Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pulmonary embolism – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-embolism/symptoms-causes/syc-20354647

  A pulmonary embolism occurs when a clump of material, most often a blood clot, gets stuck in an artery in the lungs, blocking the flow of blood. Blood clots most commonly come from the deep veins of your legs, a condition known as deep vein thrombosis. […] In many cases, multiple clots are involved. The portions of lung served by each blocked artery can’t get blood and may die. This is known as a pulmonary infarction. This makes it more difficult for your lungs to provide oxygen to the rest of your body. […] Occasionally, blockages in the blood vessels are caused by substances other than blood clots, such as: Fat from the inside of a broken long bone, Part of a tumor, Air bubbles.

• #2 Pulmonary Embolism: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17400-pulmonary-embolism

  A pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blood clot in one of the blood vessels in your lung. This happens when a clot in another part of your body (often your leg or arm) moves through your veins to your lung. A PE restricts blood flow to your lungs, lowers oxygen levels in your lungs and increases blood pressure in your pulmonary arteries. […] Pulmonary embolism causes include: Blood collecting or pooling in a certain part of your body (usually an arm or leg). Blood usually pools after long periods of inactivity, like after surgery, bed rest or a long flight or plane ride. Injury to a vein, like from a fracture or surgery (especially in your pelvis, hip, knee or leg). Another medical condition, like cardiovascular disease (including congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, heart attack or stroke). An increase or decrease in your bloods clotting factors. Elevated clotting factors can occur with some types of cancer or in some people taking hormone replacement therapy or birth control pills. Abnormal or low clotting factors may also happen as a result of blood clotting disorders.

• #3 Acute Pulmonary Embolism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560551/

  Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a blood clot that has arisen from another area obstructs the pulmonary arteries. PE typically originates as a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the lower extremities. […] Most PEs originate as lower extremity DVTs. Hence, PE risk factors are the same as DVT. The Virchow triad of hypercoagulability, venous stasis, and endothelial injury provides an understanding of these risk factors. […] Risk factors can be classified as genetic and acquired. Genetic risk factors include thrombophilia, eg, factor V Leiden mutation, prothrombin gene mutation, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency, and hyperhomocysteinemia. Acquired risk factors include immobilization for prolonged periods (eg, bed rest of longer than 3 days, any type of travel for 4 hours), recent orthopedic surgery, malignancy, indwelling venous catheter, obesity, pregnancy, cigarette smoking, and oral contraceptive pill use.

• #4 Pulmonary embolism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism

  PE usually results from a blood clot in the leg that travels to the lung. […] The risk of blood clots is increased by advanced age, cancer, prolonged bed rest and immobilization, smoking, stroke, long-haul travel over 4 hours, certain genetic conditions, estrogen-based medication, pregnancy, obesity, trauma or bone fracture, and after some types of surgery. […] A small proportion of cases are due to the embolization of air, fat, or amniotic fluid. […] About 90% of emboli are from a deep vein thrombosis located above the knee termed a proximal DVT, which includes an iliofemoral DVT. […] The rare venous thoracic outlet syndrome can also be a cause of DVTs, especially in young men without significant risk factors. […] The development of thrombosis is classically due to a group of causes named Virchow’s triad (alterations in blood flow, factors in the vessel wall, and factors affecting the properties of the blood).

• #5 Pulmonary Embolism (PE) – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/pulmonary-embolism/pulmonary-embolism-pe

  Nearly all pulmonary emboli arise from thrombi in the veins of the legs or pelvis (deep venous thrombosis). Risk of embolization is higher with thrombi that reach the popliteal vein or above. Thromboemboli can also originate in arm veins or central veins of the chest (caused by central venous catheters or resulting from thoracic outlet syndromes). […] Pulmonary embolism can also arise from nonthrombotic sources (eg, embolism of air, amniotic fluid, fat, infected material, orthopedic cement, foreign body, tumor). […] Risk factors for deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are similar in children and adults and include conditions that impair venous return, conditions that cause endothelial injury or dysfunction such as trauma or surgery, and underlying hypercoagulable (thrombophilic) disorders such as cancer or primary clotting disorders. […] COVID-19 appears to be a risk factor for deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism due to a hypercoagulable state responsible for large-vessel thrombosis and thromboembolism.

