Materiały źródłowe

• #1 The CDC’s Recommendations to Help Prevent Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0101/p6.html

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) affect an estimated 2% to 5% of children in the United States. Persons with FASDs have lifelong behavioral, intellectual, and physical disabilities that are solely the result of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy. […] The goal was to prevent potential negative outcomes and minimize long-term disabilities, while also addressing potential stigma and parental guilt. […] An estimated 3 million women are sexually active, do not use contraception, and drink alcohol; these women are at risk of alcohol-exposed pregnancies. […] By providing patients with information about the potential harms of alcohol at any point in pregnancy and ensuring that contraception is accessible to those who do not want to become pregnant, physicians can reduce unintended fetal alcohol exposures.

• #2 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders prevention and clinical guidelines research-workshop report | BMC Proceedings | Full Text

  https://bmcproc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12919-023-00272-z

  It is estimated that up to 1 in 20 people in the United States are affected by fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), an array of cognitive, emotional, physical and social disorders caused by exposure to alcohol during prenatal development. […] To shed light on these issues and provide an overview of the existing research, programs, and clinical practice guidelines surrounding FASD, the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), in conjunction with FASD United, hosted the Workshop on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Prevention and Clinical Guidelines Research on 21 September 2022 in Washington, DC. […] The workshop closed with a discussion of federal agency perspectives highlighting initiatives aimed at advancing research and access to care for women and families at-risk and those currently affected by FASD.

• #3 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD): Prevention and Intervention | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)

  https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-fasd-prevention-and-intervention

  The purpose of this concept is to support research that advances interventions for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) and prevention approaches to reduce prenatal alcohol exposure and the incidence of FASD. […] FASD are 100% preventable if a developing fetus is not exposed to alcohol. Given that approximately half of all pregnancies in the United States are not planned, the U.S. Surgeon General recommends that women who are pregnant, might be pregnant, or consider becoming pregnant should abstain from alcohol. […] Prevention research may seek to: Improve established methods that help women reduce or abstain from drinking during pregnancy. […] Design and evaluate novel prevention approaches to promote alcohol (and other substance) abstinence in women to prevent prenatal alcohol exposure.

• #4 Fetal alcohol syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352901

  To prevent fetal alcohol syndrome, don’t drink alcohol during pregnancy. […] Don’t drink alcohol if you’re trying to get pregnant. If you haven’t already stopped drinking, stop as soon as you know you’re pregnant or if you even think you might be pregnant. It’s never too late to stop drinking during your pregnancy. The sooner you stop, the better it is for your baby. […] Don’t drink alcohol at any time during your pregnancy. Fetal alcohol syndrome is completely preventable in children whose mothers don’t drink at all during pregnancy. […] Consider giving up alcohol during your childbearing years if you’re sexually active and you’re having unprotected sex. Many pregnancies are unplanned, and damage from alcohol can happen in the earliest weeks of pregnancy. […] If you have an alcohol problem, get help before you get pregnant. Talk to your healthcare professional or a mental health professional about your drinking. Review how much and how often you drink alcohol so that together you can create a treatment plan to help you quit.

• #5 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15677-fetal-alcohol-syndrome

  Using alcohol during pregnancy is the leading cause of preventable birth defects, developmental disabilities and learning disabilities. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a preventable condition. However, the only way to prevent FAS is to avoid drinking beverages containing alcohol during pregnancy. […] It’s also recommended that you not drink alcohol if you’re sexually active and not using effective birth control. It can take four to six weeks before you know you’re pregnant. During early pregnancy, the fetus is already developing rapidly. Alcohol consumption could harm the developing fetus at any time during pregnancy especially early on in the development process. […] If you’ve already consumed alcohol during pregnancy, it’s never too late to stop. Brain growth in the fetus takes place throughout pregnancy, so stopping alcohol consumption as soon as possible is always best.

• #6 Fetal alcohol syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352901

  To prevent fetal alcohol syndrome, don’t drink alcohol during pregnancy. […] Don’t drink alcohol if you’re trying to get pregnant. If you haven’t already stopped drinking, stop as soon as you know you’re pregnant or if you even think you might be pregnant. It’s never too late to stop drinking during your pregnancy. The sooner you stop, the better it is for your baby. […] Don’t drink alcohol at any time during your pregnancy. Fetal alcohol syndrome is completely preventable in children whose mothers don’t drink at all during pregnancy. […] Consider giving up alcohol during your childbearing years if you’re sexually active and you’re having unprotected sex. Many pregnancies are unplanned, and damage from alcohol can happen in the earliest weeks of pregnancy. […] If you have an alcohol problem, get help before you get pregnant. Talk to your healthcare professional or a mental health professional about your drinking. Review how much and how often you drink alcohol so that together you can create a treatment plan to help you quit.

