of two sub-categories: FASD with three sentinel facial features and FASD with less than three sentinel facial features. […] FASD with three sentinel facial features replaces the diagnosis of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, but without a requirement for growth impairment. […] The aetiological role of alcohol is most clearly established in the presence of all three characteristic facial abnormalities. In this situation a diagnosis of FASD with three sentinel facial features can be made even when prenatal alcohol exposure is unknown, provided there is also severe neurodevelopmental impairment. […] The clinical cut-off for severe impairment is defined either as a global score, or a major subdomain score on a standardised validated neurodevelopmental scale that is 2 or more standard deviations below the mean (2 SD), or less than the 3rd percentile (3rd PC).

• #17

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-health-needs-assessment/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-health-needs-assessment

  Diagnosis remains important even beyond childhood, although this can be difficult to obtain. […] Obstacles to diagnosis include lack of reliability in distant personal histories, the small number of specialists with the training and experience necessary and lessening of facial features with age. […] A systematic review by Popova et al identified 428 co-morbidities. […] A diagnosis of FASD is only made when there is evidence of pervasive brain dysfunction, which is defined by severe impairment in 3 or more of the following neurodevelopmental domains. […] The neuro-developmental problems associated with FASD can create great difficulties for individuals in their childhood that persist throughout life.

• #18 Common Diagnostic Approaches in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders/diagnosis/common-diagnostic-approaches-in-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder/?srsltid=AfmBOormohs9W2qLcDWaqh-UNSDNWcJNsyYXMHoMdBlImSigLKHJBszh

  Familiarity with diagnostic approaches for FASDs contributes to accurate diagnosis, treatment, and care for children with FASDs and their families. […] Differential diagnosis of any of the above concerns should include an evaluation for an FASD. […] Pediatricians can choose which diagnostic scheme to use to make an FASD diagnosis. […] The ND-PAE diagnosis requires evidence of more than minimal prenatal alcohol exposure. […] These updated guidelines are available in the research literature and follow the 1996 Institute of Medicine (IOM) framework. […] The four digits in the code reflect the magnitude of expression of the key diagnostic features of an FASD: (1) growth deficiency, (2) facial features, (3) neurocognitive structural and functional abnormalities, and (4) prenatal alcohol exposure.

• #19 Common Diagnostic Approaches in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders/diagnosis/common-diagnostic-approaches-in-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder/?srsltid=AfmBOormohs9W2qLcDWaqh-UNSDNWcJNsyYXMHoMdBlImSigLKHJBszh

  This diagnostic process consists of a physical examination, the creation of a differential diagnosis, a neurobehavioral assessment, treatment, and follow-up. […] The diagnosis requires a multidisciplinary approach that leads to diagnoses of an FASD with or without cardinal dysmorphic facial features. […] The AAP recommends that the child’s pediatrician assess for prenatal alcohol exposure and considers an FASD in their differential diagnosis.

• #20 Screening & Diagnosis | Diagnostic Centers in NC | North Carolina

  https://www.proofalliancenc.org/getting-a-diagnosis

  The earlier a child gets evaluated and identified as having an FASD, the sooner the family can work together with the childs teacher and other care providers to support the childs health and development. […] During an FASD evaluation, there are four areas that will be assessed: Growth, Facial Features, Brain Development and Functioning, Exposure to alcohol in utero. […] The Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) recommends that a person with prenatal alcohol exposure be assessed by an interdisciplinary team of professionals. […] The evaluation may include: Evaluation of the medical history, including prenatal, birth and early childhood history, General physical examination, Evaluation of growth patterns throughout life, Measurement of facial features, Psychoeducational evaluation to determine learning strengths and weaknesses, Occupational therapy evaluation to determine motor functions and sensory processing abilities, Speech and language evaluation to determine expressive and receptive communication abilities.

• #21 What we do : Surrey and Borders Partnership NHS Foundation Trust

  https://www.fasdclinic.com/about-us/what-we-do

  A diagnosis of FASD can be made without the presence of specific physical findings. […] We assess the likelihood of the presentation being explained by prenatal alcohol exposure. […] We also assess whether aspects of the presentation could be explained by causes other than prenatal alcohol exposure, such as genetic causes, exposure to other substances, or significant adverse childhood experiences. […] Our assessment aims to not only ascertain whether an individual has a diagnosis of FASD, but to identify strengths and weaknesses that a person has and recommend ways to utilise the strengths and support areas which may be more challenging. […] Once a diagnosis has been made, we can offer a range of care management advice as well as specialist clinics to deliver interventions that help people improve their wellbeing. […] We diagnose FASD by using a multidisciplinary assessment to identify, understand and evaluate factors such as neglect, prematurity, genetic disorders, pregnancy related issues and the use of drugs during pregnancy.