• #6 Pulmonary embolism: Symptoms, causes, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/153796

  A pulmonary embolism occurs when an embolus, usually a blood clot, blocks the blood flowing through an artery that feeds the lungs. […] A blood clot may start in an arm or leg, known as deep vein thrombosis (DVT). […] After that, it breaks free and travels through the circulatory system toward the lungs. When the embolus is too large to pass through the small vessels, it forms a blockage. […] This blockage stops blood from flowing into a part of the lung. This causes the affected section of the lung to die through lack of oxygen. The blood clot can also cause pressure to build in the right side of the heart, eventually causing heart failure. […] Rarely, a pulmonary embolism can result from an embolus that is formed from fat droplets, amniotic fluid, or some other particle that enters the bloodstream.

• #7 Pulmonary Embolisms: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Tampa General Hospital

  https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/conditions/pulmonary-embolism

  A pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when there is a blockage in a pulmonary artery. […] In the majority of cases, a pulmonary embolism is caused by deep vein thrombosis (DVT). This condition is the formation of a blood clot in one of the deep veins of the leg. When a clot breaks free in the leg and travels to the lungs, a pulmonary embolism can occur. […] The underlying causes and risk factors of DVT, other forms of thrombosis and potentially pulmonary embolism are known as Virchows triad. These three factors are known to contribute to the formation of blood clots and include: Hypercoagulable blood, which is a hereditary disorder involving blood with a higher-than-normal tendency to clot; also known as thrombophilia, Abnormal blood flow or venous stasis, which can occur with long periods of inactivity or immobility, such as during a bed-bound hospital stay or a long flight, Endothelial injury, or damage to the inner lining of the blood vessels.

• #8 Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/300901-overview

  Pulmonary emboli usually arise from thrombi originating in the deep venous system of the lower extremities; however, they may rarely originate in the pelvic, renal, or upper extremity veins or the right heart chambers. […] The causes for pulmonary embolism are multifactorial and are not readily apparent in many cases. The causes described in the literature include the following: Venous stasis, Hypercoagulable states, Immobilization, Surgery and trauma, Pregnancy, Oral contraceptives and estrogen replacement, Malignancy, Hereditary factors, Acute medical illness. […] Three primary influences predispose a patient to blood clot formation; these form the so-called Virchow triad, which consists of the following: Endothelial injury, Stasis or turbulence of blood flow, Blood hypercoagulability.

• #9 Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/300901-overview

  Thrombosis usually originates as a platelet nidus on valves in the veins of the lower extremities. Further growth occurs by accretion of platelets and fibrin and progression to red fibrin thrombus, which may either break off and embolize or result in total occlusion of the vein. […] A study by Malek et al confirmed the hypothesis that individuals with HIV infection are more likely to have clinically detected thromboembolic disease. […] The risk of developing a pulmonary embolism or DVT is increased 40% in these individuals.

• #10 Pulmonary Embolism: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/pulmonary-embolism-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Common risk factors include prolonged immobility, recent surgery, smoking, obesity, cancer, and genetic clotting disorders. […] Certain inherited clotting conditions increase the likelihood of developing blood clots: Factor V Leiden mutation, Prothrombin gene mutation, Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). […] Lifestyle factors associated with clot formation include smoking, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle. […] Pre-existing medical conditions that increase the risk of PE are a history of blood clots, cancer, and hormone therapy.

• #11 Causes of Blood Clots in Lungs (Pulmonary Embolism)

  https://www.health.com/pulmonary-embolism-causes-8639988

  Having a family history of pulmonary embolism can increase your risk of having a blood clot yourself. Studies show that some gene mutations (changes) that play a role in blood clotting are associated with a higher risk of developing blood clots, which can ultimately lead to PE. Inheriting these gene mutations (changes) may alter the balance of clotting factors in your blood, making clots more likely to form. […] Genetics alone doesn’t guarantee that you’ll experience pulmonary embolism. However, genetic mutations alongside other risk factors (such as high estrogen levels or an injury to the vein) may increase your risk of developing a blood clot in the lungs. […] Other risk factors include medical conditions like heart and lung disease, recent surgery or hospitalization, lifestyle habits like smoking, and taking medications like oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy.