• #7

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/chronic/Pages/Fetal-Alcohol-Spectrum-Disorders-FAQs-of-Parents-and-Families.aspx

  FASDs are 100% preventable. The only sure way to prevent FASDs is to completely avoid alcohol use while pregnant. Because damage from prenatal alcohol exposure can occur even during the earliest weeks of pregnancy, often before someone realizes they are pregnant, people who are trying to get pregnant or who could get pregnant also should avoid alcohol. […] There is no safe amount of alcohol when a person is pregnant. […] There is no safe type of alcoholic beverage to consume while pregnant. […] No, there is no point during pregnancy when drinking alcohol is considered safe. […] The best advice is to stop drinking when you start trying to get pregnant. […] If you cannot stop drinking, talk with your doctor or contact local Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) groups or a local alcohol counselor or treatment center.

• #8 7 Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/9

  An obvious example of a universal prevention intervention specific to FAS is warning labels on alcoholic beverages. […] Health care providers can and should engage in universal prevention interventions. […] While universal prevention activities in isolation may have had some effects, there has been no data found that demonstrates a change in the prevalence of FAS in response to such efforts. […] Selective prevention interventions are targeted to people who are at greater risk for a particular outcome because they are members of a subgroup known to be at higher risk than the general population. […] Targets of selective prevention for FAS, ARBD, and ARND include women in the reproductive age range who drink alcohol. […] The committee considers the target for indicated prevention interventions to be a woman who abuses alcohol, including engaging in occasional binge drinking, while pregnant or at risk for being pregnant, particularly a pregnant or preconceptional woman who drinks alcohol and has already given birth to a child with FAS, ARBD, or ARND.

• #9 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Prevention | Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development

  https://www.child-encyclopedia.com/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-fasd/according-experts/prevention-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders

  The 1996 IOM report proposed an IOM Model for FAS Prevention that recommended three levels of prevention to reduce Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Universal Prevention of Maternal Alcohol Abuse; Selective Prevention of Maternal Alcohol Abuse; and Indicated Prevention of FAS. […] Universal Prevention focuses on creating high levels of awareness of the consequences of alcohol use during pregnancy among the general population and women in particular. Examples include media campaigns, alcohol bottle labeling and national advisories. […] Selective Prevention strategies are directed toward sub-groups of the population known to be at increased risk for having an alcohol-exposed pregnancy (AEP). Examples include targeted screening and brief interventions tailored to the specific sub-group. […] Indicated Prevention includes multiple strategies of case identification of maternal alcohol abuse, brief intervention, formal treatment, long-term treatment and aftercare. Research has addressed many of the strategies used in the proposed three levels of prevention and found that alcohol screening and brief interventions (SBI) or extended brief interventions provide the most consistent evidence for success in bringing about alcohol use reductions.

• #10 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Prevention | Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development

  https://www.child-encyclopedia.com/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-fasd/according-experts/prevention-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders

  The 1996 IOM report proposed an IOM Model for FAS Prevention that recommended three levels of prevention to reduce Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Universal Prevention of Maternal Alcohol Abuse; Selective Prevention of Maternal Alcohol Abuse; and Indicated Prevention of FAS. […] Universal Prevention focuses on creating high levels of awareness of the consequences of alcohol use during pregnancy among the general population and women in particular. Examples include media campaigns, alcohol bottle labeling and national advisories. […] Selective Prevention strategies are directed toward sub-groups of the population known to be at increased risk for having an alcohol-exposed pregnancy (AEP). Examples include targeted screening and brief interventions tailored to the specific sub-group. […] Indicated Prevention includes multiple strategies of case identification of maternal alcohol abuse, brief intervention, formal treatment, long-term treatment and aftercare. Research has addressed many of the strategies used in the proposed three levels of prevention and found that alcohol screening and brief interventions (SBI) or extended brief interventions provide the most consistent evidence for success in bringing about alcohol use reductions.

• #11 Prevention – CanFASD

  https://canfasd.ca/topics/prevention/

  The Prevention Conversation is an online training program for front-line health and social services professionals to provide them with the knowledge, skills, and confidence to engage their clients/patients in a supportive and non-judgmental conversation about alcohol use during pregnancy, its lasting effects on the developing child, and resources and supports available to women of childbearing age. […] Canadian prevention specialists have identified four mutually reinforcing prevention approaches as effective in delivering FASD prevention, linked to overall policy strategies. The four levels span general and specific practices that assist women to improve their health and the health of their children, with support from family, support networks, services and community. […] The first level of prevention is about raising public awareness through campaigns and other broad strategies. Public policy initiatives and health promotion activities supportive of girls and women’s health are also key to this level of prevention. The inclusion of a broad range of people at the community level is important to advancing social support and change.

