Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://beta.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00050021.htm

  Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is caused by heavy alcohol consumption during pregnancy and is characterized by specific anomalies of the face; prenatal and postnatal growth deficits; and a variety of central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities, including mental retardation. […] Despite the importance of surveillance for establishing the magnitude of FAS and in monitoring trends in the occurrence of this disease, population-based surveillance for FAS has been difficult because the syndrome can be diagnosed only by clinical observation and often is not recognized until after the child reaches school age. […] To develop a more accurate estimate of the prevalence of FAS in a defined population, in 1997 CDC linked data from the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) and the Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Surveillance Program (MADDSP) for children born in Atlanta during 1981-1989.

• #2 How Common Is FAS? – Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

  https://fetal-alcohol.uoguelph.ca/epidemiology/

  FAS is arguably the most common known nongenetic cause of mental retardation. […] FAS is a completely preventable set of birth defects and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. The prevalence of prenatal alcohol exposure and FAS constitutes a major public health concern. […] Prevalence estimates are essential to effectively prioritize, plan, and deliver health care to high-needs populations such as children and youth with FAS. […] The literature on the prevalence, incidence, and epidemiology of FAS, while extensive, is far from consistent or conclusive. […] Rates of FAS in several of the most complete studies indicate that there are 0.5 to 3 cases per 1,000 births, which translates to approximately 2000 to 12,000 FAS births per year. […] Epidemiological studies of FAS utilizing passive surveillance are commonly conducted on U.S. and European populations.

• #3 5 Epidemiology and Surveillance of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/7

  Population-based epidemiologic studies using active case ascertainment can assist in addressing some of the criticisms mentioned above, can provide relevant information on the magnitude of the problem in specific communities, and may be more useful for comprehensive community-based prevention efforts. […] The overall significance of these population-based studies is that they may provide more accurate prevalence data and could point the way to more valuable information for comprehensive prevention programs. […] The major public health planning document of this decade, Healthy People 2000, states that the baseline incidence rate for FAS for the United States is 0.22 per 1,000 births. […] The committee concludes that FAS, ARND, and ARBD are a completely preventable set of birth defects and neurodevelopmental abnormalities and that FAS is arguably the most common known nongenetic cause of mental retardation.

• #4 Diagnosis, epidemiology, assessment, pathophysiology, and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6995665/

  The prevalence of FASD across sites ranged from 11 to 50%, including 0 to 0.78% for FAS (27 children), 0.84 to 59% for partial FAS (pFAS) (104 children) and 0.950% for alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) (91 children) (3.4 cases of ARND for every case of FAS). […] FASD is a preventable condition that can be addressed through public health efforts, including supporting timely abstinence from alcohol, alcohol abuse prevention, addiction treatment, and birth control. […] The public health impact of FASD is amplified by significant neuropsychiatric and medical co-occurring / co-morbid conditions. […] Studies of individuals clinically diagnosed with FASD have some inherent bias, because treatment-seeking individuals have more medical, cognitive, and behavioral problems than non-treatment seeking individuals. […] Diagnosing FASD in children and adults plays a critical role in identifying co-morbid and co-occurring conditions and accessing vocational support, housing and financial assistance, psychological interventions, and specialized legal counseling.

• #5 5 Epidemiology and Surveillance of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/7

  Population-based epidemiologic studies using active case ascertainment can assist in addressing some of the criticisms mentioned above, can provide relevant information on the magnitude of the problem in specific communities, and may be more useful for comprehensive community-based prevention efforts. […] The overall significance of these population-based studies is that they may provide more accurate prevalence data and could point the way to more valuable information for comprehensive prevention programs. […] The major public health planning document of this decade, Healthy People 2000, states that the baseline incidence rate for FAS for the United States is 0.22 per 1,000 births. […] The committee concludes that FAS, ARND, and ARBD are a completely preventable set of birth defects and neurodevelopmental abnormalities and that FAS is arguably the most common known nongenetic cause of mental retardation.

• #6 Diagnosis, epidemiology, assessment, pathophysiology, and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6995665/

  The global prevalence rates of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and the full spectrum of PAE-related conditions were estimated in a meta-analysis to be 0.15% and 0.77%, respectively. […] High rates, including estimates of 41% to 47% for Italy, have been challenged as unreliable but are generally seen as the best available indicators, despite limitations. […] One recent large study in the United States (US) utilized active case ascertainment (identifying cases in a non-clinical group such as an entire school district), maternal interviews, dysmorphology exams, and neurobehavioral testing to estimate FASD prevalence in first graders across four regions. […] Among 222 children classified with FASD, only two (1%) had been diagnosed previously, confirming that FASD is an often overlooked public health concern.

• #7 The global toll of fetal alcohol syndrome – Indiana Alliance on Prenatal Substance Exposure

  https://inalliancepse.org/the-global-toll-of-fetal-alcohol-syndrome/

  Worldwide, an estimated 119,000 children are born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) each year, a new study from the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) shows. […] The study, published in The Lancet Global Health, provides the first-ever estimates of the proportion of women who drink during pregnancy, as well as estimates of FAS by country, World Health Organization (WHO) region and worldwide. […] Nearly 15 per 10,000 people around the world are estimated to have FAS, the most severe form of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). […] The study involved comprehensive literature reviews and statistical analyses to determine the estimates, which are intended to help countries plan public health initiatives and policies, such as FAS surveillance systems and educational efforts on the risks of alcohol use during pregnancy, the researchers note.

• #8 The global toll of fetal alcohol syndrome – Indiana Alliance on Prenatal Substance Exposure

  https://inalliancepse.org/the-global-toll-of-fetal-alcohol-syndrome/

  Worldwide, an estimated 119,000 children are born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) each year, a new study from the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) shows. […] The study, published in The Lancet Global Health, provides the first-ever estimates of the proportion of women who drink during pregnancy, as well as estimates of FAS by country, World Health Organization (WHO) region and worldwide. […] Nearly 15 per 10,000 people around the world are estimated to have FAS, the most severe form of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). […] The study involved comprehensive literature reviews and statistical analyses to determine the estimates, which are intended to help countries plan public health initiatives and policies, such as FAS surveillance systems and educational efforts on the risks of alcohol use during pregnancy, the researchers note.

• #9 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974016-overview

  Among the subset of high-risk pregnant drinkers, estimated incidences of fetal alcohol syndrome differ because of variable definitions of heavy drinking and inconsistent methods of diagnosis. Therefore, rates range from 4% to as much as 44%. […] Estimated rates of fetal alcohol syndrome in international settings are sparse in the literature. […] They are based on variable definitions and methods of ascertainment and range from 1 in 1000 to less than 1 in 10,000 live births. […] In some extremely high-risk areas, such as South Africa, Croatia, and Ireland, rates of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are estimated at 111.1, 53.3, and 47.5 cases per 1000, respectively. […] Regardless of race or ethnicity, fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder occur in women who drink heavily during pregnancy. […] Rates of fetal alcohol syndrome appear to be highest among groups of low socioeconomic status.

• #10 Fetal alcohol syndrome ‘unacceptably high’

  https://motherhoodcollectiveimpact.org/fetal-alcohol-syndrome-unacceptably-high/

  There are unacceptably high global prevalence rates of alcohol use in pregnancy and fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), with rates highest in Europe, a new study has concluded. […] The study found that on average, almost 10 per cent of women drink alcohol during pregnancy. […] The researchers linked indicators of alcohol use in pregnancy and FAS to calculate that one in every 67 women who consume alcohol during pregnancy will have a child with FAS. […] Globally, nearly 10 per cent of women drink alcohol during pregnancy, but this has wide variations by country and WHO region; it was seen that in some countries, more than 45 per cent of women consume alcohol during pregnancy. […] As a region, Europe also had a 2.6 higher prevalence of FAS than the global average. […] There is an urgent global need for evidence-based initiatives to prevent FAS.