• #12 Risk Factors of Pulmonary Embolism | Hematology-Oncology Associates of CNY

  https://www.hoacny.com/patient-resources/blood-disorders/what-pulmonary-embolism/risk-factors-pulmonary-embolism

  Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs equally in men and women. The risk increases with age. For every 10 years after age 60, the risk of having PE doubles. […] Certain inherited conditions, such as factor V Leiden, increase the risk of blood clotting and PE. […] Your risk for PE is high if you have deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or a history of DVT. […] Your risk for PE also is high if you’ve had the condition before. […] Other factors also can increase the risk for PE, such as being bedridden or unable to move around much, having surgery or breaking a bone, having certain diseases or conditions, such as a stroke, paralysis, chronic heart disease, or high blood pressure, and smoking. […] People who have recently been treated for cancer or who have a central venous catheter are more likely to develop DVT, which increases their risk for PE.

• #13 Pulmonary embolism is common and can be deadly, but few know the signs | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2021/11/23/pulmonary-embolism-is-common-and-can-be-deadly-but-few-know-the-signs

  There is a strong genetic component, Raskob said, so anyone with a family member – „particularly if you have a first-degree relative, parent or sibling, or grandparent” – who had a pulmonary embolism might be at heightened risk. […] But somewhere between a third and half of blood-clot incidents are what scientists call „unprovoked.” „In other words, they have no identifiable risk factors for the condition,” Raskob said.

• #14 Pulmonary embolism: Symptoms, causes, risk factors, and treatment – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/pulmonary-embolism-symptoms-causes-risk-factors-and-treatment

  A pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blood clot that blocks the flow of blood to part of one lung. […] A pulmonary embolism most often starts as a clot inside a leg vein. […] Almost all pulmonary emboli start as a DVT. […] Most DVTs occur when blood flow in the veins of the legs is slowed. […] In some cases, clots can develop in the lungs’ blood vessels instead of in the legs or arms. […] Risk factors for a pulmonary embolism include: being hospitalized or confined to bed for more than a few days, sitting in a plane, car, or train for more than a few hours without walking, breaking a leg or having a major injury, having a hip or knee replacement, having a venous catheter, which is a tube put into a vein to give fluids and medications or for medical tests, having cancer or receiving chemotherapy, being pregnant, when the weight of the fetus presses on veins in the pelvis and slows blood flow in the legs, being obese, smoking, which damages and narrows blood vessels, taking birth control pills, taking hormone replacement therapy, having heart failure or severe chronic lung disease, having inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease), having blood that is more likely to form clots, a condition called thrombophilia. […] You also are at higher risk if you’ve had a deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism in the past.

• #15 Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/travel-air-sea/deep-vein-thrombosis-and-pulmonary-embolism.html

  Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a condition in which a blood clot develops in the deep veins, usually in the lower extremities. A pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a part of the DVT clot breaks off and travels to the lungs, which can be life-threatening. […] Venous thromboembolism (VTE) refers to DVT, PE, or both. VTE is often recurrent and can lead to long-term complications (e.g., post-thrombotic syndrome after a DVT or chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after a PE). […] Prolonged, cramped sitting during long-distance travel interferes with venous flow in the legs, creating venous stasis. […] Coagulation activation can result from an interaction between air cabin conditions (e.g., hypobaric hypoxia) and individual risk factors for VTE. […] Other factors specific to air travel might increase coagulation activation, particularly in travelers with preexisting risk factors for VTE.

• #16 Pulmonary Embolism (Blood Clot in Lung): Symptoms and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pulmonary-embolus

  Blood clots can form for a variety of reasons. PEs are most often caused by deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a condition in which blood clots form in veins deep in the body. The blood clots that most often cause PEs begin in the legs or pelvis. […] Blood clots in the deep veins of the body can have several different causes, including: […] Injuries like bone fractures or muscle tears can cause damage to blood vessels, leading to clots. […] During long periods of inactivity, gravity causes blood to collect in the lowest areas of your body, which may lead to a blood clot. This could occur if you’re sitting for a lengthy trip or if you’re lying in bed recovering from an illness. […] Some health conditions cause blood to clot easily, which can lead to PE. Treatments that involve surgery often lead to short-term bed rest or limited movement, which can make clotting more likely. Also, certain medical therapies for cancer can have side effects such as clotting in the blood. This puts you at risk for DVT and PE. […] A pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot reaches the lungs. These blood clots often come from deep vein thrombosis, which can result from damage to bone and muscle or from long periods of inactivity. Many times the exact cause of a DVT or PE is unknown despite a thorough evaluation.