• #12 7 Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/9

  An obvious example of a universal prevention intervention specific to FAS is warning labels on alcoholic beverages. […] Health care providers can and should engage in universal prevention interventions. […] While universal prevention activities in isolation may have had some effects, there has been no data found that demonstrates a change in the prevalence of FAS in response to such efforts. […] Selective prevention interventions are targeted to people who are at greater risk for a particular outcome because they are members of a subgroup known to be at higher risk than the general population. […] Targets of selective prevention for FAS, ARBD, and ARND include women in the reproductive age range who drink alcohol. […] The committee considers the target for indicated prevention interventions to be a woman who abuses alcohol, including engaging in occasional binge drinking, while pregnant or at risk for being pregnant, particularly a pregnant or preconceptional woman who drinks alcohol and has already given birth to a child with FAS, ARBD, or ARND.

• #13 Prevention – CanFASD

  https://canfasd.ca/topics/prevention/

  The second level of prevention is about girls and women of childbearing years having the opportunity for safe discussion about reproductive health, contraception, pregnancy, alcohol use, and related issues, with their support networks and healthcare providers. […] The third level of prevention concerns the provision of supportive services that are specialized, culturally safe and accessible for women with alcohol problems, histories of violence and trauma and related health concerns. These trauma-informed, harm-reduction-oriented recovery services are needed not only for pregnant women, but also before pregnancy and throughout the childbearing years. […] The fourth level of prevention is about supporting new mothers to maintain healthy changes they have been able to make during pregnancy. Postpartum support for mothers who were not able to make significant changes in their substance use during pregnancy is also vital to assist them to continue to improve their health and social support, as well as the health of their children.

• #14 Prevention – CanFASD

  https://canfasd.ca/topics/prevention/

  The second level of prevention is about girls and women of childbearing years having the opportunity for safe discussion about reproductive health, contraception, pregnancy, alcohol use, and related issues, with their support networks and healthcare providers. […] The third level of prevention concerns the provision of supportive services that are specialized, culturally safe and accessible for women with alcohol problems, histories of violence and trauma and related health concerns. These trauma-informed, harm-reduction-oriented recovery services are needed not only for pregnant women, but also before pregnancy and throughout the childbearing years. […] The fourth level of prevention is about supporting new mothers to maintain healthy changes they have been able to make during pregnancy. Postpartum support for mothers who were not able to make significant changes in their substance use during pregnancy is also vital to assist them to continue to improve their health and social support, as well as the health of their children.

• #15 7 Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/9

  An obvious example of a universal prevention intervention specific to FAS is warning labels on alcoholic beverages. […] Health care providers can and should engage in universal prevention interventions. […] While universal prevention activities in isolation may have had some effects, there has been no data found that demonstrates a change in the prevalence of FAS in response to such efforts. […] Selective prevention interventions are targeted to people who are at greater risk for a particular outcome because they are members of a subgroup known to be at higher risk than the general population. […] Targets of selective prevention for FAS, ARBD, and ARND include women in the reproductive age range who drink alcohol. […] The committee considers the target for indicated prevention interventions to be a woman who abuses alcohol, including engaging in occasional binge drinking, while pregnant or at risk for being pregnant, particularly a pregnant or preconceptional woman who drinks alcohol and has already given birth to a child with FAS, ARBD, or ARND.

• #16 Prevention – CanFASD

  https://canfasd.ca/topics/prevention/

  The second level of prevention is about girls and women of childbearing years having the opportunity for safe discussion about reproductive health, contraception, pregnancy, alcohol use, and related issues, with their support networks and healthcare providers. […] The third level of prevention concerns the provision of supportive services that are specialized, culturally safe and accessible for women with alcohol problems, histories of violence and trauma and related health concerns. These trauma-informed, harm-reduction-oriented recovery services are needed not only for pregnant women, but also before pregnancy and throughout the childbearing years. […] The fourth level of prevention is about supporting new mothers to maintain healthy changes they have been able to make during pregnancy. Postpartum support for mothers who were not able to make significant changes in their substance use during pregnancy is also vital to assist them to continue to improve their health and social support, as well as the health of their children.

• #17 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) Prevention: Canadian Perspectives – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/fasd-canadian-perspectives.html

  Finally, the fourth level of FASD prevention is about supporting new mothers to maintain healthy changes they have been able to make during pregnancy. Postpartum support for mothers who were not able to make significant changes in their substance use during pregnancy is also vital. This will assist them to continue to improve their health and social support, as well as the health of their children. Early interventions for children who potentially have FASD are also important at this stage. […] The second level of prevention involves collaborative discussion of alcohol use and related risks with all women of childbearing years, as well as with their support networks. It also involves discussion of ways of coping without alcohol, prenatal supports available, and pregnancy planning. […] Level 3 – FASD prevention is delivered through specialized, holistic support of pregnant women with substance use problems and other health and social problems.