• #11 The global toll of fetal alcohol syndrome – Indiana Alliance on Prenatal Substance Exposure

  https://inalliancepse.org/the-global-toll-of-fetal-alcohol-syndrome/

  The five countries with the highest alcohol use in pregnancy were in Europe: Russia, United Kingdom, Denmark, Belarus and Ireland. […] The lowest levels of drinking and FAS were found for the Eastern Mediterranean and South East Asia regions, as there are high rates of alcohol abstinence in these regions. […] Her team is currently extending this work to study the global scale of all fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD).

• #12 The global toll of fetal alcohol syndrome | CAMH

  https://www.camh.ca/en/camh-news-and-stories/the-global-toll-of-fetal-alcohol-syndrome

  Worldwide, an estimated 119,000 children are born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) each year, a new study from the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) shows. […] The study involved comprehensive literature reviews and statistical analyses to determine the estimates, which are intended to help countries plan public health initiatives and policies, such as FAS surveillance systems and educational efforts on the risks of alcohol use during pregnancy, the researchers note. […] The five countries with the highest alcohol use in pregnancy were in Europe: Russia, United Kingdom, Denmark, Belarus and Ireland. […] The predictive model that the research team developed in this study could also be used to estimate the prevalence of other disease conditions, notes Dr. Popova. Her team is currently extending this work to study the global scale of all fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD).

• #13 The global toll of fetal alcohol syndrome – Indiana Alliance on Prenatal Substance Exposure

  https://inalliancepse.org/the-global-toll-of-fetal-alcohol-syndrome/

  The five countries with the highest alcohol use in pregnancy were in Europe: Russia, United Kingdom, Denmark, Belarus and Ireland. […] The lowest levels of drinking and FAS were found for the Eastern Mediterranean and South East Asia regions, as there are high rates of alcohol abstinence in these regions. […] Her team is currently extending this work to study the global scale of all fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD).

• #14 Data and Statistics on FASDs | Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/fasd/data/index.html

  Up to 1 in 20 U.S. school-aged children may have fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). […] We do not know exactly how many people have fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). […] Using medical and other records, CDC studies have identified about 1 infant with FAS for every 1,000 live births in certain areas of the United States. […] The most recent CDC study analyzed medical and other records and found FAS in 0.3 out of 1,000 children from 7 to 9 years of age. […] Studies using in-person assessment of school-aged children in several U.S. communities report higher estimates of FAS: 6 to 9 out of 1,000 children. […] Based on the National Institutes of Health-funded community studies using physical examinations, experts estimate that the full range of FASDs in the United States and some Western European countries might number as high as 1 to 5 per 100 school-aged children (or 1% to 5% of the population).

• #15 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Diagnosis | Epidemiology

  https://anchoredtidesrecovery.com/fetal-alcohol-syndrome-diagnosis-epidemiology-prevention-and-treatment/

  Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is also known as a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASDs). […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), we dont know how many people have fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. We use varying approaches to estimate how many people in our population might be living with the condition. […] Using medical records primarily, studies from the CDC show a rate of 0.2 to 1.5 infants with FAS for every 1,000 births in the United States. […] Recently, an epidemiological study by the CDC found FAS in 0.3 out of 1,000 children between 7 and 9. […] According to studies from the National Institutes of Health using physical exams, the actual range of FASDs in the United States and some countries in Western Europe could be as high as 1 to 5 per 100 childrenaround 1% to 5% of the population. […] A study from 2020 published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine found patterns of maternal alcohol exposure and binge drinking in pregnant women between 18 and 44 in the U.S. went up from 2011 to 2018.

• #16 Data and Statistics on FASDs | Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/fasd/data/index.html

  Up to 1 in 20 U.S. school-aged children may have fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). […] We do not know exactly how many people have fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). […] Using medical and other records, CDC studies have identified about 1 infant with FAS for every 1,000 live births in certain areas of the United States. […] The most recent CDC study analyzed medical and other records and found FAS in 0.3 out of 1,000 children from 7 to 9 years of age. […] Studies using in-person assessment of school-aged children in several U.S. communities report higher estimates of FAS: 6 to 9 out of 1,000 children. […] Based on the National Institutes of Health-funded community studies using physical examinations, experts estimate that the full range of FASDs in the United States and some Western European countries might number as high as 1 to 5 per 100 school-aged children (or 1% to 5% of the population).

• #17 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Diagnosis | Epidemiology

  https://anchoredtidesrecovery.com/fetal-alcohol-syndrome-diagnosis-epidemiology-prevention-and-treatment/

  Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is also known as a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASDs). […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), we dont know how many people have fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. We use varying approaches to estimate how many people in our population might be living with the condition. […] Using medical records primarily, studies from the CDC show a rate of 0.2 to 1.5 infants with FAS for every 1,000 births in the United States. […] Recently, an epidemiological study by the CDC found FAS in 0.3 out of 1,000 children between 7 and 9. […] According to studies from the National Institutes of Health using physical exams, the actual range of FASDs in the United States and some countries in Western Europe could be as high as 1 to 5 per 100 childrenaround 1% to 5% of the population. […] A study from 2020 published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine found patterns of maternal alcohol exposure and binge drinking in pregnant women between 18 and 44 in the U.S. went up from 2011 to 2018.

• #18 Data and Statistics on FASDs | Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/fasd/data/index.html

  Up to 1 in 20 U.S. school-aged children may have fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). […] We do not know exactly how many people have fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). […] Using medical and other records, CDC studies have identified about 1 infant with FAS for every 1,000 live births in certain areas of the United States. […] The most recent CDC study analyzed medical and other records and found FAS in 0.3 out of 1,000 children from 7 to 9 years of age. […] Studies using in-person assessment of school-aged children in several U.S. communities report higher estimates of FAS: 6 to 9 out of 1,000 children. […] Based on the National Institutes of Health-funded community studies using physical examinations, experts estimate that the full range of FASDs in the United States and some Western European countries might number as high as 1 to 5 per 100 school-aged children (or 1% to 5% of the population).

• #19 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1015/p515.html

  Although there is wide variation in the estimated prevalence of FAS/FASD, FAS is thought to occur in 0.3 to 0.8 per 1,000 children in the United States and in 2.9 per 1,000 globally. […] The prevalence of FASD is estimated at 33.5 per 1,000 children in the United States and 22.8 per 1,000 globally. […] In the United States, FASD is least prevalent in Hispanic children and most prevalent in Native Americans and Alaska Natives. […] FAS is diagnosed at an average age of 48.3 months; however, it is commonly missed or misdiagnosed, preventing affected children from receiving needed services in a timely fashion. […] FASD carries a significant economic burden. […] There is no cure for FASD. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recognize no safe amount of alcohol consumption during pregnancy and recommend complete abstinence.

• #20 Data and Statistics on FASDs | Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/fasd/data/index.html

  Up to 1 in 20 U.S. school-aged children may have fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). […] We do not know exactly how many people have fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). […] Using medical and other records, CDC studies have identified about 1 infant with FAS for every 1,000 live births in certain areas of the United States. […] The most recent CDC study analyzed medical and other records and found FAS in 0.3 out of 1,000 children from 7 to 9 years of age. […] Studies using in-person assessment of school-aged children in several U.S. communities report higher estimates of FAS: 6 to 9 out of 1,000 children. […] Based on the National Institutes of Health-funded community studies using physical examinations, experts estimate that the full range of FASDs in the United States and some Western European countries might number as high as 1 to 5 per 100 school-aged children (or 1% to 5% of the population).

• #21 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders/?srsltid=AfmBOooTVm5nRA9rGoFMNsWH_jS6fMI2-2qiaKeHuUxX2qd8qc3uR1Gc

  Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder is an umbrella term describing a broad range of adverse developmental effects that can occur in an individual with prenatal exposure to alcohol. […] It is not known how many people in the United States have an FASD. Several initial studies, using active case findings of school-aged children, indicate that 1% to 5% of children in the United States may have an FASD. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data indicate that approximately 12% of pregnancies may have alcohol exposure, which can lead to FASD birth defects. […] Ongoing care in a supportive pediatric home is an important component to achieving health and wellbeing for any child with an FASD and their family.