• #17 Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Natural History of Pulmonary Embolism

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5986574/

  Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common and potentially deadly form of venous thromboembolic disease. […] It is associated with multiple inherited and acquired risk factors as well as advanced age. […] The prognosis from PE depends on the degree of obstruction and hemodynamic effects of PE and understanding the pathophysiology helps in risk-stratifying patients and determining treatment. […] PE results when thrombus migrates from the venous circulation to the pulmonary vasculature and lodges in the pulmonary arterial system. […] Inherited and acquired risk factors (particularly surgery and malignancy) increase the likelihood of VTE and PE. […] Most PEs originate as thrombi in the deep veins of the lower extremities. […] Surgery and trauma are known to increase the risk of VTE. […] Active malignancy, associated with the production of procoagulant substances, increases the risk of VTE sevenfold.

• #18 Acute Pulmonary Embolism | Condition | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/acute-pulmonary-embolism/

  An acute pulmonary embolism, or embolus, is a blockage of a pulmonary (lung) artery. Most often, the condition results from a blood clot that forms in the legs or another part of the body (deep vein thrombosis, or DVT) and travels to the lungs. […] DVT blood clots usually develop in a deep vein of the thigh or pelvis. Most cases of acute pulmonary embolism involve multiple clots that travel from these areas to the lungs but not necessarily all at once. […] Blockages in blood vessels can sometimes result from substances other than blood clots, such as: Fat from the marrow of a broken long bone, Collagen or other tissue, Part of a tumor, Air bubbles. […] Anyone can develop blood clots that lead to acute pulmonary embolism, but certain factors can increase the risk, such as: Family medical history of blood clots or pulmonary embolism, Heart disease, especially heart failure, Inherited disorders that make the blood more likely to clot, Certain cancers, especially pancreatic, ovarian, and lung cancer, or cancers that have spread (metastatic cancer), Surgery, especially bone, brain, or joint surgery, Long-term immobility such as bed rest or inactivity during long plane or car trips, Smoking, Excess weight or obesity, Pregnancy, Birth control pills or estrogen therapy.

• #19 Pulmonary Embolism > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pulmonary-embolism

  Injuries to the legs, or surgeries such as hip and knee replacements, increase the likelihood of clotting in the deep veins. […] Heart failure patients usually have complications with blood flow, which increase the likelihood of clotting. […] Other common risk factors for pulmonary embolism include the following: Aging, Obesity, Smoking, Pregnancy, History of connective tissue diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus, Extended periods of immobility (prolonged air travel or recovery following surgery), Hormone-related therapies, such as oral contraception or testosterone, Family history of inborn clotting-related diseases, such as Factor V Leiden. […] In 10 percent to 15 percent of pulmonary embolism patients, the condition causes low blood pressure or shock (the inability of the heart and lungs to provide oxygen to the organs of the body).

• #19 Pulmonary Embolism > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pulmonary-embolism

  Pulmonary embolism is usually caused by a blood clot that has broken loose from a deep vein in the leg or pelvis before it travels up to the lungs. This condition is called deep vein thrombosis (DVT). […] Although uncommon, pulmonary embolism may also be caused by dislodged fat or air bubbles that obstruct the pulmonary arteries of the lung. […] Generally, people who are susceptible to blood clots and those with a prior history of pulmonary embolism are at higher risk of developing pulmonary embolism. As pulmonary embolism is most often a consequence of DVT, the two conditions share the following major risk factors: […] Patients with an active diagnosis of cancer are more likely to develop pulmonary embolism. […] The enlargement of the uterus slows the circulation of blood from the legs to the heart, increasing the likelihood of clots developing.

• #20 Acute Pulmonary Embolism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560551/

  Cancer carries a high risk for thrombus formation and, hence, PE. Pancreatic cancer, hematological malignancies, lung cancer, gastric cancer, and brain cancer carry the highest risk for VTE. […] Despite advancements in diagnostic tools and treatment options, the nonspecific symptoms of PE (eg, dyspnea, chest pain, and syncope) often overlap with other cardiovascular and respiratory conditions, making timely diagnosis challenging for clinicians. […] PE leads to impaired gas exchange due to obstruction of the pulmonary vascular bed, leading to a mismatch in the ventilation-to-perfusion ratio because alveolar ventilation remains the same. Still, pulmonary capillary blood flow decreases, leading to dead space ventilation and hypoxemia. […] In PE, pulmonary vascular resistance increases due to the mechanical obstruction of the vascular bed with thrombus and hypoxic vasoconstriction.