• #18 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Prevention | Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development

  https://www.child-encyclopedia.com/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-fasd/according-experts/prevention-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders

  The 1996 IOM report proposed an IOM Model for FAS Prevention that recommended three levels of prevention to reduce Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Universal Prevention of Maternal Alcohol Abuse; Selective Prevention of Maternal Alcohol Abuse; and Indicated Prevention of FAS. […] Universal Prevention focuses on creating high levels of awareness of the consequences of alcohol use during pregnancy among the general population and women in particular. Examples include media campaigns, alcohol bottle labeling and national advisories. […] Selective Prevention strategies are directed toward sub-groups of the population known to be at increased risk for having an alcohol-exposed pregnancy (AEP). Examples include targeted screening and brief interventions tailored to the specific sub-group. […] Indicated Prevention includes multiple strategies of case identification of maternal alcohol abuse, brief intervention, formal treatment, long-term treatment and aftercare. Research has addressed many of the strategies used in the proposed three levels of prevention and found that alcohol screening and brief interventions (SBI) or extended brief interventions provide the most consistent evidence for success in bringing about alcohol use reductions.

• #19 The Distribution of Available Prevention and Management Interventions for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (2007 to 2017): Implications for Collaborative Actions

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/12/2244

  The review identified 10 facility-based interventions. Eight of the facility-based interventions targeted women while the other two were aimed at service providers. […] We identified three motivational interviews. One of the interviews decreased alcohol consumption during pregnancy whereas the remaining two were not found effective in decreasing alcohol use. […] We found a web-based alcohol assessment and personalized feedback for women of reproductive age to reduce the amount of risky alcohol consumption. […] We also found two brief interventions for pregnant women. The first intervention demonstrated efficacy for favorable birth outcome whereas the other significantly decreased alcohol use. […] We found three CHOICE programs. The first program (the Oglala Sioux Tribe CHOICES) is the motivational interview techniques based pre-conceptional prevention of AEP and the program reduced risky drinking in women at risk for AEP and/or preventing unintended pregnancy.

• #20

  https://naswfoundation.org/Foundation-News/ID/2707/Social-Works-Critical-Role-in-Prevention-of-Fetal-Alcohol-Spectrum-Disorders

  If you become pregnant, stop drinking alcohol. Every day matters. The sooner you stop drinking, the less health risks your newborn baby may encounter. […] The good news is that universal alcohol screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) offers a non-stigmatizing, evidence-based tool to address risky drinking, including any alcohol use during pregnancy. […] Since 2014, NASW and the NASW Foundation have partnered with the Health Behavior Research and Training Institute at The University of Texas at Austin Steve Hicks School of Social Work in the Collaborative for Alcohol-Free Pregnancy. This CDC initiative supports health professionals across disciplines working together to promote primary prevention of alcohol-exposed pregnancies.

• #21 The Public Health Considerations of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | National Alcohol Beverage Control Association

  https://www.nabca.org/public-health-considerations-of-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders

  Intervention by doctors and other healthcare authorities including referral to alcohol treatment programs. […] An International Charter on Prevention of FASD also known as the Edmonton Charter – was endorsed at the First International Conference on the Prevention of FASD in 2013 and later featured in the medical journal, The Lancet. […] There are two strategies endorsed by the CDC to reduce the number of alcohol-exposed pregnancies: alcohol screening and brief intervention (SBI) and CHOICES. […] NOFAS also sponsors the Circle of Hope program designed to support women struggling with addiction and find appropriate treatment. […] Reducing the rates of FASD will come from a number of interventions focused on both the direct causes of FASD and the underlying factors that lead to alcohol consumption by pregnant women.

• #22 The Distribution of Available Prevention and Management Interventions for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (2007 to 2017): Implications for Collaborative Actions

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/12/2244

  The review identified 10 facility-based interventions. Eight of the facility-based interventions targeted women while the other two were aimed at service providers. […] We identified three motivational interviews. One of the interviews decreased alcohol consumption during pregnancy whereas the remaining two were not found effective in decreasing alcohol use. […] We found a web-based alcohol assessment and personalized feedback for women of reproductive age to reduce the amount of risky alcohol consumption. […] We also found two brief interventions for pregnant women. The first intervention demonstrated efficacy for favorable birth outcome whereas the other significantly decreased alcohol use. […] We found three CHOICE programs. The first program (the Oglala Sioux Tribe CHOICES) is the motivational interview techniques based pre-conceptional prevention of AEP and the program reduced risky drinking in women at risk for AEP and/or preventing unintended pregnancy.