• #22 Diagnosis, epidemiology, assessment, pathophysiology, and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6995665/

  The prevalence of FASD across sites ranged from 11 to 50%, including 0 to 0.78% for FAS (27 children), 0.84 to 59% for partial FAS (pFAS) (104 children) and 0.950% for alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) (91 children) (3.4 cases of ARND for every case of FAS). […] FASD is a preventable condition that can be addressed through public health efforts, including supporting timely abstinence from alcohol, alcohol abuse prevention, addiction treatment, and birth control. […] The public health impact of FASD is amplified by significant neuropsychiatric and medical co-occurring / co-morbid conditions. […] Studies of individuals clinically diagnosed with FASD have some inherent bias, because treatment-seeking individuals have more medical, cognitive, and behavioral problems than non-treatment seeking individuals. […] Diagnosing FASD in children and adults plays a critical role in identifying co-morbid and co-occurring conditions and accessing vocational support, housing and financial assistance, psychological interventions, and specialized legal counseling.

• #23 Diagnosis, epidemiology, assessment, pathophysiology, and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6995665/

  The global prevalence rates of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and the full spectrum of PAE-related conditions were estimated in a meta-analysis to be 0.15% and 0.77%, respectively. […] High rates, including estimates of 41% to 47% for Italy, have been challenged as unreliable but are generally seen as the best available indicators, despite limitations. […] One recent large study in the United States (US) utilized active case ascertainment (identifying cases in a non-clinical group such as an entire school district), maternal interviews, dysmorphology exams, and neurobehavioral testing to estimate FASD prevalence in first graders across four regions. […] Among 222 children classified with FASD, only two (1%) had been diagnosed previously, confirming that FASD is an often overlooked public health concern.

• #24 5 Epidemiology and Surveillance of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/7

  The success of any public health program can be measured by comparing the incidence or prevalence of a particular societal problem before that program was implemented with its incidence or prevalence after implementation. […] Epidemiology and surveillance of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD), and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) are ongoing but are currently hampered by inconsistent methods and criteria for gathering the appropriate data. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention monitors the rate of FAS in two birth defects surveillance programs. […] The overall rate of FAS was 2.97 per 1,000 for Native Americans, 0.6 per 1,000 for African Americans, 0.09 for Caucasians, 0.08 for Hispanics, and 0.03 for Asians. […] A subsequent CDC article on data from the BDMP estimated the overall incidence of FAS from 1979 to 1993 at 0.22 per 1,000.

• #25

  https://www.healio.com/news/pediatrics/20150209/us-prevalence-of-fetal-alcohol-syndrome-remains-unclear

  Assessing the true burden of fetal alcohol syndrome has been difficult, according to the CDC, which recently conducted surveillance among children in Arizona, Colorado and New York. […] There is a wide variation in reported prevalence [of fetal alcohol syndrome] depending on the study population and surveillance method, study researcher Deborah J. Fox, MPH, of the New York State Department of Health, and colleagues wrote. […] The overall prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome among the study population was 0.3 per 1,000 children (95% CI, 0.3-0.4). […] American Indian/Alaska Native children had the highest prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome at 2 per 1,000 children (95% CI, 1.4-2.8). […] Recognition of children with [fetal alcohol syndrome] is critically important to ensure their access to appropriate services and interventions. However, identifying affected children through population-based surveillance continues to be a challenge, Fox and colleagues wrote. Prevalence estimates from the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Surveillance Network II demonstrate that fetal alcohol syndrome is still underrecognized.

• #26 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1015/p515.html

  Although there is wide variation in the estimated prevalence of FAS/FASD, FAS is thought to occur in 0.3 to 0.8 per 1,000 children in the United States and in 2.9 per 1,000 globally. […] The prevalence of FASD is estimated at 33.5 per 1,000 children in the United States and 22.8 per 1,000 globally. […] In the United States, FASD is least prevalent in Hispanic children and most prevalent in Native Americans and Alaska Natives. […] FAS is diagnosed at an average age of 48.3 months; however, it is commonly missed or misdiagnosed, preventing affected children from receiving needed services in a timely fashion. […] FASD carries a significant economic burden. […] There is no cure for FASD. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recognize no safe amount of alcohol consumption during pregnancy and recommend complete abstinence.

• #27 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974016-overview

  Among the subset of high-risk pregnant drinkers, estimated incidences of fetal alcohol syndrome differ because of variable definitions of heavy drinking and inconsistent methods of diagnosis. Therefore, rates range from 4% to as much as 44%. […] Estimated rates of fetal alcohol syndrome in international settings are sparse in the literature. […] They are based on variable definitions and methods of ascertainment and range from 1 in 1000 to less than 1 in 10,000 live births. […] In some extremely high-risk areas, such as South Africa, Croatia, and Ireland, rates of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are estimated at 111.1, 53.3, and 47.5 cases per 1000, respectively. […] Regardless of race or ethnicity, fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder occur in women who drink heavily during pregnancy. […] Rates of fetal alcohol syndrome appear to be highest among groups of low socioeconomic status.

• #28 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Racial/Ethnic Disparity in Association Between Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Alcohol Intake During Pregnancy: Multisite Retrospective Cohort Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e45358/

  Background: Alcohol consumption during pregnancy is associated with a range of adverse birth-related outcomes, including stillbirth, low birth weight, preterm birth, and fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). With more than 10% of women consuming alcohol during pregnancy worldwide, it is increasingly important to understand how racial/ethnic variations affect FAS onset. However, whether race and ethnicity inform FAS risk assessment when daily ethanol intake is controlled for remains unknown. […] Objective: This study aimed to assess racial/ethnic disparities in FAS risk associated with alcohol consumption during pregnancy. […] Results: A total of 3.4% (20/595) of women who reported consuming alcohol during pregnancy gave birth to a baby with FAS. Women who gave birth to a baby with FAS had a mean AAC of 32.06 (SD 9.09) grams, which was higher than that of women who did not give birth to a baby with FAS (mean 12.07, SD 15.87 grams). AI/AN mothers with FAS babies had the highest AAC (mean 42.62, SD 8.35 grams), followed by White (mean 30.13, SD 4.88 grams) and Black mothers (mean 27.05, SD 12.78 grams). White (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.10, 95% CI 1.03-1.19), Black (PR 1.13, 95% CI 1.04-1.23), and AI/AN (PR 1.10, 95% CI 1.00-1.21) mothers had 10% to 13% increased odds of giving birth to a baby with FAS given the same exposure to alcohol during pregnancy. Regardless of race, a 1-gram increase in AAC resulted in a 4% increase (PR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02-1.07) in the chance of giving birth to a baby with 2 facial anomalies (ie, short palpebral fissures, thin vermilion border of the upper lip, and smooth philtrum) and a 4% increase (PR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01-1.07) in the chance of deficient brain growth.

• #29

  https://beta.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00050021.htm

  Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is caused by heavy alcohol consumption during pregnancy and is characterized by specific anomalies of the face; prenatal and postnatal growth deficits; and a variety of central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities, including mental retardation. […] Despite the importance of surveillance for establishing the magnitude of FAS and in monitoring trends in the occurrence of this disease, population-based surveillance for FAS has been difficult because the syndrome can be diagnosed only by clinical observation and often is not recognized until after the child reaches school age. […] To develop a more accurate estimate of the prevalence of FAS in a defined population, in 1997 CDC linked data from the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) and the Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Surveillance Program (MADDSP) for children born in Atlanta during 1981-1989.

• #30 How Common Is FAS? – Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

  https://fetal-alcohol.uoguelph.ca/epidemiology/

  The prevalence of FAS varies widely by geographical location. […] The prevalence of FAS is consistent with the prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy. […] Passive surveillance is the strategy that is generally used to monitor birth defects such as FAS. […] The CDCs Birth Defects Monitoring Program revealed an increased prevalence in the U.S. using hospital discharge data. […] Clinic-Based studies have reported varying rates of FAS in different countries, and even between U.S. states. […] Population-Based Active Case Ascertainment studies produce relevant information on the magnitude of a problem in specific communities and can be useful for comprehensive community-based prevention efforts. […] Understandably, the use of active case ascertainment for epidemiological research on FAS is endorsed by the U.S. Institute of Medicine as the most accurate approach to determining prevalence rates. […] Globally, FAS is a highly prevalent developmental disability that is completely preventable.