• #21 Learn About Pulmonary Embolism | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pulmonary-embolism/learn-about-pulmonary-embolism

  Pulmonary embolism can be life-threatening with 10-30% of individuals dying within one month of diagnosis. […] In most cases, pulmonary embolism is caused by blood clots in the legs, called deep vein thrombosis, that travel to the lungs. […] Many different factors can increase a persons risk of developing deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. […] Other Medical Conditions: Heart disease, interstitial lung disease, COVID-19, pancreatic, ovarian, lung, and many cancers with metastasis can make clotting more likely. […] Smoking: Smoking narrows and damages the lining of blood vessels, making it more likely for blood clots to form. […] Supplemental estrogen: High estrogen in birth control pills and hormone replacement therapies can increase blood clotting factors. […] Family History: Although less common than other causes of excess blood clotting, some people have an inherited genetic condition that affects the normal clotting processes in the blood.

• #22 What Is Pulmonary Embolism? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/blood-clots/pulmonary-embolism/guide/

  A pulmonary embolism, or PE, is a blood clot that breaks off and travels from one part of the body to the lungs, where it blocks blood flow. Most commonly, the blood clot originates in the deep veins of the legs, though it is possible the clot can form in a vein in another part of the body. […] A PE is caused by a blood clot that forms in the body that moves to an artery in the lungs where it stops blood flow. Blood clots typically form in the deep veins of the legs, a medical condition called deep vein thrombosis, or DVT. […] The most common cause of PE is a blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the legs, or DVT. […] Certain medical conditions make blood clots more likely, including obesity, heart failure, and inflammatory bowel disease, per Mayo Clinic. Certain types of cancer, including those involving the stomach, brain, lungs, uterus, ovaries, and kidneys, also increase the risk of blood clots, according to the CDC. Cancers of the blood, including lymphoma and myeloma, also raise the risk. Additionally, elements of cancer treatment, such as prolonged hospitalization, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and surgery, increase the chances of blood clots.

• #23 Cancer and Pulmonary Embolism Development | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/patients-family/diagnosis-treatment/emotional-physical-effects/pulmonary-embolism-cancer.html

  A pulmonary embolism usually starts as a blood clot in the leg or pelvis, where the clot is called a deep vein thrombosis (DVT). […] There are many things that lead to the formation of a deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism in cancer patients. Some types of cancer are more likely to cause these clots, including: […] The risk of clotting increases as the cancer grows and spreads in the body. […] Several cancer treatments can also lead to blood clots, such as chemotherapy and hormone therapy. […] Cancer, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hospitalization, obesity, infections, medications, venous catheters and acute sicknesses can all contribute to the cause of a PE. […] A single PE cause is sometimes never found. […] Because so many different things cause a PE and most of them cant be eliminated or easily fixed, it is important to try to prevent them.

• #24 Pulmonary Embolisms: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Tampa General Hospital

  https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/conditions/pulmonary-embolism

  A pulmonary embolism may also be caused by: Air bubbles, known as a gas embolism or air embolism, the condition occurs when one or more air bubbles enter and block blood flow in a vein or artery, Parts of a tumor, called a tumor embolism, the condition occurs when cancer cells break away from a primary tumor somewhere in the body, travel through the bloodstream and become lodged inside a pulmonary artery, Fat, a fat embolism occurs when particles or droplets of fat escape from a major broken bone, such a femur or pelvis, and lodge in the arteries of the lungs. […] Certain coexisting medical conditions can also increase ones risk for pulmonary embolism, including: Cancer, Congestive heart failure, Heart attack, Stroke, Atrial fibrillation, Diabetes, Infections, such as COVID-19, Varicose veins, Inflammatory bowel disease. […] Other risk factors for PE include being 60 years or older, obesity and smoking. Women who are pregnant, have given birth in the last six weeks or are taking birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy are also at increased risk.