• #23 The Distribution of Available Prevention and Management Interventions for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (2007 to 2017): Implications for Collaborative Actions

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/12/2244

  The second program (the Project Healthy CHOICES) is a self-administered, mail-based prevention intervention and it was found effective in minimizing the risk of AEP. […] The third Project CHOICES intervention for youth and adult demonstrated increased effectiveness of birth control use and decreased use and abuse of alcohol. […] The last study reported brief motivational intervention to be effective in minimizing the risk of AEP in women. […] The uneven distribution of interventions designed for FASD vis-à-vis the burden of FASD in the different regions calls for a concerted effort for knowledge and intervention sharing to enhance the design of contextually sensitive preventive and management policy in the different regions.

• #24

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10935-021-00658-9

  Motivational interviewing techniques have shown promising signs in changing behaviour in indicated or at-risk groups (Ingersoll et al., 2013; Tenkku et al., 2011; Wilton et al., 2013). […] It could be concluded that an effective intervention to decrease AEP risk and FASD prevalence would have been to administer a continuous educational campaign amongst all relevant ages. […] These educational campaigns should be easily accessible and could be delivered through either web- or mail-based platforms or via public advertisements. […] Studies that focused on healthcare professionals demonstrated that they require further training to increase intervention practices and knowledge related to FASD and its diagnosis. […] We conclude that future studies on FASD prevention should have greater sample sizes, include long-term follow-ups to assess the actual efficacy of the interventions, conduct large-scale cohort studies and also consider including men as participants. […] The studies reviewed emphasized the effectiveness of educational and awareness programs in raising FASD knowledge.

• #25 The Distribution of Available Prevention and Management Interventions for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (2007 to 2017): Implications for Collaborative Actions

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/12/2244

  The review identified 10 facility-based interventions. Eight of the facility-based interventions targeted women while the other two were aimed at service providers. […] We identified three motivational interviews. One of the interviews decreased alcohol consumption during pregnancy whereas the remaining two were not found effective in decreasing alcohol use. […] We found a web-based alcohol assessment and personalized feedback for women of reproductive age to reduce the amount of risky alcohol consumption. […] We also found two brief interventions for pregnant women. The first intervention demonstrated efficacy for favorable birth outcome whereas the other significantly decreased alcohol use. […] We found three CHOICE programs. The first program (the Oglala Sioux Tribe CHOICES) is the motivational interview techniques based pre-conceptional prevention of AEP and the program reduced risky drinking in women at risk for AEP and/or preventing unintended pregnancy.

• #26 What can be done to prevent FASD? – Alcohol and Drug Foundation

  https://adf.org.au/reducing-risk/alcohol/fasd/fasd-what-can-be-done/

  Prevention of FASD is a national priority area in the Australian Governments National Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Strategic Action Plan 2018-2028. […] The Plan includes two Prevention Objectives: reduce access to and consumption of alcohol in the Australian community […] increase community knowledge and awareness about the harms and consequences of drinking during pregnancy or when planning a pregnancy. […] Healthcare providers play a critical role in having conversations with women during pregnancy about alcohol use. […] All women of childbearing age could benefit from being informed about the impact of alcohol in pregnancy. […] The most recent version of the Draft Australian Guidelines to Reduce Health Risks from Drinking Alcohol state that: A. To reduce the risk of harm to their unborn child, women who are pregnant or planning a pregnancy should not drink alcohol.

• #27 Screening for Prenatal Alcohol Exposure

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders/screening-assessment/screening-for-prenatal-alcohol-exposure/?srsltid=AfmBOor3H2WO0GIuMnJLo5gBjQxOL9JPqTy2ZyLiJEYAG6n8sfR-vhzU

  Screening for prenatal alcohol exposure is an essential function of the primary care medical home and the responsibility of all pediatricians. […] Early identification of a child at risk for developmental disability because of a positive history for prenatal alcohol exposure should lead to further evaluation, and when warranted, diagnosis and treatment. […] Screening for prenatal alcohol exposure is a component of heath supervision visits for newborns and new patients according to the Bright Futures Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children, and Adolescents (4th Edition). […] The implementation guide provides advice and concrete examples to support pediatricians in facilitating early identification of children who are at risk for one of the fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

• #28 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Prevention | Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development

  https://www.child-encyclopedia.com/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-fasd/according-experts/prevention-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders

  Ongoing provider education and training about FASDs and the risks associated with alcohol use and pregnancy are an important component of FASD prevention activities. […] In order to build a stronger evidence base for what works best in preventing alcohol-exposed pregnancy, more intervention research is needed to address the effectiveness of screening and brief interventions and other prevention strategies in women who could become pregnant, planning a pregnancy, or are currently pregnant.

• #29

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10935-021-00658-9

  Motivational interviewing techniques have shown promising signs in changing behaviour in indicated or at-risk groups (Ingersoll et al., 2013; Tenkku et al., 2011; Wilton et al., 2013). […] It could be concluded that an effective intervention to decrease AEP risk and FASD prevalence would have been to administer a continuous educational campaign amongst all relevant ages. […] These educational campaigns should be easily accessible and could be delivered through either web- or mail-based platforms or via public advertisements. […] Studies that focused on healthcare professionals demonstrated that they require further training to increase intervention practices and knowledge related to FASD and its diagnosis. […] We conclude that future studies on FASD prevention should have greater sample sizes, include long-term follow-ups to assess the actual efficacy of the interventions, conduct large-scale cohort studies and also consider including men as participants. […] The studies reviewed emphasized the effectiveness of educational and awareness programs in raising FASD knowledge.