• #31 How Common Is FAS? – Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

  https://fetal-alcohol.uoguelph.ca/epidemiology/

  The prevalence of FAS varies widely by geographical location. […] The prevalence of FAS is consistent with the prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy. […] Passive surveillance is the strategy that is generally used to monitor birth defects such as FAS. […] The CDCs Birth Defects Monitoring Program revealed an increased prevalence in the U.S. using hospital discharge data. […] Clinic-Based studies have reported varying rates of FAS in different countries, and even between U.S. states. […] Population-Based Active Case Ascertainment studies produce relevant information on the magnitude of a problem in specific communities and can be useful for comprehensive community-based prevention efforts. […] Understandably, the use of active case ascertainment for epidemiological research on FAS is endorsed by the U.S. Institute of Medicine as the most accurate approach to determining prevalence rates. […] Globally, FAS is a highly prevalent developmental disability that is completely preventable.

• #32 How Common Is FAS? – Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

  https://fetal-alcohol.uoguelph.ca/epidemiology/

  The prevalence of FAS varies widely by geographical location. […] The prevalence of FAS is consistent with the prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy. […] Passive surveillance is the strategy that is generally used to monitor birth defects such as FAS. […] The CDCs Birth Defects Monitoring Program revealed an increased prevalence in the U.S. using hospital discharge data. […] Clinic-Based studies have reported varying rates of FAS in different countries, and even between U.S. states. […] Population-Based Active Case Ascertainment studies produce relevant information on the magnitude of a problem in specific communities and can be useful for comprehensive community-based prevention efforts. […] Understandably, the use of active case ascertainment for epidemiological research on FAS is endorsed by the U.S. Institute of Medicine as the most accurate approach to determining prevalence rates. […] Globally, FAS is a highly prevalent developmental disability that is completely preventable.

• #33 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Surveillance: Age of Syndrome Manifestation in Case Ascertainment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4169739/

  Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a leading cause of developmental disability. Active public health surveillance through medical record abstraction has been employed to estimate FAS prevalence rates, typically based on birth cohorts. […] The Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Surveillance (FASSLink) Project, funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), sought to estimate FAS prevalence rates in eight U.S. states. […] FAS surveillance efforts should screen records of children who are much older than is typical in birth defects surveillance. […] The FASSLink project used active surveillance methods for data collection and a software based algorithm for consistent determination of a case as confirmed or probable for FAS. […] The current study utilized active case ascertainment from existing records in eight US states.

• #34 Evaluation of the Public Health Agency of Canada’s Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Program 2017-18 to 2021-22 – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/corporate/transparency/corporate-management-reporting/evaluation/evaluation-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-2017-2018-2021-2022.html

  However, the lack of national FASD prevalence data continues to represent a gap, which is further exacerbated by the under-diagnosis and under-reporting of FASD cases. […] Current exploratory activities are necessary precursors to building a national surveillance system. […] The evaluation found that some gap areas in FASD could be filled by PHAC given its federal public health role; however, not all activities are integrated. […] The national FASD prevalence is unknown because reliable national level surveillance data is not available for determining the magnitude of the population affected by FASD. […] The evaluation assessed progress against achievement of outcomes for PHAC’s main activities community-based funding through the NSPF and surveillance. […] Surveillance activities have been dependent on the availability of staff and other internal financial resources.

• #35 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Surveillance: Age of Syndrome Manifestation in Case Ascertainment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4169739/

  These results indicate that, on average, children were identified through multiple clinical record abstractions as having confirmed or probable FAS shortly after their fourth birthday. […] The implication of this research for surveillance for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is that a significant amount of time post birth should be allotted for the estimation of true prevalence. […] Methodologically, active surveillance efforts may be best suited for single year birth cohorts with a fixed length of time for case ascertainment or ascertainment at a specific age.

• #36 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Surveillance: Age of Syndrome Manifestation in Case Ascertainment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4169739/

  These results indicate that, on average, children were identified through multiple clinical record abstractions as having confirmed or probable FAS shortly after their fourth birthday. […] The implication of this research for surveillance for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is that a significant amount of time post birth should be allotted for the estimation of true prevalence. […] Methodologically, active surveillance efforts may be best suited for single year birth cohorts with a fixed length of time for case ascertainment or ascertainment at a specific age.

• #37 5 Epidemiology and Surveillance of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/7

  The success of any public health program can be measured by comparing the incidence or prevalence of a particular societal problem before that program was implemented with its incidence or prevalence after implementation. […] Epidemiology and surveillance of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD), and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) are ongoing but are currently hampered by inconsistent methods and criteria for gathering the appropriate data. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention monitors the rate of FAS in two birth defects surveillance programs. […] The overall rate of FAS was 2.97 per 1,000 for Native Americans, 0.6 per 1,000 for African Americans, 0.09 for Caucasians, 0.08 for Hispanics, and 0.03 for Asians. […] A subsequent CDC article on data from the BDMP estimated the overall incidence of FAS from 1979 to 1993 at 0.22 per 1,000.

• #38 5 Epidemiology and Surveillance of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/7

  The success of any public health program can be measured by comparing the incidence or prevalence of a particular societal problem before that program was implemented with its incidence or prevalence after implementation. […] Epidemiology and surveillance of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD), and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) are ongoing but are currently hampered by inconsistent methods and criteria for gathering the appropriate data. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention monitors the rate of FAS in two birth defects surveillance programs. […] The overall rate of FAS was 2.97 per 1,000 for Native Americans, 0.6 per 1,000 for African Americans, 0.09 for Caucasians, 0.08 for Hispanics, and 0.03 for Asians. […] A subsequent CDC article on data from the BDMP estimated the overall incidence of FAS from 1979 to 1993 at 0.22 per 1,000.

• #39 5 Epidemiology and Surveillance of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/7

  The CDC’s Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) is a population-based registry that identifies children diagnosed with birth defects during the neonatal and infancy periods. […] In general, the surveillance of FAS is similar in these other systems. […] Given also that FAS is a complex diagnosis, it may go unrecognized at birth. […] Thus, registry-based estimates of FAS prevalence can be expected to be gross underestimates. […] Studies that have produced rates, or estimated rates, of the incidence of FAS have been carried out in a number of countries. […] In the United States, incidence rates vary widely depending on study site. […] From the clinic-based studies, one can conclude that the prevalence of FAS varies by the prevalence of the problem in the select population served by the hospital or clinic and by the methodology used for case identification and ascertainment.

• #40

  https://beta.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00050021.htm

  This report presents a multiple-source method for FAS surveillance that is more complete than previous methods and that enables comparison of rates between states. […] During 1981-1989, MACDP and MADDSP combined identified 92 children with possible FAS: MACDP uniquely identified 50 (54%) of these possible cases; MADDSP uniquely identified 31 (34%); and both registries identified 11 (12%). […] The observed prevalence of full FAS was 1.0 cases per 10,000 live-born infants, and the observed prevalence of both full and partial FAS was 2.5 cases per 10,000. […] The estimated prevalence derived from capture-recapture analysis was 5.1 cases of full and partial FAS per 10,000. […] During 1981-1989, prevalence of full or full and partial FAS remained stable. […] The findings in this report indicate that, based on case confirmations conducted in 1997, the observed prevalence of full FAS among children born in Atlanta during 1981-1989 was 1.0 cases per 10,000 live-born infants and 2.5 per 10,000 for both full and partial FAS. […] The advantages of using existing multiple data sources to calculate the prevalence of FAS are the feasibility of the method and more complete casefinding. […] Surveillance is necessary to monitor patterns of FAS and the impact of prevention efforts.