• #25 Are You at Risk for a Pulmonary Embolism? | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/blog/pulmonary-embolism-risk-factors

  Additionally, preexisting conditions like heart disease, interstitial lung disease, COVID-19, or many forms of cancers can make clotting more likely. […] People who smoke are at high risk because smoking narrows and damages the lining of blood vessels, making it more likely for blood clots to form. […] Being overweight or taking supplemental estrogen (birth control pills) increase the risk of blood clots especially in people who smoke or have high blood pressure. […] Those who are pregnant can develop clots if the fetus presses on veins in the pelvis, slowing blood flow from the legs. […] Because inactivity is not the only cause of pulmonary embolisms, it is important to recognize the signs of a blood clot so that you can seek medical care immediately if you have symptoms. […] Additionally, around 33% of people affected by a deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism will experience another within 10 years, so it is important to pay attention to your body even after you have recovered. […] Recurrence of pulmonary embolism can occur when patients are poorly adherent to their medications or when they have underlying problems that continue to increase their risk.

• #26 Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Natural History of Pulmonary Embolism

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5986574/

  The risk of VTE while on estrogen containing oral contraceptives increases three- to fourfold. […] Age-related changes to the balance between anticoagulants and procoagulants mediate an increased propensity for VTE with age. […] There is a linear relationship between body mass index (BMI) and VTE, and patients with severe obesity (BMI35) have a sixfold higher risk of VTE compared with those of normal weight. […] Antiphospholipid syndrome is characterized by recurrent venous or arterial thrombosis with DVT and PE being the most frequent manifestation occurring in one-third of patients. […] Atherosclerosis and arterial disease may be related to increased risk of VTE mediated by increased platelet activation and coagulation pathway. […] In addition to the risk factors discussed earlier, a prior VTE event increases the risk for a recurrent event.

• #27 Understanding Pulmonary Embolism – Medical Associates of Northwest Arkansas

  https://mana.md/understanding-pulmonary-embolism/

  Pregnancy and childbirth increase the risk of blood clots due to changes in blood flow and hormonal fluctuations. […] Some forms of hormonal birth control and hormone replacement therapy can increase the risk of clot formation. […] Smoking damages blood vessels and increases the risk of clot formation. […] A family history of blood clots can also increase susceptibility.

• #28 What Is Pulmonary Embolism? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/blood-clots/pulmonary-embolism/guide/

  Blood clots are also more common during pregnancy, childbirth, and up to three months postpartum. There are a number of reasons for this, including limited mobility and less blood flow to the legs during pregnancy. A woman’s blood also clots more easily during pregnancy to prevent excess blood loss during labor and delivery. According to the CDC, pregnant women are 5 times more likely to have a blood clot than women who aren’t pregnant.

• #29 Pulmonary Embolism: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17400-pulmonary-embolism

  People at risk of developing a PE include those who: Have a blood clot in their leg, or deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Are inactive for long periods of time while traveling via motor vehicle, train or plane (such as a long, cross-country car ride). Have recently had trauma or injury to a vein, possibly from surgery, a fracture or varicose veins. Are using hormonal-based contraception (like birth control pills, patches or rings) or hormone replacement therapy. Have a blood clotting disorder. Have a family history of blood clots. Currently smoke. Have diabetes. Have cancer. Are older than 60. Have a history of heart failure, heart attack or stroke. Have overweight (a body mass index or BMI greater than 25) or obesity (a BMI greater than 30). Are pregnant or have given birth in the previous six weeks. Received a central venous catheter through their arm or leg. […] A pulmonary embolism can lead to: Cyanosis. Heart attack. Stroke. Pulmonary hypertension. Shock. Pulmonary infarction (lung tissue death).

• #30 Risk Factors of Pulmonary Embolism | Hematology-Oncology Associates of CNY

  https://www.hoacny.com/patient-resources/blood-disorders/what-pulmonary-embolism/risk-factors-pulmonary-embolism

  Other risk factors for DVT include sitting for long periods, pregnancy and the 6-week period after pregnancy, and being overweight or obese. […] Women who take hormone therapy pills or birth control pills also are at increased risk for DVT. […] The risk of developing blood clots increases as your number of risk factors increases.