• #30 PREVENTION OF FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME (FAS)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2582740/

  It is important to assist the mother (couple) to recognize and change their alcohol consumption pattern. […] Once a diagnosis of FAS has been made, aggressive measures are needed to reduce the injury to future children. […] Intensive case management of women who have borne one or more FAS children has been shown to help protect against future FAS children.

• #31 7 Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/9

  Indicated prevention can also be promoted through intensive professional education. […] The lack of controlled trials of treatments for pregnant women at risk for delivering FAS infants highlights the many challenges involved in conducting this type of research. […] Equally important to getting a pregnant woman who abuses alcohol to stop drinking is to keep her abuse under control after delivery. […] The literature in recent years suggests that an effective way to help alcohol-abusing women who had FAS children is through intensive case management. […] The committee recommends that until such time as clear dose-response relationships are established, pregnant women and those about to become pregnant be counseled to avoid alcohol consumption throughout pregnancy. […] The committee recommends greatly increased attention among sponsors of prevention initiatives, independent of the target population, to evaluating the effectiveness of programs implemented. […] The committee recommends that research efforts include comparisons of prevention methods at all levels in order to provide information to policy makers about relative costs and benefits.

• #32 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Prevention – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder/prevention.html

  Almost 50% of pregnancies in Canada are unplanned. Sometimes parents consume alcohol before they know about the pregnancy. […] If you’re planning a pregnancy, the best thing to do is stop drinking alcohol in advance. Properly use condoms, contraceptive pills or other contraception if you aren’t planning a pregnancy, but are: drinking alcohol, having sex that could result in pregnancy. This will reduce your chance of pregnancy and will help prevent fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. […] Once you’ve confirmed you’re pregnant, it’s safest to stop drinking alcohol immediately. Every day without alcohol makes a difference. Ask your health care provider for advice about the risks of alcohol and the health of a fetus. […] A partner’s drinking will not cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. However, it can influence the birthing parent’s consumption and the healthy development of the baby. […] You can support a pregnant person by: not drinking, being supportive and present, encouraging them not to drink alcohol while pregnant.

• #33 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders prevention and clinical guidelines research-workshop report | BMC Proceedings | Full Text

  https://bmcproc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12919-023-00272-z

  Given the complexity of symptoms, the stigma that an FASD diagnosis carries, and the lack of consensus among experts on a standard diagnostic tool or clinical guidelines for diagnosis and management, the intent of this workshop was to bring together experts from diverse specialties to provide a multifaceted approach to future research. […] To prevent prenatal drinking, public health messaging now focuses on all women of childbearing age who may be unhealthy drinkers. […] This strategy has been adopted for two reasons. First, preconception drinking is a strong risk factor for prenatal drinking. Second, half of all pregnancies are unintended, which means that many women do not realize they are pregnant until after the critical early development period. […] To address this barrier, Mitchell said that healthcare providers must push past any awkwardness they feel asking patients about drinking behavior, educate themselves about available resources, and believe that mothers with addictions can and want to be helped. […] The NIAAA also funds research on PAE identification and its impact on chronic disease, the impact of fetal co-exposures on the placenta and gut biome, intervention development and implementation, and reducing the FASD stigma.

• #34 The CDC’s Recommendations to Help Prevent Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0101/p6.html

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) affect an estimated 2% to 5% of children in the United States. Persons with FASDs have lifelong behavioral, intellectual, and physical disabilities that are solely the result of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy. […] The goal was to prevent potential negative outcomes and minimize long-term disabilities, while also addressing potential stigma and parental guilt. […] An estimated 3 million women are sexually active, do not use contraception, and drink alcohol; these women are at risk of alcohol-exposed pregnancies. […] By providing patients with information about the potential harms of alcohol at any point in pregnancy and ensuring that contraception is accessible to those who do not want to become pregnant, physicians can reduce unintended fetal alcohol exposures.

• #35 Prevention – CanFASD

  https://canfasd.ca/topics/prevention/

  Supportive alcohol policy is at the centre of the four mutually reinforcing levels of prevention. Evidence-based alcohol policies, when widely implemented, have considerable potential to reduce the health and social harms from alcohol, including influencing rates of FASD through each level. […] It is also important that maternal/child health and substance use policy is in alignment with supportive child welfare policy to ensure that care is wrapped around the mother-child unit, and women are not afraid to access prenatal care out of fear of losing custody. […] Preventing FASD is about more than telling women not to drink alcohol during pregnancy; in fact, this approach can often lead to more harm than good. Researchers and service providers who are part of the Canada FASD Research Network have some suggestions for men who want to make a difference.