• #41

  https://beta.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00050021.htm

  This report presents a multiple-source method for FAS surveillance that is more complete than previous methods and that enables comparison of rates between states. […] During 1981-1989, MACDP and MADDSP combined identified 92 children with possible FAS: MACDP uniquely identified 50 (54%) of these possible cases; MADDSP uniquely identified 31 (34%); and both registries identified 11 (12%). […] The observed prevalence of full FAS was 1.0 cases per 10,000 live-born infants, and the observed prevalence of both full and partial FAS was 2.5 cases per 10,000. […] The estimated prevalence derived from capture-recapture analysis was 5.1 cases of full and partial FAS per 10,000. […] During 1981-1989, prevalence of full or full and partial FAS remained stable. […] The findings in this report indicate that, based on case confirmations conducted in 1997, the observed prevalence of full FAS among children born in Atlanta during 1981-1989 was 1.0 cases per 10,000 live-born infants and 2.5 per 10,000 for both full and partial FAS. […] The advantages of using existing multiple data sources to calculate the prevalence of FAS are the feasibility of the method and more complete casefinding. […] Surveillance is necessary to monitor patterns of FAS and the impact of prevention efforts.

• #42

  https://beta.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00050021.htm

  This report presents a multiple-source method for FAS surveillance that is more complete than previous methods and that enables comparison of rates between states. […] During 1981-1989, MACDP and MADDSP combined identified 92 children with possible FAS: MACDP uniquely identified 50 (54%) of these possible cases; MADDSP uniquely identified 31 (34%); and both registries identified 11 (12%). […] The observed prevalence of full FAS was 1.0 cases per 10,000 live-born infants, and the observed prevalence of both full and partial FAS was 2.5 cases per 10,000. […] The estimated prevalence derived from capture-recapture analysis was 5.1 cases of full and partial FAS per 10,000. […] During 1981-1989, prevalence of full or full and partial FAS remained stable. […] The findings in this report indicate that, based on case confirmations conducted in 1997, the observed prevalence of full FAS among children born in Atlanta during 1981-1989 was 1.0 cases per 10,000 live-born infants and 2.5 per 10,000 for both full and partial FAS. […] The advantages of using existing multiple data sources to calculate the prevalence of FAS are the feasibility of the method and more complete casefinding. […] Surveillance is necessary to monitor patterns of FAS and the impact of prevention efforts.

• #43 FASD prevalence among children and youth: results from the 2019 Canadian Health Survey on Children and Youth – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/health-promotion-chronic-disease-prevention-canada-research-policy-practice/vol-41-no-9-2021/fasd-prevalence-children-youth-2019.html

  The prevalence of FASD among Canadian children and youth living in private dwellings was 1 per 1000 (0.1%). The prevalence was significantly higher among those who identified as Indigenous and lived off reserve (1.2%). […] These findings are in keeping with FASD prevalence studies that used similar passive surveillance methods. They provide a starting point to better understanding the prevalence and burden of FASD in Canada. […] In 2019, the prevalence of FASD among Canadian children and youth aged 1 to 17 years living in private dwellings was 1 per 1000 (0.1%). […] Canadian children and youth who identified as Indigenous and lived off reserve had a significantly higher prevalence of FASD than those who did not identify as Indigenous (1.2% versus 0.1%). […] The lack of national FASD prevalence estimates represents an important knowledge gap in informing the public health response. […] National surveillance of FASD is needed to gain a better understanding of the estimated prevalence and provide baseline numbers against which future public health actions can be evaluated.

• #44 FASD prevalence among children and youth: results from the 2019 Canadian Health Survey on Children and Youth – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/health-promotion-chronic-disease-prevention-canada-research-policy-practice/vol-41-no-9-2021/fasd-prevalence-children-youth-2019.html

  The prevalence of FASD among Canadian children and youth living in private dwellings was 1 per 1000 (0.1%). The prevalence was significantly higher among those who identified as Indigenous and lived off reserve (1.2%). […] These findings are in keeping with FASD prevalence studies that used similar passive surveillance methods. They provide a starting point to better understanding the prevalence and burden of FASD in Canada. […] In 2019, the prevalence of FASD among Canadian children and youth aged 1 to 17 years living in private dwellings was 1 per 1000 (0.1%). […] Canadian children and youth who identified as Indigenous and lived off reserve had a significantly higher prevalence of FASD than those who did not identify as Indigenous (1.2% versus 0.1%). […] The lack of national FASD prevalence estimates represents an important knowledge gap in informing the public health response. […] National surveillance of FASD is needed to gain a better understanding of the estimated prevalence and provide baseline numbers against which future public health actions can be evaluated.

• #45 Fetal alcohol syndrome: a prospective national surveillance study | Archives of Disease in Childhood

  https://adc.bmj.com/content/93/9/732

  Objective: To describe the epidemiology of cases of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) seen by Australian paediatricians. […] Methods: Active, national case-finding using the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit (APSU). Monthly reporting of incident cases aged 15 years by paediatricians between January 2001 and December 2004. […] Results: Over 1150 paediatricians submitted reports each month to the APSU. Of 169 reported cases, 92 fulfilled the study criteria for FAS. There was a significant increase in the number of children reported each year from 2001 to 2004. […] Conclusion: Our data are the only prospective national data available on FAS throughout the world. These findings highlight the severity, complexity and impact of FAS, the need for effective strategies for prevention, and the necessity for education to facilitate earlier diagnosis, referral and reporting of cases.

• #46 Fetal alcohol syndrome: a prospective national surveillance study | Archives of Disease in Childhood

  https://adc.bmj.com/content/93/9/732

  Objective: To describe the epidemiology of cases of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) seen by Australian paediatricians. […] Methods: Active, national case-finding using the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit (APSU). Monthly reporting of incident cases aged 15 years by paediatricians between January 2001 and December 2004. […] Results: Over 1150 paediatricians submitted reports each month to the APSU. Of 169 reported cases, 92 fulfilled the study criteria for FAS. There was a significant increase in the number of children reported each year from 2001 to 2004. […] Conclusion: Our data are the only prospective national data available on FAS throughout the world. These findings highlight the severity, complexity and impact of FAS, the need for effective strategies for prevention, and the necessity for education to facilitate earlier diagnosis, referral and reporting of cases.

• #47

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-health-needs-assessment/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-health-needs-assessment

  FASD is a lifelong condition caused by alcohol exposure to the developing fetus. It can have a significant impact on early-years development and life chances. We do not have reliable FASD prevalence estimates for England, though individual studies, international data and some local studies give insight to the potential extent of the problem. […] Challenges in diagnosis and data collection make it difficult to obtain reliable estimates of FASD prevalence in England. To date, there are no prevalence studies, making it difficult to understand the level of need and potential commissioning requirements. […] The first national effort to quantify FASD in the UK was published late 2018. The study found a screening prevalence range in the UK of 6% to 17%. It relied on a data set from the ALSPAC cohort (children born around Avon in the 1990s), applying diagnostic criteria retrospectively.

• #48

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-health-needs-assessment/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-health-needs-assessment

  FASD is a lifelong condition caused by alcohol exposure to the developing fetus. It can have a significant impact on early-years development and life chances. We do not have reliable FASD prevalence estimates for England, though individual studies, international data and some local studies give insight to the potential extent of the problem. […] Challenges in diagnosis and data collection make it difficult to obtain reliable estimates of FASD prevalence in England. To date, there are no prevalence studies, making it difficult to understand the level of need and potential commissioning requirements. […] The first national effort to quantify FASD in the UK was published late 2018. The study found a screening prevalence range in the UK of 6% to 17%. It relied on a data set from the ALSPAC cohort (children born around Avon in the 1990s), applying diagnostic criteria retrospectively.

• #49

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-health-needs-assessment/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-health-needs-assessment

  The lack of reliable prevalence estimates for England and the UK present a significant barrier to understanding and meeting the needs of those living with the condition, their families and carers. Until this is resolved it will remain difficult for service commissioners to plan for and provide the appropriate level of services for diagnosis and support. […] There is an immediate need for wider UK population-based estimates of FASD prevalence, using active case ascertainment studies.