• #31 Pulmonary embolism – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/116

  Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a potentially life-threatening condition typically resulting from dislodged thrombus occluding the pulmonary arteries. […] PE most commonly arises through embolization of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the legs, or less commonly from other locations in the body. […] Patients who develop PE commonly have thromboembolic risk factors, such as cancer, trauma, major surgery, hospitalization, immobilization, pregnancy, or oral contraceptive use. […] PE may also be unprovoked (idiopathic), occurring in the absence of any identifiable extrinsic risk factors. […] Overall, approximately two thirds of VTE cases are isolated DVT, and one third are PE (with or without concomitantly diagnosed DVT).

• #32 Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

  https://ecgwaves.com/topic/pulmonary-embolism-causes-risk-factors-diagnosis-wells-score-treatment/

  Pulmonary embolism occurs when venous thrombi embolize to the pulmonary artery or its branches. In the majority of cases, the thrombus is formed in the deep veins of the legs or pelvis. […] Pulmonary embolism is causally related to deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Approximately 70% of individuals with symptomatic pulmonary embolism have an ongoing DVT, and 30% of individuals with DVT have asymptomatic pulmonary emboli (Di Nisio et al). […] The most common causes of pulmonary embolism are as follows: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is the most common cause. […] Note that 30-50% of all venous thromboembolism is unprovoked. The remained are provoked by one or multiple factors listed above.

• #33 Pulmonary Embolism Causes – Pulmonary Vascular Disorders – Pulmonology for Medicine

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/medicine/courses/standard/pulmonology-10724/pulmonary-vascular-disorders-39201/pulmonary-embolism-causes_1408

  Pulmonary embolism is a blockage of the main artery of the lung or one of its branches by a substance that has travelled from elsewhere in the body through the bloodstream. Though most causes are due to deep vein thrombosis, a minority of cases occur because of fat emboli, air, bacteria, amniotic fluid and tumors. […] The mnemonic FAT BAT is useful to help recall the common causes of pulmonary embolism. These emboli sources are fat, air, thrombus, bacteria, amniotic fluid, and tumor. […] Fat embolism occurs when fat globules enter the bloodstream and obstruct small blood vessels, particularly in the lungs, brain, and skin. It is most commonly associated with bone fractures, orthopedic surgeries, and certain medical conditions. […] Air can travel through the circulatory system and, when in an artery, may directly stop blood flow to an area fed by the artery. Common causes of air emboli include surgery, trauma, scuba diving, and being on a ventilator.

• #34 Pulmonary Embolism Causes – Pulmonary Vascular Disorders – Pulmonology for Medicine

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/medicine/courses/standard/pulmonology-10724/pulmonary-vascular-disorders-39201/pulmonary-embolism-causes_1408

  Pulmonary embolism most commonly occurs from thrombus formation, which embolizes. A classic example of this is a DVT of the leg embolizing into the pulmonary arteries. […] A cause of bacterial embolism is when an area of the body becomes infected with bacteria, resulting in pus forming. These may become dangerous if dislodged from their original location. Like other emboli, a septic embolism may be fatal. […] Amniotic Fluid Embolism (AFE) is a rare but life-threatening obstetric emergency that occurs when amniotic fluid, fetal cells, or other debris enter the maternal circulation, triggering a severe immune response. […] Embolism can also occur from tumors that have broken off and made their way into the bloodstream. […] Hypercoagulable patients are at increased risk for thrombus formation, which can then embolize into the pulmonary flow.

• #35 Pulmonary Embolism (PE) – Lung and Airway Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/lung-and-airway-disorders/pulmonary-embolism/pulmonary-embolism-pe

  Pulmonary embolism is usually caused by a blood clot, although other substances can also form emboli and block an artery. […] The most common cause of pulmonary embolism is a blood clot. […] Other causes include conditions that make the blood more likely to clot or the presence of a foreign substance within the bloodstream. […] People who have COVID-19 are thought to have a higher risk of pulmonary embolism. […] Far less often, blood clots form in the veins of the arms. […] The sudden blocking of an artery of the lung is not only caused by blood clots. Other material can also form emboli. […] Infected material may also form emboli and travel to a lung. Causes include intravenous illicit use of injected drugs, certain heart valve infections, and inflammation of a vein with blood clot formation and infection. […] A foreign substance can be introduced into the bloodstream, usually by intravenous injection of inorganic substances such as talc or mercury by injection drug users, where it can form emboli and travel to the lungs.