• #36 The Public Health Considerations of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | National Alcohol Beverage Control Association

  https://www.nabca.org/public-health-considerations-of-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders

  Alcohol consumption during pregnancy is the leading preventable cause of birth defects. Abstaining from alcohol during pregnancy is the best strategy to prevent FASD. […] A 1981 U.S. Surgeon Generals report suggested pregnant women limit their alcohol intake but did not provide any guidelines or specific limits; this was updated by a new advisory document in 2005 with the following recommendations: […] Complete abstinence from alcohol consumption during pregnancy […] Immediate cessation of alcohol consumption by women who have already drank during pregnancy […] Inquiries by doctors and other healthcare authorities of women of a childbearing age as to their alcohol consumption […] Education about the risks of alcohol consumption while expecting to women of a childbearing age by doctors and other healthcare authorities

• #37 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Prevention – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder/prevention.html

  Almost 50% of pregnancies in Canada are unplanned. Sometimes parents consume alcohol before they know about the pregnancy. […] If you’re planning a pregnancy, the best thing to do is stop drinking alcohol in advance. Properly use condoms, contraceptive pills or other contraception if you aren’t planning a pregnancy, but are: drinking alcohol, having sex that could result in pregnancy. This will reduce your chance of pregnancy and will help prevent fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. […] Once you’ve confirmed you’re pregnant, it’s safest to stop drinking alcohol immediately. Every day without alcohol makes a difference. Ask your health care provider for advice about the risks of alcohol and the health of a fetus. […] A partner’s drinking will not cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. However, it can influence the birthing parent’s consumption and the healthy development of the baby. […] You can support a pregnant person by: not drinking, being supportive and present, encouraging them not to drink alcohol while pregnant.

• #38 What can be done to prevent FASD? – Alcohol and Drug Foundation

  https://adf.org.au/reducing-risk/alcohol/fasd/fasd-what-can-be-done/

  Universal screening offers a way for healthcare providers to have conversations with women who are planning to have a baby, are pregnant or breastfeeding. […] This approach, provided as part of standard practice received by all pregnant women, can help: normalise the process of universal screening […] reduce stigma associated with the topic of drinking during pregnancy […] help identify trends across time and locations to guide FASD prevention efforts. […] The Marulu Strategy was initiated in 2007. […] The Strategy focused on prevention by building knowledge and awareness of FASD. […] Pregnant Pause is the primary FASD prevention program in Australia. […] This program focuses on encouraging pregnant women and their families, friends and partners to stop drinking during the womans pregnancy. […] Partners, families and friends of pregnant women can take a pledge to stop drinking while their partner is pregnant.

• #39 The Distribution of Available Prevention and Management Interventions for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (2007 to 2017): Implications for Collaborative Actions

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/12/2244

  The review identified 10 facility-based interventions. Eight of the facility-based interventions targeted women while the other two were aimed at service providers. […] We identified three motivational interviews. One of the interviews decreased alcohol consumption during pregnancy whereas the remaining two were not found effective in decreasing alcohol use. […] We found a web-based alcohol assessment and personalized feedback for women of reproductive age to reduce the amount of risky alcohol consumption. […] We also found two brief interventions for pregnant women. The first intervention demonstrated efficacy for favorable birth outcome whereas the other significantly decreased alcohol use. […] We found three CHOICE programs. The first program (the Oglala Sioux Tribe CHOICES) is the motivational interview techniques based pre-conceptional prevention of AEP and the program reduced risky drinking in women at risk for AEP and/or preventing unintended pregnancy.

• #40

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10935-021-00658-9

  Motivational interviewing techniques have shown promising signs in changing behaviour in indicated or at-risk groups (Ingersoll et al., 2013; Tenkku et al., 2011; Wilton et al., 2013). […] It could be concluded that an effective intervention to decrease AEP risk and FASD prevalence would have been to administer a continuous educational campaign amongst all relevant ages. […] These educational campaigns should be easily accessible and could be delivered through either web- or mail-based platforms or via public advertisements. […] Studies that focused on healthcare professionals demonstrated that they require further training to increase intervention practices and knowledge related to FASD and its diagnosis. […] We conclude that future studies on FASD prevention should have greater sample sizes, include long-term follow-ups to assess the actual efficacy of the interventions, conduct large-scale cohort studies and also consider including men as participants. […] The studies reviewed emphasized the effectiveness of educational and awareness programs in raising FASD knowledge.