• #50 Replication of High Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Prevalence Rates, Child Characteristics, and Maternal Risk Factors in a Second Sample of Rural Communities in South Africa

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/14/5/522

  Prevalence and characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and total fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) were studied in a second sample of three South African rural communities to assess change. […] FAS rates continue to extremely high in these communities at 89–129 per 1000 children. Total FASD affect 196–276 per 1000 or 20–28% of the children in these communities. […] FASD were believed for years to be rare, affecting an estimated maximum of 1% of the general population, but recent studies indicate that FASD prevalence is much higher than originally thought, ranging from 2% to 5% in the USA and Europe. […] Communities studied to date in ZA have the highest reported general-population rates of FASD in the world. […] In one particular municipality, “Study Community One” (SC1), and surrounding rural areas in the Western Cape Province (WCP), five epidemiological samples of FASD prevalence and characteristics have been completed.

• #51 Replication of High Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Prevalence Rates, Child Characteristics, and Maternal Risk Factors in a Second Sample of Rural Communities in South Africa

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/14/5/522

  In the most recent sample in SC1, FAS affected 59–79 children per 1000, and total FASD rates were 170–233 per 1000 or 17% to 23%. […] Previous study findings indicated that norms of regular binge drinking, low socioeconomic status (SES), insufficient nutrition, high fertility, and challenging conditions for child development combine to elevate the prevalence and severity of FASD in many ZA communities. […] The sample presented here represents a second study of FASD (commenced in 2011) in a highly rural area with three small towns located one to two hours away from SC1. […] The previous study in this region included four towns (collectively called BRAM for study purposes) and their surrounding areas, and this study included three of the same towns (called BAR for this study). […] The BAR communities are more rural, remote, and characterized by lower SES than SC1. […] The rates of FAS remain extremely high, at 89–129 per 1000. The rates of PFAS and ARND are again high and similar to the previous sample. The total FASD rate of 20–28% in this sample represents the highest prevalence ever reported for a general population.

• #52 Replication of High Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Prevalence Rates, Child Characteristics, and Maternal Risk Factors in a Second Sample of Rural Communities in South Africa

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/14/5/522

  In the most recent sample in SC1, FAS affected 59–79 children per 1000, and total FASD rates were 170–233 per 1000 or 17% to 23%. […] Previous study findings indicated that norms of regular binge drinking, low socioeconomic status (SES), insufficient nutrition, high fertility, and challenging conditions for child development combine to elevate the prevalence and severity of FASD in many ZA communities. […] The sample presented here represents a second study of FASD (commenced in 2011) in a highly rural area with three small towns located one to two hours away from SC1. […] The previous study in this region included four towns (collectively called BRAM for study purposes) and their surrounding areas, and this study included three of the same towns (called BAR for this study). […] The BAR communities are more rural, remote, and characterized by lower SES than SC1. […] The rates of FAS remain extremely high, at 89–129 per 1000. The rates of PFAS and ARND are again high and similar to the previous sample. The total FASD rate of 20–28% in this sample represents the highest prevalence ever reported for a general population.

• #53 Replication of High Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Prevalence Rates, Child Characteristics, and Maternal Risk Factors in a Second Sample of Rural Communities in South Africa

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/14/5/522

  In the most recent sample in SC1, FAS affected 59–79 children per 1000, and total FASD rates were 170–233 per 1000 or 17% to 23%. […] Previous study findings indicated that norms of regular binge drinking, low socioeconomic status (SES), insufficient nutrition, high fertility, and challenging conditions for child development combine to elevate the prevalence and severity of FASD in many ZA communities. […] The sample presented here represents a second study of FASD (commenced in 2011) in a highly rural area with three small towns located one to two hours away from SC1. […] The previous study in this region included four towns (collectively called BRAM for study purposes) and their surrounding areas, and this study included three of the same towns (called BAR for this study). […] The BAR communities are more rural, remote, and characterized by lower SES than SC1. […] The rates of FAS remain extremely high, at 89–129 per 1000. The rates of PFAS and ARND are again high and similar to the previous sample. The total FASD rate of 20–28% in this sample represents the highest prevalence ever reported for a general population.

• #54 Data and Statistics on FASDs | Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/fasd/data/index.html

  The lifetime cost of care for one individual with FAS in 2002 was estimated to be $2 million. […] It is estimated that the cost to the United States for FAS alone is over $4 billion annually. […] FASDs last a lifetime. […] There is no cure for FASDs, but research shows that early intervention treatment services can improve a child’s development.

• #55 Fetal Alcohol – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Fetal_Alcohol

  Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is an irreversible congenital condition that is a result of maternal alcohol use during pregnancy. Classic signs include: abnormal facial features (short horizontal palpebral fissure/blepharophimosis, thin vermillion border, and smooth philtrum), growth retardation, and neurobehavioral impairment. These signs range greatly in severity, and can include any combination of the classic signs. […] The estimated prevalence of FASD is 7.7 per 1,000 individuals worldwide, with ARND being more common than FAS. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) studies show up to 1 in 20 U.S. school-aged children may have fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). Estimates of the prevalence of FASD in the US and Western Europe range from 0.6 to 5.0% among school-aged children. […] The estimated lifetime cost on average for an individual with FAS in 2002 was 2 million US dollars. It is estimated that the cost to the United States for FAS alone is over $4 billion annually.

• #56 Data and Statistics on FASDs | Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/fasd/data/index.html

  The lifetime cost of care for one individual with FAS in 2002 was estimated to be $2 million. […] It is estimated that the cost to the United States for FAS alone is over $4 billion annually. […] FASDs last a lifetime. […] There is no cure for FASDs, but research shows that early intervention treatment services can improve a child’s development.

• #57 Fetal Alcohol – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Fetal_Alcohol

  Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is an irreversible congenital condition that is a result of maternal alcohol use during pregnancy. Classic signs include: abnormal facial features (short horizontal palpebral fissure/blepharophimosis, thin vermillion border, and smooth philtrum), growth retardation, and neurobehavioral impairment. These signs range greatly in severity, and can include any combination of the classic signs. […] The estimated prevalence of FASD is 7.7 per 1,000 individuals worldwide, with ARND being more common than FAS. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) studies show up to 1 in 20 U.S. school-aged children may have fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). Estimates of the prevalence of FASD in the US and Western Europe range from 0.6 to 5.0% among school-aged children. […] The estimated lifetime cost on average for an individual with FAS in 2002 was 2 million US dollars. It is estimated that the cost to the United States for FAS alone is over $4 billion annually.

• #58 Diagnosis, epidemiology, assessment, pathophysiology, and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6995665/

  Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) frequently causes neurodevelopmental disorder, yet fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are often undiagnosed. Global prevalence rates of 0.77% for FASD and European / North American rates of 25% highlight the need for neurologists to engage in identification, assessment, and treatment of this preventable disorder. […] FASD results from PAE and affects 0.77% of the global population and 20-50% in Europe and North America, with variation by country and epidemiological method. […] The high public health burden of FASD includes lifelong physical and cognitive disability, behavioral disturbance, psychiatric and medical comorbidity, diminished productivity, unemployment, homelessness, and incarceration. […] Recent efforts to improve identification and management of FASD include studies in non-clinically-referred groups, studies of school-based populations, international studies examining high risk populations, advanced 3D imaging of facial characteristics, and new neurobehavioral screening tools.

• #59 Data and Statistics on FASDs | Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/fasd/data/index.html

  The lifetime cost of care for one individual with FAS in 2002 was estimated to be $2 million. […] It is estimated that the cost to the United States for FAS alone is over $4 billion annually. […] FASDs last a lifetime. […] There is no cure for FASDs, but research shows that early intervention treatment services can improve a child’s development.

• #60 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1015/p515.html

  Although there is wide variation in the estimated prevalence of FAS/FASD, FAS is thought to occur in 0.3 to 0.8 per 1,000 children in the United States and in 2.9 per 1,000 globally. […] The prevalence of FASD is estimated at 33.5 per 1,000 children in the United States and 22.8 per 1,000 globally. […] In the United States, FASD is least prevalent in Hispanic children and most prevalent in Native Americans and Alaska Natives. […] FAS is diagnosed at an average age of 48.3 months; however, it is commonly missed or misdiagnosed, preventing affected children from receiving needed services in a timely fashion. […] FASD carries a significant economic burden. […] There is no cure for FASD. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recognize no safe amount of alcohol consumption during pregnancy and recommend complete abstinence.