• #36 Pulmonary Embolism: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/signs-symptoms/breathlessness-and-breathing-difficulties-dyspnoea/pulmonary-embolism

  A small piece of cancerous material (tumour) that has broken off from a larger tumour in the body. […] Nearly all cases of PE are caused by a DVT. […] Some important risk factors are: Immobility. […] Major surgery (especially gynaecological surgery, and operations on the pelvis and legs). […] Blood conditions which make it more likely for clots to form (thrombophilias). […] Pregnancy and the 6 weeks immediately after giving birth.

• #37 Pulmonary embolism | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pulmonary-embolism?lang=us

  Pulmonary embolism (PE) refers to partial or complete embolic occlusion of one or more pulmonary arteries, most commonly due to thrombus. […] Non-thrombotic pulmonary emboli sources include gas embolism, e.g. air embolism, carbon dioxide embolism, nitrogen, helium; fat embolism; tumor embolism: comprised of tumor thrombus; infectious material; amniotic fluid embolism; foreign body, e.g. catheter embolism or brachytherapy seeds; particulate material embolism, e.g. talc embolism, cement embolism: comprised of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), iodinated oil embolism, metallic pulmonary embolism. […] Risk factors include primary hypercoagulable states, recent surgery, prolonged bed rest/immobility, malignancy, HIV, COVID-19, medication, pregnancy, known or previous DVT, and presence of certain venous aneurysms.

• #38 Pulmonary Embolism > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pulmonary-embolism

  Such complications usually develop if the clot is large enough to obstruct blood flow from the heart or if the patient has a heart or lung condition. […] Various tests are often needed to diagnose pulmonary embolism because it shares a presentation similar to other conditions. […] Diagnosis usually begins with an assessment of the patients medical history and a physical. […] There are a range of therapies currently available, including: Anticoagulants (blood thinners), Systemic thrombolysis, Nonsurgical pulmonary thrombectomy, Surgical thrombectomy, Catheter-directed thrombolysis, Lifestyle changes. […] Most patients can maintain a good quality of life after treatment. Depending on the underlying cause of the pulmonary embolism, patients remain on anticoagulation medication for several weeks to months after treatment to prevent clots from redeveloping. […] Yale Medicine is also deeply invested in pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis research.

• #39 Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Natural History of Pulmonary Embolism

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5986574/

  The natural history of thrombus is resolution over time. However, 15 to 30% of patients have residual thrombus identified on lung scintigraphy 1year after the initial event. […] The post-PE syndrome is defined by dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and diminished quality of life in the setting of suboptimal cardiac function, pulmonary artery flow dynamics, or pulmonary gas exchange. […] Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) affects an estimated 1 to 5% of survivors of acute PE.

• #40 Pulmonary Embolism and CTEPH

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/pulmonary-embolism-and-cteph

  Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blockage or obstruction in the pulmonary arteries in the lungs. It is most commonly caused by blood clots that travel to the lungs from the venous system. Most often, the clots form in the leg veins or pelvic veins (a condition known as deep vein thrombosis or DVT). […] Chronic PE is caused by an older residual obstruction resulting from an undissolved clot in the pulmonary circulation left over from previous acute pulmonary emboli. […] Chronic blood clot accumulation can lead to scar tissue formation in the blood vessels of the lungs, which blocks normal blood flow and makes the right side of the heart work harder. The result is a rare but often treatable type of severe pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the blood vessels of the lungs) known as chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). While pulmonary emboli are common, CTEPH affects only 2-4 percent of chronic PE patients.

• #41 Deep Vein Thrombosis & Pulmonary Embolism | UC San Diego Health

  https://health.ucsd.edu/care/heart-vascular/deep-vein-thrombosis-pulmonary-embolism/

  Deep vein thrombosis causes a pulmonary embolism when the clots break off, travel up to the lungs and get stuck in the arteries, creating a blockage. […] Venous thromboembolism is a term that includes both pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis. It can be provoked by a combination of hereditary and acquired risk factors. […] A pulmonary embolism that does not resolve on its own can be life-threatening. For these cases, medication or surgery (rarely needed) is used to break up the clot. […] The most important aspect of long-term care after a pulmonary embolism is reducing the risk for recurrent pulmonary embolism. […] To fully assess your risk of blood clot recurrence, our team may: Develop a thorough history in order to determine the risk of future blood clots. […] After calculating your risk, we will work with you to determine a personalized preventive plan that includes recommendations for medication and length of treatment.

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