• #41 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder – Saskatchewan Prevention Institute

  https://skprevention.ca/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder/

  In an ideal world, FASD would be totally preventable. If one does not drink while pregnant, her baby will not have FASD. However, we do not live in an ideal world. There are many reasons a woman may drink while pregnant. […] Saying that FASD is 100% preventable can lead to judgement or add to the guilt a family may already be feeling. It is best to avoid stating it is 100% preventable and make sure that people understand why women may drink while they are pregnant.

• #42 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders prevention and clinical guidelines research – workshop report | BMC Proceedings | Full Text

  https://bmcproc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12919-024-00298-x

  In designing programs, it is essential to build collaborative partnerships, empower the community to create culture-centered practices, and work to overcome all barriers, especially stigma. […] Throughout the workshop, participants emphasized the importance of closing gaps and addressing needs along the entire continuum of care from pre-pregnancy prevention through the management of potential FASD impacts in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, while recognizing the roles of different types of professionals, programs, and organizations across this spectrum.

• #43 7 Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/9

  Indicated prevention can also be promoted through intensive professional education. […] The lack of controlled trials of treatments for pregnant women at risk for delivering FAS infants highlights the many challenges involved in conducting this type of research. […] Equally important to getting a pregnant woman who abuses alcohol to stop drinking is to keep her abuse under control after delivery. […] The literature in recent years suggests that an effective way to help alcohol-abusing women who had FAS children is through intensive case management. […] The committee recommends that until such time as clear dose-response relationships are established, pregnant women and those about to become pregnant be counseled to avoid alcohol consumption throughout pregnancy. […] The committee recommends greatly increased attention among sponsors of prevention initiatives, independent of the target population, to evaluating the effectiveness of programs implemented. […] The committee recommends that research efforts include comparisons of prevention methods at all levels in order to provide information to policy makers about relative costs and benefits.

• #44 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Prevention | Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development

  https://www.child-encyclopedia.com/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-fasd/according-experts/prevention-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders

  Ongoing provider education and training about FASDs and the risks associated with alcohol use and pregnancy are an important component of FASD prevention activities. […] In order to build a stronger evidence base for what works best in preventing alcohol-exposed pregnancy, more intervention research is needed to address the effectiveness of screening and brief interventions and other prevention strategies in women who could become pregnant, planning a pregnancy, or are currently pregnant.

• #45 7 Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/9

  Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD), and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND), result from a complicated set of factors that influence exposure, whether a woman who abuses alcohol becomes pregnant and continues to drink throughout pregnancy, and vulnerability to adverse fetal effects at a given level of exposure. […] The complicated interrelation among alcohol, women, pregnancy, the woman’s spouse or other significant partner and community, and the health care profession means that the prevention of FAS, ARBD, and ARND requires a comprehensive program encompassing a variety of approaches. […] This chapter discusses prevention efforts aimed at the mother and people with whom she has close personal relationships, and relevant sectors of the community prior to the birth of an affected baby.

• #46 7 Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/9

  The approach to prevention of FAS, ARBD, and ARND contained in this chapter is conceptually broad and includes treatment and maintenance for those few women who drink heavily during pregnancy. […] A comprehensive FAS prevention program should provide multiple and overlapping levels of reinforcement, incentives, and controls. […] Most prevention efforts should be aimed at the mother, and to some degree at the father, of the child. […] Preventing the birth of a child with FAS may involve different actions affecting maternal behavior: broad-based prevention; targeted prevention efforts with the woman, her spouse or other significant partner(s), and additional significant family members; alcohol abuse treatments; contraceptive services; and aftercare. […] The committee found it helpful to think about and analyze the prevention of FAS and related problems within a conceptual framework.

• #47 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders prevention and clinical guidelines research – workshop report | BMC Proceedings | Full Text

  https://bmcproc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12919-024-00298-x

  In designing programs, it is essential to build collaborative partnerships, empower the community to create culture-centered practices, and work to overcome all barriers, especially stigma. […] Throughout the workshop, participants emphasized the importance of closing gaps and addressing needs along the entire continuum of care from pre-pregnancy prevention through the management of potential FASD impacts in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, while recognizing the roles of different types of professionals, programs, and organizations across this spectrum.

• #48 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Key Facts and Prevention Tips | The Recovery Village Columbus Drug and Alcohol Rehab

  https://www.columbusrecoverycenter.com/alcohol-addiction/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/

  Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a serious condition resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure with lifelong physical, cognitive, and behavioral difficulties. […] There is no safe amount of alcohol during pregnancy; complete abstinence is the only way to prevent FAS. […] Prevention strategies include public health initiatives, routine screening for alcohol use during pregnancy, and education on the risks of alcohol use. […] Public health efforts and individual actions are both essential in preventing FAS and protecting future generations. […] The condition is entirely preventable by abstaining from alcohol during pregnancy. Health authorities, including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), stress that no amount of alcohol is known to be safe for a developing fetus, and they recommend complete abstinence from alcohol for women who are pregnant or might become pregnant.

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