• #22 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | Riley Children’s Health

  https://www.rileychildrens.org/health-info/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders

  If your child has a FASD, he or she may be born with birth defects or other problems that last a lifetime, including brain damage. The most severe type of FASD is fetal alcohol syndrome. Infants born with fetal alcohol syndrome have abnormal facial features and slow growth as well as central nervous system problems, including intellectual disability. […] Your child’s doctor may diagnose FASD if your child has symptoms typically associated with FASDs and was exposed to alcohol in the womb. Child development specialists at Riley at IU Health perform extensive evaluations to help determine whether your child has intellectual disabilities, behavior problems or other conditions related to FASD. During these evaluations, your child’s care team will perform a physical exam, take a detailed medical history and perform psychological testing. […] After your child’s evaluation, you will receive a detailed report on his or her specific condition or conditions, suggestions for therapy and information on resources near your home that can help your child.

• #23 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15677-fetal-alcohol-syndrome

  Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a condition that develops in a fetus when a pregnant woman drinks alcohol during pregnancy. […] It can be difficult to diagnose fetal alcohol syndrome. There isn’t a direct test for FAS, and pregnant women may not give a complete history of all alcohol intake during pregnancy. […] Pediatric providers can often make a diagnosis of FAS based on the size of a child, specific physical signs and symptoms that develop through childhood, including: History of alcohol use by the child’s mother during pregnancy. […] Symptoms of FAS can resemble those found in other disorders, including: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). […] If you did drink any amount of alcohol during pregnancy, it’s important to know that your healthcare provider and your baby’s pediatrician need to know to help you plan for your child’s future.

• #24 Fetal alcohol syndrome – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352907

  Many features seen with fetal alcohol syndrome also may occur in children with other conditions. If fetal alcohol syndrome is suspected, your pediatrician or other healthcare professional will likely refer your child to an expert with special training in fetal alcohol syndrome. This may be a developmental pediatrician, a neurologist or another expert. The expert does an evaluation to rule out other conditions with similar symptoms to help make a diagnosis.

• #25 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders and differential diagnosis – Breda Genetics srl

  https://bredagenetics.com/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-and-differential-diagnosis/

  FAS is the most severe clinical manifestation due to prenatal exposure to alcohol. The diagnosis of FAS is predominantly clinical and is based on the presence of the 3 key signs: growth retardation (pre or postnatal), presence of characteristic facial dysmorphisms, abnormalities in the central nervous system, as well as the presence of suspected or confirmed intrauterine exposure to alcohol. […] The diagnosis of FAS must be “of exclusion”, that is, it must occur only after having discarded all the other possible causes of the patient’s phenotype, in the presence of a suspected or confirmed prenatal exposure to alcohol. For this reason it is important, after having performed the diagnostic tests for images, the audiometric and visual tests and having evaluated the case from a multi-specialized point of view (psychological, neurological and pediatric) to perform genetic tests such as the Array-CGH or the karyotype. These investigations are aimed at excluding any syndromes of genetic origin due to structural chromosomal alterations, but it would also be recommended to perform the whole exome sequencing (EXOME 60MB), to exclude other genetic pathologies due to point mutations.

• #26 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1141

  Other diagnostic factors include hearing or vision impairment, poor feeding, and irritability. […] 1st tests to order include facial photographic assessment. […] Tests to consider include prenatal ultrasonography of fetus, ECG, echocardiogram, EEG, MRI/CT head, renal ultrasonography, skeletal x-ray, screening blood tests, and chromosome microarray. […] Emerging tests include functional MRI, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and 3-dimensional facial imaging.

• #27 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder/

  Speak to a GP or health visitor if you have any concerns about your child’s development or think they could have FASD. […] A doctor or health visitor will need to know if your child was exposed to alcohol during pregnancy to help make a diagnosis of FASD. […] This usually involves physical examinations and blood tests to rule out genetic conditions that have similar characteristics to FASD.

• #28 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974016-differential

  Prompt and accurate diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is important. […] The best time to diagnose fetal alcohol syndrome or FASD is at birth, but most cases are not diagnosed until school age. This delay is mostly because clinicians do not routinely and thoroughly gather information about maternal alcohol use in pregnancy and partly because the diagnosis may be difficult to make in the newborn period. […] Furthermore, the characteristic facial features tend to become decreasingly recognizable as the child reaches adolescence, making diagnosis difficult after this age. […] Children whose diagnosis is missed in infancy may be most likely recognized at age 4-6 years, when behavioral and cognitive problems become apparent. […] For the reasons listed above, obtaining a careful history is of primary concern, followed by an appropriate examination of the child for characteristic features, consultation with a specialist if warranted, and referral for intervention and treatment for both the mother and child if a diagnosis is made.