• #61 Data and Statistics on FASDs | Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/fasd/data/index.html

  The lifetime cost of care for one individual with FAS in 2002 was estimated to be $2 million. […] It is estimated that the cost to the United States for FAS alone is over $4 billion annually. […] FASDs last a lifetime. […] There is no cure for FASDs, but research shows that early intervention treatment services can improve a child’s development.

• #62 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1015/p515.html

  Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) result from intrauterine exposure to alcohol and are the most common nonheritable causes of intellectual disability. […] The percentage of women who drink or binge drink during pregnancy has increased since 2012. […] FAS is commonly missed or misdiagnosed, preventing affected children from receiving needed services in a timely fashion. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other organizations recognize no safe amount of alcohol consumption during pregnancy and recommend complete abstinence from alcohol. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the percentage of pregnant women who consume alcohol increased from 7.6% in 2012 to 10.2% in 2015, and the number of pregnant women reporting binge drinking (at least four alcoholic beverages at once) increased from 1.4% to 3.1%.

• #63 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1015/p515.html

  Although there is wide variation in the estimated prevalence of FAS/FASD, FAS is thought to occur in 0.3 to 0.8 per 1,000 children in the United States and in 2.9 per 1,000 globally. […] The prevalence of FASD is estimated at 33.5 per 1,000 children in the United States and 22.8 per 1,000 globally. […] In the United States, FASD is least prevalent in Hispanic children and most prevalent in Native Americans and Alaska Natives. […] FAS is diagnosed at an average age of 48.3 months; however, it is commonly missed or misdiagnosed, preventing affected children from receiving needed services in a timely fashion. […] FASD carries a significant economic burden. […] There is no cure for FASD. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recognize no safe amount of alcohol consumption during pregnancy and recommend complete abstinence.

• #64 Diagnostic Issues Affecting the Epidemiology of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology

  https://jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/596

  Epidemiological measures of the prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) vary greatly in the literature. […] Estimates of the prevalence of FASD primarily depend on the diagnostic criteria currently available. […] In the absence of a reliable biochemical marker of effect to confirm maternal drinking during pregnancy, the importance and dependence on diagnostic guidelines for FASD is understated. […] There are profound implications of relaxed and strict diagnostic approaches on FAS prevalence reporting in the literature. […] Discrepancies in the criteria pose a danger to the validity of FASD diagnoses with respect to inaccurate estimates of incidence and prevalence. […] In turn, these discrepancies risk compromising the future healthcare of affected individuals with regards to intervention, counselling and treatment.

• #65 Diagnostic Issues Affecting the Epidemiology of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology

  https://jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/596

  Epidemiological measures of the prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) vary greatly in the literature. […] Estimates of the prevalence of FASD primarily depend on the diagnostic criteria currently available. […] In the absence of a reliable biochemical marker of effect to confirm maternal drinking during pregnancy, the importance and dependence on diagnostic guidelines for FASD is understated. […] There are profound implications of relaxed and strict diagnostic approaches on FAS prevalence reporting in the literature. […] Discrepancies in the criteria pose a danger to the validity of FASD diagnoses with respect to inaccurate estimates of incidence and prevalence. […] In turn, these discrepancies risk compromising the future healthcare of affected individuals with regards to intervention, counselling and treatment.

• #66 Diagnosis, epidemiology, assessment, pathophysiology, and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6995665/

  The prevalence of FASD across sites ranged from 11 to 50%, including 0 to 0.78% for FAS (27 children), 0.84 to 59% for partial FAS (pFAS) (104 children) and 0.950% for alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) (91 children) (3.4 cases of ARND for every case of FAS). […] FASD is a preventable condition that can be addressed through public health efforts, including supporting timely abstinence from alcohol, alcohol abuse prevention, addiction treatment, and birth control. […] The public health impact of FASD is amplified by significant neuropsychiatric and medical co-occurring / co-morbid conditions. […] Studies of individuals clinically diagnosed with FASD have some inherent bias, because treatment-seeking individuals have more medical, cognitive, and behavioral problems than non-treatment seeking individuals. […] Diagnosing FASD in children and adults plays a critical role in identifying co-morbid and co-occurring conditions and accessing vocational support, housing and financial assistance, psychological interventions, and specialized legal counseling.

• #67 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1015/p515.html

  Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) result from intrauterine exposure to alcohol and are the most common nonheritable causes of intellectual disability. […] The percentage of women who drink or binge drink during pregnancy has increased since 2012. […] FAS is commonly missed or misdiagnosed, preventing affected children from receiving needed services in a timely fashion. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other organizations recognize no safe amount of alcohol consumption during pregnancy and recommend complete abstinence from alcohol. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the percentage of pregnant women who consume alcohol increased from 7.6% in 2012 to 10.2% in 2015, and the number of pregnant women reporting binge drinking (at least four alcoholic beverages at once) increased from 1.4% to 3.1%.

• #68 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1015/p515.html

  Contraception should be offered to women of child-bearing age who drink; if they desire pregnancy, abstinence from alcohol should be recommended. […] If alcohol use in pregnancy is identified, physicians should recommend cessation and offer group-based interventions such as Alcoholics Anonymous and alcohol rehabilitation centers.

• #69

  https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2005/05/17/05-9767/implementing-community-level-strategies-for-fetal-alcohol-syndrome-prevention-and-surveillance-in

  Implementing Community-Level Strategies for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Prevention and Surveillance in South Africa […] Purpose: The purpose of this program is to: (a) Identify urban and rural communities in South Africa with high proportions of childbearing-aged women who are at risk for an alcohol exposed pregnancy that could result in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS); and (b) to develop a model prevention program aimed at reducing hazardous alcohol use and/or promoting pregnancy delay until alcohol abuse is resolved in those women at highest risk. […] […] Background and Research Objectives: FAS is caused by maternal alcohol use during pregnancy and is one of the leading causes of preventable birth defects and disabilities. Recently, the highest prevalence of FAS worldwide was reported among children living in the winery area of the Western and Northern Cape region of South Africa with FAS prevalence rates ranging from 40.5 to 46.4 per 1,000 children. In the Gauteng region of South Africa (outside the wine-growing region) FAS prevalence rates range from 11.8 to 41.0 per 1,000 children. In addition, CDC has implemented a monitoring system in the area of De AAR, where the FAS prevalence rate was 80 per 1,000 live births. These rates show that FAS is a serious public health problem in some areas or subgroups of the South African population. […]

• #70

  https://beta.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00050021.htm

  This report presents a multiple-source method for FAS surveillance that is more complete than previous methods and that enables comparison of rates between states. […] During 1981-1989, MACDP and MADDSP combined identified 92 children with possible FAS: MACDP uniquely identified 50 (54%) of these possible cases; MADDSP uniquely identified 31 (34%); and both registries identified 11 (12%). […] The observed prevalence of full FAS was 1.0 cases per 10,000 live-born infants, and the observed prevalence of both full and partial FAS was 2.5 cases per 10,000. […] The estimated prevalence derived from capture-recapture analysis was 5.1 cases of full and partial FAS per 10,000. […] During 1981-1989, prevalence of full or full and partial FAS remained stable. […] The findings in this report indicate that, based on case confirmations conducted in 1997, the observed prevalence of full FAS among children born in Atlanta during 1981-1989 was 1.0 cases per 10,000 live-born infants and 2.5 per 10,000 for both full and partial FAS. […] The advantages of using existing multiple data sources to calculate the prevalence of FAS are the feasibility of the method and more complete casefinding. […] Surveillance is necessary to monitor patterns of FAS and the impact of prevention efforts.