• #29 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) | Children’s of Alabama

  https://www.childrensal.org/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-fasd

  FASD stands for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. This is not a diagnostic term, but is an umbrella term that encompasses all disabilities caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol. There are five diagnoses under the FASD umbrella: […] Babies diagnosed with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) have the following physiological characteristics: […] If the facial characteristics are not visible, the child may not get a diagnosis of FAS, but may have the same neurological symptoms and behavior challenges as children with full FAS. Only about 20% of affected children receive a diagnosis of FAS. The other 80% have partial FAS or Alcohol Related Neurological Disorder (ARND). Together FAS and ARND make up the broad category called Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). […] The most serious characteristics of FASD are the invisible symptoms of neurological damage from prenatal exposure to alcohol. These symptoms persist into adulthood and include the following:

• #30 What is Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder? A Complete Guide – Indiana Alliance

  https://inalliancepse.org/fasd-guide/

  Even if prenatal exposure to alcohol is suspected, it is usually not possible to diagnose fetal alcohol syndrome or other disorders prior to the baby’s birth. Healthcare providers will need to assess physical and neurological symptoms in the child as it develops outside of the womb. […] If no physical symptoms are present, diagnosing FASD is even more difficult especially in adults. This is often the case in cases of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder that have gone unassessed and untreated for years.

• #31 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/fetal-alcohol-syndrome

  Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Diagnosis […] To diagnose fetal alcohol syndrome, doctors look for unusual facial features, lower-than-average height and weight, small head size, problems with attention and hyperactivity, and poor coordination. They also try to find out whether the mother drank while they were pregnant and if so, how much. […] The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome can’t be cured, but early diagnosis and treatment can improve a child’s development and outlook. Research shows that children do better when they: […] Are diagnosed before age 6 […] Are in a loving, nurturing, and stable home during their school years […] Are not exposed to violence […] Get special education and social services.

• #32 FASD Diagnosis in Australia – Help for Children & Adults

  https://www.nofasd.org.au/parents-carers-and-families/fasd-diagnosis/

  FASD is often referred to as the invisible disability as it often goes undetected or misdiagnosed. Assessment and diagnosis of FASD is important as it may provide answers for families and improve access to services that can improve life outcomes. […] Research has found that early diagnosis of FASD is a protective factor. A diagnosis of FASD will help anyone who is working with your child to better […] International studies tell us that early diagnosis and interventions for FASD are linked with better long-term outcomes for the child and the family who support them. […] If FASD is suspected, an accurate diagnosis can: Help parents/carers better understand their child and their behaviour, challenges AND strengths; Help the child/adolescent or adult better understand themselves and validate their experience; Connect to appropriate supports, therapy and funding services; Build connections and aid communication among clinicians, caregivers, educators, and families.

• #33 Guide to the referral and diagnostic process | Resources | Learning With FASD

  https://learningwithfasd.org.au/resources/referral-guide/main/

  Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is an umbrella term used to describe the impacts of prenatal exposure to alcohol. […] The Australian Guide to the Diagnosis of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) was published in 2016. […] FASD is sometimes referred to as a ‘hidden harm’ or ‘invisible disability’ as it is under-recognised and often goes undiagnosed. […] Research shows that timely diagnosis and early intervention is essential to ensure the best outcomes for people with FASD across a range of life goals, including mental health and education. […] The referral process begins with the identification of concerns in an educational context and extends to the implementation of appropriate supports once a diagnosis has been made by a multidisciplinary team comprising medical and Allied Health professionals.

• #34 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15677-fetal-alcohol-syndrome

  Fetal alcohol syndrome isn’t curable, and the symptoms will impact your child throughout life. However, early treatment of some symptoms can lessen the severity and improve your child’s development. […] There is no cure for fetal alcohol syndrome. Children born with this syndrome experience the symptoms throughout their entire lives. […] Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a preventable condition. However, the only way to prevent FAS is to avoid drinking beverages containing alcohol during pregnancy. […] If you’ve already consumed alcohol during pregnancy, it’s never too late to stop.

• #35 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/fetal-alcohol-syndrome

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are 100 percent preventable. […] Most often, FASDs are diagnosed based on the mother’s history and the appearance of the baby, based on a physical examination by a doctor. […] The symptoms of FASDs may resemble other medical conditions or problems. Consult a doctor for a diagnosis.

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