• #71

  https://beta.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00050021.htm

  This report presents a multiple-source method for FAS surveillance that is more complete than previous methods and that enables comparison of rates between states. […] During 1981-1989, MACDP and MADDSP combined identified 92 children with possible FAS: MACDP uniquely identified 50 (54%) of these possible cases; MADDSP uniquely identified 31 (34%); and both registries identified 11 (12%). […] The observed prevalence of full FAS was 1.0 cases per 10,000 live-born infants, and the observed prevalence of both full and partial FAS was 2.5 cases per 10,000. […] The estimated prevalence derived from capture-recapture analysis was 5.1 cases of full and partial FAS per 10,000. […] During 1981-1989, prevalence of full or full and partial FAS remained stable. […] The findings in this report indicate that, based on case confirmations conducted in 1997, the observed prevalence of full FAS among children born in Atlanta during 1981-1989 was 1.0 cases per 10,000 live-born infants and 2.5 per 10,000 for both full and partial FAS. […] The advantages of using existing multiple data sources to calculate the prevalence of FAS are the feasibility of the method and more complete casefinding. […] Surveillance is necessary to monitor patterns of FAS and the impact of prevention efforts.

• #72 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Surveillance: Age of Syndrome Manifestation in Case Ascertainment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4169739/

  These results indicate that, on average, children were identified through multiple clinical record abstractions as having confirmed or probable FAS shortly after their fourth birthday. […] The implication of this research for surveillance for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is that a significant amount of time post birth should be allotted for the estimation of true prevalence. […] Methodologically, active surveillance efforts may be best suited for single year birth cohorts with a fixed length of time for case ascertainment or ascertainment at a specific age.

• #73 Diagnosis, epidemiology, assessment, pathophysiology, and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6995665/

  Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) frequently causes neurodevelopmental disorder, yet fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are often undiagnosed. Global prevalence rates of 0.77% for FASD and European / North American rates of 25% highlight the need for neurologists to engage in identification, assessment, and treatment of this preventable disorder. […] FASD results from PAE and affects 0.77% of the global population and 20-50% in Europe and North America, with variation by country and epidemiological method. […] The high public health burden of FASD includes lifelong physical and cognitive disability, behavioral disturbance, psychiatric and medical comorbidity, diminished productivity, unemployment, homelessness, and incarceration. […] Recent efforts to improve identification and management of FASD include studies in non-clinically-referred groups, studies of school-based populations, international studies examining high risk populations, advanced 3D imaging of facial characteristics, and new neurobehavioral screening tools.

• #74 Alcohol, Pregnancy & Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders – Center for Better Beginnings

  https://betterbeginnings.org/what-we-do/patient-care/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-clinic/spectrum-2/

  Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is at the most severe end of the FASD range and is the most well-known FASD diagnosis. FAS was first described in medical literature by our Center’s own Dr. Jones in 1973. The prevalence of FAS is estimated to be 1 to 3 per 1,000 live births; this is roughly equivalent to the prevalence of Down Syndrome. A diagnosis of FAS requires the following: […] Individuals with full FAS represent only a small portion of the FASD spectrum (that is, they are just “the tip of the iceberg”) and are generally recognized early due to the facial features and the severity of the symptoms. However, the majority of individuals affected by prenatal alcohol exposure do not meet all the above criteria. […] Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (ND-PAE) is a new psychiatric diagnosis being considered that is included in the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V), the handbook used by healthcare professionals to diagnose mental disorders. ND-PAE requires evidence of both prenatal alcohol exposure and impairments in the following three areas: cognition, self-regulation, and adaptive functioning. This new diagnosis will improve understanding of the multifaceted cognitive and behavioral deficits seen in some people exposed to alcohol prenatally, and facilitate diagnosis and treatment of these individuals.

• #75 Prenatal alcohol exposure and associations with physical size, dysmorphology and neurodevelopment: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-024-03656-w

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a significant public health concern, yet there is no internationally agreed set of diagnostic criteria or summary of underlying evidence to inform diagnostic decision-making. This systematic review assesses associations of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and outcomes of diagnostic assessments, providing an evidence base for the improvement of FASD diagnostic criteria. […] FASD is the leading cause of non-genetic developmental disability in many countries, affecting an estimated 7.7 per 1000 individuals. Consequently, FASD is a serious public health issue, associated with significant costs for the individual, family and society. […] Establishing uniform diagnostic criteria is crucial for improving FASD identification and facilitating appropriate services for those affected.

• #76 Prenatal alcohol exposure and associations with physical size, dysmorphology and neurodevelopment: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-024-03656-w

  The key clinical components in diagnostic criteria are physical size (i.e. birth weight, birth length, postnatal weight and/or postnatal height); dysmorphology (i.e. characteristic facial features [small palpebral fissures, smooth philtrum and thin vermilion], other dysmorphic features and birth defects); functional neurodevelopmental outcomes (e.g. general intelligence, memory, attention, executive function); structural neurodevelopmental outcomes (e.g. head circumference, structural brain abnormalities); and neurological outcomes (e.g. seizures of unknown origin, cerebral palsy, hearing and vision impairment). […] This comprehensive review provides guidance on which components are most useful to consider in the diagnostic criteria for FASD. It also highlights numerous gaps in the available evidence. Future well-designed pregnancy cohort studies should specifically focus on doseresponse relationships between PAE and dysmorphology, neurodevelopment and brain structure/neurological outcomes.

• #77 5 Epidemiology and Surveillance of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/7

  The success of any public health program can be measured by comparing the incidence or prevalence of a particular societal problem before that program was implemented with its incidence or prevalence after implementation. […] Epidemiology and surveillance of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD), and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) are ongoing but are currently hampered by inconsistent methods and criteria for gathering the appropriate data. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention monitors the rate of FAS in two birth defects surveillance programs. […] The overall rate of FAS was 2.97 per 1,000 for Native Americans, 0.6 per 1,000 for African Americans, 0.09 for Caucasians, 0.08 for Hispanics, and 0.03 for Asians. […] A subsequent CDC article on data from the BDMP estimated the overall incidence of FAS from 1979 to 1993 at 0.22 per 1,000.

• #78 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Alchohol in pregnancy and effects

  https://patient.info/doctor/fetal-alcohol-syndrome-pro

  How common is fetal alcohol syndrome? (Epidemiology)3 […] Prenatal alcohol exposure is the leading preventable cause of cognitive deficit in developed countries.4 […] Exact numbers are difficult to define in this spectrum of disorder and there are no accurate figures for prevalence in the UK. […] This is due to a number of factors, including the differing definitions and conditions along the spectrum, the poor accuracy in self-reporting of alcohol consumption, lack of standardisation of levels of drinking, reluctance to make or accept the diagnosis, and paucity of reliable data collection. […] Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is underdiagnosed. Global prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is estimated at 0.77%, with a higher prevalence of 2-5% in Europe and North America.5 […] […] […] Both fetal alcohol syndrome and FAEs are entirely preventable. Estimates of alcohol consumption in the general population and pregnant women are difficult as there is known to be significant under-estimation and under-reporting.

• #79 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: prevention, identification and support need more resources | PolicyBristol | University of Bristol

  https://www.bristol.ac.uk/policybristol/policy-briefings/fasd-uk-prevalence/

  Up to 17 per cent of UK children could have symptoms consistent with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). […] FASD is likely to remain a significant public health concern in the UK. […] A current UK prevalence study is urgently needed. […] Up to date data is needed for government and service commissioners to plan for and provide appropriate levels of service. […] This study reveals a mismatch between likely prevalence and clinical expectation that FASD is a rare condition. […] Other recent studies (2015) suggest that three-quarters of women drink during pregnancy, with 1 in 3 at binge levels. This suggests that many individuals in the UK population today could also have symptoms of FASD.

• #80 5 Epidemiology and Surveillance of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/7

  The success of any public health program can be measured by comparing the incidence or prevalence of a particular societal problem before that program was implemented with its incidence or prevalence after implementation. […] Epidemiology and surveillance of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD), and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) are ongoing but are currently hampered by inconsistent methods and criteria for gathering the appropriate data. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention monitors the rate of FAS in two birth defects surveillance programs. […] The overall rate of FAS was 2.97 per 1,000 for Native Americans, 0.6 per 1,000 for African Americans, 0.09 for Caucasians, 0.08 for Hispanics, and 0.03 for Asians. […] A subsequent CDC article on data from the BDMP estimated the overall incidence of FAS from 1979 to 1993 at 0.22 per 1,000.

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